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K
ey
w
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s
:
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liter
ac
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Fo
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A
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[
1
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,
[
2
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.
As
AI
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p
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m
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ity
[
3
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,
[
4
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T
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s
tu
d
y
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v
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ates
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elatio
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s
h
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etwe
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two
p
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tal
co
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s
tr
u
cts
in
th
is
ev
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lv
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
t:
AI
liter
ac
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an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
n
f
i
d
en
ce
.
AI
li
ter
ac
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en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
lear
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er
s
’
m
u
ltid
im
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s
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co
m
p
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to
u
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d
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s
tan
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tili
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in
ac
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clu
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tech
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o
p
er
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al
s
k
ills
,
an
d
eth
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awa
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en
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[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
C
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v
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s
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f
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eig
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lan
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co
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id
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ef
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s
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f
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a
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willin
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icate
wh
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lan
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u
a
g
es th
r
o
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g
h
AI
-
m
ed
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p
latf
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r
m
s
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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A
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[
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2
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T
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[
1
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1
6
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C
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a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
t
h
at
d
eter
m
in
es
lear
n
er
s
’
ca
p
a
city
to
n
av
i
g
ate
AI
-
en
h
an
ce
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
-
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
s
tr
ateg
ically
an
d
eth
ically
[
8
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ar
e
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
at
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
AI
lit
er
ac
y
an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
,
th
o
u
g
h
th
ey
a
r
e
f
a
r
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
.
Desp
ite
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
d
ig
ital
n
ativ
ity
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
h
i
b
it
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
eth
ically
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
em
p
lo
y
AI
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
with
ev
er
y
d
ay
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
f
ailin
g
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
c
o
n
tex
ts
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
Ge
n
er
atio
n
al
a
n
d
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
is
io
n
s
p
er
s
is
t,
as
y
o
u
n
g
er
lear
n
e
r
s
ty
p
ically
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
ig
h
e
r
d
ig
ital
to
o
l
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ad
u
lt
lear
n
er
s
wh
o
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
h
ei
g
h
ten
ed
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
x
iety
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
b
ar
r
ier
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
wh
ile
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
m
ain
tain
in
ter
m
ed
iate
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
in
d
esig
n
in
g
AI
-
r
esil
ien
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
cr
ea
tin
g
s
h
ar
e
d
c
h
allen
g
es
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
p
r
o
life
r
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
AI
’
s
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
af
f
ec
tiv
e
v
ar
iab
les,
a
cr
itical
g
ap
p
er
s
is
ts
in
em
p
ir
ically
li
n
k
in
g
lear
n
e
r
s
’
tech
n
ical
AI
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
to
th
eir
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
L2
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
E
x
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
i
es
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
ex
am
i
n
e
AI
as
an
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
g
ai
n
s
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
wit
h
o
u
t
ass
ess
in
g
lear
n
er
s
’
tech
n
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
o
p
er
atin
g
AI
to
o
ls
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
W
h
ile
r
esear
ch
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
co
n
f
id
en
ce
an
d
an
x
iety
ch
an
g
es f
o
llo
win
g
ch
atb
o
t o
r
m
etav
er
s
e
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
r
ar
ely
q
u
a
n
tify
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
’
AI
liter
ac
y
lev
els
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
co
n
n
ec
ted
AI
liter
ac
y
to
willin
g
n
ess
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
,
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ath
wa
y
f
r
o
m
tech
n
ical
AI
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
to
L
2
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
r
em
ai
n
s
u
n
d
er
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
Sy
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
ex
p
licitly
ca
ll
f
o
r
d
ee
p
er
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
to
lear
n
er
em
o
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
AI
k
n
o
wled
g
e
i
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
AI
l
iter
ac
y
an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
ca
n
b
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
lly
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
ic
ac
y
th
e
o
r
y
,
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
,
an
d
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
th
eo
r
y
(
SDT)
.
Self
-
ef
f
icac
y
t
h
eo
r
y
p
o
s
its
th
at
lear
n
er
s
’
b
elief
s
in
th
eir
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
p
e
r
s
is
ten
ce
,
with
h
ig
h
er
AI
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
an
x
iety
a
n
d
en
h
an
cin
g
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
3
3
]
–
[
3
5
]
.
T
AM
ex
p
lain
s
h
o
w
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
s
h
ap
e
lear
n
er
s
’
attitu
d
es
an
d
in
te
n
tio
n
s
to
war
d
AI
to
o
ls
,
with
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
cr
itical
an
tece
d
en
t
to
th
ese
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
[
3
6
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
S
DT
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
AI
to
o
ls
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
lear
n
er
s
’
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
f
o
s
ter
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
an
d
s
elf
-
r
e
g
u
lated
lear
n
i
n
g
[
3
8
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
,
co
llectiv
ely
ex
p
lain
in
g
h
o
w
AI
liter
ac
y
m
ay
e
n
h
an
ce
o
r
d
im
in
is
h
lear
n
er
s
’
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
W
h
ile
AI
-
m
ed
iated
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ab
ly
r
e
d
u
ce
s
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
x
iety
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
o
n
-
ju
d
g
m
en
tal
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
ally
a
d
ap
tiv
e
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
,
cr
itical
ten
s
io
n
s
em
er
g
e
wh
en
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
s
t
r
an
s
itio
n
in
to
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
y
-
i
n
d
u
cin
g
cr
u
tch
es
[
9
]
,
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
AI
r
is
k
s
b
ec
o
m
in
g
co
u
n
ter
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
wh
e
n
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
u
s
ag
e
o
cc
u
r
s
w
ith
o
u
t
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
f
r
am
in
g
,
p
o
ten
tially
g
en
er
atin
g
tech
n
o
s
tr
ess
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
o
v
er
lo
a
d
,
an
d
d
im
in
is
h
ed
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
AI
-
g
en
e
r
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ay
u
n
d
er
m
i
n
e
lear
n
er
s
’
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
cr
itical
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
e
n
teac
h
er
m
ed
iatio
n
is
ab
s
en
t [
4
4
]
–
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
AI
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
d
esig
n
:
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
with
h
u
m
a
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
o
s
ter
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
an
d
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
,
wh
er
ea
s
u
n
m
e
d
iated
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
r
is
k
s
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
an
x
iety
f
r
o
m
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
e
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
6
]
,
[
4
5
]
–
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
a
p
b
y
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
AI
liter
ac
y
an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
L2
lear
n
e
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
q
u
an
tify
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
AI
liter
ac
y
s
co
r
es
an
d
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
p
a
r
allel
to
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
d
o
cu
m
en
tin
g
m
o
d
est
to
m
o
d
er
ate
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
e
n
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
h
ea
lth
a
n
d
f
in
an
cial
d
o
m
ain
s
[
4
8
]
–
[
5
0
]
.
Fin
ally
,
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
elin
g
ex
am
in
es
h
o
w
AI
liter
ac
y
p
r
ed
icts
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
an
aly
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
s
tu
d
ies
in
wh
ic
h
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
c
e
jo
in
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
b
eh
av
io
r
al
p
atter
n
s
[
5
1
]
–
[
5
4
]
.
W
h
ile
p
r
io
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
h
a
v
e
lin
k
ed
AI
liter
ac
y
to
willi
n
g
n
ess
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
as
a
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t stu
d
y
u
n
iq
u
ely
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
th
is
lin
e
o
f
in
q
u
ir
y
b
y
tar
g
etin
g
f
o
r
eig
n
la
n
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
as
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
b
elief
s
,
lin
g
u
is
tic
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
s
en
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
2
7
6
4
-
2
7
7
4
2766
o
f
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
th
at
ar
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
ally
a
n
d
e
m
p
ir
ically
d
is
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
a
n
x
iety
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
willin
g
n
ess
[
8
]
.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ically
,
th
e
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
u
s
e
o
f
a
d
ed
icate
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
io
r
to
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
in
a
s
ep
ar
ate
m
ain
s
am
p
le
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
es
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
r
o
m
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
t
s
in
g
le
-
s
am
p
le
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
al
d
esig
n
s
in
t
h
e
AI
–
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
f
o
r
ei
g
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
(
E
FL)
liter
atu
r
e,
th
er
eb
y
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
r
ig
o
r
a
n
d
in
te
r
p
r
etiv
e
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
th
ese
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
W
h
at
is
th
e
n
atu
r
e
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
b
iv
ar
iate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
AI
liter
ac
y
(
awa
r
en
ess
,
u
s
ag
e,
ev
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
eth
ics
)
an
d
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
(
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
)
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
L2
lear
n
er
s
?
(
R
Q1
)
−
T
o
wh
at
ex
ten
t
d
o
es
o
v
er
all
AI
liter
ac
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
o
v
er
all
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
am
o
n
g
u
n
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er
s
ity
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er
s
?
(
R
Q2
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C
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
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e
th
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r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
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o
f
s
elf
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ef
f
icac
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th
eo
r
y
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T
AM
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an
d
SDT,
it
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h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
at
:
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all
AI
liter
ac
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d
im
en
s
io
n
s
will
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
tatis
tically
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ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
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r
r
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n
s
with
all
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o
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eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
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id
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ce
d
im
en
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io
n
s
(
H1
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,
an
d
ii)
o
v
er
all
AI
liter
ac
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will
s
er
v
e
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
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er
all
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
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co
n
f
id
en
ce
(
H2
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.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
two
d
is
tin
ct
s
am
p
les:
a
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
s
ca
le
v
alid
atio
n
a
n
d
a
m
ain
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
.
B
o
th
s
am
p
les
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
u
s
in
g
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
,
wh
er
eb
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
i
n
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
Fre
n
c
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
at
t
h
e
t
ar
g
eted
f
ac
u
lties
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
em
ester
o
f
th
e
2
0
2
5
/2
0
2
6
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
we
r
e
in
v
ited
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
.
T
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
et
r
ic
s
a
m
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
3
4
1
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
3
9
.
9
%
m
ale,
6
0
.
1
%
f
e
m
ale)
a
g
ed
1
8
-
2
3
y
ea
r
s
(
M=
2
1
.
3
3
,
SD=1
.
6
2
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
m
ain
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
5
4
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
7
4
.
7
%
m
ale,
2
5
.
3
%
f
em
ale)
ag
ed
1
8
-
2
3
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r
s
(
M=
2
0
.
3
4
,
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.
8
8
)
.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
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e
ac
tiv
e
u
s
er
s
o
f
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies in
th
ei
r
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
.
W
ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
en
r
o
lled
in
ac
cr
ed
ited
E
n
g
lis
h
o
r
Fre
n
ch
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
e
g
r
ee
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
at
Al
-
Azh
ar
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
in
d
icatin
g
an
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
to
u
p
p
er
-
i
n
ter
m
ed
iat
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
lev
el
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
ith
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tan
d
in
g
.
F
o
r
m
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
ass
ess
m
en
ts
wer
e
n
o
t
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
;
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
was
th
er
ef
o
r
e
o
p
er
atio
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alize
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th
r
o
u
g
h
p
a
r
ticip
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ts
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r
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
e
n
r
o
llm
en
t,
wh
ic
h
s
er
v
ed
as
p
r
o
x
ies
f
o
r
cu
m
u
lativ
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g
u
ag
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
m
ai
n
s
am
p
le
ex
h
ib
ited
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
g
en
d
e
r
im
b
alan
ce
(
7
4
.
7
%
m
ale,
2
5
.
3
%
f
em
ale)
,
wh
ich
is
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
r
u
itin
g
f
ac
u
lties
(
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
c
atio
n
f
o
r
Ma
les
an
d
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Hu
m
an
ities
f
o
r
Fem
ales
)
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
en
r
o
llm
en
t
f
ig
u
r
es
at
ea
ch
s
ite
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
is
im
b
alan
ce
m
ay
lim
it
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
ac
r
o
s
s
g
e
n
d
er
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
is
ex
p
licitly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
as a
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t stu
d
y
.
T
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
b
o
th
s
am
p
les
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
Par
ticip
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was
v
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lu
n
tar
y
a
n
d
all
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tu
d
en
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p
r
o
v
id
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i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t
p
r
io
r
to
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
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d
m
ain
s
am
p
les
V
a
r
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a
b
l
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C
a
t
e
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o
r
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P
sy
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p
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(
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p
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3
A
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1
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5
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d
22
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5
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8
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r
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3
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7
F
o
u
r
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h
1
6
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4
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2
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.
1
R
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r
b
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1
4
5
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3
R
u
r
a
l
1
9
6
5
7
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5
3
6
1
6
6
.
7
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
Ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
liter
ac
y
s
ca
le
(
AI
L
S),
to
ass
ess
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
’
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
u
tili
zin
g
A
I
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
co
m
p
r
is
es
1
2
item
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
eq
u
ally
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
i)
awa
r
en
ess
(
3
i
tem
s
)
;
ii)
u
s
ag
e
(
3
item
s
)
;
iii
)
ev
alu
atio
n
(
3
item
s
)
;
an
d
i
v
)
eth
ics
(
3
item
s
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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v
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A
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q
u
ate
to
g
o
o
d
,
with
o
m
eg
a
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
o
f
.
7
3
6
(
awa
r
en
ess
)
,
.
7
3
1
(
u
s
ag
e)
,
.
7
5
3
(
ev
alu
atio
n
)
,
an
d
.
8
2
0
(
eth
ics
)
,
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
.
7
3
3
,
.
7
2
3
,
.
7
5
0
,
an
d
.
8
1
7
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fo
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
s
ca
le
(
FLCS
)
,
wh
ich
ass
ess
es
lear
n
er
s
’
co
n
f
id
en
ce
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
in
u
s
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
:
f
o
r
eig
n
la
n
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
[
5
6
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
c
o
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
1
5
item
s
r
ated
o
n
a
6
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
t
o
6
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
y
i
eld
ed
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
f
it
in
d
ices
(
χ²/d
f
=2
.
6
8
9
,
GFI
=.
9
0
3
,
AGFI
=.
8
7
0
,
C
FI=
.
9
4
2
,
R
MSE
A=
.
0
7
0
)
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
with
o
m
e
g
a
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
.
8
7
6
f
o
r
f
o
r
ei
g
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
eten
c
e,
.
8
4
6
an
d
.
8
4
1
f
o
r
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
.
8
3
4
an
d
.
8
2
7
f
o
r
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
o
wn
e
r
s
h
ip
,
an
d
e
x
ce
llen
t
o
v
er
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
ω
=
.
9
3
3
,
α
=
.
9
3
1
)
.
2
.
3
.
T
ra
ns
la
t
io
n
pro
ce
du
re
B
o
th
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
o
r
ig
in
ally
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
in
to
Ar
ab
ic,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
A
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
-
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
v
o
lv
in
g
th
r
ee
ex
p
er
t
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
b
o
t
h
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
Ar
ab
ic.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
lato
r
s
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
tr
an
s
lated
th
e
s
ca
les
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
lis
h
to
Ar
ab
ic,
af
te
r
wh
ich
th
e
Ar
ab
ic
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
wer
e
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
lated
to
E
n
g
lis
h
b
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ex
p
e
r
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
team
r
ev
iewe
d
all
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
em
an
tic
e
q
u
iv
alen
ce
,
cu
ltu
r
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
,
an
d
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
An
y
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
wer
e
r
eso
lv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
f
in
al
Ar
a
b
ic
v
er
s
io
n
s
th
at
m
ain
tain
ed
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
p
ilo
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
Ar
ab
ic
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
a
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
3
0
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
u
t
ex
clu
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
a
n
d
m
ain
s
am
p
les.
Pil
o
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
co
m
p
lete
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
an
d
f
lag
an
y
item
s
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
am
b
ig
u
o
u
s
,
cu
ltu
r
ally
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate,
o
r
lin
g
u
is
tically
u
n
cl
ea
r
.
Feed
b
ac
k
was
r
ev
iewe
d
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
an
d
th
e
e
x
p
er
t
t
r
an
s
lato
r
s
,
an
d
m
i
n
o
r
lin
g
u
is
tic
r
ef
in
em
en
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
to
e
n
h
an
ce
clar
it
y
with
o
u
t
alter
i
n
g
item
m
ea
n
in
g
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
e
n
s
u
r
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
tr
an
s
lated
Ar
ab
ic
v
er
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
co
n
f
ir
m
at
o
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
es
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
s
am
p
le
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
wh
et
h
er
th
e
tr
a
n
s
lated
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
ial
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
es
r
ep
o
r
ted
f
o
r
th
e
o
r
ig
in
a
l
s
ca
les.
T
h
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
it
i
n
d
ices
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
AI
L
S
(
χ²/d
f
=2
.
8
9
7
,
R
MSE
A=
.
0
7
5
)
an
d
th
e
FLCS
(
χ²/d
f
=2
.
6
8
9
,
R
MSE
A=
.
0
7
0
)
p
r
o
v
id
ed
em
p
ir
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
o
f
th
e
Ar
ab
ic
v
er
s
io
n
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
tr
an
s
lated
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
-
2
7
an
d
AM
OS
-
2
6
.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
a
ly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
e
v
alu
ate
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
b
o
t
h
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
with
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
s
am
p
le.
Prio
r
to
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
im
p
le
li
n
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
a
s
er
ies
o
f
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ch
ec
k
s
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
No
r
m
ality
o
f
r
esid
u
als
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ko
lm
o
g
o
r
o
v
-
Sm
ir
n
o
v
test
an
d
v
is
u
al
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
o
f
P
-
P
p
lo
ts
,
b
o
th
o
f
wh
ic
h
in
d
icate
d
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
n
o
r
m
ality
.
Ho
m
o
s
ce
d
asti
city
was
ass
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
a
m
in
at
io
n
o
f
s
ca
tter
p
lo
ts
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
esid
u
als
ag
ain
s
t
p
r
ed
icted
v
alu
es,
r
e
v
ea
lin
g
n
o
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
att
er
n
s
in
d
icativ
e
o
f
h
eter
o
s
ce
d
asti
city
.
T
h
e
Du
r
b
in
-
W
atso
n
s
tatis
tic
(
d
=1
.
9
4
7
)
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
o
f
r
esid
u
als.
No
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
wer
e
ap
p
licab
le
g
iv
e
n
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
r
e
d
icto
r
d
esig
n
.
T
h
ese
ch
ec
k
s
co
llectiv
ely
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
d
ata
s
atis
f
ied
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
v
alid
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
in
f
e
r
en
ce
.
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
b
i
v
ar
iate
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
AI
liter
ac
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Simp
le
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
was
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
aly
ti
ca
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
is
o
late
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
tly
co
m
m
u
n
icate
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
o
v
er
all
AI
liter
ac
y
an
d
o
v
er
al
l
f
o
r
eig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
b
iv
ar
iate
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
g
en
d
er
,
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
,
an
d
r
e
s
id
en
ce
wer
e
n
o
t
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el,
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
b
a
s
elin
e
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
AI
liter
ac
y
an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
r
ath
er
th
a
n
to
p
ar
t
itio
n
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
co
v
ar
iates.
T
h
is
d
ec
is
io
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
-
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
d
esig
n
an
d
its
th
eo
r
etica
lly
m
o
tiv
ated
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
b
iv
ar
iate
liter
ac
y
-
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
p
ath
way
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
in
g
lar
g
er
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
icall
y
b
ala
n
ce
d
s
am
p
les
is
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
to
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
o
les o
f
th
ese
v
ar
i
ab
les s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
2
7
6
4
-
2
7
7
4
2768
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
i
n
ed
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
AI
li
ter
ac
y
an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
am
o
n
g
5
4
1
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
L2
le
ar
n
er
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
e
d
ed
in
two
s
tag
es:
f
ir
s
t,
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
b
iv
ar
iate
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
AI
liter
ac
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
f
o
r
ei
g
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
;
s
ec
o
n
d
,
test
in
g
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
o
v
er
all
AI
liter
ac
y
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
p
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
.
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
wer
e
ca
l
cu
lated
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
o
u
r
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
AI
liter
ac
y
(
awa
r
en
ess
,
u
s
ag
e,
ev
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
eth
ics)
an
d
th
e
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
(
f
o
r
ei
g
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
)
.
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
,
all
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etw
ee
n
AI
liter
ac
y
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
eig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
wer
e
s
tatis
tica
lly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
th
e
.
0
1
lev
el,
in
d
icatin
g
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
in
d
iv
id
u
al
AI
liter
ac
y
d
im
en
s
i
o
n
s
an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
m
o
d
er
ate
to
m
o
d
er
ately
s
tr
o
n
g
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
AI
liter
ac
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
ev
alu
atio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
with
all
th
r
ee
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
with
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
.
5
4
2
with
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
.
5
5
0
with
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
.
5
1
4
with
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
a
war
e
n
ess
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
h
o
wed
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
o
f
.
4
9
7
,
.
4
8
2
,
an
d
.
4
7
2
with
th
e
th
r
ee
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
il
e
u
s
ag
e
e
x
h
ib
ited
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
o
f
.
4
7
1
,
.
4
7
3
,
an
d
.
4
7
9
.
T
h
e
e
th
ics
d
im
en
s
io
n
d
is
p
lay
ed
th
e
wea
k
est
ass
o
ciati
o
n
s
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
AI
liter
ac
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
with
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
o
f
.
4
3
1
,
.
4
0
7
,
an
d
.
3
9
8
with
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
.
W
h
en
ex
am
in
i
n
g
o
v
er
all
AI
liter
ac
y
in
r
elatio
n
to
t
h
e
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
,
m
o
d
er
ate
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
em
er
g
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
all
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Ov
er
all,
AI
liter
ac
y
co
r
r
elate
d
.
5
5
0
with
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
.
5
4
2
with
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
.
5
2
7
with
s
en
s
e
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
o
wn
er
s
h
i
p
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
o
v
er
all
AI
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
was
.
5
7
8
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
m
o
d
er
atel
y
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
AI
liter
ac
y
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
ep
o
r
te
d
g
r
ea
ter
co
n
f
id
en
ce
a
cr
o
s
s
all
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
asp
ec
ts
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
-
la
n
g
u
ag
e
u
s
e.
I
n
s
p
ec
tio
n
o
f
T
ab
le
2
r
ev
ea
l
s
n
o
tab
ly
h
ig
h
in
ter
c
o
r
r
elati
o
n
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
th
r
ee
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
(
r
=
.
7
8
9
–
.
8
1
5
)
,
wh
ic
h
,
wh
ile
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
lly
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
5
6
]
,
s
u
g
g
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
v
er
lap
t
h
at
f
u
tu
r
e
b
if
ac
to
r
m
o
d
elin
g
m
ay
b
etter
clar
if
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
as
b
o
th
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
co
n
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
v
ia
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
v
ar
ian
ce
(
C
MV
)
m
ay
h
av
e
p
ar
tially
in
f
lated
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
[
5
7
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
is
tin
ct
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
m
ats
f
o
r
th
e
two
s
ca
les
-
s
ev
en
-
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
th
e
AI
L
S
an
d
s
ix
-
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
th
e
FLCS
-
p
ar
tially
m
itig
ates
th
is
co
n
ce
r
n
,
th
o
u
g
h
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
l
d
em
p
lo
y
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
an
d
s
tatis
tical
C
MV
co
n
tr
o
ls
.
Simp
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
to
e
x
am
in
e
wh
eth
er
o
v
e
r
all
AI
liter
ac
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
o
v
er
all
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
f
o
r
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
ab
le
3
,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
was
s
tati
s
tic
ally
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
F(1
,
5
3
9
)
=
2
7
0
.
7
4
2
,
p
<.
0
0
1
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
AI
liter
ac
y
s
er
v
es
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
3
3
.
4
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
(
R
²=
.
3
3
4
)
,
with
an
ad
ju
s
ted
R
²
o
f
.
3
3
3
in
d
icatin
g
m
in
im
al
s
h
r
in
k
ag
e
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
m
u
ltip
le
co
r
r
el
atio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
.
5
7
8
r
ef
lects a
m
o
d
e
r
ately
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
e
d
icto
r
a
n
d
o
u
tco
m
e
v
ar
iab
les.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
be
twee
n
AI
liter
ac
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
1
U
sag
e
.
7
7
3
*
*
1
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
.
7
1
7
*
*
.
7
6
0
*
*
1
Et
h
i
c
s
.
6
5
8
*
*
.
6
6
8
*
*
.
6
5
7
*
*
1
To
t
a
l
A
I
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
.
8
8
8
*
*
.
9
0
5
*
*
.
8
9
0
*
*
.
8
4
7
*
*
1
F
L
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
.
4
9
7
*
*
.
4
7
1
*
*
.
5
4
2
*
*
.
4
3
1
*
*
.
5
5
0
*
*
1
Li
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
.
4
8
2
*
*
.
4
7
3
*
*
.
5
5
0
*
*
.
4
0
7
*
*
.
5
4
2
*
*
.
8
1
5
*
*
1
Li
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
o
w
n
e
r
sh
i
p
.
4
7
2
*
*
.
4
7
9
*
*
.
5
1
4
*
*
.
3
9
8
*
*
.
5
2
7
*
*
.
7
8
9
*
*
.
8
1
5
*
*
1
To
t
a
l
F
L
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
.
5
1
8
*
*
.
5
0
8
*
*
.
5
7
4
*
*
.
4
4
1
*
*
.
5
7
8
*
*
.
9
2
5
*
*
.
9
4
6
*
*
.
9
2
7
*
*
1
N
o
t
e
.
*
*
p
<
.
0
1
(
t
w
o
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
.
T
ab
le
3
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
f
o
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictin
g
f
o
r
ei
g
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
AI
l
iter
ac
y
M
o
d
e
l
S
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
df
M
e
a
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
F
S
i
g
.
R
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
6
6
2
2
7
.
7
7
0
1
6
6
2
2
7
.
7
7
0
2
7
0
.
7
4
2
.
0
0
0
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
1
3
1
8
4
7
.
8
1
2
5
3
9
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4
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o
r
b
r
o
a
d
er
Glo
b
al
So
u
th
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
r
r
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
lan
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
i
o
r
itize
s
y
s
tem
atic
AI
liter
ac
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
cu
r
r
icu
la
r
ath
e
r
th
an
tr
ea
tin
g
it
as
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
d
i
g
ital
s
k
ills
tr
ain
in
g
.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
d
esig
n
AI
-
r
esil
ien
t
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
tech
n
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
ain
in
g
with
cr
itical
ev
a
lu
atio
n
an
d
eth
ica
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
2
6
:
2
7
6
4
-
2
7
7
4
2770
awa
r
en
ess
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
h
o
u
ld
e
q
u
ip
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
to
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
AI
-
m
ed
iated
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
th
at
en
h
an
ce
r
ath
e
r
th
a
n
r
ep
lace
a
u
th
en
tic
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
et
en
ce
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
ass
es
s
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
m
u
s
t
e
v
o
lv
e
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
b
o
th
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
an
d
AI
liter
ac
y
co
m
p
eten
cies
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
e
v
elo
p
s
tr
ateg
ic
au
to
n
o
m
y
alo
n
g
s
id
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
ese
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es m
ay
m
a
x
im
ize
AI
’
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
-
b
u
ild
i
n
g
p
o
ten
ti
al
wh
ile
m
itig
atin
g
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
y
r
is
k
s
.
Sev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
war
r
an
t
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
w
h
en
in
te
r
p
r
eti
n
g
th
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
p
r
ec
lu
d
es
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
ab
o
u
t
wh
eth
er
AI
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tally
p
r
ec
e
d
es
co
n
f
id
en
ce
g
ain
s
o
r
wh
eth
er
co
n
f
i
d
en
t
lear
n
er
s
m
o
r
e
r
ea
d
ily
d
ev
elo
p
AI
c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
’
s
r
e
s
tr
ictio
n
to
E
g
y
p
tian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
lim
its
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
a
n
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
lev
els.
Self
-
r
ep
o
r
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
m
a
y
in
tr
o
d
u
c
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
ias,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
o
cially
d
esira
b
le
AI
co
m
p
ete
n
cies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
b
etwe
en
AI
to
o
l
t
y
p
es,
u
s
ag
e
co
n
te
x
ts
,
o
r
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
q
u
ality
,
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
lik
ely
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
liter
ac
y
-
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
ata
p
r
e
v
en
ted
e
x
am
in
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
ev
o
lv
es
as
lear
n
er
s
g
ain
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
AI
-
m
ed
iated
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
g
en
d
er
im
b
alan
ce
in
th
e
m
ai
n
s
am
p
le
(
7
4
.
7
%
m
ale)
lim
its
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
g
en
d
e
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
c
h
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
lo
y
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
to
esta
b
lis
h
tem
p
o
r
al
p
r
ec
ed
en
ce
an
d
ex
a
m
in
e
h
o
w
AI
liter
ac
y
an
d
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
co
-
d
ev
el
o
p
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
lear
n
er
s
’
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
tr
ajec
to
r
ies.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies
m
an
ip
u
latin
g
AI
liter
ac
y
tr
ain
in
g
c
o
u
l
d
clar
if
y
ca
u
s
al
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
an
d
id
en
tify
o
p
tim
al
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
esti
g
ate
m
o
d
er
atin
g
v
a
r
iab
les
in
clu
d
i
n
g
AI
to
o
l
ty
p
es,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
teac
h
er
m
e
d
iatio
n
q
u
ality
,
a
n
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
ay
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
o
r
wea
k
e
n
th
e
liter
ac
y
-
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
.
Qu
alitativ
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
c
o
u
ld
illu
m
in
ate
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
AI
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
tr
a
n
s
lates
in
to
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
ex
am
i
n
in
g
wh
en
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
s
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
to
d
ep
en
d
en
cy
-
in
d
u
ci
n
g
cr
u
tch
es.
C
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
wo
u
ld
clar
if
y
wh
eth
er
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
g
en
er
alize
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Gen
d
er
s
h
o
u
ld
also
b
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
as
a
p
o
ten
tial
m
o
d
er
atin
g
v
a
r
iab
le
u
s
in
g
m
o
r
e
b
alan
ce
d
s
am
p
les.
Fin
ally
,
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
e
x
am
in
e
in
ter
a
ctio
n
s
b
etwe
en
AI
liter
ac
y
,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
a
u
th
en
tic
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
AI
liter
ac
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
i
cts
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
L2
lear
n
er
s
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
ar
ian
ce
in
lear
n
er
s
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
estab
lis
h
AI
liter
ac
y
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
c
o
n
t
em
p
o
r
ar
y
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ex
ten
d
in
g
b
ey
o
n
d
t
ec
h
n
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
to
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
lear
n
e
r
s
’
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
s
en
s
e
o
f
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
i
n
th
e
tar
g
et
lan
g
u
ag
e.
As
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
co
n
tin
u
e
to
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
es,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
lear
n
er
s
’
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
tr
ateg
ically
,
cr
itically
,
an
d
eth
ically
n
av
ig
ate
AI
-
en
h
an
ce
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
au
th
en
tic
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
to
estab
lis
h
tem
p
o
r
al
p
r
ec
ed
e
n
ce
,
r
an
d
o
m
ized
co
n
tr
o
lled
tr
i
als
to
v
er
if
y
ca
u
s
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
Glo
b
al
So
u
th
a
n
d
W
ester
n
co
n
tex
ts
.
At
th
e
p
o
licy
lev
el,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
ar
e
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
to
em
b
e
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
AI
liter
ac
y
m
o
d
u
les
with
in
f
o
r
m
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
cu
r
r
icu
la,
r
ed
esig
n
teac
h
er
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
AI
-
m
ed
iated
lear
n
e
r
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
a
n
d
allo
ca
te
tar
g
eted
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
e
q
u
itab
le
AI
to
o
l a
cc
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
in
ce
r
ely
th
an
k
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
liter
a
cy
a
n
d
fo
r
eig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
co
n
fid
e
n
ce
a
mo
n
g
u
n
ivers
ity
…
(
A
s
h
r
a
f R
a
g
a
b
I
b
r
a
h
im
)
2771
Na
m
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