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15
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4
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Au
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20
26
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3
4
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3490
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n
h
as
b
ee
n
p
ai
d
to
th
e
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
eten
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
ese
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Mo
v
em
en
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
an
d
em
b
o
d
ied
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
is
s
u
e.
E
m
b
o
d
i
ed
co
g
n
itio
n
th
eo
r
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
lear
n
in
g
is
clo
s
ely
lin
k
ed
t
o
b
o
d
ily
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Similar
ly
,
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
em
p
h
asizes
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
r
e
f
lectio
n
as k
ey
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
cies [
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
in
d
icate
th
at
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eo
r
etica
l
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
alo
n
e
b
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
r
ac
tice,
m
o
v
em
e
n
t,
an
d
d
i
r
ec
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ic
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
m
o
v
e
m
en
t a
n
d
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t in
to
teac
h
e
r
tr
ain
in
g
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
k
lax
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
a
m
o
v
em
en
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
an
d
p
r
a
ctice
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
tes
m
o
to
r
c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
s
p
atial
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
em
b
o
d
ie
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
a
n
d
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
ac
tiv
ities
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
k
lax
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
ap
p
lied
in
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
its
ap
p
licatio
n
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
r
esch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
r
em
ai
n
s
in
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
lack
o
f
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
ex
am
in
i
n
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
t
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
k
lax
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
am
o
n
g
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
r
esch
o
o
l te
ac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
k
la
x
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
e
r
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
eten
ce
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
e
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it
ex
am
in
e
d
o
v
er
all
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
,
id
en
tifie
d
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
g
r
ea
test
g
ain
s
,
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
o
u
tco
m
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
it
s
em
p
ir
ical
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
k
l
ax
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
as
a
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
o
wn
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
U
n
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
h
a
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
class
r
o
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
o
r
h
ea
lth
-
r
elate
d
r
is
k
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
if
ts
th
e
f
o
cu
s
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
with
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
was
h
y
p
o
th
esize
d
th
at
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
k
lax
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
wo
u
l
d
lead
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
lev
els o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
r
e
-
test
/p
o
s
t
-
test
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
esig
n
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
k
lax
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
in
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
esch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
.
Su
ch
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
ap
p
lied
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
wh
en
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
ar
e
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
in
r
ea
l
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
f
u
ll
r
an
d
o
m
izatio
n
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
v
e
r
o
n
e
ac
ad
em
ic
s
em
ester
(
1
4
we
ek
s
)
at
Ab
ai
Kaz
ak
h
Natio
n
al
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Kaz
a
k
h
s
tan
.
A
to
tal
o
f
8
4
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
a
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
an
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=4
2
)
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=4
2
)
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
as
th
ey
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
e
av
ailab
le
co
h
o
r
t
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
-
an
d
th
ir
d
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
ad
alr
ea
d
y
co
m
p
leted
b
asic
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
c
o
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
an
d
wer
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
with
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
wh
en
th
e
aim
is
to
ass
ess
co
m
p
eten
ce
with
in
a
s
p
ec
if
i
c
tr
ain
in
g
co
n
tex
t
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Par
ticip
atio
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
,
an
d
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
p
r
i
o
r
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
s
ev
er
al
s
tag
es.
First,
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
m
p
leted
a
p
r
e
-
test
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
eir
in
itial
lev
el
o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
to
o
k
p
ar
t
in
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
k
lax
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
tin
u
ed
th
eir
r
eg
u
lar
lec
tu
r
e
-
b
ased
tr
ai
n
in
g
with
o
u
t
an
y
tar
g
eted
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t.
T
h
e
k
lax
-
b
a
s
ed
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
in
clu
d
e
d
a
s
et
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
m
o
v
em
en
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
ac
tiv
ities
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
m
o
d
u
lar
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
task
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
o
r
g
an
ize
s
p
ac
e
an
d
c
r
ea
te
er
g
o
n
o
m
ically
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
B
alan
ce
an
d
p
o
s
tu
r
e
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
ex
er
cises
h
elp
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
e
co
m
e
m
o
r
e
awa
r
e
o
f
b
o
d
y
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
s
tu
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
task
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
m
ak
er
-
p
r
o
jects
wer
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
to
r
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
atio
n
,
s
p
atial
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
team
wo
r
k
s
k
i
lls
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tiv
e,
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f e
r
g
o
n
o
mic
s
kills
o
f fu
tu
r
e
tea
ch
ers
o
f p
r
esch
o
o
l o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
s
b
a
s
ed
…
(
F
eru
z
a
A
b
d
r
imo
va
)
3491
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
g
r
ad
u
ally
b
ec
am
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
o
v
er
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
e
m
e
s
t
e
r
.
Fi
n
a
l
l
y
,
a
p
o
s
t
-
t
es
t
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
t
o
as
s
ess
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
e
r
g
o
n
o
m
i
c
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
E
r
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
wer
e
as
s
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
s
ca
le
(
E
SD
S),
wh
ich
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
ev
alu
atin
g
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
o
u
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
m
e
asu
r
ed
o
n
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le:
s
p
atial
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
h
ea
lth
-
p
r
eser
v
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
b
eh
av
io
r
,
p
o
s
tu
r
al
er
g
o
n
o
m
ics,
an
d
m
o
to
r
s
elf
-
r
e
g
u
latio
n
.
L
ik
er
t
-
t
y
p
e
s
ca
les
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
attitu
d
es,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
lev
els
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
[
1
6
]
.
B
ef
o
r
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
r
ev
iewe
d
b
y
two
ex
p
er
ts
in
er
g
o
n
o
m
ics
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
its
clar
ity
an
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ili
ty
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
was
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
with
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
0
.
8
7
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
h
ig
h
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ac
ad
em
ic
s
em
ester
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
All
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
f
o
r
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
in
clu
d
ed
b
o
t
h
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
in
f
e
r
en
tial
s
tatis
t
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
f
n
o
r
m
ality
a
n
d
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
wer
e
test
ed
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
we
r
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
s
atis
f
ied
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
(
m
ea
n
s
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
ia
tio
n
s
)
wer
e
u
s
ed
t
o
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
lev
els
o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
a
p
air
e
d
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
was
ap
p
lied
to
ass
es
s
ch
an
g
es
with
in
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
a
n
d
an
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
was
u
s
ed
to
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
was
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
[
2
1
]
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tatis
t
ical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
was
s
et
at
p
<0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ill
lev
els,
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es,
an
d
ch
an
g
es a
cr
o
s
s
d
if
f
e
r
en
t c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
e
r
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
les 1
–
5
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.1
.
B
a
s
eline
equiv
a
lence
o
f
g
ro
up
s
T
h
e
b
aselin
e
lev
els
o
f
e
r
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
ta
l g
r
o
u
p
,
4
5
.
2
% o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
,
4
0
.
5
%
a
m
ed
iu
m
lev
el,
a
n
d
1
4
.
3
%
a
h
ig
h
lev
el.
A
s
im
ilar
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
w
h
er
e
4
7
.
6
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
at
th
e
lo
w
lev
el,
3
8
.
1
%
at
th
e
m
ed
iu
m
lev
el,
an
d
1
4
.
3
%
at
th
e
h
ig
h
lev
el.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
ad
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
le
v
els o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
p
r
io
r
to
t
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
Statis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
et
wee
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
at
th
e
b
aselin
e
s
tag
e
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
is
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
in
itially
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
et
en
ce
.
Su
ch
b
aselin
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
e
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
allo
ws
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
ch
a
n
g
e
s
to
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
p
r
e
-
e
x
is
tin
g
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
itial
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
il
ls
lev
el
Le
v
e
l
EG
(
n
=
4
2
)
(
%)
C
G
(
n
=
4
2
)
(
%)
Lo
w
4
5
.
2
4
7
.
6
M
e
d
i
u
m
4
0
.
5
3
8
.
1
H
i
g
h
1
4
.
3
1
4
.
3
3
.
2
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
k
la
x
peda
g
o
g
y
o
n e
rg
o
no
m
ic
s
k
ills
dev
elo
pm
ent
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
in
T
ab
le
2
,
in
d
icate
n
o
tab
le
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
o
f
k
la
x
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
f
r
o
m
1
4
.
3
%
to
5
2
.
4
%,
wh
ile
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
th
e
lo
w
lev
el
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
4
5
.
2
%
to
9
.
5
%.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
e
x
h
ib
ited
o
n
ly
m
in
o
r
c
h
an
g
es,
with
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
em
ain
in
g
with
in
th
e
lo
w
a
n
d
m
ed
iu
m
lev
els.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
k
lax
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
ities
was
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
m
ar
k
e
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
in
T
ab
le
3
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
E
r
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
lev
el
af
ter
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
Le
v
e
l
EG
(
n
=
4
2
)
(
%)
C
G
(
n
=
4
2
)
(
%)
Lo
w
9
.
5
4
0
.
5
M
e
d
i
u
m
3
8
.
1
4
2
.
9
H
i
g
h
5
2
.
4
1
6
.
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
4
8
9
-
3
4
9
6
3492
T
ab
le
3
.
Me
an
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
il
l sco
r
es
G
r
o
u
p
Pre
-
t
e
st
(
M
±
S
D
)
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
(
M
±
S
D
)
EG
2
.
6
8
±
0
.
4
1
4
.
1
2
±
0
.
3
6
CG
2
.
7
1
±
0
.
3
9
2
.
8
9
±
0
.
4
2
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
2
.
6
8
±
0
.
4
1
(
p
r
e
-
tes
t)
to
4
.
1
2
±
0
.
3
6
(
p
o
s
t
-
test
)
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
o
n
ly
a
s
lig
h
t
in
c
r
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
2
.
7
1
±
0
.
3
9
to
2
.
8
9
±
0
.
4
2
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
g
r
ea
ter
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
e
r
g
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
m
p
eten
c
e
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
o
s
ed
t
o
k
lax
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
-
b
ased
t
r
ain
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ap
p
lied
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
.
As
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
4
,
s
tatis
t
ical
test
in
g
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
ch
an
g
e
s
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
t(
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1
)
=
9
.
8
4
,
p
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.
0
0
1
)
,
an
d
th
at
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
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th
e
g
r
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u
p
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wer
e
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tatis
tically
s
ig
n
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ican
t
(
t(
8
2
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.
7
3
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0
0
1
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.
T
h
e
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lcu
lated
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
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lar
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C
o
h
en
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s
d
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.
4
2
)
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
o
n
g
em
p
ir
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
k
lax
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
in
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
s
tatis
tica
l a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
P
a
i
r
e
d
t
-
t
e
s
t
(
EG
)
I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
t
-
t
e
s
t
(
p
o
st
-
t
e
s
t
)
Ef
f
e
c
t
si
z
e
(
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
d
)
t
=
9
.
8
4
,
p
<
0
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0
0
1
t
=
6
.
7
3
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
d
=
1
.
4
2
(
l
a
r
g
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
)
3
.
3
.
Dev
el
o
pm
ent
o
f
er
g
o
no
m
ic
co
m
pet
ence
co
m
po
nents
A
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
ab
le
5
.
All
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
an
g
es
af
ter
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
k
lax
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
ex
te
n
t
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
v
a
r
ied
ac
r
o
s
s
th
em
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
n
o
ticea
b
le
g
ain
s
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
p
o
s
tu
r
al
er
g
o
n
o
m
ics
(
Δ
=+
1
.
6
4
)
an
d
s
p
atial
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
Δ
=+
1
.
4
5
)
.
Mo
to
r
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
(
Δ
=+
1
.
3
9
)
an
d
h
ea
lth
-
p
r
eser
v
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
(
Δ
=+
1
.
2
9
)
also
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
,
b
u
t to
a
s
lig
h
tly
les
s
er
d
eg
r
ee
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
p
o
s
t
u
r
e
an
d
s
p
atial
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
c
an
b
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
k
lax
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
ities
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
l
v
e
ac
tiv
e
m
o
v
em
en
t,
b
o
d
y
a
war
en
ess
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
ep
ea
ted
p
r
ac
tice,
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
in
cip
les
b
u
t
also
b
eg
a
n
to
ap
p
ly
th
em
in
a
m
o
r
e
n
atu
r
al
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
way
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
m
a
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t d
ee
p
er
in
ter
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
wi
n
g
th
at
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
eten
c
e
d
ev
elo
p
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
r
ath
er
th
a
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eo
r
etica
l
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
alo
n
e
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
teac
h
er
s
a
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
r
is
k
s
s
u
ch
as
awk
war
d
p
o
s
tu
r
es
an
d
r
ep
etitiv
e
m
o
v
em
en
ts
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
9
]
.
Fro
m
t
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
lin
k
e
d
to
t
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
-
b
ased
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Gr
o
wth
b
y
e
r
g
o
n
o
m
i
c
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
Pre
-
t
e
st
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
Δ
P
o
st
u
r
a
l
e
r
g
o
n
o
mi
c
s
2
.
6
1
4
.
2
5
+
1
.
6
4
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
2
.
7
3
4
.
1
8
+
1
.
4
5
M
o
t
o
r
se
l
f
-
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2
.
6
6
4
.
0
5
+
1
.
3
9
H
e
a
l
t
h
-
p
r
e
ser
v
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
2
.
7
2
4
.
0
1
+
1
.
2
9
3
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n o
f
f
ind
ing
s
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
th
at
k
la
x
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
g
r
ea
ter
i
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
i
n
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
esch
o
o
l
teac
h
e
r
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
r
e
f
lecte
d
in
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
ey
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
m
o
v
em
en
t
-
b
ased
an
d
ex
p
er
ie
n
tial
n
atu
r
e
o
f
k
lax
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
cr
ea
tes
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ap
p
lied
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lectu
r
e
-
b
ased
in
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
w
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
in
cip
les b
u
t a
ls
o
to
a
p
p
ly
t
h
em
in
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
is
,
in
tu
r
n
,
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
teac
h
er
s
a
r
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
t
o
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
r
is
k
s
.
T
h
ese
r
is
k
s
in
clu
d
e
m
u
s
cu
lo
s
k
eleta
l
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
s
tan
d
in
g
,
r
ep
etitiv
e
m
o
v
em
e
n
ts
,
an
d
a
wk
war
d
p
o
s
tu
r
es
[
2
6
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
F
r
o
m
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
i
n
teg
r
ati
n
g
er
g
o
n
o
m
ics
in
to
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
elev
an
t
b
u
t
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
a
p
r
e
v
en
tiv
e
a
n
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
-
b
ased
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
E
v
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&
R
es E
d
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c
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f e
r
g
o
n
o
mic
s
kills
o
f fu
tu
r
e
tea
ch
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o
f p
r
esch
o
o
l o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
s
b
a
s
ed
…
(
F
eru
z
a
A
b
d
r
imo
va
)
3493
s
tr
ateg
y
.
Dev
elo
p
i
n
g
e
r
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
d
u
r
in
g
tr
ain
in
g
m
ay
h
elp
r
e
d
u
ce
l
o
n
g
-
te
r
m
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
f
u
tu
r
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teac
h
er
s
m
ay
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av
e
lim
ited
f
am
iliar
it
y
with
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
o
f
k
lax
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
in
d
icate
s
a
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
t
h
eir
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
an
ess
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
teac
h
er
s
'
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
3
1
]
.
Similar
is
s
u
es
h
av
e
b
e
en
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
in
s
u
f
f
i
cien
t
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ca
n
lim
it
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
n
ew
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
3
2
]
.
Fro
m
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
tar
g
eted
tr
ain
in
g
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
teac
h
er
s
’
c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
e
y
also
f
ac
ili
tate
th
e
ad
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
k
lax
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
m
a
y
h
elp
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
I
t
d
o
es
s
o
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
i
ties
f
o
r
ac
tiv
e,
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
lim
ited
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
id
ea
th
at
th
e
o
r
etica
l
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
alo
n
e
m
a
y
n
o
t b
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
in
c
ip
les
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
teac
h
er
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
q
u
a
lity
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
en
h
an
cin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
in
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
k
lax
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
a
p
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
in
g
b
o
th
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
h
ea
lth
-
p
r
eser
v
in
g
p
r
ac
tices in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
to
a
d
ee
p
e
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
e
r
g
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
is
f
o
r
m
e
d
with
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
u
ch
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
th
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
I
n
s
tead
,
it
d
ev
elo
p
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tiv
e
p
r
ac
tice,
r
ef
lectio
n
,
an
d
in
ter
a
ctio
n
with
r
ea
l
task
s
.
B
y
in
t
eg
r
atin
g
co
g
n
itiv
e,
p
h
y
s
ical,
an
d
s
p
atial
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
k
lax
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
cr
ea
tes
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
le
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
h
a
v
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
a
n
d
p
o
licy
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
m
o
v
em
en
t
-
b
ased
e
r
g
o
n
o
m
ic
t
r
ain
in
g
in
to
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
m
a
y
e
n
h
an
ce
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
I
t
m
ay
also
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
wo
r
k
-
r
elate
d
p
h
y
s
ical
s
tr
ain
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
er
g
o
n
o
m
ics
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
m
o
d
u
les
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
cu
r
r
icu
la
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
h
ea
lth
-
p
r
eser
v
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
aim
e
d
at
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
wh
eth
e
r
k
lax
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
esch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
ed
in
k
lax
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
ities
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
o
s
e
tr
ain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
n
o
tice
ab
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
p
o
s
tu
r
e,
s
p
atial
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
s
cio
u
s
u
s
e
o
f
b
o
d
y
m
o
v
em
en
ts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
i
n
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
eo
r
eti
ca
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
em
ain
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
o
n
its
o
wn
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
p
p
lied
e
r
g
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
k
ills
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
k
la
x
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
cr
ea
tes
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ac
tiv
ely
ap
p
l
y
a
n
d
i
n
ter
n
aliz
e
er
g
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
in
ci
p
les,
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
s
tab
le
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
h
ab
its
an
d
h
ea
lth
-
p
r
eser
v
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
teac
h
e
r
s
ar
e
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
f
am
ili
ar
with
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
k
lax
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
wh
ich
m
ay
lim
it
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
i
n
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
r
o
a
d
er
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
u
c
h
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
to
teac
h
er
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Ov
e
r
all,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esear
c
h
o
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
at
k
lax
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
ca
n
s
er
v
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
as
a
to
o
l
f
o
r
ch
ild
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
b
u
t
also
a
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
in
g
lar
g
er
s
am
p
les
an
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
wo
u
ld
h
elp
t
o
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
th
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
an
d
h
o
w
wid
ely
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
i
n
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
e
x
te
r
n
al
f
u
n
d
in
g
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
4
8
9
-
3
4
9
6
3494
Na
m
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Fer
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Ab
d
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im
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Sh
o
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lu
m
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ev
a
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a
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s
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h
y
g
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v
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Gu
ln
u
r
Am
ir
zh
a
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v
a
✓
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Saltan
at
Kh
ass
an
o
v
a
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
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r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
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a
c
q
u
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NF
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T
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N
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R
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T
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M
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Au
th
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r
s
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tate
n
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co
n
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lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
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NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
W
e
h
av
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t f
r
o
m
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
h
u
m
a
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
eth
ical
r
esear
ch
p
r
in
cip
les,
in
clu
d
in
g
an
o
n
y
m
it
y
,
co
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
,
an
d
v
o
lu
n
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