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ical
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
es
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
ar
e
n
o
t
m
er
ely
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
wea
k
n
ess
es;
th
ey
also
r
ef
lect
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
m
an
y
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
r
em
ain
s
g
en
er
al
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
t
o
th
e
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
wr
itin
g
d
em
a
n
d
s
en
c
o
u
n
ter
ed
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
co
u
r
s
es
an
d
later
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
[
4
]
,
[
8
]
.
R
esear
ch
in
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
r
elat
ed
f
ield
s
h
as
li
k
ewise
s
h
o
wn
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
m
o
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
in
wr
itin
g
tech
n
ical
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ce
,
p
r
o
ject
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
,
an
d
o
th
er
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
lin
k
ed
tex
ts
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
E
v
id
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
Asi
an
an
d
o
th
er
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
co
n
te
x
ts
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es a
r
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
.
Stu
d
ies in
T
h
ailan
d
,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
I
r
an
,
Pak
is
tan
,
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
ettin
g
s
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
wr
itin
g
b
u
t
s
till
f
ee
l
u
n
d
er
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
f
o
r
a
ca
d
em
ic
an
d
wo
r
k
p
lace
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
task
s
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
wr
itin
g
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
en
it
is
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
an
d
lin
k
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
to
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
6
]
,
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
co
n
tex
t,
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
r
e
m
ain
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
lim
ited
lo
ca
l
ev
id
en
ce
ex
is
ts
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
E
n
g
lis
h
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
civ
il
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
r
elatio
n
to
b
o
th
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
is
g
ap
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
ec
au
s
e
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
wr
ite
n
o
t
o
n
ly
g
r
am
m
atica
lly
c
o
r
r
ec
t
s
en
ten
ce
s
,
b
u
t
also
te
x
ts
th
at
r
ef
lect
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
s
o
f
th
eir
f
ield
a
n
d
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
a
ctice
[
3
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
es
th
e
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
E
n
g
lis
h
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
-
t
o
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
a
p
r
iv
ate
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
I
t
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
s
u
ch
as
g
r
a
m
m
ar
,
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
co
h
esio
n
,
as
well
as
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
-
r
elate
d
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
s
u
ch
as
tech
n
ical
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ies,
m
em
o
r
an
d
a,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
l
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
.
B
y
id
en
tif
y
i
n
g
th
ese
ar
ea
s
o
f
n
ee
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
e
v
id
en
ce
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
wr
itin
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t in
th
e
civ
il e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
[
4
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
C
iv
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
th
r
o
u
g
h
wr
itten
g
en
r
es
th
at
ar
e
ce
n
tr
al
to
b
o
th
ac
ad
e
m
ic
wo
r
k
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
Ho
wev
er
,
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
m
an
y
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
s
r
em
ain
s
b
r
o
ad
an
d
d
ec
o
n
tex
tu
aliz
ed
,
wh
ich
m
ay
leav
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
u
n
d
er
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
wr
itin
g
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
W
h
ile
p
r
io
r
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
h
as
id
en
tifie
d
wr
itin
g
ch
allen
g
es
am
o
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
em
p
h
asized
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
b
ased
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
lim
ited
r
esear
ch
h
as
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
p
a
r
ticu
lar
E
n
g
lis
h
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
co
n
tex
t,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
elatio
n
to
b
o
th
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
is
g
ap
lim
its
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
cu
r
r
icu
lar
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
f
ield
[
1
]
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
:
−
Dete
r
m
in
e
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
E
n
g
l
is
h
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
-
t
o
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
civ
il
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
a
p
r
iv
ate
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
in
r
elatio
n
to
f
o
u
n
d
ati
o
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
g
r
am
m
ar
,
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
a
n
d
co
h
esio
n
;
−
I
d
en
tify
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
er
ce
iv
ed
n
ee
d
s
i
n
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
ci
v
il
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
-
r
elate
d
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
tech
n
ical
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ies,
m
em
o
r
a
n
d
a,
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
;
−
Pro
v
id
e
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
wr
itin
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
to
th
e
ci
v
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
an
s
wer
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
E
n
g
l
is
h
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
-
to
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
r
elatio
n
to
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
?
−
W
h
at
ar
e
th
eir
p
er
ce
iv
ed
wr
i
tin
g
n
ee
d
s
i
n
r
elatio
n
to
ci
v
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
-
r
elate
d
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
s
u
ch
as
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ies,
m
em
o
r
an
d
a,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
?
−
Ho
w
ca
n
th
ese
id
en
tifie
d
n
e
ed
s
in
f
o
r
m
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
wr
itin
g
in
th
e
ci
v
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
de
s
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
q
u
an
tit
ativ
e,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e,
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
d
esig
n
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
was
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
an
d
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
E
n
g
lis
h
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
a
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
t
in
tim
e
r
ath
er
th
an
to
test
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
o
r
ev
alu
ate
an
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
two
d
o
m
ain
s
:
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
an
d
civ
il
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
-
r
elate
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
6
0
4
-
3
6
1
2
3606
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
was
also
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
g
en
e
r
atin
g
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
co
u
ld
in
f
o
r
m
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
o
r
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
wr
itin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Study
s
et
t
ing
a
nd
pa
rt
ic
ipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
at
a
p
r
iv
ate
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
Ma
r
awi
C
ity
,
L
a
n
a
o
d
el
Su
r
,
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
d
u
r
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
y
ea
r
2
0
2
2
–
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
n
am
e
o
f
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
is
wi
th
h
eld
f
o
r
eth
i
ca
l
r
ea
s
o
n
s
an
d
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
m
ad
e
with
s
ch
o
o
l
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
c
o
lleg
e
o
f
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
h
ad
a
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
1
,
0
5
9
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
to
f
o
u
r
th
y
e
ar
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
er
io
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
lim
ited
to
s
ec
o
n
d
-
to
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
wh
o
h
ad
alr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
r
elate
d
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
First
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
h
a
d
n
o
t
y
et
tak
en
E
n
g
lis
h
wr
itin
g
s
u
b
jects
an
d
h
ad
lim
ited
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
wr
itin
g
task
s
.
A
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
was
u
s
ed
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
m
e
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
an
d
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ele
v
an
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
b
o
t
h
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
E
n
g
lis
h
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
an
d
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
-
r
e
lated
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
1
6
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
et
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
an
d
ag
r
ee
d
to
p
ar
ticip
ate.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
wa
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
an
d
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
tar
g
et
g
r
o
u
p
with
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
as:
i
)
o
f
f
icial
ly
e
n
r
o
lled
in
th
e
s
elec
ted
co
lleg
e
d
u
r
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
y
ea
r
2
0
2
2
–
2
0
2
3
;
ii)
c
lass
i
f
ied
a
s
a
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
,
th
ir
d
-
y
ea
r
,
o
r
f
o
u
r
th
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
t;
iii)
w
illi
n
g
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
an
d
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t;
an
d
iv
)
c
omp
leted
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
as:
i)
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
ii)
n
on
-
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
r
f
a
cu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
;
iii)
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
d
ec
lin
ed
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
r
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
th
e
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
;
a
n
d
iv
)
i
n
co
m
p
lete
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
y
y
ea
r
lev
el
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
l
e
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
y
y
ea
r
lev
el
Y
e
a
r
le
v
e
l
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
f
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
S
e
c
o
n
d
y
e
a
r
69
3
1
.
9
4
Th
i
r
d
y
e
a
r
1
0
9
5
0
.
4
6
F
o
u
r
t
h
y
e
a
r
38
1
7
.
5
9
To
t
a
l
2
1
6
1
0
0
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
ins
t
rum
ent
a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
Data
wer
e
co
llected
u
s
in
g
a
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
ed
wr
itin
g
n
e
ed
s
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
5
item
s
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
ased
o
n
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
E
SP
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
wr
itin
g
,
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
ci
v
il
en
g
in
e
er
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
ee
d
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
o
r
g
an
ized
in
to
two
p
ar
ts
:
−
W
r
itin
g
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
s
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
5
item
s
co
v
er
in
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
s
u
ch
as
g
r
a
m
m
ar
,
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
co
h
esio
n
; a
n
d
−
Field
-
r
elate
d
wr
itin
g
o
u
t
p
u
ts
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
0
item
s
co
v
er
in
g
ci
v
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
-
r
elate
d
tex
ts
s
u
ch
as
tech
n
ical
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ies,
m
em
o
r
a
n
d
a,
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
.
All
item
s
wer
e
r
ated
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le:
5
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
,
4
=a
g
r
ee
,
3
=
n
eu
tr
al,
2
=d
is
ag
r
ee
,
an
d
1
=stro
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
.
Hig
h
e
r
s
co
r
es in
d
icate
d
g
r
ea
ter
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
.
T
o
estab
lis
h
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
r
e
v
iewe
d
b
y
th
r
ee
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
with
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
wr
iti
n
g
.
T
h
ey
e
v
alu
ated
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
clar
ity
,
r
elev
a
n
ce
,
a
n
d
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
o
b
tain
ed
a
m
e
an
ex
p
er
t
r
atin
g
o
f
4
.
5
5
,
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
h
ig
h
ly
v
a
lid
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ex
p
er
ts
’
co
m
m
en
ts
,
m
in
o
r
r
e
v
is
io
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
item
wo
r
d
in
g
a
n
d
clar
ity
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
th
en
p
i
lo
t
-
test
ed
to
ass
ess
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
ici
en
t
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
=0
.
9
2
)
in
d
icate
d
ex
ce
llen
t
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
ac
ce
p
te
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
7
0
f
o
r
s
o
cial
s
ci
en
ce
r
esear
ch
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
two
s
u
b
s
ca
les
al
s
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ac
ce
p
tab
le
to
ex
ce
llen
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
:
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
s
(
α
=0
.
7
9
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
f
ield
-
r
elate
d
wr
itin
g
o
u
tp
u
ts
(
α
=
0
.
9
0
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
e
x
ce
llen
t in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
a
d
m
in
is
ter
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
class
s
ess
io
n
s
with
th
e
p
e
r
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
c
o
u
r
s
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
.
B
ef
o
r
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
a
tio
n
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
ex
p
lain
ed
to
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
clar
if
ied
th
e
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
item
m
ea
n
in
g
s
wh
en
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
.
Af
ter
co
m
p
letio
n
,
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
co
ll
ec
ted
,
ch
ec
k
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
leten
ess
,
an
d
e
n
co
d
e
d
f
o
r
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
i
s
u
s
in
g
SP
S
S
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
s
s
es
s
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
w
r
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
fo
r
civil
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
…
(
S
itti
e
A
in
a
T.
P
a
n
d
a
p
a
ta
n
)
3607
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
i
s
T
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
[
2
1
]
.
Desc
r
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
e
d
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
E
n
g
lis
h
wr
iti
n
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
ath
er
t
h
an
to
test
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
[
2
2
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
p
e
r
ce
n
t
ag
e
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
;
m
ea
n
was
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
;
an
d
r
an
k
i
n
g
was
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
n
ee
d
s
with
in
ea
ch
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
Hig
h
er
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
in
d
icate
d
g
r
ea
ter
p
er
ce
iv
ed
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
tab
les
to
f
ac
ilit
a
te
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
f
o
u
n
d
ati
o
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
an
d
f
ield
-
r
e
lated
wr
itin
g
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
2
.
5
.
E
t
hica
l
co
ns
ider
a
t
io
ns
Par
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
.
All
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
C
o
n
f
id
en
tiality
an
d
an
o
n
y
m
ity
wer
e
m
ain
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
No
id
en
tif
y
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
,
an
d
t
h
e
n
am
e
o
f
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
was
with
h
eld
in
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
eth
ical
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
m
ad
e
with
s
ch
o
o
l
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
C
o
m
p
leted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es a
n
d
en
co
d
ed
d
a
ta
wer
e
s
to
r
ed
s
ec
u
r
ely
a
n
d
u
s
ed
s
o
lely
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
E
n
g
lis
h
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
2
1
6
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
o
r
g
a
n
ized
in
to
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
an
d
f
ield
-
r
elate
d
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
Me
an
s
co
r
es
an
d
r
an
k
o
r
d
er
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Hig
h
er
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es in
d
icate
g
r
ea
ter
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
.
3
.
1
.
F
o
un
da
t
io
na
l
writ
ing
s
kil
ls
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
p
er
ce
iv
ed
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
i
n
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
.
All
f
iv
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
b
tain
ed
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
n
ee
d
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
th
is
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
-
r
ated
item
was
w
r
itin
g
with
co
r
r
ec
t
g
r
am
m
ar
(
M=
4
.
7
3
)
,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
wr
itin
g
co
r
r
ec
t
an
d
clea
r
s
en
ten
ce
s
(
M=
4
.
6
3
)
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
t
o
wr
ite
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
esis
s
tatem
en
ts
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
d
etails
was
also
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
p
er
c
eiv
ed
(
M=
4
.
5
5
)
.
T
h
e
lo
west
-
r
ated
item
was
u
s
in
g
co
h
esiv
e
d
ev
ices
to
co
n
n
ec
t
id
ea
s
in
wr
itin
g
(
M=
4
.
0
9
)
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
till
r
ef
lecte
d
a
cle
ar
n
ee
d
f
o
r
wr
itin
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
m
ea
n
f
o
r
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
was
4
.
4
7
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
v
er
y
h
ig
h
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
n
ee
d
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
g
r
am
m
ar
,
s
en
ten
ce
clar
ity
,
an
d
id
ea
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
ar
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
wr
itin
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Per
ce
iv
e
d
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
in
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
M
e
a
n
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
R
a
n
k
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
w
i
t
h
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
g
r
a
mm
a
r
4
.
7
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
1
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
a
n
d
c
l
e
a
r
se
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
4
.
6
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
2
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
t
h
e
s
i
s s
t
a
t
e
me
n
t
s a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
d
e
t
a
i
l
s o
f
a
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
t
o
p
i
c
4
.
5
5
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
3
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
u
se
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
p
u
n
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
mar
k
s i
n
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
4
.
3
5
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
4
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
l
y
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
d
e
a
s i
n
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
u
si
n
g
c
o
h
e
s
i
v
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
4
.
0
9
A
g
r
e
e
5
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
me
a
n
4
.
4
7
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
3
.
2
.
F
ield
-
re
la
t
ed
writ
t
en
o
utput
s
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
iv
ed
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
in
f
ield
-
r
elate
d
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
-
r
ated
item
was
wr
itin
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
(
M=
4
.
5
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
n
s
id
er
ed
r
ep
o
r
t
wr
itin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
.
T
h
is
was
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
wr
itin
g
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ies
o
r
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
(
M=
4
.
3
8
)
an
d
wr
itin
g
f
o
r
m
al
o
r
tr
a
n
s
m
ittal
letter
s
(
M=
4
.
3
8
)
.
Stu
d
en
ts
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
tr
o
n
g
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
n
ee
d
s
in
wr
itin
g
m
em
o
r
an
d
a,
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
r
ef
er
en
ce
lis
ts
co
r
r
ec
tly
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
g
r
a
p
h
s
an
d
ch
ar
ts
clea
r
ly
a
n
d
p
r
ec
i
s
ely
.
T
h
e
l
o
west
-
r
ated
item
was
wr
itin
g
m
in
u
tes
o
f
th
e
m
ee
tin
g
(
M=
4
.
0
8
)
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
co
r
e
s
till
in
d
ica
tes
a
n
o
tab
le
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
.
Ov
e
r
all,
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
m
e
an
f
o
r
f
ield
-
r
elate
d
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
was
4
.
2
7
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
h
ig
h
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
n
e
ed
in
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
p
er
c
eiv
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
civ
il e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tice.
3
.
3
.
O
v
er
a
ll c
o
m
pa
riso
n o
f
t
he
t
wo
ca
t
eg
o
ries
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
lig
h
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
p
er
ce
iv
ed
n
ee
d
s
in
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
(
M=
4
.
4
7
)
th
an
i
n
f
ield
-
r
elate
d
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
(
M=
4
.
2
7
)
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
ec
o
g
n
i
ze
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
wr
itin
g
task
s
in
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
th
ey
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
6
0
4
-
3
6
1
2
3608
p
er
ce
iv
e
a
n
ev
e
n
g
r
ea
ter
n
ee
d
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
b
asic
wr
itin
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
o
s
e
task
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icat
e
th
at
wr
itin
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
c
iv
il
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
a
d
d
r
ess
b
o
th
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
a
b
ilit
ies an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
-
r
elate
d
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Per
ce
iv
e
d
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
in
f
ield
-
r
elate
d
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
M
e
a
n
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
R
a
n
k
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
r
e
p
o
r
t
s re
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
4
.
5
1
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
1
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
a
n
e
x
e
c
u
t
i
v
e
s
u
mm
a
r
y
o
r
a
b
st
r
a
c
t
f
o
r
a
r
e
p
o
r
t
4
.
3
8
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
2
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
a
f
o
r
ma
l
l
e
t
t
e
r
s
u
c
h
a
s
a
t
r
a
n
sm
i
t
t
a
l
l
e
t
t
e
r
4
.
3
8
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
2
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
a
m
e
m
o
r
a
n
d
u
m w
i
t
h
i
t
s
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
f
o
r
m
a
t
4
.
3
4
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
4
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
l
i
st
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
w
a
y
4
.
3
1
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
5
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
g
r
a
p
h
s a
n
d
c
h
a
r
t
s
t
h
a
t
p
r
e
se
n
t
d
a
t
a
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
a
n
d
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
l
y
4
.
2
6
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
6
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
a
r
é
s
u
m
é
f
o
r
w
o
r
k
4
.
2
5
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
7
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
w
o
r
k
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
e
m
a
i
l
s
4
.
1
3
A
g
r
e
e
8
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
a
c
o
v
e
r
l
e
t
t
e
r
f
o
r
w
o
r
k
.
4
.
1
0
A
g
r
e
e
9
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
h
o
w
t
o
w
r
i
t
e
mi
n
u
t
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
e
t
i
n
g
.
4
.
0
8
A
g
r
e
e
10
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
me
a
n
4.
2
7
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
ep
o
r
te
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
wr
itin
g
n
ee
d
s
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
an
d
f
ield
-
r
elate
d
wr
itten
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wr
itin
g
ch
allen
g
es
ar
e
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
lev
el
la
n
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
n
o
r
ar
e
th
ey
co
n
f
in
ed
to
s
p
ec
ialized
tech
n
ical
g
en
r
es.
R
ath
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
d
if
f
icu
lty
i
n
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
k
in
d
s
o
f
wr
itten
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ex
p
ec
ted
in
civ
i
l
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
wo
r
k
in
ac
ad
em
ic
liter
ac
ies
a
n
d
E
SP
,
wh
ich
a
r
g
u
es
t
h
at
wr
itin
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
o
d
as
a
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
r
ac
tice
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
c
o
n
tex
t,
g
en
r
e
,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
r
ath
er
t
h
an
as a
p
u
r
ely
g
e
n
er
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ill
[
2
2
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wr
it
in
g
s
k
ills
,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
er
ce
iv
ed
n
ee
d
s
wer
e
r
elate
d
to
g
r
am
m
ar
,
s
en
ten
ce
clar
ity
,
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
id
ea
s
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
in
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
an
d
Glo
b
al
So
u
th
co
n
te
x
ts
,
o
f
ten
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
s
en
ten
ce
-
lev
el
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
t
th
at
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
g
en
er
al
E
n
g
lis
h
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
alo
n
e
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
p
r
ep
a
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
wr
itin
g
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
s
tu
d
y
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
en
s
e,
th
e
is
s
u
e
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
b
u
t
also
th
e
ex
ten
t to
wh
ic
h
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
in
d
u
cted
i
n
to
th
e
wr
itin
g
p
r
a
ctice
s
o
f
th
eir
f
ield
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
n
f
i
el
d
-
r
e
lat
e
d
wr
i
tte
n
o
u
t
p
u
ts
p
o
i
n
t
in
t
h
e
s
am
e
d
i
r
e
cti
o
n
.
St
u
d
en
ts
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
t
h
e
g
r
ea
test
n
ee
d
i
n
wr
i
ti
n
g
e
n
g
i
n
e
er
i
n
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
ex
ec
u
ti
v
e
s
u
m
m
ar
i
es
o
r
a
b
s
tr
ac
ts
,
f
o
r
m
al
le
tte
r
s
,
an
d
m
em
o
r
a
n
d
a
,
all
o
f
w
h
i
ch
ar
e
c
en
tr
al
g
e
n
r
es
in
ci
v
il
e
n
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
o
n
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
b
e
ca
u
s
e
ci
v
il
en
g
i
n
e
er
in
g
w
r
it
in
g
is
cl
o
s
el
y
ti
ed
t
o
p
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
a
l
ac
t
i
o
n
:
r
e
p
o
r
ts
,
s
u
m
m
a
r
ies
,
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ce
d
o
n
o
t
m
e
r
el
y
p
r
ese
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
,
b
u
t
als
o
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
j
u
s
ti
f
y
d
esi
g
n
s
,
an
d
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ate
te
c
h
n
ica
l
w
o
r
k
[
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
a
l
i
g
n
w
it
h
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
h
o
wi
n
g
t
h
a
t
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
e
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
c
e
a
g
a
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
c
l
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
w
r
it
i
n
g
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
p
l
a
c
e
-
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
c
i
v
il
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
y
a
ls
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
t
h
a
t
d
i
s
ci
p
l
i
n
e
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
ti
o
n
c
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
w
h
e
n
g
e
n
r
e
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
r
h
e
t
o
r
i
ca
l
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
a
r
e
t
a
u
g
h
t
e
x
p
li
c
i
tly
[
2
8
]
.
T
ak
en
t
o
g
eth
er
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
wr
itin
g
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
in
civ
il
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
tr
ea
ted
as
a
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
d
eliv
er
ed
o
n
l
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
en
er
al
E
n
g
lis
h
s
u
b
jects.
I
n
s
tead
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
m
o
r
e
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
wh
ic
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
p
e
cialist
s
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
f
ac
u
lty
wo
r
k
to
g
et
h
er
t
o
em
b
ed
wr
itin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
wit
h
in
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
Su
ch
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
o
u
ld
allo
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
b
o
th
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
wr
itten
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
f
am
iliar
ity
with
th
e
g
en
r
es
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
to
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
ac
tice.
I
n
th
is
way
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
a
c
o
n
te
x
t
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
P
h
il
i
p
p
i
n
e
c
as
e
t
o
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
ac
ad
em
ic
liter
ac
ies,
an
d
c
u
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
r
ef
o
r
m
in
th
e
Glo
b
al
So
u
th
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ed
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
civ
il
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
y
in
d
icate
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
wr
itin
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
with
in
th
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
E
SP
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
d
em
an
d
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
civ
il
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
wr
itin
g
task
s
s
u
ch
as
tech
n
ical
r
e
p
o
r
ts
,
ex
e
cu
tiv
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ies,
m
em
o
r
an
d
a,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
l
co
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p
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m
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C
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ce
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ch
in
itiativ
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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N:
2252
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ACK
NO
WL
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DG
M
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v
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co
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,
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ess
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th
is
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ch
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Ap
p
r
ec
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n
is
also
ex
ten
d
ed
to
Dr
.
Ma
h
id
Ma
n
g
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tar
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m
,
Dir
e
cto
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s
titu
te
o
f
R
esear
ch
an
d
C
r
ea
tio
n
,
Min
d
an
a
o
State
Un
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s
ity
–
Ma
in
,
f
o
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h
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g
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ce
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au
th
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s
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u
ld
lik
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to
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a
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k
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.
An
n
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C
.
B
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t
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h
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Dev
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F
UNDING
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NF
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Au
th
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r
s
d
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Ab
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J
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Alan
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h
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Al
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An
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Hu
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
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c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
6
0
4
-
3
6
1
2
3610
E
T
H
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CAL AP
P
RO
V
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th
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p
r
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to
co
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e
s
tr
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f
o
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r
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g
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All
p
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e
in
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o
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ab
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tu
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y
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o
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p
r
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v
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Natio
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DATA AV
AI
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AB
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h
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ata
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co
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r
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,
[
SAF],
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
J.
R
i
e
m
e
r
,
“
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
a
n
d
c
o
mm
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t
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,
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l
o
b
a
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o
u
r
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f
En
g
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n
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e
ri
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E
d
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c
a
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,
v
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l
.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
1
–
1
0
0
,
2
0
0
2
.
[
2
]
H
.
J.
P
a
ss
o
w
a
n
d
C
.
H
.
P
a
sso
w
,
“
W
h
a
t
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
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t
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e
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g
p
r
o
g
r
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ms
e
mp
h
a
s
i
z
e
?
A
s
y
st
e
ma
t
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c
r
e
v
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w
,
”
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o
u
r
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a
l
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g
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n
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E
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.
1
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p
.
4
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–
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6
,
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.
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o
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:
1
0
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1
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/
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.
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0
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.
[
3
]
S
.
C
o
n
r
a
d
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
p
r
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c
t
i
t
i
o
n
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n
d
st
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t
w
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t
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v
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l
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g
,
”
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o
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rn
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l
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g
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r
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Ed
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t
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,
v
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l
.
1
0
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o
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,
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.
1
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–
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,
A
p
r
.
2
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,
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o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
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/
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.
2
0
1
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1
.
[
4
]
W
.
M
.
D
e
ss
i
e
,
H
.
K
.
B
e
w
u
k
e
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[
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6
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