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As
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m
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ey
w
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s
:
C
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
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C
r
itical
th
in
k
in
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E
x
p
lo
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y
f
ac
t
o
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an
aly
s
is
Hig
h
er
-
o
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d
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th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
Pro
b
lem
-
s
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lv
in
g
T
h
is i
s
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n
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p
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c
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ss
a
rticle
u
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d
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e
CC B
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SA
li
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se
.
C
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A
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r
:
Nia
Kan
ia
Ma
th
em
atics E
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ca
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Stu
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Pro
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am
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Facu
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f
T
ea
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ain
in
g
a
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d
E
d
u
ca
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Un
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Ma
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k
a
K.
H.
Ab
d
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Stre
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No
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Ma
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I
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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O
N
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
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y
ed
u
ca
tio
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,
th
e
cu
ltiv
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n
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
er
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ill
s
(
HOT
S)
[
1
]
–
[
4
]
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
cr
itical,
cr
ea
tiv
e,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
(
PS
)
ab
ilit
ies
[
5
]
,
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
ce
n
tr
al
o
b
jectiv
e
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
lear
n
e
r
s
’
in
tellectu
al
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
a
d
a
p
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
T
h
ese
co
g
n
itiv
e
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
en
ab
le
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
n
o
t
m
e
r
el
y
to
r
etr
iev
e
f
ac
tu
al
k
n
o
wled
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b
u
t
to
en
g
a
g
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in
ab
s
tr
ac
t
r
ea
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o
n
in
g
,
s
y
n
th
esize
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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f
r
o
m
d
i
v
er
s
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
n
ew
a
n
d
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
W
ith
in
m
ath
em
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
HOT
S
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
[
9
]
–
[
1
1
]
,
as
m
ath
em
atica
l
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
tr
a
n
s
ce
n
d
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
ex
ec
u
tio
n
to
war
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
an
aly
tical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
an
d
th
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
p
r
in
cip
les to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
c
o
n
t
ex
ts
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
o
f
th
eir
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
,
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
r
em
ain
lim
ited
in
th
eir
ca
p
ac
i
ty
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
an
d
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
HOT
S
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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3347
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2
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th
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ab
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s
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[
2
3
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[
2
6
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d
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[
2
7
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[
2
9
]
.
T
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o
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u
f
f
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at
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Ov
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HOT
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k
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C
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r
ef
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to
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w
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o
[
3
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to
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alu
atio
n
,
in
f
er
e
n
ce
,
a
n
d
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
His
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
em
p
h
asizes
ep
is
tem
ic
ju
s
tific
atio
n
,
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t
ev
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
ju
d
g
m
en
t,
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
ad
o
p
ted
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ass
es
s
m
en
t
r
esear
ch
.
E
n
n
is
'
s
m
o
d
el
h
as
in
f
o
r
m
ed
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
th
at
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ab
ilit
ies
to
an
aly
ze
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
,
id
en
tify
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
d
r
a
w
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast
,
T
o
r
r
an
ce
’
s
c
r
ea
t
iv
e
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
(
C
r
T
)
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
aliz
es
c
r
ea
ti
v
i
ty
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
u
r
c
o
r
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
:
f
l
u
en
c
y
,
f
le
x
i
b
i
lit
y
,
o
r
i
g
i
n
ali
ty
,
a
n
d
el
ab
o
r
at
io
n
[
3
1
]
.
T
o
r
r
a
n
c
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
ali
ze
d
t
h
ese
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
T
o
r
r
a
n
c
e
t
ests
o
f
cr
ea
ti
v
e
t
h
i
n
k
in
g
(
T
T
C
T
)
,
w
h
i
ch
r
e
m
a
in
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
wi
d
el
y
u
s
e
d
cr
ea
t
iv
it
y
ass
ess
m
e
n
ts
g
lo
b
all
y
.
His
w
o
r
k
em
p
h
as
izes
d
i
v
e
r
g
e
n
t
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
id
ea
g
e
n
e
r
ati
o
n
,
a
n
d
i
m
a
g
i
n
a
ti
v
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
.
W
h
il
e
T
o
r
r
a
n
ce
’
s
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ti
al
,
c
r
i
tics
a
r
g
u
e
t
h
at
i
t
f
o
c
u
s
es
p
r
i
m
a
r
i
ly
o
n
id
e
ati
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
d
u
ct
i
o
n
r
at
h
e
r
t
h
an
d
o
m
a
in
-
s
p
e
cif
ic
PS
,
p
a
r
t
ic
u
lar
ly
i
n
m
at
h
e
m
at
ica
l
co
n
t
e
x
ts
.
Similar
ly
,
Kr
u
lik
an
d
R
u
d
n
ic
k
[
3
2
]
PS
m
o
d
el
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliz
es
PS
as
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
co
g
n
iti
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
f
o
u
r
s
tag
es:
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
,
p
lan
n
in
g
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
r
ef
lectin
g
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
e
m
p
h
asizes
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
h
eu
r
is
tic
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
r
ef
l
ec
tiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
.
Kr
u
lik
'
s
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
e
ly
ap
p
lied
in
m
ath
em
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
d
esig
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
l
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
an
d
ass
es
s
m
en
t r
u
b
r
ics f
o
r
PS
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
a
n
d
ex
te
n
d
in
g
th
ese
class
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
r
esear
ch
b
y
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
in
teg
r
ativ
e
HOT
S
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
p
ec
if
ically
tailo
r
ed
to
m
ath
em
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Un
lik
e
E
n
n
is
,
T
o
r
r
an
ce
,
a
n
d
Kr
u
lik
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
,
wh
o
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
d
o
m
ain
-
g
en
er
al
m
o
d
els
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
s
HOT
S
a
s
an
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
tr
iad
ic
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
CT
,
C
r
T
,
a
n
d
PS
,
wh
ich
o
p
er
ate
s
y
n
e
r
g
is
tically
with
in
m
ath
em
atica
l
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
eir
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
teg
r
ates
ev
alu
ati
v
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
id
ea
tio
n
,
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
PS
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
to
a
u
n
if
ied
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
y
s
tem
[
3
7
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
's
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
b
u
t
d
y
n
am
ically
i
n
ter
ac
t
d
u
r
in
g
m
ath
em
atica
l
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
task
s
,
th
er
eb
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
ec
o
lo
g
ically
v
alid
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es in
m
ath
e
m
atics lea
r
n
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
r
ich
n
ess
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
e
x
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
r
em
ain
lim
ited
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
et
r
ically
v
alid
ated
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
th
at
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ize
th
is
in
teg
r
ated
m
o
d
el.
Mo
s
t
cu
r
r
en
t
to
o
ls
s
till
ass
es
s
CT
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
PS
s
ep
ar
ately
,
in
is
o
latio
n
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
is
f
r
ag
m
en
tatio
n
r
is
k
s
o
v
er
s
im
p
lify
in
g
HOT
S a
n
d
n
eg
lectin
g
th
eir
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
n
atu
r
e.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
g
ap
,
th
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
s
tu
d
y
d
ev
elo
p
s
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
et
o
f
q
u
ality
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
HOT
S,
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
co
g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
v
alid
ated
.
Dr
awin
g
ex
p
licitly
o
n
CT
tax
o
n
o
m
y
,
C
r
T
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
PS
s
tag
es
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
wh
ile
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
em
with
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
if
ied
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
s
HOT
S
as
an
in
ter
r
elate
d
tr
iad
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es:
CT
as
th
e
ev
alu
ativ
e
co
r
e,
C
r
T
as
th
e
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
a
n
d
PS
as
th
e
in
te
g
r
ativ
e
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
ese
d
im
en
s
i
o
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le,
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
in
m
ath
em
atics lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
v
alid
ate
a
s
et
o
f
q
u
al
ity
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
HOT
S
in
m
ath
em
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
:
i
)
id
en
tify
th
eo
r
etica
lly
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
HOT
S
in
d
icato
r
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
estab
lis
h
ed
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
s
,
an
d
ii
)
em
p
ir
ically
ev
alu
ate
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
e
in
d
icato
r
s
u
s
in
g
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
g
u
id
ed
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
W
h
ich
in
d
icato
r
s
v
alid
ly
r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
HOT
S
in
m
ath
em
atics lea
r
n
in
g
c
o
n
tex
ts
?
−
T
o
wh
at
ex
ten
t
d
o
th
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
?
B
y
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
HOT
S
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
at
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
t
h
eo
r
y
,
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
et
r
ic
v
alid
atio
n
,
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
d
o
p
ts
a
m
i
x
ed
-
m
et
h
o
d
s
d
esig
n
in
teg
r
atin
g
q
u
alitativ
e
s
y
n
th
esis
(
ex
p
er
t
FGDs
)
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
v
ali
d
atio
n
(
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
)
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
e
x
p
e
cted
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
a
th
eo
r
etica
lly
co
h
er
e
n
t
an
d
e
m
p
ir
ically
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
eq
u
itab
le,
r
ef
lectiv
e,
an
d
i
n
tellectu
ally
d
em
an
d
in
g
m
at
h
em
at
ics lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
ac
tices.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
d
esig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
a
s
eq
u
en
tial
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
q
u
alitativ
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
FGDs
an
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
v
alid
atio
n
u
s
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
3
4
6
-
3
3
6
1
3348
L
I
SR
E
L
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
ali
tativ
e
p
h
ase
aim
ed
t
o
g
e
n
er
at
e
th
eo
r
etica
lly
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
d
ic
ato
r
s
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
HOT
S,
wh
ile
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
h
ase
em
p
ir
ically
test
ed
th
eir
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
was c
h
o
s
en
to
en
s
u
r
e
b
o
th
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
e
p
th
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
t
elicitatio
n
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
r
ig
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tatis
tical
v
er
if
icatio
n
,
alig
n
in
g
with
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
et
r
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
Par
ticip
an
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
FGDs
wer
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
ely
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
e
x
p
er
tis
e
an
d
s
ch
o
lar
ly
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
HOT
S
in
m
ath
em
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
ely
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
c
r
iter
ia:
i
)
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
ac
ad
em
ic
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
m
ath
em
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
v
alu
atio
n
;
ii
)
h
a
d
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
2
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
o
f
ass
o
ciat
e
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
o
r
f
u
ll
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
;
an
d
iii
)
h
a
d
p
r
io
r
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
in
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t r
ev
iew,
r
esear
ch
,
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
r
elev
an
t
to
t
h
e
to
p
ic
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
A
to
tal
o
f
f
iv
e
ex
p
er
ts
w
h
o
m
et
th
ese
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
in
v
ited
t
o
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
t
p
an
el
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
iv
e
ac
a
d
em
ics:
two
f
u
ll
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
in
m
ath
e
m
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
o
n
e
f
u
ll
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
two
ass
o
ciate
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
o
r
s
in
m
ath
em
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
ad
an
estab
lis
h
ed
r
ec
o
r
d
o
f
r
esear
ch
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
ass
ess
m
en
t
d
esig
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
l
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
was
in
ten
d
e
d
to
en
h
an
ce
c
o
n
ten
t v
alid
ity
b
y
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es o
n
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts o
f
C
T
,
C
r
T
,
an
d
PS
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
7
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
lectu
r
er
s
,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
s
tr
atif
ied
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
o
les
r
elev
a
n
t
to
HOT
S
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t.
Par
ticip
an
ts
with
in
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
m
ath
e
m
atics
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
r
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
is
s
am
p
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
en
ab
led
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
t
r
ian
g
u
la
tio
n
b
etwe
en
ex
p
e
r
t
q
u
alitativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
b
r
o
a
d
er
p
r
ac
t
itio
n
er
an
d
lear
n
er
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Giv
en
th
at
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
h
ase
in
v
o
l
v
ed
7
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
s
am
p
le
s
ize
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
wer
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
in
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
e
llin
g
(
SEM
)
.
I
n
SEM
,
s
am
p
le
s
ize
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
ates,
s
tan
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
s
,
m
o
d
el
f
it,
an
d
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
SEM
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
with
ca
u
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
ay
b
e
lim
ited
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n pro
ce
du
re
s
a
nd
et
hica
l c
o
ns
idera
t
io
ns
Data
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
two
s
eq
u
en
tial
p
h
ases
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
m
ix
e
d
-
m
eth
o
d
s
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
.
I
n
th
e
q
u
alit
ativ
e
p
h
ase,
FGDs
wer
e
o
r
g
an
ized
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
iter
ativ
e
s
ess
io
n
s
,
ea
ch
last
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
9
0
m
in
u
tes.
T
h
e
FGDs
f
o
llo
wed
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
to
co
ls
d
esig
n
e
d
to
el
icit
in
-
d
ep
th
e
x
p
er
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
t
h
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
an
d
s
u
b
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
HOT
S
.
Gu
id
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
to
ar
ticu
late
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
in
d
ica
to
r
s
,
ass
ess
m
en
t
cr
iter
ia,
a
n
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
r
elev
an
t
to
HOT
S
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
All
s
ess
io
n
s
wer
e
au
d
io
-
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
with
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
'
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
,
tr
an
s
cr
ib
ed
v
e
r
b
atim
,
an
d
an
o
n
y
m
ized
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
d
ata
c
o
n
f
id
en
tiality
.
I
n
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
h
ase,
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
7
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lectu
r
er
s
,
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
t
ea
ch
er
s
,
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
aim
e
d
t
o
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
an
d
tr
ian
g
u
late
q
u
alitativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
t
h
e
em
p
ir
i
ca
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
ex
p
er
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
en
h
an
c
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
r
ig
o
r
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
ed
t
h
e
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
o
f
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
eth
ical
c
o
n
s
id
er
ati
o
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
o
r
m
al
eth
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
R
ev
iew
B
o
ar
d
(
I
R
B
)
o
f
th
e
a
f
f
iliated
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
Prio
r
to
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
all
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
with
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
g
av
e
wr
itten
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
ar
ticip
ated
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
a
n
d
wer
e
a
d
v
is
ed
th
at
with
d
r
awa
l
was
p
er
m
itted
at
an
y
p
o
in
t
with
o
u
t
an
y
p
e
n
alty
.
All
p
er
s
o
n
al
id
en
tifie
r
s
wer
e
r
e
m
o
v
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
a
n
d
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
was
s
tr
ictly
m
ain
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
.
2
.
4
.
Va
lid
it
y
a
nd
t
rus
t
wo
rt
hin
es
s
T
h
e
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
ad
o
p
ted
a
n
in
t
er
ac
tiv
e
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
p
r
o
b
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
r
ef
lectiv
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ies,
an
d
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
-
b
u
ild
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
h
er
ed
to
th
e
f
o
u
r
class
ical
cr
iter
ia
o
u
tlin
ed
b
y
L
in
co
ln
et
a
l.
[
4
5
]
:
c
r
ed
ib
i
lity
(
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
em
b
er
ch
ec
k
i
n
g
)
,
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ab
ilit
y
(
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
etailed
c
o
n
tex
tu
a
l
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
)
,
d
ep
en
d
ab
ili
ty
(
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
y
s
tem
atic
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
)
,
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
a
b
ilit
y
(
th
r
o
u
g
h
au
d
it t
r
ails
an
d
r
ef
lex
iv
ity
n
o
tes).
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
a
m
ix
e
d
-
m
eth
o
d
s
an
aly
tic
d
esig
n
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
es
to
en
h
an
ce
r
ig
o
r
a
n
d
tr
ian
g
u
late
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
FGDs
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
f
ir
s
t,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata
to
v
alid
a
te
an
d
co
m
p
lem
en
t th
e
e
m
er
g
e
n
t f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
s
ta
b
lis
h
in
g
q
u
a
lity in
d
ica
to
r
s
fo
r
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er th
in
kin
g
s
ki
lls
:
d
ev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
…
(
N
ia
K
a
n
ia
)
3349
2
.
6
.
Q
ua
lita
t
iv
e
da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
in
AT
L
AS.ti
(
v
er
s
io
n
2
3
)
u
s
in
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
th
eo
r
y
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
p
e
n
,
a
x
ial,
a
n
d
s
e
lectiv
e
co
d
in
g
.
D
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
p
en
c
o
d
in
g
s
tag
e,
i
n
itial
co
d
es
wer
e
in
d
u
ctiv
ely
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
'
v
er
b
atim
s
tatem
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
co
d
es
wer
e
th
en
clu
s
ter
ed
d
u
r
in
g
ax
ial
co
d
in
g
b
ased
o
n
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
im
ilar
ities
an
d
g
u
id
e
d
b
y
estab
lis
h
ed
t
h
eo
r
et
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
o
f
HOT
S,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
B
lo
o
m
'
s
r
ev
is
ed
tax
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
c
o
n
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
m
o
d
els
o
f
CT
,
C
r
T
,
an
d
PS
.
T
h
is
th
e
o
r
y
-
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
en
s
u
r
e
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
alig
n
m
en
t b
etwe
en
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
an
d
ex
is
tin
g
s
c
h
o
lar
s
h
ip
.
I
n
th
e
s
elec
tiv
e
co
d
in
g
p
h
a
s
e,
co
r
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
wer
e
i
d
e
n
tifie
d
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
in
t
o
a
co
h
er
e
n
t
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
el
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
CT
,
C
r
T
,
an
d
PS
.
T
h
e
an
aly
tic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
em
p
h
asized
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
atu
r
atio
n
,
wh
er
e
b
y
n
o
n
ew
ca
teg
o
r
ies
em
er
g
ed
f
r
o
m
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
co
d
in
g
,
an
d
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
co
h
er
en
ce
a
cr
o
s
s
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
T
o
en
h
a
n
ce
an
aly
tical
r
eliab
il
ity
,
a
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
c
o
d
er
with
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
was in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
ter
-
co
d
er
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
was a
s
s
es
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
iter
ativ
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
co
d
in
g
d
is
cr
ep
an
cie
s
u
n
til
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
was
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
t
h
e
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
e
s
s
an
d
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
2
.
7
.
Q
ua
ntit
a
t
iv
e
da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Qu
an
titativ
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
n
f
i
r
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
(
C
FA
)
.
C
FA
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
HOT
S
in
d
icato
r
s
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
was
ex
am
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
es
en
ab
led
r
o
b
u
s
t v
alid
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
d
icato
r
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
o
v
er
if
y
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
it
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
,
a
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
p
h
ase
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
L
I
SR
E
L
1
0
.
4
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
ed
ed
i
n
two
s
tag
es:
a.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
test
in
g
C
FA
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
ee
HOT
S
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
as
in
d
icat
ed
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
o
d
el
-
f
it in
d
ices
[
4
6
]
wer
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ev
alu
ate
a
d
eq
u
ac
y
:
−
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
d
iv
id
e
d
b
y
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
(
χ
²/d
f
)
≤
3
.
0
0
−
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it in
d
e
x
(
C
FI)
≥
0
.
9
0
−
Go
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it in
d
ex
(
GFI
)
≥
0
.
9
0
−
R
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
e
r
r
o
r
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A)
≤
0
.
0
8
−
Stan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
a
l (
SR
MR)≤
0
.
0
8
−
Facto
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
≥
0
.
5
0
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
f
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
b.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
t v
al
id
ity
C
R
an
d
av
er
ag
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
ex
t
r
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
wer
e
c
o
m
p
u
te
d
f
r
o
m
L
I
SR
E
L
o
u
tp
u
t.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
d
ee
m
ed
r
eliab
le
w
h
en
C
R
≥
0
.
7
0
a
n
d
AVE
≥
0
.
5
0
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
a
n
d
ad
e
q
u
ate
item
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
.
D
i
s
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
n
t
v
a
li
d
i
t
y
w
as
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
b
y
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
ea
ch
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct’
s
AVE
with
th
e
in
ter
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ea
ch
HOT
S
d
im
en
s
io
n
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
d
is
tin
ct
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
v
ar
ian
ce
.
2
.
8
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
io
n o
f
qu
a
lita
t
iv
e
a
n
d qua
ntit
a
t
iv
e
f
ind
ing
s
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
tag
e
s
y
n
th
esized
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
with
q
u
an
titativ
e
ev
id
en
ce
to
r
ef
in
e
a
n
d
v
alid
ate
th
e
HOT
S
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
d
ic
ato
r
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
tr
i
an
g
u
latio
n
e
n
s
u
r
ed
t
h
at
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
b
o
th
th
eo
r
etica
lly
co
h
er
en
t
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
v
er
if
i
ab
le,
b
r
id
g
in
g
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
with
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
r
ep
o
r
ts
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
aly
s
es
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
d
ev
el
o
p
an
d
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
HOT
S
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
CT
,
C
r
T
,
an
d
PS
.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
p
h
ase
g
e
n
er
ated
th
eo
r
etica
lly
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
t
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
p
h
ase
s
tatis
tically
v
er
if
ied
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
ex
p
lo
r
a
to
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
E
FA)
an
d
C
FA.
3
.
1
.
Q
ua
lita
t
iv
e
ph
a
s
e:
s
y
nthesis
o
f
F
G
D
r
esu
lt
s
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
AT
L
AS.ti
2
3
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
co
h
er
en
t
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
HOT
S.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
iter
ativ
e
o
p
en
,
ax
ial,
an
d
s
elec
tiv
e
co
d
in
g
,
t
h
em
es
wer
e
clu
s
ter
ed
in
to
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
in
d
icato
r
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
m
ajo
r
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
B
lo
o
m
’
s
r
ev
is
ed
tax
o
n
o
m
y
[
4
7
]
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
,
an
d
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
e
d
er
iv
e
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
d
i
n
to
em
p
ir
ically
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
in
d
ic
ato
r
s
th
at
alig
n
with
estab
lis
h
ed
m
o
d
els
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
3
4
6
-
3
3
6
1
3350
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
id
elity
an
d
co
n
te
x
tu
al
r
elev
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
th
esis
y
ield
ed
th
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
d
o
m
ain
s
:
CT
,
C
r
T
,
an
d
PS
,
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
iv
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
CT
d
o
m
ain
b
y
m
ap
p
in
g
its
k
ey
asp
ec
ts
an
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
to
th
e
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
in
d
icato
r
s
.
T
h
is
m
a
p
p
in
g
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
clar
if
ies
h
o
w
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
CT
is
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
o
b
s
er
v
a
b
l
e
elem
en
ts
,
th
er
e
b
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
an
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h
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ests
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r
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atic
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o
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o
f
u
r
th
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am
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e
th
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elati
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er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
CT
d
o
m
ain
,
we
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
its
co
n
s
titu
en
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
is
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
b
y
p
r
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tin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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ess
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
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h
d
im
en
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io
n
o
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h
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v
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n
t
b
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a
u
s
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it
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ig
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lig
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ts
th
e
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d
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e
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ir
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c
e
f
o
r
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ef
i
n
in
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in
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s
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n
d
p
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itizin
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tr
u
ctio
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r
ass
es
s
m
en
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e
d
o
m
ain
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f
CT
.
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h
is
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lt
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u
g
g
ests
th
at,
wh
ile
E
n
n
is
'
s
m
o
d
el
r
em
ain
s
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r
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e
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atic
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ly
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T
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tio
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r
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2
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ed
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tial
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s
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it
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s
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ates
h
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r
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lated
f
r
o
m
a
t
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co
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p
t
in
to
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s
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v
ab
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in
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s
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p
r
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r
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asis
f
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r
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r
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f
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em
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n
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o
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ate
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v
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in
th
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r
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d
o
m
ain
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we
co
m
p
a
r
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th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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n
ess
o
f
its
co
n
s
titu
en
t
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Fig
u
r
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2
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th
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d
is
p
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ig
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ay
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e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
in
d
icato
r
s
b
ased
o
n
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata.
T
h
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
ix
was
c
h
ec
k
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
f
a
cto
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
wer
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
.
T
ab
le
4
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
a
d
eq
u
ac
y
(
MSA)
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
,
wh
i
ch
in
d
icate
wh
et
h
er
ea
ch
in
d
icato
r
h
as
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
h
ar
ed
v
ar
ia
n
ce
with
th
e
o
th
e
r
s
to
b
e
r
etai
n
ed
in
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
tab
le
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
item
-
lev
el
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
f
o
r
v
er
if
y
in
g
th
at
th
e
d
ata
m
ee
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
E
FA
an
d
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
a
n
y
in
d
icato
r
s
th
at
m
ay
n
ee
d
to
b
e
r
ev
is
ed
o
r
r
em
o
v
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
f
in
alizin
g
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
f
a
cto
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
id
en
tifie
d
v
ia
E
FA,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
C
FA
to
te
s
t
wh
eth
er
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
f
it
t
h
e
d
ata
ad
eq
u
ately
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
ep
icts
th
e
C
FA
m
o
d
el,
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
laten
t
HOT
S
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
d
o
m
ain
s
/d
im
en
s
io
n
s
)
an
d
th
eir
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
,
to
g
eth
er
with
th
e
esti
m
ated
f
a
cto
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
v
is
u
al
an
d
s
tatis
tical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
v
alid
ated
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
eir
alig
n
m
en
t w
i
th
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
ab
le
4
.
An
ti
-
im
a
g
e
m
atr
ices
A
n
t
i
-
i
ma
g
e
m
a
t
r
i
c
e
s
C
T1
C
T2
C
T3
C
T4
C
T5
C
r
T1
C
r
T2
C
r
T3
C
r
T4
C
r
T5
PS1
PS2
PS3
PS4
PS5
A
n
t
i
-
i
ma
g
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
C
T1
.
9
4
8
a
-
.
1
6
2
-
.
0
2
8
.
0
4
9
-
.
1
7
0
-
.
1
1
0
-
.
0
0
3
-
.
1
0
3
.
0
1
2
-
.
0
5
8
.
0
2
3
.
0
0
5
-
.
1
4
3
-
.
0
9
9
-
.
0
6
2
C
T2
-
.
1
6
2
.
8
8
9
a
-
.
0
6
1
-
.
0
5
4
.
0
1
9
-
.
0
3
6
.
1
0
2
-
.
0
0
4
-
.
2
8
4
-
.
0
8
1
-
.
1
7
1
-
.
0
7
0
.
1
1
6
.
0
9
5
-
.
0
5
9
C
T3
-
.
0
2
8
-
.
0
6
1
.
9
4
5
a
-
.
1
2
3
-
.
2
2
5
-
.
0
5
0
-
.
0
6
3
-
.
1
2
6
-
.
1
3
1
-
.
0
2
9
.
0
3
3
-
.
2
3
7
-
.
0
2
9
.
0
1
6
-
.
0
2
3
C
T4
.
0
4
9
-
.
0
5
4
-
.
1
2
3
.
9
5
0
a
-
.
0
3
8
-
.
2
0
5
-
.
1
0
9
.
0
0
7
-
.
0
0
1
-
.
1
5
8
.
0
2
6
-
.
1
5
0
-
.
0
5
1
-
.
0
8
5
-
.
0
9
1
C
T5
-
.
1
7
0
.
0
1
9
-
.
2
2
5
-
.
0
3
8
.
9
4
7
a
-
.
0
4
9
-
.
0
5
9
.
0
4
6
-
.
1
6
5
-
.
0
4
5
-
.
0
1
8
-
.
0
8
6
-
.
0
9
5
-
.
1
5
1
.
0
3
5
C
r
T1
-
.
1
1
0
-
.
0
3
6
-
.
0
5
0
-
.
2
0
5
-
.
0
4
9
.
9
1
9
a
-
.
0
7
2
.
0
1
1
.
0
1
1
-
.
0
7
3
-
.
2
2
6
.
1
9
6
-
.
1
8
9
-
.
0
9
5
.
0
3
6
C
r
T2
-
.
0
0
3
.
1
0
2
-
.
0
6
3
-
.
1
0
9
-
.
0
5
9
-
.
0
7
2
.
9
4
1
a
-
.
2
5
9
-
.
0
8
2
-
.
1
1
1
-
.
0
4
0
.
0
1
3
.
0
2
7
-
.
0
9
8
-
.
0
6
0
C
r
T3
-
.
1
0
3
-
.
0
0
4
-
.
1
2
6
.
0
0
7
.
0
4
6
.
0
1
1
-
.
2
5
9
.
9
3
7
a
-
.
0
0
7
-
.
1
2
6
-
.
0
6
3
-
.
0
2
3
-
.
0
4
7
-
.
0
6
3
.
0
3
8
C
r
T4
.
0
1
2
-
.
2
8
4
-
.
1
3
1
-
.
0
0
1
-
.
1
6
5
.
0
1
1
-
.
0
8
2
-
.
0
0
7
.
9
2
4
a
-
.
1
0
3
.
0
9
4
.
0
1
5
-
.
1
7
5
-
.
1
8
5
.
0
0
4
C
r
T5
-
.
0
5
8
-
.
0
8
1
-
.
0
2
9
-
.
1
5
8
-
.
0
4
5
-
.
0
7
3
-
.
1
1
1
-
.
1
2
6
-
.
1
0
3
.
9
6
2
a
-
.
0
6
5
-
.
0
2
8
-
.
0
4
3
-
.
1
5
3
-
.
1
1
0
PS1
.
0
2
3
-
.
1
7
1
.
0
3
3
.
0
2
6
-
.
0
1
8
-
.
2
2
6
-
.
0
4
0
-
.
0
6
3
.
0
9
4
-
.
0
6
5
.
9
0
1
a
-
.
2
6
5
-
.
0
7
9
.
0
2
0
-
.
2
3
4
PS2
.
0
0
5
-
.
0
7
0
-
.
2
3
7
-
.
1
5
0
-
.
0
8
6
.
1
9
6
.
0
1
3
-
.
0
2
3
.
0
1
5
-
.
0
2
8
-
.
2
6
5
.
9
0
7
a
-
.
0
7
7
-
.
0
1
4
-
.
1
0
1
PS3
-
.
1
4
3
.
1
1
6
-
.
0
2
9
-
.
0
5
1
-
.
0
9
5
-
.
1
8
9
.
0
2
7
-
.
0
4
7
-
.
1
7
5
-
.
0
4
3
-
.
0
7
9
-
.
0
7
7
.
9
4
6
a
-
.
0
5
0
-
.
1
5
1
PS4
-
.
0
9
9
.
0
9
5
.
0
1
6
-
.
0
8
5
-
.
1
5
1
-
.
0
9
5
-
.
0
9
8
-
.
0
6
3
-
.
1
8
5
-
.
1
5
3
.
0
2
0
-
.
0
1
4
-
.
0
5
0
.
9
4
8
a
.
0
2
8
PS5
-
.
0
6
2
-
.
0
5
9
-
.
0
2
3
-
.
0
9
1
.
0
3
5
.
0
3
6
-
.
0
6
0
.
0
3
8
.
0
0
4
-
.
1
1
0
-
.
2
3
4
-
.
1
0
1
-
.
1
5
1
.
0
2
8
.
9
3
9
a
a
.
M
e
a
su
r
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s
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f
sam
p
l
i
n
g
a
d
e
q
u
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(
M
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K
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d
im
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n
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d
in
d
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to
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s
55%
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omparis
on
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3353
T
o
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m
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8
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ates
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ip
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s
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d
th
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r
esp
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tr
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C
T
,
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,
an
d
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,
as
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th
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p
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in
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E
ac
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'
s
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in
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ef
lects
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e
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tr
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th
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d
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f
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ile
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ter
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d
b
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e
co
n
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tr
u
ct
[
4
6
]
.
Prio
r
to
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
,
d
ata
s
u
itab
ilit
y
was
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n
f
ir
m
e
d
u
s
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th
e
Kaiser
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Me
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Olk
in
(
KM
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m
ea
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e
an
d
B
ar
tlett’s
test
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f
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p
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icit
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.
T
h
e
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0
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7
5
,
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ate
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,
an
d
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ar
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test
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ig
n
if
ican
t,
χ²(
1
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)
=
5
4
6
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4
1
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<
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0
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,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
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s
u
f
f
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in
ter
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item
co
r
r
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s
f
o
r
f
ac
t
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.
Acc
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d
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g
ly
,
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e
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ataset
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ee
m
ed
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
E
FA.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
FA
m
o
d
el
3
.
3
.
E
x
plo
ra
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
na
ly
s
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FA
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r
r
ied
o
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t
u
s
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g
p
r
in
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ac
to
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ab
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5
r
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le
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4
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with
th
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m
u
ltid
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en
s
io
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HOT
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f
r
am
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r
k
[
5
0
]
.
No
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
cr
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s
s
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lo
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s
wer
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o
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is
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v
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ity
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Alth
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ac
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ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
co
n
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e
r
g
en
t v
alid
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
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8
8
2
2
I
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t
J
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&
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15
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4
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Au
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20
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3
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Pre
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[
5
1
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[
5
2
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s
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est th
at
two
-
item
co
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tr
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ay
b
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.
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FA
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C
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7
9
3
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4
.
Co
nfir
m
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ly
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T
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8
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tan
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a
r
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it
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ab
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6
s
u
m
m
ar
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th
e
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ex
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TLI
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d
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d
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ized
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r
lo
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s
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d
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ca
to
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.
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h
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tab
le
is
p
r
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v
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t
h
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r
im
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tatis
tical
ev
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t
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e
d
ev
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e
d
HOT
S in
d
icato
r
s
a
n
d
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
eir
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n
m
en
t
with
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
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s
tan
d
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ized
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
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s
r
an
g
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d
b
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en
0
.
3
3
an
d
0
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6
1
,
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d
R
²
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alu
es
r
an
g
e
d
b
etwe
en
0
.
3
2
an
d
0
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5
7
,
in
d
icatin
g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
in
d
icato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
5
3
]
.
C
R
v
alu
es
f
o
r
C
T
,
C
r
T
,
an
d
PS
ex
ce
ed
ed
0
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7
0
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r
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5
0
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n
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in
g
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te
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al
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n
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is
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r
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en
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n
ter
-
f
ac
to
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r
r
elatio
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wer
e
h
ig
h
b
u
t
t
h
e
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r
etica
lly
ju
s
tifie
d
:
C
T
–
C
r
T
=
0
.
9
8
,
C
T
–
PS
=0
.
9
6
,
an
d
C
r
T
–
PS
=0
.
9
5
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
s
u
g
g
est
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
am
o
n
g
HOT
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m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
wh
ile
r
etain
in
g
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
is
tin
ctio
n
,
r
ef
lectin
g
t
h
e
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
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teg
r
atio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
co
g
n
itio
n
.
T
ab
le
6
.
C
FA
G
o
o
d
n
e
ss
-
of
-
f
i
t
i
n
d
e
x
V
a
l
u
e
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
χ
² (8
7
)
=
2
1
8
.
5
8
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
—
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
,
g
i
v
e
n
m
o
d
e
l
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
R
M
S
EA
=
0
.
0
7
1
(
9
0
%
C
I
:
0
.
0
5
9
–
0
.
0
8
3
)
<
0
.
0
8
G
o
o
d
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
ma
t
e
f
i
t
C
F
I
=
0
.
9
8
≥
0
.
9
5
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
f
i
t
N
N
F
I
=
0
.
9
7
≥
0
.
9
5
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
f
i
t
G
F
I
=
0
.
9
1
,
A
G
F
I
=
0
.
8
8
>
0
.
9
0
/
>
0
.
8
5
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
f
i
t
S
R
M
R
=
0
.
0
4
7
<
0
.
0
5
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
r
e
si
d
u
a
l
f
i
t
3
.
5
.
Str
uct
ura
l
co
ns
is
t
ency
a
nd
t
heo
re
t
ica
l c
o
here
nce
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
co
v
ar
ia
n
ce
am
o
n
g
th
e
th
r
ee
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
m
o
d
el
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
wh
er
e
cr
itical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
c
r
ea
tiv
e
in
te
g
r
ati
o
n
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
o
r
ien
ted
ap
p
licatio
n
o
p
er
ate
as
in
ter
lo
ck
in
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
a
tes
p
r
io
r
e
v
id
en
ce
th
at
H
OT
S
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
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io
n
al
y
et
u
n
if
i
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
5
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
s
atis
f
ies
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
ex
p
ec
t
atio
n
s
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
f
it
in
d
ices,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
d
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r
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
r
o
b
u
s
t e
m
p
ir
ical
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
HOT
S in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
3
.
6
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
HOT
S in
d
icato
r
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ex
p
er
t
-
d
er
iv
ed
FGD
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
test
in
g
f
o
r
m
a
co
h
e
r
en
t
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
th
r
e
e
d
o
m
ain
s
:
CT
,
C
r
T
,
an
d
PS
.
R
ath
er
th
an
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
as
is
o
lated
co
m
p
eten
cies,
th
ese
d
o
m
ain
s
ap
p
ea
r
em
p
ir
ically
co
n
n
ec
te
d
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
th
at
HOT
S
is
b
es
t
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
an
in
ter
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
y
s
tem
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
co
g
n
itio
n
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
eo
r
etica
l
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
CT
as
an
ev
alu
ativ
e
-
an
aly
tical
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
C
r
T
as
a
g
en
er
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
PS
as
an
ap
p
lied
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f
b
o
th
with
in
task
co
n
tex
ts
[
5
6
]
–
[
70
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
r
ee
-
d
o
m
ai
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
alig
n
s
with
B
lo
o
m
'
s
r
ev
is
ed
tax
o
n
o
m
y
[
7
1
]
i
n
s
o
f
ar
as
it
r
ef
lects
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
s
u
g
g
est
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
in
ter
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
am
o
n
g
th
ese
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
,
an
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
th
at
e
x
ten
d
s
p
r
io
r
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
s
b
y
e
m
p
h
a
s
izin
g
th
at
h
ig
h
er
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
s
ta
b
lis
h
in
g
q
u
a
lity in
d
ica
to
r
s
fo
r
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er th
in
kin
g
s
ki
lls
:
d
ev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
…
(
N
ia
K
a
n
ia
)
3355
o
r
d
er
co
g
n
itio
n
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
s
ettin
g
s
m
ay
in
v
o
lv
e
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
ac
r
o
s
s
an
a
ly
tical,
g
en
er
ativ
e
,
an
d
ap
p
lied
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
[
7
2
]
–
[
7
6
]
.
T
ak
e
n
to
g
eth
e
r
,
th
ese
r
e
s
u
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
em
p
ir
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
d
ica
to
r
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
7
7
]
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
e
v
iew
th
at
HOT
S
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
at
h
er
th
an
a
s
et
o
f
d
is
cr
ete
ab
ilit
ies
[
7
8
]
–
[
84
]
.
Ou
r
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
p
r
io
r
wo
r
k
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
HOT
S
as
in
h
er
en
tly
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
an
d
d
y
n
am
ically
en
ac
ted
in
lear
n
in
g
task
s
[
8
5
]
,
[
8
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
it
io
n
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
th
r
ee
d
o
m
ain
s
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ab
le
b
u
t
also
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
r
elate
d
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
th
e
r
eb
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
a
r
g
u
m
en
ts
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
h
o
u
ld
ca
p
tu
r
e
in
teg
r
ated
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
r
ath
er
th
a
n
f
r
ag
m
en
te
d
s
k
ill
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
[
87
]
–
[
9
0
]
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
is
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ically
r
elev
an
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
th
at
g
r
o
wth
in
o
n
e
d
o
m
a
in
(
e.
g
.
,
an
aly
tical
ev
alu
atio
n
)
m
a
y
b
e
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
o
r
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
in
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
(
e.
g
.
,
id
ea
g
en
er
atio
n
a
n
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
)
[
9
1
]
–
[
96
]
.
W
ith
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
(
e
.
g
.
,
th
e
Me
r
d
ek
a
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
)
,
th
e
v
alid
ate
d
in
d
icato
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
b
asis
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
h
o
w
lear
n
er
s
r
ea
s
o
n
ac
r
o
s
s
cr
itical,
cr
ea
tiv
e,
an
d
PS
d
em
an
d
s
[
9
7
]
–
[
1
0
4
]
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
n
s
er
v
e
two
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
:
i
)
as
a
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
id
en
tify
i
n
g
r
ela
tiv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
es
ac
r
o
s
s
HOT
S
d
o
m
ain
s
an
d
ii
)
as
a
d
esig
n
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
alig
n
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
with
co
g
n
itiv
ely
d
em
an
d
in
g
lear
n
in
g
g
o
als
[
1
0
5
]
–
[
1
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
llo
w
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
alid
ated
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
d
o
n
o
t d
e
p
en
d
o
n
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
b
ey
o
n
d
t
h
e
d
ata
an
aly
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Desp
ite
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
s
y
ch
o
m
e
tr
ic
s
ig
n
als
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
is
s
am
p
le,
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
.
First,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
was
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
an
d
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
s
p
ec
if
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
wh
ich
m
ay
co
n
s
tr
ain
g
en
e
r
aliza
b
ilit
y
[
1
1
7
]
–
[
1
2
8
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
a
n
d
lo
ca
l
ac
ad
em
i
c
n
o
r
m
s
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
h
o
w
H
OT
S
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
m
an
if
est
an
d
ar
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
,
p
o
ten
tially
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
alan
ce
am
o
n
g
d
o
m
ain
s
(
e.
g
.
,
g
r
ea
ter
s
alien
ce
o
f
a
n
aly
tical
asp
ec
ts
th
an
g
en
er
ativ
e
o
n
es
)
[
1
2
9
]
–
[
1
3
7
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
ev
i
d
en
ce
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
u
n
d
er
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
am
p
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
as
a
d
ef
i
n
itiv
e,
c
o
n
tex
t
-
f
r
ee
m
o
d
el.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esea
r
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
e
x
ten
d
v
alid
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
:
i
)
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
test
in
g
in
lar
g
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
d
iv
er
s
e
s
am
p
les,
ii
)
cr
o
s
s
-
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
r
ep
licatio
n
to
e
v
alu
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
iii
)
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
HOT
S
p
r
o
f
iles
ev
o
lv
e
o
v
er
tim
e
an
d
ac
r
o
s
s
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
1
3
8
]
–
[
1
4
8
]
.
Su
ch
wo
r
k
wo
u
ld
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ex
te
r
n
al
v
alid
ity
an
d
clar
if
y
th
e
in
d
icato
r
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
'
s
co
n
tex
tu
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
its
u
tili
ty
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ev
al
u
atio
n
an
d
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
-
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
n
d
v
a
lid
ated
an
in
teg
r
ated
s
et
o
f
q
u
ality
in
d
icato
r
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
HOT
S
in
m
ath
em
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
co
r
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
CT
,
C
r
T
,
an
d
PS
.
T
h
e
in
d
icato
r
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
ex
p
er
t
FGDs
with
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
test
in
g
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
m
o
d
el
th
at
is
b
o
th
th
eo
r
etic
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
.
C
FA
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
tr
o
n
g
e
v
id
en
ce
o
f
m
o
d
el
–
d
ata
f
it
a
n
d
alig
n
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
HOT
S
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
an
d
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
e
in
d
ic
ato
r
s
ca
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
an
aly
tical,
g
en
er
ativ
e
,
an
d
ap
p
lied
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es in
an
in
teg
r
ated
m
an
n
er
.
Desp
ite
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
p
s
y
ch
o
m
et
r
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
with
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
am
p
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
co
n
tex
t.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
u
ld
r
ep
licate
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
with
lar
g
er
,
m
o
r
e
d
iv
er
s
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
test
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
els
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
es,
an
d
em
p
lo
y
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
tab
il
ity
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
s
en
s
iti
v
ity
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
icato
r
s
o
v
e
r
tim
e.
T
h
e
v
alid
ated
in
d
icato
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
r
ac
tic
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
HOT
S
-
o
r
ien
ted
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
th
at
tar
g
ets cr
itical,
cr
ea
tiv
e,
an
d
PS
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
with
in
m
ath
em
atics lea
r
n
in
g
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
th
e
v
alid
ated
i
n
d
icato
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
an
d
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
with
a
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
to
o
l
to
ev
alu
ate
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
o
id
en
tify
w
h
ich
asp
ec
ts
o
f
cr
itical,
cr
ea
tiv
e,
an
d
PS
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
.
At
th
e
p
o
licy
lev
el,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
n
atio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
alig
n
ed
with
t
h
e
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
d
em
an
d
e
d
b
y
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
lear
n
in
g
an
d
th
e
Me
r
d
ek
a
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
i
n
itiativ
es,
em
p
h
asizin
g
ad
ap
tiv
e
,
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
.
Fro
m
a
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
ass
ess
in
g
HOT
S
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
s
m
er
e
ev
alu
atio
n
—
it
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
h
if
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ep
is
tem
o
lo
g
y
to
war
d
cu
ltiv
atin
g
r
ef
lectiv
e,
cr
ea
tiv
e,
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
lear
n
e
r
s
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
th
e
r
e
v
is
ed
B
lo
o
m
'
s
t
ax
o
n
o
m
y
with
co
n
tex
tu
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
em
p
ir
ical
v
alid
atio
n
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
th
e
s
cien
ce
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Ultim
ately
,
th
e
v
alid
ated
HOT
S
in
d
icato
r
s
s
tan
d
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
at
io
n
al
s
tep
to
war
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
n
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
e
asu
r
es
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
b
u
t
also
in
s
p
ir
es
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
lear
n
e
r
s
th
in
k
,
cr
ea
te,
a
n
d
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
le
x
wo
r
ld
.
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