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n
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n
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d
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K
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s
:
Acc
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C
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test
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Dig
ital d
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Fair
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Hig
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T
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CC B
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C
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A
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:
T
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T
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An
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Facu
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Ph
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Un
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H
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Un
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4
L
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Hu
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Vietn
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1.
I
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[
1
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2
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4
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Fro
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te
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with
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[
6
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.
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I
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J
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Vo
l
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15
,
No
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4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
0
7
5
-
3
0
8
5
3076
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i
n
h
ig
h
-
in
co
m
e
s
ettin
g
s
.
Far
less
is
k
n
o
wn
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
t
h
ese
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
s
d
e
v
elo
p
in
r
ap
id
l
y
d
ig
italizin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
—
s
u
ch
as
t
h
o
s
e
in
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a
—
wh
er
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
m
ay
ad
v
an
ce
f
aster
th
an
th
e
eq
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
jo
in
tly
ex
am
in
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
ce
p
tan
c
e
an
d
f
air
n
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
,
h
o
m
e
d
ev
ic
es)
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
n
tex
ts
,
leav
in
g
lim
ited
em
p
i
r
ical
b
asis
f
o
r
ju
d
g
i
n
g
wh
eth
e
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ca
n
o
f
f
s
et
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
-
lev
el
in
eq
u
alities
in
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
C
B
T
.
A
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
g
a
p
,
th
e
p
r
ese
n
t
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
es
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
alo
n
g
s
id
e
d
u
al
f
a
ir
n
ess
in
d
icato
r
s
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
s
to
g
en
er
ate
p
o
licy
-
r
elev
a
n
t
ev
i
d
en
ce
f
o
r
C
B
T
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
Vietn
am
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
s
ettin
g
s
wh
er
e
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
es
r
em
ain
s
alien
t.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
ally
,
we
lo
ca
te
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
at
th
e
in
ter
s
e
ctio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
eq
u
ity
an
d
f
air
n
ess
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t.
A
d
ig
ital
eq
u
ity
len
s
f
o
r
eg
r
o
u
n
d
s
m
u
lti
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
ac
ce
s
s
—
h
ar
d
war
e,
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
—
as
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
wh
eth
er
lear
n
er
s
ca
n
en
g
ag
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
with
C
B
T
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
A
f
air
n
ess
len
s
,
in
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Stan
d
a
r
d
s
an
d
r
ec
en
t
wo
r
k
o
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
le
g
itima
cy
in
d
ig
ital
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
tr
ea
ts
f
air
n
ess
as
b
o
th
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
(
e.
g
.
,
s
co
r
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
,
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
b
ias)
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
(
e.
g
.
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
,
p
r
o
cto
r
i
n
g
p
r
ac
tices,
co
n
tin
g
en
cy
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
)
[
5
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
B
r
in
g
in
g
th
e
s
e
len
s
es
to
g
eth
er
d
ir
ec
ts
atten
tio
n
to
h
o
w
d
ig
ita
l
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
h
ap
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
C
B
T
b
u
t a
ls
o
th
eir
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
w
h
eth
er
C
B
T
is
f
air
o
r
cr
ea
tes i
n
eq
u
ality
.
Vietn
am
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
an
t
ca
s
e.
Po
licy
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
em
p
h
asize
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
B
T
in
u
p
p
er
-
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
s
tak
es
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
s
,
y
et
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
r
em
ain
u
n
ev
e
n
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
u
r
b
a
n
,
r
u
r
al,
an
d
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
ar
ea
s
.
Sch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
m
u
s
t
th
er
ef
o
r
e
d
ec
id
e
h
o
w
q
u
ic
k
ly
to
ex
p
a
n
d
C
B
T
,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
to
p
r
i
o
r
itize,
an
d
h
o
w
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
co
n
ce
r
n
s
th
at
C
B
T
m
ig
h
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
b
etter
d
ig
ital
ac
ce
s
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
y
s
tem
atic
ev
id
en
ce
o
n
Vietn
am
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
C
B
T
a
n
d
th
eir
f
air
n
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t a
cc
ess
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
r
eg
io
n
s
,
r
em
ain
s
s
ca
r
ce
.
Ag
ain
s
t
th
is
b
ac
k
d
r
o
p
,
we
a
n
aly
ze
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
o
f
1
,
1
9
7
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
g
r
ad
es
1
0
–
1
2
)
to
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
o
v
e
r
all
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
C
B
T
an
d
to
test
eq
u
ity
-
r
elev
an
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
b
y
d
ig
ital
ac
ce
s
s
(
p
r
i
o
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
u
ter
u
s
e,
h
o
m
e
c
o
m
p
u
ter
o
wn
e
r
s
h
ip
)
an
d
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
(
u
r
b
an
,
r
u
r
al,
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
)
.
W
e
o
p
er
atio
n
a
lize
f
air
n
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
u
al
in
d
icato
r
s
—
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
th
at
C
B
T
“e
n
s
u
r
es
f
air
s
co
r
in
g
”
v
er
s
u
s
c
o
n
ce
r
n
th
at
C
B
T
“
cr
ea
tes
in
eq
u
ality
”
—
to
ex
am
i
n
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
s
am
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
d
i
g
ital
eq
u
ity
also
s
h
a
p
e
f
air
n
ess
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
.
O
u
r
aim
is
to
g
e
n
er
ate
s
y
s
t
e
m
-
f
a
c
i
n
g
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
t
o
i
n
f
o
r
m
C
B
T
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
b
l
e
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
s
w
h
e
r
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
d
iv
id
es
ar
e
a
ce
n
tr
al
p
o
licy
co
n
ce
r
n
.
Gu
id
ed
b
y
th
is
eq
u
ity
-
o
r
ien
ted
len
s
,
we
ar
ticu
late
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
W
h
at
is
th
e
o
v
er
all
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t a
cc
ep
tan
ce
o
f
C
B
T
in
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
es
C
B
T
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
d
if
f
er
b
y
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
c
e
;
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
u
ter
s
;
an
d
h
o
m
e
co
m
p
u
ter
o
wn
er
s
h
i
p
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
f
air
n
e
s
s
(
C
B
T
en
s
u
r
es
f
air
s
co
r
i
n
g
)
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
in
eq
u
ality
(
C
B
T
cr
ea
tes
in
eq
u
ality
)
v
a
r
y
ac
r
o
s
s
r
esid
en
tial a
r
ea
s
(
u
r
b
an
,
r
u
r
al,
an
d
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
)
an
d
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
?
−
W
h
ich
p
o
licy
lev
er
s
em
er
g
e
as
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
es
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
p
er
ce
iv
ed
f
air
n
ess
d
u
r
in
g
C
B
T
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
?
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
M
o
de
ef
f
ec
t
s
,
co
m
pa
r
a
bil
it
y
,
a
nd
f
a
irness
in CB
T
A
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esear
c
h
ex
am
in
es
w
h
eth
er
s
h
if
tin
g
f
r
o
m
p
ap
er
-
a
n
d
-
p
en
cil
to
co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
ased
d
eliv
er
y
af
f
ec
ts
s
co
r
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
,
with
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
v
alid
ity
an
d
f
air
n
ess
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
PISA
h
av
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
m
o
d
e
-
r
elate
d
s
en
s
itiv
ities
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
ty
p
ed
an
d
h
an
d
wr
itten
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lin
k
in
g
s
tr
a
teg
ies
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
tr
en
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l d
ivid
e
a
n
d
fa
ir
n
ess
p
ercep
tio
n
s
o
f c
o
mp
u
ter
-
b
a
s
ed
test
in
g
in
V
ietn
a
m
(
Tr
a
n
Th
i H
o
a
Tien
)
3077
At
th
e
n
atio
n
al
lev
el,
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
s
u
ch
as
NAE
P
h
a
v
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
th
ese
is
s
u
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
tu
to
r
ials
an
d
d
ev
ice
-
r
elate
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
c
o
m
p
ar
a
b
ilit
y
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
es
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
alig
n
with
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
test
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
th
at
tr
ea
t
co
m
p
a
r
ab
ilit
y
an
d
f
a
ir
n
ess
as
ce
n
tr
al
v
alid
ity
clai
m
s
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
is
n
o
t
“p
ap
er
v
s
.
c
o
m
p
u
ter
g
o
o
d
/
b
a
d
,
”
b
u
t
c
o
n
d
itio
n
al
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
:
with
ca
r
ef
u
l
d
esig
n
(
e
.
g
.
,
tu
to
r
ials
,
p
latf
o
r
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lin
k
i
n
g
)
m
o
s
t
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
ca
n
b
e
p
r
eser
v
ed
;
y
et
d
o
m
ain
-
an
d
item
-
lev
el
ex
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
em
ain
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
[
2
1
]
.
E
m
p
ir
ically
is
o
latin
g
“m
o
d
e
ef
f
ec
ts
”
f
r
o
m
co
m
p
u
ter
f
am
iliar
ity
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
;
d
esig
n
ch
o
ices
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
-
ir
r
elev
an
t
v
a
r
ian
ce
(
e.
g
.
,
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
ized
d
ev
ices,
tu
to
r
ials
)
ar
e
co
s
tly
,
an
d
m
an
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
n
o
t f
u
lly
c
o
n
tr
o
l a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
ak
en
to
g
eth
er
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
m
o
d
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
a
v
iew
o
f
co
n
d
itio
n
al
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
:
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
is
o
f
ten
attain
a
b
le
wh
en
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
tu
to
r
ials
,
an
d
lin
k
i
n
g
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
d
elib
er
ately
en
g
in
ee
r
ed
,
y
et
item
-
an
d
d
o
m
ain
-
lev
el
s
e
n
s
itiv
ities
ca
n
p
er
s
is
t.
Fo
r
f
air
n
ess
,
th
is
im
p
lies
th
at
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
wo
r
k
m
u
s
t b
e
co
u
p
led
with
atten
tio
n
to
u
n
ev
en
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
r
esid
u
al
m
o
d
e
-
r
e
lated
v
ar
ian
ce
m
ay
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
in
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
wh
e
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
d
eliv
er
y
ar
e
n
o
t e
q
u
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
in
g
v
alid
ity
in
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
d
em
a
n
d
s
th
a
t
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
test
-
tak
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t a
l
o
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
tech
n
ical
ca
lib
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
test
item
s
th
em
s
elv
es.
2
.
2
.
Dig
it
a
l div
ide a
s
a
n e
qu
it
y
lens
f
o
r
CB
T
B
ey
o
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
d
e
v
ices,
d
ig
ital
in
eq
u
ality
o
p
er
ates
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
ac
ce
s
s
,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
u
s
e,
all
o
f
wh
ich
ca
n
s
h
ap
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
with
d
ig
ital
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
[
2
3
]
.
R
ec
en
t
eq
u
ity
-
o
r
ien
ted
wo
r
k
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
C
B
T
d
ep
en
d
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
o
n
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
a
cc
ess
,
b
u
t
also
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
d
ev
elo
p
f
am
i
liar
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
u
ch
as
g
u
id
ed
p
r
a
ctice
an
d
m
o
c
k
C
B
T
s
[
2
4
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
d
ich
o
to
m
o
u
s
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ac
ce
s
s
m
ay
s
er
v
e
as
lim
ited
p
r
o
x
ies
f
o
r
C
B
T
r
ea
d
in
ess
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t c
ap
tu
r
e
th
ese
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
x
im
al
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
.
Viewe
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
eq
u
ity
len
s
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ef
r
am
e
th
e
r
elev
an
t
“a
cc
ess
”
p
r
o
b
lem
in
C
B
T
:
wh
at
m
atter
s
m
o
s
t
is
n
o
t
s
im
p
ly
wh
eth
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
wn
d
e
v
ices,
b
u
t
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
y
h
av
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
b
ec
o
m
e
f
l
u
en
t
with
th
e
test
in
g
in
ter
f
ac
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
s
ch
o
o
ls
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
tio
n
ab
le
s
ite
o
f
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
C
B
T
eq
u
it
y
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
.
I
n
tu
r
n
,
u
n
eq
u
al
ac
ce
s
s
to
s
u
ch
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
is
lik
ely
to
s
h
ap
e
n
o
t o
n
l
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
C
B
T
b
u
t a
ls
o
th
eir
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
ab
o
u
t w
h
eth
er
C
B
T
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
air
ly
.
2
.
3
.
I
nte
g
rit
y
pra
ct
ices,
pro
ct
o
ring
,
a
nd
perc
eiv
ed
f
a
irness
I
n
teg
r
ity
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
s
(
e.
g
.
,
o
n
lin
e/r
em
o
te
p
r
o
cto
r
in
g
)
h
elp
d
eter
m
is
co
n
d
u
ct
b
u
t
m
ay
u
n
d
er
m
in
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
f
air
n
ess
/leg
itima
cy
if
th
ey
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
,
o
p
ac
ity
,
o
r
b
ias
[
2
5
]
.
A
g
r
o
win
g
r
e
v
iew
liter
atu
r
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
leg
al,
eth
ical,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
p
r
i
v
ac
y
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
m
ap
s
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
atter
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
a
n
d
em
ic
-
er
a
ex
p
an
s
io
n
s
[
2
6
]
.
B
est
-
p
r
ac
tice
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
em
p
h
asize
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
(
clea
r
d
ata
h
a
n
d
lin
g
,
ex
p
lain
ab
le
f
lag
s
)
,
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ate
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
co
n
tin
g
en
cy
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
f
o
r
tech
n
ical
f
ailu
r
es
as
in
t
eg
r
al
to
f
air
n
ess
—
n
o
t
ad
d
-
o
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
is
wo
r
k
in
d
icate
s
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
ed
f
air
n
ess
in
C
B
T
i
s
s
h
ap
ed
n
o
t
o
n
ly
b
y
tech
n
ic
al
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
u
t
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
leg
itima
cy
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
—
esp
ec
ially
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ality
,
a
n
d
cr
ed
i
b
le
co
n
tin
g
en
cy
p
lan
n
in
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
f
air
n
ess
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
m
ay
d
iv
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
th
eir
o
v
er
all
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
wh
en
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
as o
p
aq
u
e
o
r
u
n
e
v
en
ly
p
r
o
tectiv
e
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
tex
ts
.
2
.
4
.
Allo
ca
t
io
n o
f
pro
m
inent
is
s
ue
s
wit
hin
t
he
present
s
t
u
dy
’
s
pro
blem
s
pa
ce
Sy
n
th
esizin
g
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ex
p
lan
atio
n
,
e
q
u
ity
i
n
C
B
T
h
in
g
e
s
o
n
f
o
u
r
in
ter
lo
c
k
in
g
is
s
u
es
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ap
er
tar
g
ets:
i
)
s
co
r
e
m
ea
n
i
n
g
u
n
d
er
m
o
d
e
ch
a
n
g
e
—
m
o
n
ito
r
r
esid
u
al
m
o
d
e/item
ef
f
e
cts
an
d
av
o
id
o
v
er
-
g
en
er
alizin
g
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
all
in
v
a
r
ian
ce
[
1
4
]
;
ii
)
ac
ce
s
s
b
ey
o
n
d
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
—
p
r
io
r
itize
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
an
d
p
r
io
r
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
v
er
cr
u
d
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
p
r
o
x
ies
wh
en
e
x
p
lain
in
g
v
ar
iatio
n
in
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
[
2
7
]
;
iii
)
f
air
n
ess
as
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
—
ev
al
u
ate
h
o
w
p
r
o
cto
r
i
n
g
/ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
ch
o
ices
af
f
ec
t
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
f
air
n
ess
an
d
tr
u
s
t,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
f
air
n
ess
[
2
8
]
;
an
d
iv
)
ac
tio
n
a
b
le
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
lev
e
r
s
—
g
u
id
ed
p
r
ac
tice
(
m
o
ck
C
B
T
)
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
r
ef
lect
m
o
d
er
n
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
eq
u
itab
le
r
o
llo
u
t
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
ese
f
o
u
r
is
s
u
es
d
ir
ec
tly
m
o
tiv
ate
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
’
s
an
aly
tic
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ac
ce
p
ta
n
c
e
an
d
d
u
al
f
ai
r
n
ess
in
d
icato
r
s
,
an
d
its
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
ce
s
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
r
esid
en
tial
co
n
tex
ts
to
id
e
n
tify
ac
tio
n
a
b
le
lev
er
s
f
o
r
eq
u
itab
le
C
B
T
r
o
llo
u
t.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n a
nd
s
et
t
ing
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
o
f
Vietn
am
e
s
e
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
g
r
ad
es
1
0
–
1
2
)
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
tar
g
ets
two
aim
s
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
Stan
d
a
r
d
s
f
o
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
Ps
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
T
esti
n
g
—
to
d
escr
ib
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
C
B
T
an
d
to
ex
a
m
in
e
eq
u
ity
-
r
elev
an
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
attr
ib
u
ta
b
le
to
d
ig
ital
ac
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
0
7
5
-
3
0
8
5
3078
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
[
2
0
]
.
Par
ticip
a
tin
g
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
lo
ca
ted
in
t
h
e
No
r
th
,
C
en
tr
al,
an
d
So
u
th
r
eg
io
n
s
an
d
s
er
v
e
d
u
r
b
an
,
r
u
r
al,
a
n
d
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
ca
tch
m
en
t
ar
ea
s
,
th
er
e
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
i
n
d
i
g
ital
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
th
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ca
l
co
llab
o
r
ato
r
s
r
ath
er
th
an
s
elec
ted
v
ia
a
n
atio
n
al
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
s
am
p
l
in
g
f
r
am
e.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
h
o
u
ld
th
er
ef
o
r
e
b
e
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
as
a
lar
g
e,
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
s
am
p
le
r
ath
er
th
an
a
s
tr
ictly
n
atio
n
ally
r
ep
r
e
s
en
tativ
e
s
u
r
v
ey
o
f
all
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
k
ee
p
in
g
with
n
atio
n
al
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
g
u
id
a
n
ce
f
o
r
d
ig
itally
b
ased
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
we
r
ep
o
r
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
co
r
in
g
r
u
les,
a
n
d
an
aly
tic
ch
o
ices
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
an
d
f
air
n
ess
claim
s
[
2
9
]
.
As
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
an
d
f
air
n
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
b
u
t d
o
es n
o
t p
er
m
it st
r
o
n
g
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
s
.
3
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
a
nd
re
cr
uitm
ent
T
h
e
an
aly
tic
s
am
p
le
in
clu
d
es N=
1
,
1
9
7
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
Stu
d
en
t
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
:
g
en
d
er
(
f
em
ale/m
a
le)
,
s
ch
o
o
l
r
eg
io
n
(
No
r
t
h
/C
en
tr
al/So
u
th
)
,
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
(
u
r
b
an
,
r
u
r
al
,
an
d
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
)
,
h
o
m
e
co
m
p
u
ter
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
(
y
es/n
o
)
,
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
c
e
(
y
es/n
o
)
,
an
d
wh
eth
er
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
l p
r
o
v
id
es a
cc
ess
to
co
m
p
u
ter
s
(
y
es/n
o
)
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
d
u
r
in
g
r
eg
u
lar
s
ch
o
o
l
ac
tiv
ities
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
.
Par
ticip
atio
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
an
d
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
;
n
o
p
er
s
o
n
ally
id
en
tify
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
co
llected
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
am
p
le
is
n
o
t
n
atio
n
ally
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e,
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
ize
(
N=
1
,
1
9
7
)
an
d
co
v
er
a
g
e
o
f
k
ey
eq
u
ity
-
r
elev
an
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
e.
g
.
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
wit
h
an
d
with
o
u
t
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
co
m
p
u
ter
ac
ce
s
s
,
an
d
f
r
o
m
u
r
b
a
n
,
r
u
r
al,
an
d
m
o
u
n
ta
in
o
u
s
ar
ea
s
)
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
eq
u
ate
p
r
ec
is
io
n
to
esti
m
ate
o
v
er
all
l
ev
els
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
f
air
n
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
to
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ize
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
.
Su
b
g
r
o
u
p
ce
ll
s
izes
ar
e
n
o
t
p
er
f
ec
tly
b
alan
ce
d
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
ar
ea
s
,
b
u
t
ar
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
co
m
p
u
te
s
tab
le
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
m
e
an
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
ain
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y
co
n
tr
asts
o
f
in
ter
est.
3
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
m
p
r
is
ed
2
0
L
ik
er
t
item
s
(
1
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
to
5
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
attitu
d
es
an
d
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
r
elate
d
to
C
B
T
(
e.
g
.
,
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
tech
n
ica
l
is
s
u
es,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
ee
d
s
)
,
p
l
u
s
s
ix
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic/ac
ce
s
s
item
s
.
T
h
e
2
0
attitu
d
in
al
item
s
wer
e
au
th
o
r
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
u
s
in
g
e
x
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
o
n
C
B
T
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
d
ig
ital
e
q
u
it
y
,
an
d
f
air
n
ess
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
as
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
g
u
id
es
r
ath
er
th
an
d
ir
ec
tly
tr
an
s
latin
g
a
s
in
g
le
p
r
e
-
ex
is
tin
g
s
ca
le.
I
tem
co
n
ten
t
was
o
r
g
a
n
ized
to
c
o
v
er
f
o
u
r
an
ticip
ate
d
f
ac
ets
o
f
C
B
T
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
in
th
e
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
n
tex
t:
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
C
B
T
,
test
-
tak
in
g
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
a
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
wo
r
r
ies
ab
o
u
t
tech
n
ical
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
e
.
g
.
,
tu
t
o
r
ials
,
m
o
ck
test
s
,
co
n
tin
g
en
cy
h
an
d
lin
g
)
.
T
wo
s
in
g
le
-
item
i
n
d
icato
r
s
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
f
air
n
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
in
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
ar
e
tr
ea
ted
as
f
ac
e
-
v
alid
m
ar
k
er
s
o
f
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
leg
itima
cy
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
u
r
v
ey
s
:
“CB
T
en
s
u
r
es
f
air
s
co
r
in
g
”
an
d
“CB
T
cr
ea
tes
in
eq
u
ality
.
”
Si
n
g
le
-
item
f
ai
r
n
ess
in
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
t
o
m
i
n
im
ize
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
b
u
r
d
en
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
f
u
ll
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
d
o
m
ain
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
c
o
m
p
lem
e
n
ted
b
y
v
alid
ated
m
u
lti
-
item
s
ca
les in
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
.
3
.
4
.
M
ea
s
ures a
nd
co
din
g
3
.
4
.
1
.
P
rima
ry
o
utc
o
m
e
(
CB
T
a
cc
ept
a
nce
)
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
u
tco
m
e
is
th
e
u
n
weig
h
ted
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
2
0
L
ik
er
t
item
s
(
r
an
g
e
1
–
5
)
.
Neg
ativ
ely
p
h
r
ased
item
s
wer
e
r
ev
er
s
e
-
s
co
r
ed
,
s
o
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
g
r
ea
ter
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
f
o
r
th
e
20
-
item
co
m
p
o
s
ite
in
th
is
d
ata
s
et
is
α
≈
.
9
4
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
item
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
well
as
a
s
in
g
le
p
r
ag
m
atic
in
d
ex
o
f
C
B
T
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Giv
en
th
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
cu
s
o
n
e
q
u
ity
-
r
ele
v
a
n
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
we
d
o
n
o
t u
n
d
er
ta
k
e
d
etailed
f
ac
t
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
h
er
e;
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
co
u
ld
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
in
m
o
r
e
d
e
p
th
.
Giv
en
th
e
h
ig
h
in
te
r
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
(
α
=.
9
4
)
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
is
tr
e
ated
as
a
p
r
ag
m
atic
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
al
in
d
ex
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
.
3
.
4
.
2
.
Acc
ess
a
nd
g
eo
g
ra
ph
y
predict
o
rs
T
h
r
ee
b
in
ar
y
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
in
d
ex
d
ig
ital
ac
ce
s
s
:
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
(
y
es/n
o
)
,
s
ch
o
o
l
-
le
v
e
l
co
m
p
u
ter
ac
ce
s
s
(
y
es/n
o
)
,
an
d
h
o
m
e
co
m
p
u
ter
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
(
y
es/n
o
)
.
G
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
is
ca
p
tu
r
ed
b
y
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
s
(
u
r
b
an
,
r
u
r
al,
a
n
d
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
)
.
T
h
is
d
is
tin
ctio
n
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
is
o
latin
g
wh
eth
e
r
eq
u
ity
g
ap
s
s
te
m
p
r
im
a
r
ily
f
r
o
m
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
is
p
ar
ities
o
r
f
r
o
m
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
c
h
o
o
l
-
b
ased
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
3
.
4
.
3
.
F
a
irness
perc
ept
io
ns
Fo
r
ea
ch
f
air
n
ess
item
,
we
c
o
m
p
u
ted
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ag
r
ee
i
n
g
(
r
esp
o
n
s
es
4
–
5
)
o
v
er
all
an
d
b
y
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
ea
ch
f
air
n
ess
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
with
a
s
in
g
le
item
,
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
esti
m
ated
.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
item
f
o
r
m
at
was
c
h
o
s
en
to
lim
it
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t b
u
r
d
en
an
d
to
k
ee
p
t
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e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
b
r
ief
en
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
r
eg
u
lar
s
ch
o
o
l le
s
s
o
n
s
,
wh
ile
s
till
ca
p
t
u
r
in
g
c
o
r
e
f
air
n
ess
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l d
ivid
e
a
n
d
fa
ir
n
ess
p
ercep
tio
n
s
o
f c
o
mp
u
ter
-
b
a
s
ed
test
in
g
in
V
ietn
a
m
(
Tr
a
n
Th
i H
o
a
Tien
)
3079
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
th
er
ef
o
r
e
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
c
o
n
cise,
f
ac
e
-
v
alid
m
ar
k
er
s
o
f
f
air
n
ess
b
elief
s
an
d
in
eq
u
ality
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
ath
er
th
an
ex
h
au
s
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
l
d
ex
ten
d
th
is
d
esig
n
b
y
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
m
u
lti
-
ite
m
f
air
n
ess
s
u
b
s
ca
les
th
at
m
o
r
e
f
u
lly
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
co
n
ten
t d
o
m
ain
.
3
.
5
.
Da
t
a
pro
ce
s
s
ing
All
L
ik
er
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
m
ap
p
ed
to
in
teg
e
r
s
1
–
5
.
R
ec
o
r
d
s
wer
e
s
cr
ee
n
ed
f
o
r
o
u
t
-
of
-
r
an
g
e
v
alu
es;
n
o
n
e
wer
e
d
etec
ted
.
Miss
in
g
n
ess
o
n
an
aly
s
is
v
ar
iab
les
was
n
eg
lig
ib
le;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
o
im
p
u
tatio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
An
aly
s
es
u
s
e
all
av
ailab
le
ca
s
es
p
er
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
o
av
o
id
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
-
ir
r
ele
v
an
t v
ar
ian
ce
,
all
s
ca
les
wer
e
o
r
ien
ted
i
n
th
e
s
am
e
d
ir
e
ctio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
co
m
p
o
s
ite
[
3
0
]
.
3
.
6
.
Ana
ly
t
ic
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
An
aly
s
es we
r
e
o
r
g
an
ized
t
o
an
s
wer
th
e
f
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
R
ep
o
r
t th
e
m
ea
n
a
n
d
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
(
1
–
5
)
.
−
Fo
r
ea
ch
b
in
ar
y
co
n
t
r
ast
—
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
(
y
es
v
s
.
n
o
)
,
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
y
es
v
s
.
n
o
)
,
an
d
h
o
m
e
d
ev
ice
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
(
y
e
s
v
s
.
n
o
)
—
r
ep
o
r
t
g
r
o
u
p
m
e
an
s
an
d
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
(
Hed
g
es’
g
,
p
o
o
le
d
SD w
ith
s
m
all
-
s
am
p
le
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
;
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
alu
es f
av
o
r
th
e
“
y
es”
g
r
o
u
p
)
.
−
C
o
m
p
u
te
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
r
ates
(
≥
4
)
f
o
r
f
air
-
s
co
r
in
g
b
elief
a
n
d
in
e
q
u
ality
co
n
ce
r
n
b
y
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
an
d
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
o
s
u
m
m
a
r
ize
b
etwe
en
-
a
r
ea
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
co
m
p
o
s
ite,
co
n
d
u
ct
a
o
n
e
-
wa
y
ANOV
A
(
u
r
b
an
,
r
u
r
al,
an
d
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
)
an
d
r
ep
o
r
t
η
²
as
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
-
s
ize
in
d
ex
f
o
r
ex
p
lain
ed
b
etwe
en
-
g
r
o
u
p
v
ar
i
an
ce
.
−
I
n
ter
p
r
et
th
e
p
atter
n
o
f
ef
f
ec
ts
with
r
ef
er
en
ce
to
m
o
d
er
n
eq
u
ity
g
u
id
an
ce
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
—
em
p
h
asizin
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
an
d
p
r
io
r
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
wh
er
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
n
o
n
-
tr
iv
ial,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
n
u
ll f
in
d
in
g
s
(
e.
g
.
,
h
o
m
e
d
ev
ic
e
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
)
w
h
en
r
elev
a
n
t to
tar
g
etin
g
[
3
1
]
.
All
an
aly
s
es
ar
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
d
n
o
n
-
ca
u
s
al
b
y
d
esig
n
.
I
n
f
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
b
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al,
n
o
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
,
all
r
ec
o
d
in
g
r
u
l
es
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
m
etr
ics
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
;
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
licated
in
a
n
y
s
tatis
tical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
m
ea
n
s
,
Hed
g
es’
g
,
o
n
e
-
wa
y
A
NOVA
,
an
d
η
².
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
An
aly
s
es
f
o
llo
w
th
e
p
r
esp
ec
i
f
ied
p
lan
:
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
u
tc
o
m
e
an
d
an
al
y
tic
s
am
p
le
ar
e
estab
lis
h
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
tr
asts
.
All
esti
m
ate
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
u
ll
s
am
p
le
o
f
N=
1
,
1
9
7
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
co
m
p
leted
2
0
f
i
v
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
item
s
(
1
–
5
)
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
ix
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic/a
cc
ess
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
—
C
B
T
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
—
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
u
n
weig
h
te
d
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
2
0
item
s
(
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es
in
d
icate
g
r
ea
ter
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
)
an
d
ex
h
i
b
its
ex
ce
llen
t
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
t
en
cy
(
α
=.
9
4
)
.
R
ep
o
r
tin
g
p
r
o
c
ee
d
s
in
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
:
i)
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
;
ii)
co
n
tr
asts
b
y
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
ac
ce
s
s
to
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
a
n
d
h
o
m
e
co
m
p
u
te
r
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
;
a
n
d
iii)
an
al
y
s
es o
f
f
air
n
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
r
esid
en
tial a
r
ea
s
.
4
.
1
.
Wha
t
is
t
he
o
v
er
a
ll lev
el
o
f
s
t
ud
ent
a
cc
ept
a
nce
o
f
CB
T
?
T
h
e
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
m
o
d
er
ately
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
M=
3
.
5
4
,
SD=0
.
7
4
,
1
–
5
s
ca
le)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
an
s
b
y
r
esid
en
ti
al
ar
ea
ar
e
clo
s
ely
clu
s
ter
ed
—
u
r
b
an
3
.
5
4
(
SD=0
.
7
3
)
,
r
u
r
al
3
.
5
3
(
SD=0
.
7
9
)
,
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
3
.
5
9
(
SD=0
.
6
1
)
—
an
d
a
o
n
e
-
way
ANOV
A
co
n
f
ir
m
s
n
e
g
lig
ib
le
b
etw
ee
n
-
ar
ea
v
a
r
iatio
n
,
F(2
,
1
1
9
4
)
=
0
.
4
8
,
p
=.
6
1
9
,
η
²=
.
0
0
1
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
,
p
er
s
e,
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
o
v
er
all
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
wh
en
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
as
a
m
u
lti
-
item
s
ca
le.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
C
B
T
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
s
am
p
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
SN
M
e
a
su
r
e
V
a
l
u
e
1
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
N
)
1
,
1
9
7
2
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
(
1
–
5)
M
=
3
.
5
4
,
S
D
=
0
.
7
4
3
S
c
a
l
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
2
0
i
t
e
ms)
α=.
9
4
4
R
e
si
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
r
e
a
(
n
)
U
r
b
a
n
5
8
3
;
R
u
r
a
l
4
5
0
;
M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s
1
6
4
5
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
b
y
a
r
e
a
(
M
,
S
D
)
U
r
b
a
n
3
.
5
4
(
0
.
7
3
)
;
R
u
r
a
l
3
.
5
3
(
0
.
7
9
)
;
M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s
3
.
5
9
(
0
.
6
1
)
4
.
2
.
H
o
w
do
es
a
cc
ept
a
nce
diff
er
by
prio
r
CB
T
ex
peri
ence
,
s
cho
o
l
-
lev
el
a
cc
ess
,
a
nd
ho
m
e
co
m
pu
t
er
o
wnershi
p?
W
elch
’
s
test
s
(
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
h
eter
o
s
ce
d
asti
city
)
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
r
e
e
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
asts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
Acc
ep
tan
ce
was
m
o
d
estl
y
h
ig
h
er
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
th
o
s
e
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
e
l
co
m
p
u
ter
ac
ce
s
s
(
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t
s
;
g
≈
.
1
6
–
.
2
0
)
,
wh
er
ea
s
h
o
m
e
co
m
p
u
ter
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
s
h
o
wed
a
n
u
ll
ass
o
ciatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
0
7
5
-
3
0
8
5
3080
(
g
≈
.
0
1
)
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
s
tatis
tically
r
eliab
le
b
u
t
s
m
all
in
m
ag
n
itu
d
e,
i
n
d
icatin
g
m
o
d
est
y
et
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ad
v
an
tag
es a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
.
A
p
ar
s
im
o
n
io
u
s
o
r
d
in
ar
y
lea
s
t
s
q
u
ar
es
(
OL
S)
m
o
d
el
—
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
th
r
ee
ac
ce
s
s
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
(
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
=
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
)
—
ex
p
lain
s
a
s
m
all
s
h
ar
e
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
R
²=
.
0
1
2
)
,
b
u
t
u
n
iq
u
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
r
em
ain
:
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
(
B
=0
.
1
1
7
,
p
=.
0
1
2
)
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
ac
ce
s
s
(
B
=0
.
1
3
5
,
p
=.
0
2
2
)
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
e;
h
o
m
e
co
m
p
u
ter
is
n
o
t
(
B
=−
0
.
0
7
2
,
p
=.
1
4
5
)
.
Ar
ea
co
ef
f
icien
ts
ar
e
n
o
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
u
r
b
an
p
=.
4
3
2
;
r
u
r
al
p
=.
4
3
3
)
.
C
o
n
co
r
d
an
ce
b
etwe
en
W
elch
an
d
OL
S
esti
m
ates
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
e
s
m
all
y
et
co
n
s
is
ten
t
lin
k
s
f
o
r
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
a
n
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ac
c
ess
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
v
is
u
alize
s
th
ese
co
n
tr
asts
with
9
5
%
C
I
s
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
r
an
k
in
g
(
s
ch
o
o
l
ac
ce
s
s
≈
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
>h
o
m
e
co
m
p
u
ter
≈
0
)
an
d
th
e
s
m
all
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
c
es
(
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
C
I
o
v
er
lap
)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Gr
o
u
p
m
ea
n
s
an
d
W
e
lch
’
s
t te
s
ts
f
o
r
C
B
T
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
(
R
Q2
)
C
o
n
t
r
a
st
G
r
o
u
p
A
(
n
)
M
(
S
D
)
G
r
o
u
p
B
(
n
)
M
(
S
D
)
W
e
l
c
h
t
p
H
e
d
g
e
s’
g
P
r
i
o
r
C
B
T
:
Y
e
s
v
s
.
N
o
7
0
6
3
.
5
9
(
0
.
7
3
)
4
9
1
3
.
4
7
(
0
.
7
4
)
2
.
7
2
.
0
0
7
.
1
6
S
c
h
o
o
l
a
c
c
e
ss:
Y
e
s
v
s.
N
o
1
,
0
0
2
3
.
5
7
(
0
.
7
2
)
1
9
5
3
.
4
2
(
0
.
8
3
)
2
.
3
7
.
0
1
9
.
2
0
H
o
me
c
o
mp
u
t
e
r
:
Y
e
s
v
s.
N
o
7
6
5
3
.
5
4
(
0
.
7
5
)
4
3
2
3
.
5
5
(
0
.
7
1
)
−
0
.
2
3
.
8
1
5
−
.
0
1
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Me
an
C
B
T
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
b
y
ac
ce
s
s
in
d
icato
r
s
(
9
5
%
C
I
)
4
.
3
.
H
o
w
do
perc
ept
io
ns
o
f
f
a
irness
v
a
ry
by
re
s
identia
l a
re
a
a
nd
prio
r
CB
T
ex
perien
ce
?
T
wo
s
in
g
le
-
item
i
n
d
icato
r
s
w
er
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
as
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
r
ates
(
r
esp
o
n
s
es≥
4
)
,
with
χ²
te
s
ts
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
y
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
a
n
d
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
les
3
an
d
4
.
Acr
o
s
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
en
d
o
r
s
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
th
at
C
B
T
“e
n
s
u
r
es
f
air
s
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r
in
g
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was
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
lo
w
—
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
o
n
e
-
th
i
r
d
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
—
an
d
d
id
n
o
t
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
y
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
o
r
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
th
at
C
B
T
“c
r
ea
tes
in
eq
u
ality
”
was
m
o
r
e
p
r
ev
alen
t
an
d
s
h
o
wed
a
clea
r
ar
ea
g
r
ad
ien
t:
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
r
u
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
h
ig
h
est
lev
el
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
r
ates
in
u
r
b
an
an
d
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
ar
ea
s
clu
s
ter
ed
in
th
e
m
id
-
5
0
%
r
a
n
g
e
(
T
ab
le
3
)
.
No
tab
ly
,
in
e
q
u
ality
co
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r
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d
id
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o
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f
er
b
y
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
(
T
a
b
le
4
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
a
lo
n
e
m
ay
b
e
i
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
al
lev
iate
leg
itima
cy
-
r
elate
d
wo
r
r
ies wh
en
b
r
o
a
d
er
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
em
ain
s
alien
t
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Fair
n
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
—
ag
r
ee
m
en
t r
ates (
%)
an
d
χ²
t
ests
(
by
r
esid
en
tial a
r
ea
)
I
t
e
m
U
r
b
a
n
(
n
=
5
8
3
)
R
u
r
a
l
(
n
=
4
5
0
)
M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s (
n
=
1
6
4
)
χ
²(
d
f
)
p
C
B
T
e
n
su
r
e
s fa
i
r
sc
o
r
i
n
g
(
Q
1
1
)
3
4
.
8
3
8
.
2
3
1
.
7
2
.
5
8
(
2
)
.
2
7
5
C
B
T
c
r
e
a
t
e
s i
n
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
(
Q
1
3
)
5
5
.
1
6
6
.
7
5
7
.
9
1
4
.
5
2
(
2
)
<
.
0
0
1
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Dig
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ag
r
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m
en
t r
ates (
%)
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d
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ests
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ie
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ce
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t
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5
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2
3
6
.
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8
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t
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5
5
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3
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7
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4
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Co
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a
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ess
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ig
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le
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5
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d
6
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n
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o
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ate
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ea
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n
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asts
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d
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e
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eg
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ess
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n
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h
e
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A
r
eiter
ates
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e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
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ess
o
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th
e
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s
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ep
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ce
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ite
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4
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8
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6
1
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0
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T
h
e
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S
m
o
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o
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ir
m
s
s
m
all
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t
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t
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o
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itiv
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o
r
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r
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1
1
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ce
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1
3
5
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2
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o
m
e
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o
m
p
u
ter
n
o
n
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ig
n
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f
ican
t
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0
7
2
,
p
=
.
1
4
5
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an
d
ar
ea
co
ef
f
icien
ts
also
n
o
n
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
(
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r
b
an
p
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.
4
3
2
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u
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al
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4
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.
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er
all,
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p
o
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r
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s
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t
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ig
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s
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ip
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e
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o
t in
f
o
r
m
ativ
e.
T
ab
le
5
.
On
e
-
way
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A
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u
r
b
an
,
r
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r
al,
m
o
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n
tain
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s
)
S
t
a
t
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st
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c
V
a
l
u
e
F
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,
1
1
9
4
)
0
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4
8
p
.
6
1
9
η²
.
0
0
1
T
ab
le
6
.
OL
S r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
r
ef
er
en
ce
=m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
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P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
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SE
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p
I
n
t
e
r
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e
p
t
3
.
4
5
0
0
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0
8
1
4
2
.
7
8
<
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0
0
1
A
r
e
a
:
r
u
r
a
l
−
0
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0
5
4
0
.
0
6
9
−
0
.
7
8
.
4
3
3
A
r
e
a
:
u
r
b
a
n
−
0
.
0
5
1
0
.
0
6
5
−
0
.
7
9
.
4
3
2
P
r
i
o
r
C
B
T
(
1
=
y
e
s)
0
.
1
1
7
0
.
0
4
7
2
.
5
1
.
0
1
2
S
c
h
o
o
l
a
c
c
e
ss (
1
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e
s)
0
.
1
3
5
0
.
0
5
9
2
.
2
9
.
0
2
2
H
o
me
c
o
mp
u
t
e
r
(
1
=
y
e
s)
−
0
.
0
7
2
0
.
0
4
9
−
1
.
4
6
.
1
4
5
M
o
d
e
l
f
i
t
:
R
²
=
.
0
1
2
.
C
o
d
i
n
g
:
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
r
e
a
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
s
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
c
a
l
w
i
t
h
m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
o
u
s a
s t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
g
r
o
u
p
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
a
m
o
d
er
ately
p
o
s
itiv
e
lev
el
o
f
C
B
T
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
a
m
o
n
g
Vietn
a
m
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
M=
3
.
5
4
,
1
–
5
s
ca
le)
,
with
s
m
all
y
et
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
ac
ce
s
s
to
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
an
d
a
n
u
ll
ass
o
ciatio
n
f
o
r
h
o
m
e
c
o
m
p
u
ter
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
.
Acc
ep
tan
ce
is
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ically
f
lat
(
u
r
b
an
,
r
u
r
al,
a
n
d
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
;
η
²=
.
0
0
1
)
,
wh
er
ea
s
f
air
n
ess
s
ig
n
a
ls
ar
e
asy
m
m
etr
ic:
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
th
at
C
B
T
“e
n
s
u
r
es
f
air
s
co
r
in
g
”
is
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
m
o
d
est,
b
u
t
co
n
ce
r
n
s
th
at
C
B
T
“
cr
ea
tes
in
eq
u
ality
”
ar
e
elev
ated
i
n
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
em
p
ir
ically
s
ep
ar
ate
s
r
ea
d
in
ess
(
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
)
f
r
o
m
p
er
ce
iv
ed
f
air
n
ess
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
—
r
ath
er
t
h
an
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
d
ev
ices
—
alig
n
m
o
r
e
cl
o
s
ely
with
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
wh
ile
f
air
n
ess
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
ap
p
ea
r
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
co
n
tex
tu
al
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
d
eliv
er
y
an
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
ally
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
a
d
is
tin
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
leg
itima
cy
in
d
ig
ital
ass
es
s
m
en
t.
Acc
ep
tan
ce
a
p
p
ea
r
s
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
wh
er
ea
s
f
ai
r
n
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
em
ain
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
co
n
tex
tu
al
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
an
c
e
f
ac
to
r
s
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
u
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
—
wh
er
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ca
n
s
ig
n
al
leg
itima
cy
r
is
k
s
ev
en
wh
e
n
o
v
er
all
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
is
s
tab
le
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
cu
s
ed
s
o
lely
o
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tech
n
ical
f
am
iliar
ity
m
ay
f
ail
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
d
ee
p
er
,
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
eq
u
itab
le
ass
ess
m
e
n
t.
4
.
5
.
Rela
t
io
n t
o
prio
r
re
s
ea
r
ch
T
h
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
r
esu
lts
alig
n
with
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
v
iews
th
at
C
B
T
tr
an
s
i
tio
n
s
ar
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ally
v
iab
le
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
s
y
s
tem
s
in
v
est
in
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
d
eliv
er
y
,
tu
to
r
ials
,
an
d
s
co
r
e
-
lin
k
in
g
/eq
u
atin
g
;
r
e
s
id
u
al
d
o
m
ain
-
a
n
d
item
-
lev
el
ex
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
em
ai
n
an
d
war
r
a
n
t
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
[
2
]
,
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
cr
em
en
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
r
i
o
r
C
B
T
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
ac
ce
s
s
(
Hed
g
es’
g
≈
.
1
6
–
.
2
0
)
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
wo
r
k
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
at
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
f
lu
en
cy
—
cu
ltiv
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
u
id
ed
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
m
o
ck
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
—
r
ed
u
ce
s
in
ter
f
ac
e
-
r
elate
d
lo
a
d
an
d
a
n
x
iety
[
2
0
]
.
B
y
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
n
u
l
l
ef
f
ec
t
f
o
r
h
o
m
e
o
wn
e
r
s
h
ip
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
a
s
h
if
t
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
-
d
i
v
id
e
liter
atu
r
e
a
way
f
r
o
m
d
ev
ice
co
u
n
ts
to
wa
r
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
u
s
e
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Fair
n
ess
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
ter
s
ec
t
with
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
test
in
teg
r
ity
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
leg
itima
cy
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
s
t
en
d
o
r
s
em
en
t
th
a
t
C
B
T
en
s
u
r
es
f
air
s
co
r
in
g
,
p
air
ed
with
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
in
e
q
u
alit
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
r
u
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
m
ir
r
o
r
s
ca
u
tio
n
s
th
at
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
r
o
cto
r
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
g
en
e
r
ate
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
b
i
as,
an
d
o
p
a
city
co
n
ce
r
n
s
if
im
p
lem
en
ted
with
o
u
t
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
d
ata
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
co
m
p
a
r
ab
ilit
y
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
(
lin
k
in
g
)
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
b
u
t
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t;
tr
u
s
t
-
b
u
ild
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
clea
r
p
r
o
cto
r
in
g
p
o
l
icies,
d
ata
-
h
an
d
lin
g
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
an
d
c
r
ed
ib
le
c
o
n
tin
g
en
cy
p
lan
s
f
o
r
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
is
in
teg
r
al
to
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
f
air
n
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
0
7
5
-
3
0
8
5
3082
4
.
6
.
P
r
a
ct
ica
l i
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
Prio
r
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
in
-
s
ch
o
o
l
ac
ce
s
s
as
p
r
im
ar
y
lev
er
s
:
t
h
e
s
m
all,
r
eliab
le
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
ac
ce
s
s
in
d
icate
th
at
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
to
p
r
ac
tice
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
tio
n
a
b
le
p
ath
way
to
lift
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
at
s
ca
le:
s
ch
ed
u
le
d
lab
ac
ce
s
s
,
m
o
c
k
C
B
T
,
walk
th
r
o
u
g
h
tu
t
o
r
ials
,
an
d
o
n
-
s
ite
tr
o
u
b
lesh
o
o
tin
g
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
c
o
n
tr
o
llab
le
b
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
ali
g
n
with
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
g
u
i
d
an
c
e
f
o
r
d
ig
itally
b
ased
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
[
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Fair
n
ess
as
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tin
g
e
n
cy
:
b
ec
au
s
e
f
ai
r
n
ess
in
d
icato
r
s
b
e
h
av
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
tly
f
r
o
m
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
—
an
d
ar
e
ar
ea
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
—
r
o
llo
u
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
p
air
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
-
b
u
ild
in
g
with
a
f
air
n
ess
p
r
o
to
co
l:
p
lain
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
cto
r
in
g
ch
a
r
ter
s
,
ex
p
licit
d
ata
-
u
s
e
s
tatem
en
ts
,
an
d
co
n
tin
g
en
cy
p
lay
b
o
o
k
s
f
o
r
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
d
ev
ice
f
ailu
r
es.
Su
ch
s
tep
s
r
esp
o
n
d
t
o
k
n
o
wn
leg
itima
cy
r
is
k
s
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
in
te
g
r
ity
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Op
er
atio
n
al
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
:
a
f
air
n
ess
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
th
at
tr
ac
k
s
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
f
air
-
s
co
r
in
g
b
elief
,
an
d
in
eq
u
ality
co
n
ce
r
n
—
d
is
ag
g
r
e
g
ated
b
y
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
—
wo
u
ld
tr
an
s
late
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
ig
n
als
in
to
o
n
g
o
in
g
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
d
u
r
in
g
s
ca
le
-
u
p
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
r
a
p
id
co
u
r
s
e
-
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
wh
er
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate.
Ultim
ately
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
s
en
s
u
r
es th
at
eq
u
ity
is
tr
ea
ted
as a
d
y
n
am
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
d
icato
r
r
ath
er
th
an
a
s
tatic
co
m
p
lian
ce
ch
ec
k
.
4
.
7
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
co
ns
idera
t
io
ns
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
f
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
s
m
all
an
d
th
e
OL
S
R
²=
.
0
1
2
,
a
ty
p
ical
p
r
o
f
ile
f
o
r
attitu
d
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
u
r
v
ey
s
.
E
v
en
s
o
,
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
h
er
en
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
W
elch
test
s
an
d
OL
S
esti
m
ates
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ar
e
th
e
r
elev
an
t
lev
er
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
cy
cles
s
h
o
u
ld
:
i
)
em
p
lo
y
lin
k
in
g
/eq
u
atin
g
wh
en
p
o
lic
y
r
e
q
u
ir
es
tr
en
d
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
[
2
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
7
]
;
ii
)
ev
alu
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
s
ca
le
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
ar
ea
g
r
o
u
p
s
;
an
d
iii
)
u
n
p
ac
k
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
in
to
f
ac
ets (
u
s
ef
u
l
n
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
tech
n
ical
tr
u
s
t)
to
s
h
ar
p
en
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
v
alu
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
4
.
8
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
a
nd
direct
io
ns
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
p
o
in
t
to
s
ev
er
al
p
r
io
r
ities
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
First,
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
o
r
s
tag
ed
-
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
d
esig
n
s
co
u
ld
tr
ac
k
h
o
w
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
f
air
n
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ev
o
lv
e
a
s
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
tr
o
d
u
c
e
C
B
T
an
d
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
cu
m
u
late
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Seco
n
d
,
v
alid
ated
m
u
lti
-
item
f
air
n
e
s
s
s
ca
les
(
co
v
er
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tiv
e
,
an
d
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
al
f
ac
ets)
wo
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
v
e
r
a
g
e
th
an
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
in
g
le
-
item
in
d
icato
r
s
.
T
h
ir
d
,
lin
k
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
u
r
v
ey
s
with
t
ec
h
n
ical
in
cid
e
n
t
lo
g
s
(
e.
g
.
,
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
f
ailu
r
es,
p
r
o
cto
r
i
n
g
aler
ts
)
an
d
m
u
lti
-
l
ev
el
d
ata
w
o
u
ld
h
elp
d
is
en
ta
n
g
le
s
ch
o
o
l
-
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
t
-
lev
el
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
f
air
n
ess
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
lar
g
e
-
s
am
p
le
ev
id
en
ce
o
n
C
B
T
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
f
air
n
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
Vietn
am
ese
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
h
o
w
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
al
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
h
ap
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
d
ig
italizatio
n
.
Acr
o
s
s
an
aly
s
es,
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
(
co
m
p
u
ter
ac
ce
s
s
at
s
ch
o
o
l a
n
d
p
r
io
r
C
B
T
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
)
s
h
o
wed
s
m
all
b
u
t c
o
n
s
is
ten
t lin
k
s
to
h
ig
h
er
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
wh
er
ea
s
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
d
ev
ice
o
wn
e
r
s
h
ip
was
n
eg
lig
i
b
le.
Fair
n
ess
co
n
ce
r
n
s
wer
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
m
o
r
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
t
th
an
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
air
n
ess
b
elief
s
an
d
v
a
r
ied
ac
r
o
s
s
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
s
.
Fo
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ex
p
an
d
in
g
C
B
T
u
n
d
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
u
n
e
v
en
d
ig
ital
ac
ce
s
s
,
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
eq
u
ity
ch
allen
g
e
is
n
o
t
wh
eth
e
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
at
h
o
m
e,
b
u
t
wh
eth
er
s
ch
o
o
ls
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
,
a
n
d
cr
ed
ib
le
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
s
f
o
r
f
air
n
ess
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
co
u
p
l
in
g
a
r
eliab
le
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
co
m
p
o
s
ite
with
b
r
ief
f
air
n
ess
in
d
icato
r
s
as
p
ar
t
o
f
a
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
to
id
en
tify
wh
er
e
tar
g
eted
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
p
r
ac
tice
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
iti
es,
o
r
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
s
ar
e
m
o
s
t
n
ee
d
ed
.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t,
eq
u
itab
le
C
B
T
is
b
u
ilt
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t,
ac
co
u
n
ta
b
le
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Hu
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
NC
T
B
SV.T
.
2
5
–
XH
–
503
–
04.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
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d
an
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with
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ten
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o
f
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Dec
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o
f
Helsin
k
i.
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u
ca
tio
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e
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s
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ch
g
o
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f
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r
m
in
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al
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is
k
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ev
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ter
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.
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P
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m
in
im
ized
,
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d
s
m
all
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lls
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o
t
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ep
o
r
ted
to
m
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e
-
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en
tifi
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tio
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is
k
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
i
n
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in
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h
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ailab
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f
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o
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th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
au
th
o
r
,
[
T
T
NA]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
a
b
le
r
e
q
u
est.
Du
e
to
p
r
i
v
ac
y
an
d
e
th
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
th
e
d
at
a
ar
e
n
o
t
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
K
.
P
e
r
r
y
,
K
.
M
e
i
ssel
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
H
i
l
l
,
“
R
e
b
o
o
t
i
n
g
a
s
sessm
e
n
t
.
E
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
sh
i
f
t
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
p
e
n
-
a
n
d
-
p
a
p
e
r
t
o
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
i
n
su
mm
a
t
i
v
e
a
sse
s
smen
t
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
se
a
r
c
h
Re
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
d
u
r
e
v
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
4
5
1
.
[
2
]
O
r
g
a
n
i
sa
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
C
o
-
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
(
O
E
CD
)
,
PI
S
A
2
0
2
2
Re
s
u
l
t
s
(
V
o
l
u
m
e
I
)
:
T
h
e
S
t
a
t
e
o
f
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
Eq
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i
t
y
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n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
P
I
S
A
,
P
a
r
i
s
:
O
E
C
D
P
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b
l
i
s
h
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n
g
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
3
]
U
.
K
r
o
e
h
n
e
,
S
.
B
u
e
r
g
e
r
,
C
.
H
a
h
n
e
l
,
a
n
d
F
.
G
o
l
d
h
a
mm
e
r
,
“
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
E
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
P
I
S
A
R
e
a
d
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n
g
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
P
a
p
e
r
-
B
a
s
e
d
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r
-
B
a
se
d
A
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
s,”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
e
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
:
I
ss
u
e
s
a
n
d
Pr
a
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A
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tt
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@
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.
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