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3310
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citizen
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h
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ata
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T
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s
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C
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A
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Facu
lty
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tio
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d
Sp
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ts
Stu
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Un
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Ma
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Sab
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Ko
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Sab
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ail:
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7
7
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co
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
B
eh
av
io
r
o
f
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
citizen
s
h
ip
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as
b
ee
n
wid
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a
cc
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as
a
cr
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cial
f
ac
to
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m
ak
in
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titu
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wo
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k
ef
f
ec
tiv
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a
n
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p
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s
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.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
a
r
d
,
Gn
an
ar
aja
n
et
a
l
.
[
1
]
em
p
ir
ically
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
citizen
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
i
o
r
(
OC
B
)
an
d
d
et
er
m
in
ed
s
o
m
e
k
ey
co
n
tex
tu
al
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
e
ter
m
in
an
ts
with
in
u
n
d
er
-
r
esear
ch
ed
cu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
i
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
o
s
e
ac
tiv
ities
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
ca
ll
o
f
d
u
ty
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
I
n
th
at
r
esp
ec
t,
Nu
g
r
o
h
o
et
a
l.
[
2
]
also
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tiated
th
at
OC
B
is
p
lace
d
wit
h
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
iza
tio
n
al
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
b
ein
g
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
d
et
er
m
in
an
ts
o
f
m
an
i
f
esti
n
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
u
n
d
er
lin
in
g
t
h
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
s
tan
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
d
is
cr
etio
n
ar
y
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
I
n
t
h
at
s
e
n
s
e,
Kh
an
d
elwa
l
a
n
d
Nair
[
3
]
f
r
am
e
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
OC
B
m
an
if
ested
b
y
teac
h
er
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
r
g
u
in
g
th
at
citizen
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
io
r
s
ar
e
ev
id
en
t
in
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
ex
ten
d
to
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Pr
ac
tically
in
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
s
,
E
m
ir
ie
an
d
Geb
r
e
m
esk
el
[
4
]
d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
h
o
w
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
e
n
g
a
g
e
in
OC
B
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
eir
d
a
y
-
to
-
d
a
y
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
,
th
u
s
ass
er
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
u
ch
b
eh
av
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o
r
s
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t sch
o
o
l a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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N:
2252
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8
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xp
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(
Yixu
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Zh
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o
)
3311
Stru
ctu
r
al
eq
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atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
is
n
o
w
co
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to
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W
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m
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T
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h
is
ti
ca
ted
class
if
icatio
n
m
o
d
el,
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
T
ea
ch
er
s
'
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
al
citizen
s
h
ip
a
r
e
g
o
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
allo
ws
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
m
ak
e
a
s
tep
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
b
u
t
also
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
r
ac
tica
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
teac
h
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t o
n
teac
h
er
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
e
ar
lier
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
n
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
v
el
is
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
T
W
E
an
d
OC
B
in
p
r
e
-
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
th
e
h
el
p
o
f
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
el.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
will
attem
p
t
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
laten
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
en
g
ag
em
en
t
u
s
in
g
SEM
an
d
co
m
b
in
e
th
e
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le
s
with
th
e
AL
R
to
m
ak
e
v
alid
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
o
f
th
e
citizen
s
h
ip
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
te
ac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
aim
s
at
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
tatis
t
ical
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
b
a
s
elin
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
wo
u
ld
b
e
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
n
ew
h
y
b
r
id
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
(
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
)
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
class
if
icatio
n
,
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Seco
n
d
,
it
g
iv
es
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
th
at
s
h
o
ws
th
e
h
ig
h
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
u
e
to
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
ev
alu
atio
n
in
cl
u
d
in
g
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
m
atr
ices,
er
r
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
,
r
ec
eiv
er
o
p
e
r
atin
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
(
R
OC
)
-
ar
ea
u
n
d
er
th
e
cu
r
v
e
(
AUC)
an
d
a
b
latio
n
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
to
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
as
it
estab
lis
h
es
th
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
a
m
ajo
r
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
citizen
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
th
u
s
,
allo
w
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
p
o
licies
an
d
te
ac
h
er
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
r
esea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
:
−
Ho
w
do
T
W
E
an
d
OC
B
r
elate
with
ea
r
lier
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
n
ch
il
d
h
o
o
d
teac
h
in
g
?
(
R
Q1
)
−
I
s
SEM
a
g
o
o
d
m
eth
o
d
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
l
aten
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
teac
h
er
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
n
wo
r
k
s
u
ch
as v
i
g
o
r
,
d
ed
icatio
n
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
?
(
R
Q2
)
−
Do
es
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
e
n
h
an
ce
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
a
te
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
OC
B
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
tatis
tical
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es?
(
R
Q
3
)
−
W
h
at
is
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
co
m
b
in
in
g
laten
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
an
d
AL
R
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
class
if
ica
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
e
liab
ilit
y
?
(
R
Q4
)
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
war
r
an
te
d
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at,
T
W
E
h
as
a
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
im
p
ac
t
o
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
citizen
s
h
ip
,
wh
ich
is
a
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
ac
to
r
in
en
h
an
cin
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
a
n
d
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
will
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
laten
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
also
m
ak
e
co
r
r
ec
t
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
m
o
d
ellin
g
an
d
s
o
p
h
i
s
ticated
clas
s
if
icatio
n
to
en
h
an
ce
h
ig
h
er
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
o
f
f
e
r
cr
ed
ib
le,
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
o
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
in
its
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
to
co
m
b
in
e
SEM
with
AL
R
to
co
llectiv
ely
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
o
th
h
ig
h
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
p
r
i
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
wh
er
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
elies
o
n
SEM
o
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
tak
es
as
i
n
p
u
ts
SEM
-
d
e
r
iv
ed
laten
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
cts
as
in
p
u
ts
t
o
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
wh
ic
h
en
h
an
ce
s
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
p
r
eser
v
es
th
eo
r
etica
l
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
,
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
tr
o
n
g
v
alid
atio
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
o
n
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
as
well
as
a
b
latio
n
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
p
ec
if
ically
co
n
ce
n
tr
ates
o
n
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
(
E
C
E
)
,
a
co
n
tex
t
th
at
is
u
n
d
er
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
laten
t
m
o
d
ell
in
g
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
is
a
m
o
r
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
way
o
f
k
n
o
win
g
an
d
p
r
ed
ictin
g
th
e
teac
h
er
s
'
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
citizen
s
h
ip
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
is
r
ec
en
t
s
tr
ea
m
o
f
wo
r
k
h
en
ce
co
n
ce
p
tu
ally
lin
k
ed
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
o
n
w
o
r
k
,
an
d
OC
B
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
,
h
a
v
in
g
d
ee
p
b
ea
r
in
g
s
o
n
b
o
th
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ex
p
lain
in
g
d
is
cr
etio
n
ar
y
wo
r
k
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
As
atten
tio
n
s
tar
ted
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
wo
r
k
with
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
b
eg
an
to
p
er
m
ea
te
th
e
m
o
d
els
o
f
OC
B
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Ab
d
u
laziz
et
a
l
.
[
5
]
estab
lis
h
ed
th
at
jo
b
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
m
an
an
t
ec
ed
en
t
to
teac
h
e
r
s
'
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t
u
n
d
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
wo
r
k
o
v
er
l
o
ad
an
d
wo
r
k
–
life
im
b
alan
ce
.
I
n
th
e
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
E
v
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&
R
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Vo
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15
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4
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Au
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20
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3
3
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3312
L
ip
s
co
m
b
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
f
u
r
th
er
s
h
o
w
th
at
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
ed
ictio
n
f
o
r
wo
r
k
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
teac
h
er
s
in
clu
d
es
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
s
tatin
g
th
at
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t
is
a
cr
itical
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
.
Mo
r
e
m
o
d
er
n
s
tu
d
ies
b
u
ilt
u
p
o
n
th
is
.
L
i
et
a
l
.
[
7
]
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
w
o
r
k
en
g
ag
em
en
t
m
ed
iates
s
o
cial
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
ess
an
d
jo
b
co
n
tr
o
l
in
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
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a
l
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
wh
ile
E
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taş
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d
Özd
em
ir
[
8
]
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
m
m
itm
en
t
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
co
llect
iv
e
teac
h
er
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
wo
r
k
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
Hsi
eh
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
em
p
ir
ically
lin
k
e
d
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
wo
r
k
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
OC
B
,
th
u
s
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
d
ir
e
ct
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
-
citizen
s
h
ip
p
ath
way
.
Fin
ally
,
Kav
g
ac
ı
[
1
0
]
a
d
d
ed
t
o
th
is
m
o
d
el
th
at
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
le
an
d
tr
u
s
t
af
f
ec
t
OC
B
th
r
o
u
g
h
wo
r
k
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
f
u
r
th
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
lin
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
I
n
t
h
eir
r
e
ce
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
C
h
en
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
al
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
wo
r
k
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
ed
icts
OC
B
b
u
t
als
o
m
o
d
e
r
at
es
th
e
lea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
ef
f
ec
t
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
a
co
r
e
ex
p
l
ai
n
i
n
g
f
ea
t
u
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
te
ac
h
e
r
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
E
x
t
e
n
d
in
g
t
h
is
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
-
f
o
cu
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
R
o
m
e
r
o
an
d
G
u
h
a
o
[
1
2
]
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
a
p
r
e
d
i
cti
v
e
m
o
d
el
t
o
e
x
p
l
ai
n
h
o
w
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
a
l,
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
wit
h
tea
ch
er
,
a
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
r
a
c
tices
wit
h
h
u
m
a
n
r
es
o
u
r
ce
j
o
i
n
tly
u
p
li
f
t
OC
B
w
it
h
i
n
p
u
b
li
c
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
C
iti
ze
n
s
h
ip
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
a
n
d
en
g
ag
em
en
t
h
av
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
ti
v
el
y
b
ee
n
i
n
v
e
s
tig
ate
d
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
al
o
r
g
an
iz
at
io
n
al
f
r
a
m
ew
o
r
k
s
.
Ur
a
n
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
ed
t
h
at
w
o
r
k
c
u
l
tu
r
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
es
te
ac
h
e
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
d
i
r
ec
tl
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
t
h
w
o
r
k
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
OC
B
,
t
h
u
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
e
m
p
i
r
ic
al
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
d
u
al
-
m
ed
iati
o
n
m
o
d
els
wit
h
i
n
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
al
s
etti
n
g
s
.
At
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
le
v
el,
C
h
o
o
n
g
a
n
d
Ng
[
1
4
]
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
te
d
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
ic
ac
y
a
n
d
t
r
u
s
t
i
n
co
lle
a
g
u
es;
h
er
e,
co
l
le
cti
v
e
e
f
f
ic
ac
y
s
e
r
v
e
d
t
o
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
e
tw
ee
n
th
ese
f
a
ct
o
r
s
a
n
d
te
ac
h
e
r
s
'
OC
B
.
M
o
r
e
r
e
ce
n
t
wo
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
i
ll
u
m
i
n
ate
d
t
h
es
e
s
tan
ce
s
b
y
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
r
e
lat
io
n
al
tr
u
s
t
a
n
d
le
ad
er
s
h
i
p
f
ai
r
n
ess
.
C
h
o
o
n
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
p
r
i
n
c
ip
al
t
r
u
s
t
an
d
tea
ch
er
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
i
ca
cy
s
i
g
n
if
i
ca
n
tl
y
p
r
e
d
ic
t
OC
B
b
e
y
o
n
d
p
e
r
c
ep
t
io
n
s
o
f
f
ai
r
n
ess
,
th
u
s
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
lat
io
n
al
d
y
n
am
i
cs
a
t
p
la
y
i
n
s
c
h
o
o
ls
.
L
i
k
ewis
e,
T
s
em
ac
h
a
n
d
B
ar
t
h
[
1
6
]
id
en
ti
f
ie
d
au
t
h
en
tic
lea
d
er
s
h
i
p
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
s
o
f
OC
B
wh
ile
co
n
t
r
o
ll
in
g
f
o
r
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
a
n
d
“
q
u
iet
q
u
itt
in
g
.
”
A
u
t
h
e
n
ti
cit
y
i
n
l
ea
d
er
s
h
i
p
s
ee
m
s
to
s
u
s
ta
in
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
l
u
n
ta
r
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
s
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
v
ar
ia
b
les
h
av
e
en
r
ich
ed
OC
B
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
o
d
o
r
o
v
ić
an
d
J
o
v
a
n
o
v
ić
[
1
7
]
,
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
an
d
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
s
h
ap
e
t
ea
ch
er
s
'
citizen
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
io
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
well
-
b
ein
g
p
ath
way
s
.
I
n
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
te
x
ts
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[1
8
]
,
[
19
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
en
h
a
n
ce
s
wo
r
k
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese,
h
o
wev
er
,
in
d
icate
a
s
m
all
b
u
t
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
–
OC
B
d
y
n
am
ics
in
E
C
E
.
L
atif
ah
an
d
L
in
an
d
o
[2
0
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
em
p
lo
y
ee
well
-
b
ein
g
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
em
p
o
w
er
m
en
t,
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
o
r
g
an
izati
o
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
teac
h
er
s
’
OC
B
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
w
o
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
an
d
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
ea
ch
er
s
'
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
Sim
ilar
ly
,
Nasu
tio
n
et
a
l.
[2
1
]
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
a
l
ju
s
tice
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
b
o
th
in
d
iv
id
u
al
-
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
O
C
B
th
r
o
u
g
h
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
f
air
o
r
g
an
izati
o
n
al
p
r
ac
tices in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Üzte
m
u
r
et
a
l.
[2
2
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
at
lead
er
s
h
i
p
,
teac
h
er
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
tr
u
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
er
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
clim
ates a
r
e
ess
en
tial f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
teac
h
e
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
ju
s
tice,
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
a
n
d
teac
h
er
well
-
b
ein
g
ar
e
c
r
itical
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
OC
B
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
r
elies
o
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
ed
iatio
n
o
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
-
b
ased
an
aly
s
es,
with
lim
ited
atten
tio
n
to
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
m
o
d
eli
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
an
al
y
tics
.
T
h
is
g
ap
m
o
ti
v
ates
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
th
e
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
jo
in
tly
m
o
d
el
teac
h
e
r
wo
r
k
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
ac
cu
r
ately
p
r
e
d
ict
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
al
citizen
s
h
ip
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
D
E
SI
G
N
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
s
o
urce
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
u
s
e
o
f
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
to
th
e
teac
h
e
r
s
o
f
E
C
E
.
T
o
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
to
o
l
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
o
n
t
h
e
b
asis
o
f
well
-
test
ed
s
ca
les
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
liter
a
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
Utr
ec
h
t
wo
r
k
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
s
ca
le
(
UW
E
S)
was
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
T
W
E
th
at
in
clu
d
e
d
OC
B
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
to
g
et
h
er
with
th
e
q
u
alities
o
f
v
ig
o
r
,
d
ev
o
tio
n
,
a
n
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
n
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
OC
B
s
ca
le
th
at
i
n
clu
d
ed
th
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
civ
ic
v
ir
tu
e,
s
p
o
r
ts
m
an
s
h
ip
,
civ
ilit
y
,
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
n
ess
,
an
d
altr
u
is
m
.
T
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les
in
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
we
r
e
also
ag
e
,
g
en
d
e
r
,
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
alif
icatio
n
,
an
d
t
y
p
e
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
to
ass
is
t in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
lin
e
an
d
b
y
p
ap
er
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
eo
p
le
p
ar
ticip
ated
an
d
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
w
as
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
i
tem
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
clea
r
an
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
with
a
s
m
all
teac
h
er
’
s
s
am
p
le
was
d
o
n
e
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
u
r
v
ey
.
E
v
er
y
r
esp
o
n
d
e
r
was
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
tea
ch
er w
o
r
k
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
a
l
…
(
Yixu
a
n
Zh
a
o
)
3313
n
o
tifie
d
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
g
av
e
th
eir
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
p
ar
ti
cip
atio
n
with
a
n
o
n
y
m
ity
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
eth
ical
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
was
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
teac
h
er
s
wo
r
k
in
g
in
E
C
E
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
th
at
wer
e
r
eg
is
ter
ed
a
n
d
m
et
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
c
r
iter
ia:
i
)
h
av
in
g
wo
r
k
e
d
as
a
teac
h
er
f
o
r
at
least
a
y
ea
r
to
b
e
e
x
p
o
s
ed
to
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
,
a
n
d
ii
)
g
av
e
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
c
o
n
s
en
t
t
o
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
teac
h
in
g
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el
wh
o
s
er
v
e
d
i
n
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
with
n
o
teac
h
in
g
d
u
ties
wer
e
lo
ck
ed
o
u
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
eir
r
ele
v
an
c
e
to
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
teac
h
er
s
atten
d
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
was
2
5
0
.
T
h
e
s
iz
e
o
f
th
is
s
am
p
le
is
ad
eq
u
ate
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
SEM
a
n
aly
s
is
,
with
s
u
f
f
icien
t
lar
g
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
laten
t v
ar
iab
le
m
o
d
elin
g
,
a
n
d
also
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
cr
e
d
ib
le
esti
m
ates o
f
th
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
,
as
well
as st
ati
s
tical
v
alid
ity
.
D
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
wer
e
b
ein
g
r
ep
r
esen
ted
a
n
d
a
s
tr
atif
ied
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ap
p
lied
to
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
o
k
p
ar
t
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
E
C
E
ce
n
ter
s
.
T
h
is
wi
ll
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
am
p
le
d
iv
er
s
i
ty
an
d
m
i
n
im
izes
s
am
p
lin
g
b
ias.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
teac
h
er
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
with
wo
r
k
an
d
OC
B
s
ca
les
th
at
wer
e
v
alid
ated
,
an
d
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
g
ath
e
r
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
co
llected
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
n
o
r
m
alize
d
an
d
m
o
d
el
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
was d
o
n
e.
3
.
2
.
Da
t
a
p
re
pro
ce
s
s
ing
B
ef
o
r
e
m
o
d
el
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
wer
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
s
y
s
te
m
atic
d
ata
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
a
n
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
to
SEM
an
d
A
L
R
.
T
o
b
eg
in
with
,
th
e
r
aw
an
s
wer
s
wer
e
f
ilter
ed
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
in
co
m
p
lete
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
th
e
ca
s
es
with
a
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
is
s
in
g
v
alu
es
wer
e
f
ilter
ed
o
u
t.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
was
u
s
ed
i
n
ca
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata
was
s
m
all,
s
in
ce
it
is
s
u
g
g
ested
to
u
s
e
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
L
ik
e
r
t
-
s
ca
le
s
u
r
v
ey
s
.
T
h
e
item
s
th
at
wer
e
n
eg
ativ
ely
wo
r
d
e
d
wer
e
r
ev
er
s
e
co
d
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
item
s
co
n
f
o
r
m
ed
.
Data
wer
e
clea
n
ed
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
S
E
M
an
d
AL
R
to
p
r
e
d
ict
OC
B
.
3
.
3
.
T
WE
-
SE
M
-
AL
R
T
h
e
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
is
an
in
teg
r
ate
d
SEM
an
d
AL
R
th
at
will
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
f
o
r
ec
ast
OC
B
am
o
n
g
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
to
m
o
d
el
T
W
E
as
a
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
at
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
en
er
g
y
,
co
m
m
itm
e
n
t,
an
d
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
test
th
e
ca
u
s
al
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
T
W
E
o
n
OC
B
with
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
er
r
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
is
s
tep
is
aim
ed
at
th
eo
r
y
v
alid
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
we
r
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
T
WE
-
S
E
M
SEM
is
a
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
th
at
is
b
ased
o
n
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
an
d
p
ath
an
aly
s
is
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lex
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
la
ten
t
v
ar
iab
les.
SEM
ca
n
b
e
esp
ec
ially
a
p
p
licab
le
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
s
tu
d
ies
s
in
ce
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
v
ar
iab
les,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
e
n
g
a
g
em
en
t
o
n
wo
r
k
o
f
teac
h
er
s
an
d
OC
B
,
ar
e
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e:
OC
B
an
d
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
item
s
o
n
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
it.
SEM
e
n
ab
les
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
to
test
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
ca
u
s
al
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
em
in
o
n
e
s
in
g
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
laten
t
v
ar
i
ab
le
T
W
E
ca
n
b
e
m
ath
em
atica
lly
g
iv
en
i
n
(
1
)
:
=
Ʌ
+
(
1
)
I
n
wh
ich
is
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
m
e
asu
r
es
o
f
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
n
wo
r
k
,
ξ
is
a
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le
T
W
E
an
d
Ʌ
is
th
e
m
atr
ix
o
f
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
wh
ich
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
r
ap
p
o
r
t
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
in
d
icato
r
s
to
th
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
an
d
δ
is
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
er
r
o
r
.
I
n
th
e
s
am
e
way
,
t
h
e
en
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
late
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
OC
B
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
(
2
)
,
in
wh
ic
h
Ʌ
s
ig
n
if
ies
o
b
s
er
v
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
OC
B
(
altr
u
is
m
a
n
d
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
n
ess
)
,
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
laten
t
OC
B
m
e
asu
r
e,
Ʌ
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
ac
to
r
l
o
ad
in
g
m
at
r
ix
,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
im
p
lies
a
test
o
f
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
(
3
)
:
=
Ʌ
+
(
2
)
=
+
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
3
1
0
-
3
3
2
1
3314
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
ese
ar
ch
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
OC
B
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
T
W
E
th
o
u
g
h
is
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
n
p
ath
th
at
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ca
le
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
t,
an
d
is
th
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
al
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
alu
e
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
m
o
r
e
T
W
E
is
h
ig
h
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
OC
B
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
e
th
r
ee
eq
u
atio
n
s
r
ef
lect
th
e
way
th
at
SEM
c
an
co
n
f
ir
m
b
o
th
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
also
test
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
wh
ich
p
r
esen
ts
a
f
ir
m
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ab
le
m
o
d
el
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
p
lai
n
teac
h
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
E
C
E
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
AL
R
An
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
-
b
ased
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
u
s
es
L
R
to
ass
es
s
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
s
o
cial,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
n
ew
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
L
R
is
a
well
-
lik
ed
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
class
if
icatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
f
in
d
s
a
lin
ea
r
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
in
p
u
ts
an
d
u
s
es
a
s
ig
m
o
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
co
n
v
er
t
it
in
to
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
0
an
d
1
,
d
escr
ib
i
n
g
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
r
esu
lt.
Usi
n
g
s
ig
m
o
id
as
a
b
ase
cr
ea
tes
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
els
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
esti
m
ates
an
d
class
if
icat
io
n
.
Sig
m
o
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
:
d
escr
ib
ed
ab
o
u
t th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
ig
m
o
id
in
(
4
)
,
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
lin
ea
r
f
ea
tu
r
es.
(
)
=
1
1
+
−
(
4
)
C
alcu
latio
n
o
n
co
n
d
itio
n
al
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
:
th
is
e
q
u
atio
n
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
al
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
b
elo
w
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
5
)
.
=
1
in
d
icate
s
s
tr
o
n
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
=
0
i
n
d
icate
s
lo
w
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
an
d
x
is
a
f
ea
tu
r
e
v
ec
to
r
th
at
s
h
o
ws en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal,
s
o
cial,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
a
r
iab
les.
: th
e
weig
h
t v
ec
to
r
;
: th
e
b
ias ter
m
.
(
=
1
|
)
=
ex
p
(
.
+
)
1
+
ex
p
(
.
+
)
(
5
)
(
=
0
|
)
=
1
1
+
ex
p
(
.
+
)
T
r
ain
in
g
s
et:
i
n
p
u
ts
to
ass
es
s
b
u
s
in
ess
es
in
(
6
)
,
wh
er
e
t
h
e
ℎ
f
ir
m
'
s
s
u
s
ta
in
ab
ilit
y
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
r
ep
r
ese
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
c
lass
if
icatio
n
(
0
=
l
o
w,
1
=
h
ig
h
)
,
:
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
f
ir
m
s
.
is
th
e
f
ir
m
j'
s
f
ea
tu
r
e
v
ec
to
r
.
L
ik
elih
o
o
d
f
u
n
c
tio
n
:
∈
,
∈
{
0
,
1
}
,
in
(
7
)
.
=
{
(
1
,
1
)
,
(
2
,
2
)
,
…
,
(
,
)
}
(
6
)
∏
[
(
)
]
[
1
−
(
)
]
1
−
=
1
(
7
)
Fu
n
ctio
n
o
n
lo
g
-
lik
elih
o
o
d
:
as
m
en
tio
n
e
d
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
in
(
8
)
,
wh
e
r
e
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ac
h
iev
in
g
g
o
o
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
(
)
.
Ou
tco
m
e
o
n
f
in
al
m
o
d
el:
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
ev
alu
ate
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
(
9
)
is
th
e
o
n
e
th
at
f
o
llo
ws
,
wh
er
e
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
f
ea
tu
r
e
v
ec
to
r
f
r
o
m
SS
FLA
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
̂
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
o
f
f
er
s
an
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
s
y
s
tem
atic
to
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
c
o
m
p
an
ies
in
n
ew
ty
p
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
at
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
an
d
s
o
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
(
)
=
{
∏
[
(
)
]
[
1
−
(
)
]
1
−
=
1
}
,
=
∑
[
(
)
+
(
1
−
)
l
og
(
1
−
(
)
)
]
=
1
(
8
)
(
=
1
|
)
=
ex
p
(
̂
.
+
)
1
+
ex
p
(
̂
.
+
)
,
(
=
0
|
)
=
1
1
+
ex
p
(
̂
.
+
)
(
9
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
a
clea
r
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
m
o
d
el
o
f
T
W
E
an
aly
s
is
an
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
OC
B
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
ataset
th
at
will
b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ec
o
r
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
an
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
OC
B
.
T
h
ese
r
aw
d
ata
ar
e
n
ex
t
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
a
d
ata
p
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
h
ase
wh
er
e
clea
n
in
g
an
d
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
ar
e
d
o
n
e
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
is
ap
p
lies
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
SEM
to
test
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
r
em
o
v
e
laten
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
laten
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
s
co
r
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
v
ig
o
r
,
d
ed
icatio
n
,
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
ar
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
p
u
ts
to
th
e
AL
R
m
o
d
u
le,
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
OC
B
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
L
astl
y
,
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
o
t
h
er
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
f
lo
w,
an
d
a
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
d
ab
latio
n
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
o
d
el
in
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
b
aselin
e
m
eth
o
d
s
.
All
in
all,
th
e
d
iag
r
am
v
is
u
a
lly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
co
h
er
en
t
f
lo
w,
m
o
d
u
lar
ity
,
a
n
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ex
p
la
n
a
to
r
y
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
asp
ec
ts
with
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
tea
ch
er w
o
r
k
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
a
l
…
(
Yixu
a
n
Zh
a
o
)
3315
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
o
r
k
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
4.
RE
S
E
ARCH
F
I
N
DING
S A
ND
ANAL
YSI
S
4
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
s
et
up
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
wo
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
test
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
m
o
d
el
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
T
W
E
an
d
OC
B
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
.
Data
o
n
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es
wer
e
g
ath
er
ed
with
v
alid
ated
L
i
k
er
t
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
o
n
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
citizen
s
h
ip
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
n
ea
r
l
y
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
Data
clea
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
wer
e
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
s
p
litt
in
g
t
h
e
d
ata
i
n
to
tr
a
in
ed
an
d
test
ed
s
et
with
an
8
0
:2
0
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
SEM
was
u
s
ed
in
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
laten
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
test
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el.
Pre
d
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
lev
el
o
f
OC
B
wa
s
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
laten
t
s
co
r
es
as
in
p
u
ts
to
th
e
AL
R
class
if
ier
.
Acc
u
r
ac
y
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
r
ec
all,
F1
-
s
co
r
e,
AUC,
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
-
m
atr
ices,
an
d
er
r
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
as
s
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
wer
e
co
n
tr
asted
with
th
e
b
aselin
e
m
o
d
els
s
u
ch
as
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
class
if
ier
s
a
s
a
way
o
f
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
f
air
an
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ev
alu
atio
n
.
4
.
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
m
e
t
rics
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
m
o
d
el,
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
n
m
o
d
el
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
v
a
r
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to
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ef
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tatis
tical
ap
p
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an
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if
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ased
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to
c
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m
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m
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I
n
test
in
g
th
e
p
r
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d
ic
tiv
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p
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o
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m
an
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T
ab
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1
,
th
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ac
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p
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F1
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m
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T
h
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s
u
g
g
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T
W
E
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SEM
-
AL
R
m
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was
alwa
y
s
h
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an
th
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Alth
o
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tr
ad
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b
in
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is
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r
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n
(
B
L
R
)
an
d
d
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o
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tr
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(
DT
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m
o
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d
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s
tr
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m
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r
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p
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v
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to
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B
g
r
o
u
p
s
v
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th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
b
aselin
e
m
o
d
els an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
M
o
d
e
l
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
%)
P
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e
c
i
s
i
o
n
R
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c
a
l
l
F1
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c
o
r
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AUC
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
l
i
n
e
a
r
r
e
g
r
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ss
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o
n
(
t
h
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e
sh
o
l
d
)
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1
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8
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0
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6
9
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6
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0
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7
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7
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8
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8
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6
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3
.
Descript
iv
e
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics
T
h
e
b
asic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
o
f
t
h
e
teac
h
er
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wer
e
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
th
en
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
m
o
d
elin
g
was
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t.
T
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
lik
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
wer
e
m
a
d
e
f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
n
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iati
o
n
,
m
i
n
im
u
m
,
m
ax
im
u
m
,
s
k
e
wn
ess
,
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
o
n
th
e
m
ain
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
T
W
E
,
OC
B
,
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
u
b
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
m
o
d
er
ate
to
h
ig
h
a
v
er
ag
e
r
ate
o
f
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
citizen
s
h
i
p
am
o
n
g
ea
r
lier
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
o
n
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
an
d
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
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n
v
alu
es
r
ef
l
ec
t
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
k
ewn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es
ar
e
with
in
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
r
an
g
e,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
f
it
to
r
u
n
f
u
r
th
er
SEM
an
d
AL
R
an
aly
s
is
.
On
th
e
wh
o
le,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
g
iv
e
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t th
e
d
ataset
an
d
ju
s
tify
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
r
th
er
in
f
er
e
n
tial a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
2
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
p
r
i
m
ar
i
ly
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
em
ale
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
with
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
e
o
p
le
b
ei
n
g
f
em
ale
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
g
e
n
d
er
b
alan
ce
th
at
is
u
s
u
ally
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
in
th
e
f
ield
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t’
s
m
ajo
r
ity
is
ag
ed
am
o
n
g
3
0
an
d
3
9
y
ea
r
s
an
d
h
as
an
ex
p
er
ien
c
e
o
f
5
-
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
n
teac
h
in
g
t
h
u
s
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
teac
h
er
s
with
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
is
h
ig
h
a
n
d
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
b
o
th
t
h
e
p
r
iv
ate
an
d
th
e
p
u
b
lic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
b
r
in
g
s
ab
o
u
t
d
iv
er
s
ity
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
b
alan
ce
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
is
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
ap
t to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
wo
r
k
en
g
ag
em
en
t
o
n
teac
h
er
an
d
OC
B
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
o
n
d
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
n
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
58
2
3
.
2
F
e
mal
e
1
9
2
7
6
.
8
A
g
e
(
y
e
a
r
s)
B
e
l
o
w
3
0
64
2
5
.
6
30
–
39
98
3
9
.
2
40
–
49
62
2
4
.
8
5
0
a
n
d
a
b
o
v
e
26
1
0
.
4
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
<
5
y
e
a
r
s
72
2
8
.
8
5
–
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
96
3
8
.
4
11
–
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
54
2
1
.
6
>
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
28
1
1
.
2
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
q
u
a
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
p
l
o
m
a
48
1
9
.
2
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
’
s d
e
g
r
e
e
1
4
2
5
6
.
8
M
a
s
t
e
r
’
s
d
e
g
r
e
e
60
2
4
.
0
Ty
p
e
o
f
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
P
u
b
l
i
c
1
3
6
5
4
.
4
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
1
1
4
4
5
.
6
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
s
tatis
t
ics
o
f
T
W
E
an
d
th
e
OC
B
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Me
an
s
co
r
es
s
h
o
w
m
o
d
er
ate
to
h
ig
h
r
esu
lts
in
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
citizen
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
teac
h
er
s
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es
o
f
d
ed
icatio
n
s
an
d
co
n
s
cien
t
io
u
s
n
ess
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
in
d
icate
th
at
th
er
e
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
am
o
n
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
im
p
ly
in
g
t
h
at
th
er
e
was
s
im
ilar
ity
in
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
s
k
ewn
ess
an
d
th
e
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
e
ar
e
with
in
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
an
g
e,
wh
ic
h
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
th
er
e
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
f
u
r
t
h
er
SEM
an
d
AL
R
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
4
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
n
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
was
d
o
n
e
to
test
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
el
iab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
laten
t c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts to
r
ep
r
esen
t T
W
E
an
d
OC
B
b
ef
o
r
e
test
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
test
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
a
lp
h
a
an
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
CR
)
with
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
h
av
in
g
a
v
alu
e
o
f
ab
o
v
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
tea
ch
er w
o
r
k
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
a
l
…
(
Yixu
a
n
Zh
a
o
)
3317
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
7
0
as
h
ig
h
lev
els
in
d
icatio
n
o
f
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
n
in
ter
n
al.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
ac
to
r
lo
a
d
in
g
a
n
d
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
e
x
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
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,
in
wh
ich
,
lo
ad
in
g
f
ac
to
r
was
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
0
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6
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as
well
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e
A
VE
m
o
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e
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an
0
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5
0
an
d
th
e
o
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s
er
v
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
F
o
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
c
k
er
c
r
iter
io
n
was
u
tili
ze
d
in
v
e
r
if
y
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g
v
alid
ity
o
n
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
wh
er
eb
y
th
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
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o
t
o
f
AVE
o
f
ev
er
y
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
b
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
with
th
e
r
est.
On
th
e
wh
o
le,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wed
g
o
o
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
wh
ich
ju
s
tify
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
to
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
ev
alu
ate
d
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
with
T
W
E
-
S
E
M
with
AL
R
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
o
f
T
W
E
an
d
OC
B
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
K
u
r
t
o
si
s
TWE
V
i
g
o
r
3
.
9
8
0
.
6
1
−
0
.
4
2
−
0
.
3
1
D
e
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
4
.
1
2
0
.
5
8
−
0
.
4
7
−
0
.
2
8
A
b
so
r
p
t
i
o
n
3
.
8
9
0
.
6
4
−
0
.
3
6
−
0
.
3
4
O
C
B
A
l
t
r
u
i
sm
4
.
0
5
0
.
5
7
−
0
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4
5
−
0
.
2
6
C
o
n
sc
i
e
n
t
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
4
.
1
8
0
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5
5
−
0
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5
2
−
0
.
2
2
S
p
o
r
t
sma
n
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i
p
3
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9
2
0
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c
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e
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1
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5
6
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4
9
−
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2
4
N
o
t
e
:
A
l
l
i
t
e
ms
w
e
r
e
me
a
su
r
e
d
u
si
n
g
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
Li
k
e
r
t
sca
l
e
(
1
=
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
,
5=
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
)
.
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
a
n
d
k
u
r
t
o
s
i
s
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
r
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
l
i
mi
t
s
(
±
2
)
,
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
n
o
r
ma
l
i
t
y
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t m
o
d
el
ass
es
s
m
en
t
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
Lo
a
d
i
n
g
CR
AVE
TWE
V
i
g
o
r
0
.
8
1
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8
9
0
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6
8
D
e
d
i
c
a
t
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o
n
0
.
8
5
A
b
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r
p
t
i
o
n
0
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7
8
O
C
B
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l
t
r
u
i
sm
0
.
8
3
0
.
9
1
0
.
6
6
C
o
n
sc
i
e
n
t
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
0
.
8
0
4
.
4
.
Co
nfusi
o
n
m
a
t
rice
s
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
class
if
y
in
g
d
ata
was e
v
alu
ated
with
th
e
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
m
atr
ices
wh
ich
allo
w
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
c
o
r
r
ec
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
d
icted
o
u
t
co
m
es
o
n
T
ab
le
5
r
elatio
n
to
t
h
e
r
ea
l
class
lab
els
(
h
ig
h
OC
B
v
s
.
l
o
w
O
C
B
)
.
T
h
e
m
atr
ix
g
iv
es th
e
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
tr
u
e
p
o
s
itiv
es
(
T
P),
tr
u
e
n
eg
ativ
es
(
T
N)
,
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
es
(
FP
)
,
an
d
f
als
e
n
eg
ativ
es
(
FN)
,
wh
ich
g
iv
e
s
a
clea
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
r
ig
h
t
an
d
wr
o
n
g
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
m
atr
ix
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
v
ital
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
d
i
ca
to
r
s
lik
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
r
ec
all,
F1
-
s
co
r
e
an
d
AUC,
an
d
it
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
h
as
a
b
a
lan
ce
d
an
d
s
tab
le
class
if
icatio
n
as we
ll a
s
th
e
b
aselin
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
n
f
u
s
io
n
m
atr
ix
f
o
r
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
A
c
t
u
a
l
/
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
H
i
g
h
O
C
B
Lo
w
O
C
B
H
i
g
h
O
C
B
9
6
(
TP)
8
(
F
N
)
Lo
w
O
C
B
1
0
(
F
P
)
8
6
(
TN
)
4
.
5
Abla
t
io
n St
ud
y
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
will
g
iv
e
a
clea
r
in
d
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
les
o
n
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
v
er
all
b
y
r
em
o
v
in
g
o
r
d
is
ab
lin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
elem
en
ts
,
leav
in
g
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
tact.
T
h
is
will
ass
i
s
t
in
ju
s
tify
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
m
a
k
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
b
en
ef
its
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ar
e
n
o
t
ac
cid
en
tal.
T
h
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
th
e
SEM
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
lead
s
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
wo
r
s
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
laten
cy
v
ar
ia
b
les
(
v
ig
o
r
,
d
ed
ic
atio
n
,
an
d
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
)
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
o
d
ele
d
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
d
escr
ib
e
t
h
e
laten
t
ter
r
ain
o
f
teac
h
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
L
i
k
ewise,
th
e
o
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
AL
R
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
r
esu
lts
in
a
d
ec
r
e
ase
o
f
class
if
icatio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
AUC,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
AL
R
im
p
r
o
v
es
d
ec
i
s
io
n
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
ies
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
a
r
eg
u
lar
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
s
ep
ar
ab
ilit
y
o
f
class
es.
Fig
u
r
e
2
o
f
th
e
ab
latio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
cu
r
v
e
in
d
ica
tes
th
e
d
ef
in
ite
an
d
s
tead
y
in
c
r
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ajo
r
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
least
ac
cu
r
ate
m
o
d
el
is
th
e
b
aselin
e
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
an
d
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
,
AL
R
an
d
SE
M
in
cr
ea
s
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
tead
ily
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
m
o
d
el
h
as
t
h
e
g
r
ea
test
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
it
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
an
d
c
o
m
p
l
em
en
tar
y
r
o
le
o
f
all
elem
en
ts
in
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
teac
h
er
OC
B
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
3
1
0
-
3
3
2
1
3318
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ab
latio
n
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
c
u
r
v
e
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
t
h
at
E
C
E
teac
h
er
s
'
wo
r
k
en
g
ag
em
en
t
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
OC
B
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
teac
h
e
r
s
'
v
ig
o
r
,
d
e
d
icatio
n
,
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
t
h
eir
v
o
l
u
n
tar
y
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
an
d
s
o
cial
ex
ch
an
g
e
th
eo
r
ies,
wh
ich
s
tate
th
at
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
clim
ate
will
in
s
p
ir
e
s
taf
f
to
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
k
in
d
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
is
,
C
h
en
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
wo
r
k
en
g
ag
em
en
t
is
a
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
OC
B
wh
en
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
u
r
th
er
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
at
teac
h
e
r
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
ac
t
s
as
a
cr
u
cial
m
ed
iatin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
OC
B
.
T
h
e
SEM
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
-
r
elate
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
o
n
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les
to
th
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
o
f
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
an
d
th
e
AL
R
class
if
ier
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t
with
th
e
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
R
o
m
er
o
an
d
Gu
h
a
o
[
1
2
]
,
wh
o
c
r
ea
ted
a
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
el
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
teac
h
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
h
a
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
OC
B
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
wo
r
k
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
teac
h
er
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
m
ed
iated
b
y
OC
B
an
d
wo
r
k
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
a
s
a
f
ac
to
r
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
Ur
an
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esear
ch
es
ad
d
to
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
s
a
co
r
e
elem
e
n
t
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
it
is
also
em
p
h
asized
t
h
at
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
tr
u
s
t
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
e
r
s
'
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
b
eh
av
io
r
.
S
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
tr
u
s
t
in
co
lleag
u
es
h
ad
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
OC
B
,
an
d
th
at
co
llectiv
e
ef
f
icac
y
wo
u
ld
m
o
d
er
a
te
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
tr
u
s
t
in
co
lleag
u
es
an
d
OC
B
[
1
4
]
.
L
ik
ewise,
C
h
o
o
n
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
teac
h
er
s
'
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
p
r
in
cip
als'
tr
u
s
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
p
o
s
itiv
ely
to
teac
h
er
s
'
OC
B
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esu
lts
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
el
atio
n
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
s
f
ee
lin
g
co
n
f
id
en
t
in
t
h
eir
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
ey
en
g
ag
e
in
d
is
cr
etio
n
ar
y
an
d
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
as
well
as
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
h
av
i
n
g
co
lleag
u
es a
n
d
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
wh
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
eir
a
b
ilit
ies an
d
d
is
cr
etio
n
ar
y
a
n
d
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wer
e
also
id
en
tifie
d
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
OC
B
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
o
s
e
o
f
T
s
em
ac
h
an
d
B
ar
t
h
[
1
6
]
,
wh
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
au
th
e
n
tic
lead
er
s
h
ip
was
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
OC
B
an
d
n
eg
ativ
ely
c
o
r
r
el
ated
with
teac
h
er
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
an
d
d
is
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Oth
e
r
wis
e,
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
e
v
iew,
Ah
m
ed
[2
3
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
al
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
les
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
OC
B
o
f
teac
h
er
s
.
Fro
m
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
it
is
clea
r
th
at
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
k
e
y
in
cr
ea
tin
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
wo
u
ld
b
o
o
s
t
teac
h
er
s
'
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
teac
h
er
s
'
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
citizen
s
h
i
p
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
J
i
ao
et
a
l
.
[1
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
teac
h
er
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
is
a
m
ed
iatin
g
f
ac
to
r
b
etwe
en
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
wo
r
k
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
wh
ile
i
n
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
,
L
i
an
d
Hash
i
m
[
19
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t
also
p
lay
s
a
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
tea
ch
er w
o
r
k
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
a
l
…
(
Yixu
a
n
Zh
a
o
)
3319
b
etwe
en
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
p
r
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
.
L
ik
ewi
s
e,
Ü
ztem
u
r
et
a
l.
[2
2
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
ju
s
tice
in
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
s
to
OC
B
v
ia
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
m
m
itm
en
t.
All
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
ag
r
ee
with
th
e
p
r
esen
t
r
e
s
u
lts
th
at
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
f
air
n
ess
,
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
r
e
c
r
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
t
ea
ch
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
r
esu
lts
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
esear
ch
th
at
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
clim
ate,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
a
n
d
well
-
b
ein
g
.
L
atif
ah
an
d
L
in
a
n
d
o
[2
0
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
teac
h
er
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
tr
u
s
t
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
OC
B
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
lev
els
o
f
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
m
itm
en
t.
T
o
d
o
r
o
v
ić
a
n
d
J
o
v
an
o
v
ić
[
1
7
]
also
s
h
o
we
d
t
h
at
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
well
-
b
ei
n
g
an
d
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
in
s
ec
u
r
it
y
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
teac
h
er
s
'
OC
B
.
E
ly
ash
iv
an
d
R
o
ze
n
b
er
g
[2
4
]
also
s
tated
th
at
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
m
o
tes
teac
h
e
r
s
'
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
wh
ich
i
n
tu
r
n
lead
s
to
g
r
ea
ter
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Or
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
'
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
al
citizen
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
io
r
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
o
cial
i
d
en
tity
th
e
o
r
y
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
tin
g
th
at
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
with
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
in
cr
ea
s
es v
o
lu
n
tar
y
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
r
esear
ch
ad
d
s
to
th
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
t
h
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
m
o
d
ellin
g
with
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
a
n
aly
tics
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
m
ain
l
y
o
n
co
n
ce
p
tu
a
l
r
ev
iews,
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
SEM
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
e
x
p
lai
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
O
n
th
e
c
o
n
tr
ar
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
i
n
teg
r
ates
t
h
e
laten
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
SEM
with
AL
R
,
an
d
b
o
th
th
e
o
r
etica
l
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
a
r
e
g
ain
ed
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ab
latio
n
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
m
atr
i
x
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
R
OC
-
AU
C
an
aly
s
i
s
an
d
th
e
er
r
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
I
n
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
at
T
W
E
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
OC
B
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
o
f
f
er
s
a
b
r
id
g
e
b
etwe
en
ex
p
l
an
ato
r
y
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
m
o
d
ell
in
g
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
tech
n
iq
u
es,
wh
ich
b
en
ef
its
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
esear
ch
.
Fro
m
a
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
e
o
n
p
r
ac
tical,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
n
ee
d
to
e
n
h
an
ce
teac
h
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
to
en
h
an
c
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
an
d
cr
ea
te
p
o
s
itiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
w
o
r
k
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
th
e
OC
B
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
A
L
R
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
v
alid
an
d
co
r
r
ec
t
way
o
f
s
tu
d
y
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
v
alu
e
o
f
th
is
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
is
th
at
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
c
h
m
o
d
els,
th
e
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
will
b
e
ab
le
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
lev
el
o
f
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
m
o
tiv
ate
teac
h
e
r
s
b
e
tter
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
at
a
-
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
.
S
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
with
b
i
g
g
er
a
n
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
atasets
to
tr
ac
k
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
p
atter
n
s
o
v
er
tim
e
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
latest
m
eth
o
d
s
to
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
in
tellig
en
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
s
o
f
o
r
th
,
will
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
ad
a
p
tab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
t
ea
ch
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
T
W
E
-
SEM
-
AL
R
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
tr
ac
k
in
g
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
h
as
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
esu
lts
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
t
h
e
b
aselin
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
m
et
r
ics
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
lizatio
n
o
f
th
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
wh
en
ex
am
in
in
g
teac
h
e
r
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
estab
lis
h
m
en
ts
.
T
o
m
ak
e
th
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
m
o
r
e
a
p
p
licab
le
to
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
,
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
clu
d
e
u
s
in
g
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
ata
to
e
x
am
i
n
e
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
v
e
r
tim
e
an
d
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
o
r
en
s
em
b
le
class
if
ier
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
p
r
ed
ictio
n
f
u
r
th
er
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata,
e.
g
.
,
th
e
in
te
r
v
iews
o
r
class
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
s
,
m
ig
h
t
b
e
u
s
ed
as
well
to
g
ain
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
n
b
etter
m
ec
h
an
is
m
b
etwe
en
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
citizen
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
m
o
r
e
d
iv
er
s
e
d
atasets
,
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
d
ata,
a
n
d
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
m
o
d
el
g
en
e
r
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
f
o
u
n
d
wh
en
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ay
b
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
h
y
p
e
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
d
ata
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
tep
s
,
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
e
ca
r
ef
u
l
t
u
n
in
g
.
Fin
ally
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
n
o
is
e,
an
d
d
y
n
am
i
c
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wer
e
n
o
t f
u
lly
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
,
wh
ich
m
ay
af
f
ec
t r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
in
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
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