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m
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d
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ted
a
q
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ti
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su
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e
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5
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d
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ime
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s:
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ra
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ti
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a
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th
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s,
tea
c
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n
ifi
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t
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K
ey
w
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r
d
s
:
Ad
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lescen
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C
ar
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ca
tio
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Dev
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m
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tal
d
is
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I
n
d
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k
ills
Sp
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ca
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T
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is i
s
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rticle
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A
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Dep
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I
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RO
D
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h
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tr
an
s
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m
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to
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s
p
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s
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s
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m
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t,
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Fo
r
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ev
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d
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(
DD)
,
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m
s
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d
is
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(
ASD)
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d
in
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I
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,
th
is
p
er
io
d
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f
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au
g
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t
with
co
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lex
c
h
allen
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Glo
b
all
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r
esear
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s
th
at
with
o
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t
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f
ec
tiv
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ter
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latio
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ly
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Ad
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with
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f
ac
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ates
s
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n
if
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tly
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ir
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p
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f
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liv
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u
p
p
o
r
t
wel
l
in
to
th
ei
r
ad
u
lt
y
ea
r
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
“in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
liv
in
g
”
i
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t
e
x
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
m
er
e
ly
liv
in
g
alo
n
e;
it
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
th
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ca
p
ac
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f
o
r
s
elf
-
d
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in
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,
d
ec
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-
m
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in
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,
f
in
a
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m
an
ag
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t,
an
d
s
o
cial
ad
ap
tab
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y
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
an
ac
tiv
e
m
em
b
e
r
o
f
s
o
ciety
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t
is
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
,
wh
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in
clu
d
es
g
o
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
n
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J
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&
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
2
9
9
3
-
3
0
0
3
2994
s
ettin
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,
p
r
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b
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-
s
o
lv
in
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,
an
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s
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ad
v
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ca
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s
k
ills
,
an
d
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
cr
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p
r
ed
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r
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f
p
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s
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p
o
s
t
-
s
ch
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l o
u
tco
m
es f
o
r
ad
o
l
escen
ts
with
d
is
ab
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ie
s
[
4
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.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
Vietn
am
,
a
lo
wer
-
m
id
d
le
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in
co
m
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co
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n
tr
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ex
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a
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ca
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is
s
h
if
ti
n
g
f
r
o
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a
ch
ar
ity
-
b
ased
m
o
d
el
to
a
r
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h
ts
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
leg
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lativ
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f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tr
en
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en
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b
y
th
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L
aw
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Per
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with
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an
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R
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o
f
Per
s
o
n
s
with
Dis
ab
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C
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in
2
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.
Fu
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m
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t
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Gen
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E
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tio
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am
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ex
p
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m
an
d
ates
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r
e
er
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
co
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
o
s
e
with
s
p
ec
ial
n
ee
d
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
r
em
ain
s
b
etw
ee
n
p
o
licy
in
ten
t
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
g
ap
is
n
o
t
u
n
iq
u
e
to
Vietn
am
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
in
clu
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
Vietn
a
m
b
y
Xu
an
et
a
l.
[
5
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
d
esp
ite
o
v
er
a
q
u
ar
ter
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
o
f
p
o
licy
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
p
er
s
is
t
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
n
atio
n
al
p
o
licies
i
n
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
p
r
a
ctice
s
.
A
cr
itical
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
s
y
s
tem
ic
b
a
r
r
ier
s
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
g
ap
e
x
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
p
o
lic
y
-
p
r
ac
tice
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
to
e
n
co
m
p
ass
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
o
b
s
tacle
s
in
f
am
ily
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
R
esear
ch
id
en
tifie
s
m
u
ltip
le
s
y
s
tem
ic
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
at
im
p
ed
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
p
lan
n
in
g
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
f
am
ilies
,
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
in
a
d
eq
u
ate
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
er
v
ices,
n
eg
ativ
e
attitu
d
es
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
an
d
r
ig
id
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
6
]
.
I
n
Vietn
am
,
wh
e
r
e
f
am
ily
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
is
cu
ltu
r
ally
ce
n
tr
al
y
et
o
f
ten
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
lim
itatio
n
s
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
ic
b
ar
r
ier
s
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
b
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
t
r
an
s
itio
n
g
ap
.
T
h
is
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
ch
alle
n
g
e
in
m
an
y
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
n
atio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
n
o
t
k
ep
t p
ac
e
with
p
o
licy
ch
a
n
g
es
[
7
]
.
C
u
ltu
r
ally
,
Vietn
am
ese
s
o
cie
ty
p
lace
s
a
h
ig
h
v
alu
e
o
n
f
am
ily
in
ter
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
,
wh
i
ch
,
wh
ile
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e,
ca
n
in
a
d
v
er
te
n
tly
f
o
s
ter
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
“
o
v
er
-
p
r
o
tectio
n
”
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies.
Fam
i
ly
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
a
s
a
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
tr
an
s
itio
n
p
la
n
n
in
g
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
wh
ile
p
ar
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
tiv
ated
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
eir
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
,
s
y
s
tem
ic
b
ar
r
ier
s
—
in
clu
d
in
g
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
c
u
ltu
r
a
l
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
—
o
f
ten
im
p
ed
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
f
am
ily
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
Vietn
am
ese
co
n
tex
t,
wh
er
e
f
am
ily
in
ter
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
is
c
u
l
tu
r
ally
v
al
u
ed
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
m
u
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
h
o
n
o
r
f
am
ily
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
au
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
.
Ma
n
y
p
ar
en
ts
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
ei
r
ch
ild
r
en
with
DD
as
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ts
,
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
p
h
y
s
ical
ca
r
e
o
v
er
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
y
s
k
ills
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
alo
n
g
with
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
al
an
d
attitu
d
in
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
h
as
b
ee
n
n
o
ted
as
a
k
ey
f
ac
t
o
r
in
f
lu
e
n
c
in
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
in
cl
u
s
io
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies in
Vietn
am
[
1
0
]
.
Mo
r
e
r
ec
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
f
u
r
th
er
elab
o
r
ates
o
n
th
is
b
y
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
o
d
els
b
ein
g
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
Vietn
am
ese
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
wh
ile
p
r
o
g
r
ess
is
b
ein
g
m
ad
e,
th
e
r
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
ally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ce
n
ter
s
b
ea
r
a
cr
itical
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
in
b
r
id
g
in
g
th
is
g
ap
.
Y
et,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
ca
r
ee
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
C
E
)
in
Vietn
am
is
o
f
ten
cr
iticized
f
o
r
b
ein
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
a
n
d
f
r
ag
m
en
ted
.
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
lim
ited
to
s
im
p
le,
r
ep
etitiv
e
task
s
with
o
u
t
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
h
o
lis
tic
s
k
ills
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
liv
in
g
.
W
h
ile
v
ar
io
u
s
“
ca
r
ee
r
o
r
ien
tatio
n
”
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
o
r
g
an
i
ze
d
,
th
er
e
is
litt
le
clar
ity
o
n
wh
ich
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
Do
es
th
e
k
ey
to
s
u
cc
ess
lie
in
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
co
n
te
n
t,
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
s
,
o
r
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
er
e
lear
n
in
g
ta
k
es
p
lace
?
T
h
is
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
h
in
d
er
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
Vietn
am
ese
co
n
tex
t.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
o
elu
cid
ate
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
CE
tr
an
s
lates
in
to
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
liv
in
g
s
k
ills
(
I
L
S),
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
a
p
ts
th
e
s
o
cial
c
o
g
n
iti
v
e
ca
r
ee
r
th
eo
r
y
(
SC
C
T
)
[
1
1
]
.
SC
C
T
p
o
s
tu
lates
th
at
s
k
ill
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
b
eh
av
io
r
s
ar
e
n
o
t
in
n
ate
b
u
t
ar
e
c
u
ltiv
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
s
h
ap
e
s
elf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
b
elief
s
-
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
in
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
o
r
g
an
ize
an
d
ex
ec
u
te
co
u
r
s
es
o
f
ac
tio
n
.
C
r
u
cially
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
s
th
e
co
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
B
an
d
u
r
a
[1
1
]
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
e
l
.
−
Pra
ctica
l
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
as
“m
aster
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
”
:
SC
C
T
id
en
tifie
s
m
aster
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
(
p
ast
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t
s
)
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
ten
t
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
.
W
e
h
y
p
o
th
esize
th
at
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
p
r
ac
tice,
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
im
u
latio
n
,
an
d
r
e
p
etitio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
tan
g
ib
le
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
c
a
p
a
b
i
li
t
i
es
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
th
eir
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
−
T
ea
ch
er
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
as
“so
cial
p
er
s
u
asio
n
”:
teac
h
er
s
s
er
v
e
as
cr
itical
s
o
cial
ag
en
ts
.
A
co
m
p
eten
t
teac
h
er
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
o
d
els
s
k
ills
(
v
icar
io
u
s
lear
n
in
g
)
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
(
s
o
cial
p
er
s
u
asio
n
)
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
a
d
o
l
escen
ts
with
DD
to
p
er
s
is
t in
t
h
e
f
ac
e
o
f
ch
allen
g
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
g
a
p
:
th
e
r
o
le
o
f p
r
a
ctica
l c
a
r
ee
r
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
in
e
n
h
a
n
cin
g
…
(
Da
o
Th
i Th
u
Th
u
y
)
2995
−
E
x
p
er
ien
tial
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
as
“c
o
n
tex
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
”:
SC
C
T
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
th
at
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
f
ac
ilit
ate
o
r
h
in
d
e
r
ca
r
ee
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
tial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
tex
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
(
e.
g
.
,
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
p
o
licy
)
th
at
v
alid
ate
th
e
s
k
ills
lear
n
ed
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
A
r
o
b
u
s
t
b
o
d
y
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
liter
atu
r
e,
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
n
o
r
t
h
,
h
as
estab
lis
h
ed
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
s
ch
o
o
l
s
u
cc
ess
.
L
an
d
m
ar
k
s
tu
d
ies
b
y
th
e
Natio
n
al
T
ec
h
n
ical
As
s
is
tan
ce
C
en
ter
on
T
r
an
s
itio
n
(
NT
AC
T
)
h
av
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
“wo
r
k
-
b
ased
lea
r
n
i
n
g
”
an
d
“self
-
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
”
as
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
ac
tices
[
2
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
R
ec
en
t
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
co
n
tin
u
e
to
a
f
f
ir
m
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
,
wh
ile
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
f
am
ily
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
an
d
ILS
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
1
3
]
.
A
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
class
if
icatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
e
tax
o
n
o
m
y
f
o
r
tr
an
s
itio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
2
.
0
,
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
t
o
s
y
s
tem
a
tize
th
ese
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
4
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
ie
ws
h
av
e
s
y
n
th
esized
ev
id
e
n
c
e
o
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
teac
h
i
n
g
ILS
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
I
D
an
d
ASD.
A
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
4
2
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
tu
d
ies
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
an
d
v
id
eo
m
o
d
elin
g
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies,
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
d
eliv
er
y
m
eth
o
d
s
s
h
o
win
g
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
r
o
m
is
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
k
ill
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
in
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
wh
en
d
esig
n
in
g
CE
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
DD
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
ese
W
ester
n
-
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
to
a
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
co
n
tex
t
lik
e
Vietn
am
r
ev
ea
ls
th
r
ee
cr
itical
g
ap
s
.
Gap
1
:
th
e
“b
lack
b
o
x
”
o
f
CE
m
o
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
tr
ea
t
CE
as
a
m
o
n
o
lith
ic,
b
in
ar
y
v
ar
iab
le
(
e.
g
.
,
Did
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
ar
ticip
ate?
Yes/No
)
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
p
au
city
o
f
r
esear
ch
t
h
at
d
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
th
is
“
b
lack
b
o
x
”
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elativ
e
weig
h
t
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
wo
r
k
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
h
ig
h
ly
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
m
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es,
b
u
t
t
h
eir
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
clo
s
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
es
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
e
d
s
ettin
g
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
n
ee
d
to
k
n
o
w
wh
eth
er
to
p
r
io
r
i
tize
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
r
ef
o
r
m
(
p
r
ac
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
)
o
r
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
v
estme
n
t
(
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t)
.
B
y
is
o
latin
g
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
r
an
u
lar
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
t
io
n
.
Gap
2
:
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
an
d
“
p
r
o
tectiv
e
d
ep
en
d
en
cy
”
W
ester
n
tr
an
s
itio
n
m
o
d
els
ty
p
ically
o
p
er
ate
o
n
a
p
r
em
is
e
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
alis
m
an
d
ea
r
ly
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
Vietn
am
ese
s
o
ciety
i
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
co
llectiv
e
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
ten
m
a
r
k
ed
b
y
“
p
r
o
tectiv
e
d
ep
en
d
en
c
y
”
,
wh
er
e
f
am
ilies
p
r
i
o
r
itize
p
h
y
s
ical
ca
r
e
o
v
er
s
k
ill
-
b
u
ild
in
g
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies.
I
t
r
em
ain
s
u
n
cl
ea
r
wh
eth
er
W
ester
n
-
s
ty
le
I
L
S
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
cu
ltiv
ated
in
a
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
wh
er
e
f
am
ily
in
ter
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
e
is
th
e
n
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
b
y
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
wh
eth
er
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
co
u
n
ter
b
alan
ce
th
ese
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
a
s
tr
o
n
g
lin
k
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lev
el
o
f
s
elf
-
d
ete
r
m
in
atio
n
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
o
s
t
-
s
ch
o
o
l
o
u
tco
m
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
liv
in
g
[
4
]
,
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
th
is
s
k
ill
in
an
E
ast
Asi
an
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
a
cr
itic
al
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
T
r
an
[1
0
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
q
u
ali
tativ
e
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
th
ese
cu
ltu
r
al
n
u
an
ce
s
,
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
liv
ed
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
in
Vietn
am
ese
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
i
n
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
asp
ir
atio
n
s
an
d
s
o
cieta
l b
ar
r
ier
s
[
1
7
]
.
Gap
3
:
th
e
“will
-
s
k
ill”
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
I
L
S
o
f
ten
co
n
f
late
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
ea
d
in
ess
with
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ab
ilit
y
.
Few
s
tu
d
ies
clea
r
ly
d
is
t
in
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
a
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
liv
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
(
th
e
“w
ill
”
)
an
d
th
eir
tech
n
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
to
d
o
s
o
(
th
e
“s
k
ill
”
)
.
B
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
/co
n
f
id
en
ce
an
d
s
o
cio
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
as
d
i
s
tin
ct
o
u
tco
m
es,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
a
n
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
a
d
o
lescen
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
allo
win
g
u
s
to
i
d
en
tify
p
o
ten
tial
g
a
p
s
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
t
d
esire
an
d
ac
tu
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
g
ap
s
,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
t
h
r
ee
s
p
ec
if
ic
CE
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
(
p
r
ac
tical
teac
h
in
g
,
teac
h
e
r
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
)
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
I
L
S.
B
y
d
o
in
g
s
o
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
ev
alu
at
io
n
s
o
f
SC
C
T
in
a
tr
an
s
itio
n
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
s
th
at
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
f
u
n
cti
o
n
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
CE
ac
tiv
ities
o
n
th
e
ILS
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
with
DD
in
Vietn
am
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
an
s
wer
two
m
ain
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
lev
els
o
f
CE
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
a
n
d
ILS
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
ts
with
DD
i
n
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
?
−
T
o
wh
at
ex
ten
t
d
o
p
r
ac
tical
te
ac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
a
n
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
s
o
cio
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
th
ese
ad
o
le
s
ce
n
ts
?
B
y
an
s
wer
in
g
th
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
to
th
e
lim
ited
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a
an
d
o
f
f
e
r
s
p
r
ac
tical
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
life
f
o
r
ad
o
lescen
ts
with
DD.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
2
9
9
3
-
3
0
0
3
2996
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
q
u
an
tita
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
u
tili
zin
g
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
m
eth
o
d
to
ass
es
s
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
CE
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
ILS
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
Han
o
i
an
d
s
ev
er
al
No
r
th
er
n
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
o
f
Vietn
am
,
ar
ea
s
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ce
n
ter
s
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
4
5
8
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
teac
h
er
s
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
with
DD
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
o
n
e
y
ea
r
o
f
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
wo
r
k
in
g
with
ad
o
lescen
ts
with
DD
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
f
am
iliar
ity
with
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Par
en
ts
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ad
c
h
ild
r
en
ag
ed
1
2
–
1
8
cu
r
r
en
tly
en
r
o
lled
i
n
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
r
in
clu
s
iv
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
llo
we
d
a
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
a
m
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
,
lev
e
r
ag
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
s
to
r
ea
ch
r
elev
a
n
t stak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
a
r
ev
iew
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
s
er
v
ices
an
d
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
liv
in
g
,
a
d
ap
t
ed
to
th
e
Vietn
am
ese
co
n
te
x
t.
A
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
/v
er
y
p
o
o
r
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
/
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
)
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
all
item
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
,
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts we
r
e
f
in
alize
d
as:
a.
I
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
(
I
Vs)
CE
ac
tiv
ities
,
t
h
e
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
o
f
CE
co
m
p
r
is
ed
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
f
ac
to
r
s
:
−
E
x
p
er
ien
tial
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
licy
:
th
is
f
ac
to
r
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
ex
ten
t
t
o
wh
i
ch
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
o
licies.
I
tem
s
in
clu
d
e
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
f
ield
tr
ip
s
,
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
1
9
]
.
−
T
ea
ch
er
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t:
th
is
f
ac
t
o
r
ass
ess
es
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
teac
h
er
s
in
d
eliv
e
r
in
g
CE
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
eir
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
f
i
cien
cy
,
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
co
u
n
s
elin
g
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
−
Pra
ctica
l
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
:
th
is
f
ac
to
r
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
u
s
ed
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
em
p
h
asizin
g
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
p
r
ac
tic
e,
g
r
o
u
p
wo
r
k
,
an
d
th
e
in
te
g
r
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
o
r
y
with
p
r
ac
tice
[
2
2
]
.
b.
Dep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
s
(
DVs)
ILS
, t
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
v
ar
ia
b
le
was c
o
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
k
ey
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
−
So
cio
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
:
th
is
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
ev
alu
ates
th
e
ad
o
lescen
ts
’
a
b
ilit
y
to
m
a
n
ag
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
n
ee
d
s
,
f
in
an
cial
b
asic
s
,
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
in
d
aily
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
−
Mo
tiv
atio
n
,
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
,
a
n
d
c
ar
ee
r
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
:
th
is
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
th
e
ad
o
lescen
ts
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
eir
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
wo
r
k
,
a
n
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
n
av
ig
atin
g
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
p
ath
s
[
2
4
]
.
Data
c
o
l
lec
ti
o
n
w
as
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
b
etw
ee
n
4
/
2
0
2
5
a
n
d
1
1
/
2
0
2
5
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
was
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
t
h
o
n
li
n
e
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
(
G
o
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
)
a
n
d
h
a
r
d
co
p
i
es
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
i
b
i
lit
y
f
o
r
a
ll
p
a
r
t
ic
ip
a
n
ts
.
Pri
o
r
to
d
at
a
co
l
le
cti
o
n
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
e
ce
i
v
ed
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
el
ev
a
n
t
in
s
tit
u
ti
o
n
al
r
ev
iew
b
o
ar
d
s
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
i
n
is
t
r
a
t
o
r
s
.
All
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
a
n
ts
we
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
,
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
w
as
o
b
t
ain
e
d
,
g
u
a
r
a
n
t
ee
in
g
an
o
n
y
m
i
ty
an
d
t
h
e
v
o
l
u
n
t
ar
y
n
atu
r
e
o
f
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
ll
ec
t
ed
d
a
ta
w
er
e
c
lea
n
ed
a
n
d
a
n
al
y
ze
d
u
s
i
n
g
SP
S
S
s
o
f
twa
r
e
.
Desc
r
i
p
t
iv
e
s
t
atis
tic
s
(
m
ea
n
,
s
t
a
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
iat
io
n
)
we
r
e
ca
lc
u
la
te
d
to
d
ete
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
le
v
e
ls
o
f
CE
im
p
le
m
e
n
t
ati
o
n
an
d
I
L
S.
E
FA
was c
o
n
d
u
ct
ed
t
o
v
ali
d
a
te
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
les
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
co
n
s
t
r
u
c
t v
al
id
it
y
(
Ka
is
e
r
-
Me
y
e
r
-
Ol
k
i
n
(
KM
O
)
>
.
6
,
E
ig
e
n
v
al
u
es
>1
)
[
2
5
]
.
F
in
al
ly
,
m
u
lt
ip
le
r
e
g
r
ess
i
o
n
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
w
as
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
t
o
test
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
a
n
d
d
ete
r
m
in
e
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
ic
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
CE
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
n
th
e
tw
o
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
ILS
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
Dem
o
g
ra
ph
ic
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics o
f
pa
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
a
to
tal
o
f
4
5
8
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
teac
h
er
s
(
5
7
.
9
%)
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
with
DD
(
4
2
.
1
%).
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ically
,
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
was
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
Han
o
i
(
5
0
.
0
%),
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ce
n
ter
s
in
t
h
e
ca
p
ital
city
,
with
th
e
r
em
ain
d
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
T
h
ai
Ng
u
y
en
,
B
ac
Nin
h
,
an
d
Hu
n
g
Yen
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
is
d
etailed
in
T
ab
l
e
1
.
4
.
2
.
Descript
iv
e
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics o
f
k
ey
v
a
ria
bles
Prio
r
to
th
e
m
ain
an
al
y
s
is
,
an
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
s
am
p
les
T
-
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er
th
er
e
wer
e
an
y
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
th
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
CE
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ILS
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
:
te
ac
h
er
s
(
n
=2
6
5
)
an
d
p
ar
e
n
ts
(
n
=1
9
3
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
wer
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
t
h
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
r
all
m
ajo
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
(
t
(
2
5
6
)
=1
.
1
2
,
p
=.
2
6
)
an
d
s
o
cio
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
(
t
(
4
5
6
)
=
1
.
4
5
,
p
=.
1
5
)
.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
s
’
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
k
ey
v
a
r
iab
les (
p
>.
0
5
)
,
ju
s
tify
in
g
th
e
p
o
o
lin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
g
a
p
:
th
e
r
o
le
o
f p
r
a
ctica
l c
a
r
ee
r
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
in
e
n
h
a
n
cin
g
…
(
Da
o
Th
i Th
u
Th
u
y
)
2997
o
f
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ata.
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o
n
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eq
u
e
n
tly
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th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
es we
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
th
e
to
tal
s
am
p
le
(
N=
4
5
8
)
.
T
a
b
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
(
m
ea
n
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
)
an
d
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
)
f
o
r
th
e
v
a
r
iab
les
u
n
d
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
O
v
er
all,
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
ated
h
ig
h
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
with
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
v
alu
es
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
8
2
to
.
9
1
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
ca
les
wer
e
r
eliab
le
f
o
r
th
is
s
am
p
le.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
N=
4
5
8
)
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
n
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
H
a
n
o
i
2
2
9
5
0
.
0
Th
a
i
N
g
u
y
e
n
85
1
8
.
6
B
a
c
N
i
n
h
74
1
6
.
2
H
u
n
g
Y
e
n
70
1
5
.
3
R
o
l
e
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s
2
6
5
5
7
.
9
P
a
r
e
n
t
s
1
9
3
4
2
.
1
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1
1
4
2
4
.
9
F
e
mal
e
3
4
4
7
5
.
1
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
(
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s a
n
d
p
a
r
e
n
t
s)
H
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
/
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
89
1
9
.
4
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
’
s d
e
g
r
e
e
2
9
4
6
4
.
2
P
o
st
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
(
M
a
st
e
r
/
P
h
.
D
.
)
75
1
6
.
4
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
/
c
a
r
e
g
i
v
i
n
g
(
y
e
a
r
s)
1
–
5
y
e
a
r
s
1
4
2
3
1
.
0
5
–
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
1
9
8
4
3
.
2
>
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
1
1
8
2
5
.
8
T
ab
le
2
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
l
es
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
I
t
e
ms
M
e
a
n
(
M
)
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
D
)
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
α
Le
v
e
l
C
E
(
I
V
s)
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
s
4
3
.
6
5
.
7
2
.
8
8
H
i
g
h
Te
a
c
h
e
r
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
5
3
.
5
1
.
6
8
.
8
5
H
i
g
h
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
4
3
.
1
0
.
8
5
.
8
2
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
I
LS (
D
V
s)
M
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
4
3
.
3
5
.
7
5
.
8
9
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
S
o
c
i
o
-
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
6
3
.
1
8
.
7
9
.
9
1
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
(
N
o
t
e
:
sc
a
l
e
r
a
n
g
e
1
–
5
;
1
=
v
e
r
y
p
o
o
r
,
5
=
v
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
.
I
V
s=i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s;
D
V
s=
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s)
4
.
2
.
1
.
Ca
re
er
educa
t
io
n
a
ct
i
v
it
ies (
ind
epe
nd
ent
v
a
ria
bles
)
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
CE
ac
tiv
ities
v
ar
ies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Pra
ctica
l
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
(
M=
3
.
6
5
,
SD=.
7
2
)
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
th
at
teac
h
er
s
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
p
er
ce
iv
e
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
ac
tiv
ities
-
s
u
ch
as
g
r
o
u
p
w
o
r
k
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
-
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
im
p
lem
en
te
d
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
c
u
r
r
en
t
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
s
.
Similar
ly
,
te
ac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
ce
was
r
ated
at
a
r
ela
tiv
ely
h
ig
h
lev
el
(
M=
3
.
5
1
,
SD=.
6
8
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ar
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
h
av
in
g
ad
eq
u
ate
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
an
d
d
ed
icatio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
tial
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
li
cy
f
ac
to
r
s
co
r
e
d
th
e
lo
west
(
M=
3
.
1
0
,
SD=.
8
5
)
.
T
h
is
lo
wer
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
wea
k
n
ess
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
y
s
tem
:
wh
ile
class
r
o
o
m
m
eth
o
d
s
m
ay
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
ex
ter
n
al
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
-
in
clu
d
in
g
f
ield
tr
ip
s
to
b
u
s
in
ess
es,
p
o
licy
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
ac
ilit
ies
-
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
f
o
r
t
h
is
f
ac
to
r
also
s
u
g
g
ests
a
lack
o
f
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
;
s
o
m
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
m
ay
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
b
etter
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
t
h
an
o
th
er
s
,
cr
ea
tin
g
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
s
tu
d
en
t e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
4
.
2
.
2
.
I
nd
epen
dent
liv
ing
s
k
ills
(
depen
dent
v
a
ria
bles
)
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
v
ar
ia
b
les,
ad
o
lescen
ts
with
DD
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
e
l
o
f
ILS
.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
t
h
er
e
was
a
n
o
ti
ce
ab
le
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
two
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
.
Mo
tiv
atio
n
,
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
s
co
r
e
d
h
i
g
h
er
(
M=
3
.
3
5
,
SD=.
7
5
)
th
a
n
s
o
cio
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
a
n
d
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
M=
3
.
1
8
,
SD=.
7
9
)
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
im
p
lies
t
h
at
wh
ile
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
r
ea
d
in
ess
a
n
d
d
esire
to
wo
r
k
(
h
ig
h
m
o
tiv
ati
o
n
)
,
th
e
y
o
f
te
n
lack
th
e
c
o
n
cr
ete,
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
k
ills
(
e.
g
.
,
f
in
an
cial
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
co
m
p
lex
s
o
cial
h
an
d
lin
g
)
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
f
u
ll
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
is
g
ap
b
etwe
en
“
will
”
an
d
“
s
k
i
ll
”
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
.
4
.
3
.
Co
rr
ela
t
io
n
a
na
ly
s
is
A
Pear
s
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
ct
-
m
o
m
en
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
was
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
CE
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
ILS
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
,
all
I
Vs
ex
h
ib
ited
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
iti
v
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
th
e
DVs
(
p
<.
0
1
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
an
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
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v
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&
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d
u
c
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Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
2
9
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3
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asp
ec
t
o
f
CE
a
r
e
lik
ely
to
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
with
b
etter
i
n
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
liv
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
p
r
ac
tical
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
ed
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
ass
o
ciatio
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with
s
o
cio
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
a
n
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
co
m
p
eten
ce
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r
=.
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8
,
p
<.
0
1
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
clo
s
e
ly
b
y
teac
h
er
c
o
m
p
eten
c
e
(
r
=.
5
9
,
p
<.
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
itial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
em
p
h
asizin
g
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
k
ills
.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
wh
ile
ex
p
er
ien
tial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
co
r
r
elate
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
with
s
o
ci
o
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
r
=.
4
5
,
p
<.
0
1
)
,
t
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
was
m
o
d
er
ate
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
o
th
er
two
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
f
u
r
th
er
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
d
i
s
co
n
n
ec
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
ter
n
a
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
s
k
ill
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
in
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
tex
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
in
ter
-
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
th
r
ee
I
Vs
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
.
4
2
to
.
5
5
,
wh
ic
h
is
well
b
elo
w
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
.
8
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
r
elate
d
,
th
e
y
r
e
p
r
esen
t
d
is
tin
ct
asp
ec
ts
o
f
C
E
,
th
u
s
r
ed
u
c
in
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
es.
T
ab
le
3
.
Pear
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
ix
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
1
2
3
4
5
1
.
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
s
–
2
.
Te
a
c
h
e
r
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
.
5
5
*
*
–
3
.
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
4
8
*
*
.
4
2
*
*
–
4
.
S
o
c
i
o
-
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
.
6
8
*
*
.
5
9
*
*
.
4
5
*
*
–
5
.
M
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
.
6
5
*
*
.
6
1
*
*
.
4
1
*
*
.
7
2
*
*
–
N
o
t
e
:
N
=
4
5
8
.
*
*
p
<
.
0
1
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
.
4
.
4
.
M
ultip
le
re
g
re
s
s
io
n a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
a
n
d
r
elativ
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e
o
f
ea
ch
CE
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
,
two
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
es
we
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
CE
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
en
ter
e
d
as
I
Vs
,
wh
ile
s
o
cio
-
ad
a
p
tiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
e
r
v
ed
as
th
e
DVs
in
m
o
d
el
1
an
d
m
o
d
el
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
ch
ec
k
s
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
ass
u
m
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
lin
ea
r
ity
,
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
r
esid
u
als,
a
n
d
h
o
m
o
s
ce
d
asti
city
wer
e
m
et.
T
h
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
i
n
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F)
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
1
.
4
5
an
d
1
.
6
2
,
well
b
elo
w
t
h
e
cr
itical
v
alu
e
o
f
3
.
0
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
was n
o
t a
co
n
ce
r
n
.
4
.
4
.
1
.
M
o
del 1
:
predict
ing
s
o
cio
-
a
da
ptiv
e
a
nd
ma
na
g
e
m
e
nt
co
m
pet
ence
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
was
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
F(3
,
4
5
4
)
=
1
7
5
.
2
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
an
d
ac
c
o
u
n
ted
f
o
r
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
k
ills
(
Ad
ju
s
ted
R
2
=.
5
3
)
.
A
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
4
,
p
r
ac
tical
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
(
β=.4
8
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
im
p
lies
th
at
f
o
r
ev
e
r
y
o
n
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
iat
io
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
teac
h
in
g
,
ad
o
lescen
ts
’
s
o
cio
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
k
ills
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
y
.
4
8
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
h
o
ld
i
n
g
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
ea
ch
e
r
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
was
also
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
alb
eit
wea
k
er
,
p
r
ed
icto
r
(
β=.
2
5
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
.
E
x
p
er
ien
tial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
h
ad
th
e
s
m
allest,
th
o
u
g
h
s
till
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
im
p
ac
t
(
β=.1
5
,
p
<.
0
5
)
.
T
h
is
h
ier
ar
ch
y
o
f
in
f
lu
en
ce
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
at
d
ir
ec
t
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
h
a
v
e
a
m
o
r
e
im
m
ed
iate
im
p
ac
t o
n
s
k
ill ac
q
u
is
itio
n
th
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
alo
n
e.
T
ab
le
4
.
Mu
ltip
le
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
s
M
o
d
e
l
1
:
so
c
i
o
-
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
SE
M
o
d
e
l
2
:
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
SE
B
B
(
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
)
1
.
1
2
.
1
8
.
9
8
.
2
1
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
s
.
5
2
.
0
6
.
4
8
*
.
4
4
.
0
5
.
4
2
*
Te
a
c
h
e
r
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
.
2
8
.
0
7
.
2
5
*
.
3
3
.
0
6
.
3
0
*
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
.
1
4
.
0
5
.
1
5
*
.
1
1
.
0
5
.
1
2
*
M
o
d
e
l
s
u
mm
a
r
y
2
.
5
4
.
4
9
A
d
j
.
2
.
5
3
.
4
8
F
-
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
1
7
5
.
2
*
*
*
1
4
8
.
6
*
*
*
V
I
F
r
a
n
g
e
1
.
4
5
–
1
.
6
2
1
.
4
5
–
1
.
6
2
N
o
t
e
:
B
=
u
n
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
;
S
E=
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
e
r
r
o
r
;
=
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
.
*
*
*
p
<
.
0
0
1
,
*
*
p
<
.
0
1
,
*
p
<
.
0
5
4
.
4
.
2
.
M
o
del 2
:
predict
ing
mo
t
iv
a
t
i
o
n,
co
nfidence
,
a
nd
ca
re
er
a
da
pta
bil
it
y
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
el,
p
r
ed
ictin
g
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
was
also
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
F(3
,
4
5
4
)
=1
4
8
.
6
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
ex
p
lain
in
g
4
8
%
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
(
Ad
ju
s
ted
R
2
=.
4
8
)
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ac
tical
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
r
em
ai
n
ed
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
g
a
p
:
th
e
r
o
le
o
f p
r
a
ctica
l c
a
r
ee
r
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
in
e
n
h
a
n
cin
g
…
(
Da
o
Th
i Th
u
Th
u
y
)
2999
d
o
m
in
an
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
(
β=.4
2
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
ce
r
o
s
e
n
o
ta
b
ly
i
n
th
is
m
o
d
el
(
β=.3
0
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
ile
m
eth
o
d
s
d
r
iv
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
,
th
e
teac
h
er
’
s
r
o
l
e
as
a
m
en
to
r
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
en
co
u
r
a
g
em
en
t
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
ital
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
i
n
ter
n
al
m
o
tiv
ati
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
d
en
ce
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
tial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
n
m
o
tiv
atio
n
was
m
ar
g
in
al
(
β=.1
2
,
p
<
.
0
3
5
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
cu
r
r
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ex
p
o
s
u
r
es m
ay
n
o
t b
e
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
en
g
a
g
in
g
t
o
d
r
iv
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
aim
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
ca
r
ee
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ac
tiv
ities
o
n
th
e
ILS
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
with
DD
in
Vietn
am
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
ca
r
ee
r
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
la
y
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
with
p
r
ac
tical
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
em
er
g
in
g
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
.
5
.
1
.
T
he
prim
a
cy
o
f
pra
ct
ica
l pe
da
g
o
g
y
:
a
n a
ns
wer
t
o
“
wha
t
wo
rk
s
?”
C
o
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
o
u
r
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
an
d
SC
C
T
,
p
r
ac
tical
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
em
e
r
g
ed
as th
e
m
o
s
t p
o
wer
f
u
l
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
s
o
cio
-
a
d
ap
tiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
β=.4
8
)
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
clea
r
,
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
an
s
wer
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
wh
at
s
p
ec
if
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
I
t
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
alig
n
s
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
em
p
h
asizin
g
wo
r
k
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
tial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
k
ey
p
r
ed
ic
to
r
s
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
s
ch
o
o
l
s
u
cc
ess
[
1
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
ad
v
an
ce
s
th
is
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
ev
en
in
a
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
e
r
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
ar
e
lim
ited
(
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
lo
w
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
ex
p
er
ie
n
tial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
)
,
t
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
,
s
im
u
lated
,
an
d
task
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
g
ain
s
in
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
lik
e
Vietn
am
,
wh
er
e
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
f
av
o
r
e
d
r
o
te
m
em
o
r
izatio
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
g
g
ests
a
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l,
o
n
g
o
in
g
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
s
h
if
t
in
Vietn
am
ese
s
p
ec
ial
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
to
war
d
s
“lea
r
n
in
g
b
y
d
o
in
g
,
”
a
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
f
o
r
lear
n
er
s
with
DD.
T
h
is
d
ir
ec
tly
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
r
ev
iewe
r
s
’
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
’
s
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
t
h
at
h
o
w
y
o
u
teac
h
m
atter
s
m
o
r
e
th
an
w
h
er
e
y
o
u
teac
h
,
at
l
ea
s
t
wh
en
ex
ter
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
s
ca
r
ce
.
T
h
e
ev
id
en
ce
is
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tatis
tical
m
o
d
el
(
A
d
ju
s
ted
R
²=
.
5
3
)
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
a
lar
g
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
4
5
8
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
b
asis
f
o
r
th
is
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
5
.
2
.
T
he
“
will
-
s
k
ill”
di
s
cr
epa
ncy
:
a
cr
it
ica
l r
a
m
if
ica
t
i
o
n
A
s
ec
o
n
d
m
ajo
r
f
in
d
in
g
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
am
if
icatio
n
s
is
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
ea
d
in
ess
(
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
,
M=
3
.
3
5
)
an
d
th
eir
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ab
ilit
ies
(
s
o
cio
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
M=
3
.
1
8
)
.
T
h
is
“will
-
s
k
ill”
g
ap
is
a
cr
itical
in
s
ig
h
t.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
cu
r
r
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
f
f
o
r
ts
m
ay
b
e
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
g
in
f
o
s
ter
i
n
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
in
d
s
et
an
d
a
d
esire
f
o
r
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
,
b
u
t
ar
e
f
allin
g
s
h
o
r
t
in
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
co
n
cr
ete,
co
m
p
le
x
s
k
ills
n
e
ed
ed
to
m
an
ag
e
d
aily
life
.
T
h
is
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
ch
allen
g
e,
as
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
c
h
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
wo
r
k
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
in
v
o
lv
es
n
o
t
ju
s
t
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
b
u
t
a
c
o
m
p
lex
in
ter
p
lay
o
f
s
o
f
t sk
ills
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
an
d
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
ar
e
o
f
ten
d
if
f
icu
lt to
teac
h
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
h
as
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
I
t
s
ig
n
als
to
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
th
at
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
o
n
e
is
n
o
t
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
o
u
tco
m
e
.
C
u
r
r
ic
u
la
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
ten
tio
n
ally
d
esig
n
e
d
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
is
g
ap
b
y
b
r
ea
k
in
g
d
o
w
n
co
m
p
lex
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
liv
i
n
g
task
s
(
e.
g
.
,
b
u
d
g
etin
g
,
u
s
in
g
p
u
b
lic
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t,
an
d
n
av
ig
atin
g
s
o
cial
s
itu
atio
n
s
)
in
to
m
an
a
g
ea
b
le
s
tep
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ac
ticed
an
d
m
aster
ed
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es
f
o
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
with
in
tellectu
al
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
wh
en
s
u
ch
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
task
-
b
ased
tr
ain
in
g
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
it
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
k
ill
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
b
u
t
also
s
elf
-
esteem
,
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
a
n
d
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
m
o
tiv
atio
n
le
v
el
is
an
ass
et
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
p
italized
o
n
,
b
u
t
it
will
lik
ely
f
ad
e
if
n
o
t
p
air
ed
with
tan
g
i
b
le
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
lead
in
g
to
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
an
d
lear
n
ed
h
elp
less
n
ess
.
5
.
3
.
T
ea
cher
co
m
pet
ence
a
nd
t
he
un
derdev
elo
ped e
nv
iro
nm
ent
T
ea
ch
er
c
o
m
p
eten
c
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
(
β=.3
0
)
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
teac
h
er
’
s
r
o
le
as
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
an
d
m
en
to
r
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
a
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
at
tea
ch
er
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
s
p
ec
ialized
tr
ain
in
g
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
tr
an
s
itio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
[
3
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
its
im
p
ac
t
was
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
to
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ev
en
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
p
ete
n
t
teac
h
e
r
is
o
n
ly
as
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
as
th
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
t
o
o
ls
th
ey
em
p
lo
y
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
in
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
f
o
r
s
p
e
cial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
teac
h
er
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
m
u
s
t
g
o
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
o
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
in
clu
d
e
p
r
ac
tical,
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
im
m
ed
iately
im
p
lem
e
n
t
in
th
eir
class
r
o
o
m
s
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
th
at
is
n
o
t
ju
s
t
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
u
t
in
ten
s
ely
p
r
ac
tical,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
teac
h
er
s
with
a
r
ep
er
to
ir
e
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
,
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
2
9
9
3
-
3
0
0
3
3000
T
h
e
r
elativ
ely
wea
k
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
(
β=.1
5
f
o
r
s
k
ills
,
β=.1
2
f
o
r
m
o
tiv
atio
n
)
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
g
g
est
it
is
u
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t.
R
ath
er
,
it
r
ef
lects
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ea
lity
in
Vietn
am
wh
er
e
,
as
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
d
ata
s
h
o
ws
(
M=
3
.
1
0
)
,
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
is
s
till
n
ascen
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
em
er
g
in
g
e
v
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ase
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
well
-
d
esig
n
ed
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Pro
g
r
am
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
in
itiativ
es
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ig
h
er
r
ates
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t,
in
cr
e
ased
ea
r
n
in
g
s
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
q
u
ality
o
f
life
f
o
r
y
o
u
th
w
ith
I
D
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
ile
cu
r
r
en
t
ex
p
er
ie
n
tial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
in
Vietn
am
m
a
y
b
e
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
s
tr
ateg
ic
in
v
estme
n
t
in
b
u
ild
in
g
a
u
th
en
tic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
t
n
er
s
h
ip
s
an
d
wo
r
k
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
h
ig
h
-
im
p
ac
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
a
ca
ll
to
ac
tio
n
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
.
W
h
ile
class
r
o
o
m
-
b
ased
p
r
ac
tical
m
e
th
o
d
s
ar
e
a
p
o
we
r
f
u
l
a
n
d
im
m
ed
iate
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
g
o
al
m
u
s
t
b
e
t
o
b
u
ild
s
tr
o
n
g
er
s
ch
o
o
l
-
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
to
cr
ea
te
th
e
r
ich
,
au
th
en
tic
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
to
f
o
s
ter
d
ee
p
an
d
last
in
g
s
k
ills
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
clea
r
,
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
:
th
e
im
m
e
d
iate
p
r
io
r
ity
is
to
eq
u
ip
teac
h
er
s
with
p
r
ac
tical,
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
f
o
c
u
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
o
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
t
o
b
u
ild
teac
h
e
r
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
T
h
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
,
s
y
s
tem
ic
g
o
al
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
ex
ter
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
allo
ws
s
k
ill
s
lear
n
ed
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
to
b
e
g
en
er
alize
d
to
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
.
T
h
is
m
u
lti
-
tier
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
r
ag
m
atic
r
o
ad
m
a
p
f
o
r
b
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
g
a
p
f
o
r
ad
o
lescen
ts
with
DD
in
Vietn
am
an
d
s
im
ilar
co
n
tex
ts
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
CE
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
ILS
o
f
a
d
o
lescen
ts
with
DD
in
Vietn
am
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
a
cr
itical
g
ap
b
etwe
en
p
o
licy
an
d
p
r
ac
tice.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
clea
r
an
s
wer
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
th
e
p
a
th
to
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
f
o
r
th
ese
a
d
o
l
escen
ts
is
p
av
ed
with
d
ir
ec
t,
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
at
wh
ile
all
in
v
esti
g
ated
asp
ec
ts
o
f
CE
ar
e
b
en
ef
icial,
p
r
ac
tical
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
d
r
i
v
er
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
u
tweig
h
in
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
c
e
o
f
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
i
d
en
tifie
d
a
cr
u
cial
“will
-
s
k
ill”
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
h
ig
h
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
b
u
t
lack
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
a
k
e
y
ar
e
a
f
o
r
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
a
ctio
n
ab
le.
Fo
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice,
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ce
n
ter
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
“
v
o
ca
tio
n
aliza
tio
n
”
o
f
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
la.
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
s
h
if
t f
r
o
m
th
eo
r
etica
l m
o
d
els to
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
r
ep
etitio
n
o
f
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
task
s
,
d
ir
ec
tly
b
u
ild
in
g
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
k
ills
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
.
Fo
r
t
ea
ch
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
m
u
s
t
ev
o
lv
e
t
o
e
q
u
ip
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
wit
h
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
o
l
k
it
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
u
ch
a
s
task
an
aly
s
is
an
d
m
o
d
elin
g
,
wh
ich
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
ar
e
m
o
r
e
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
th
a
n
g
en
e
r
al
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
th
eo
r
y
alo
n
e.
Fo
r
p
o
licy
,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
r
em
ai
n
s
a
v
ital
g
o
al,
im
m
ed
iate
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
tr
ateg
ically
allo
ca
ted
to
eq
u
ip
p
i
n
g
class
r
o
o
m
s
with
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
to
o
ls
an
d
v
o
c
atio
n
al
s
im
u
latio
n
k
its
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
im
p
lem
en
t th
ese
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
n
o
t
wi
th
o
u
t
its
l
im
itatio
n
s
.
I
ts
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
s
n
ap
s
h
o
t
in
tim
e,
an
d
its
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
d
ata
f
r
o
m
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
p
ar
en
ts
m
ay
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
u
b
jectiv
ity
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
lo
y
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
to
tr
ac
k
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
v
er
tim
e
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
ir
ec
t
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
s
k
ills
t
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
also
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
“will
-
s
k
ill”
g
ap
in
g
r
ea
ter
d
ep
th
,
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
ar
r
ier
s
t
h
at
p
r
ev
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
f
r
o
m
tr
an
s
latin
g
in
to
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
test
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
is
d
iv
i
d
e.
E
x
p
a
n
d
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
Vietn
am
co
u
ld
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
n
atio
n
ally
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
p
ictu
r
e.
B
y
b
u
ild
i
n
g
o
n
th
is
ev
i
d
en
ce
,
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
ca
n
cr
ea
te
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
at
h
way
s
to
g
en
u
in
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
f
o
r
ad
o
lescen
ts
with
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Han
o
i
Me
tr
o
p
o
litan
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
ei
v
ed
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
b
u
t
d
id
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
an
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
a
n
t
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
l
ic,
co
m
m
er
cial,
o
r
not
-
f
o
r
-
p
r
o
f
it f
u
n
d
in
g
ag
en
cie
s
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
ex
ter
n
al
f
u
n
d
in
g
was r
ec
eiv
ed
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
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&
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2252
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8
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r
id
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a
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itio
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p
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th
e
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o
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f p
r
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l c
a
r
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ed
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c
a
tio
n
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n
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(
Da
o
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u
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3001
AUTHO
R
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h
is
jo
u
r
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al
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s
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th
e
C
o
n
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r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
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a
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o
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m
y
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i
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al
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th
o
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ip
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d
f
ac
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C
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cted
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ep
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y
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er
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u
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DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
t
h
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