I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
26
,
p
p
.
3
4
9
7
~
3
5
0
7
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
15
i
4
.
3
9
3
1
4
3497
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Dig
ital eco
peda
g
o
g
y
-
ba
sed co
unselin
g
f
o
r cyberbu
lly
ing
prev
ention a
mo
n
g
vo
ca
tiona
l high
scho
o
l student
s
Nina
P
er
m
a
t
a
Sa
ri,
H
endro
Yuliu
s
Su
ry
o
P
utr
o
,
M
uh
a
m
m
a
d Andri Set
ia
wa
n
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
G
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
C
o
u
n
se
l
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Te
a
c
h
e
r
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
L
a
m
b
u
n
g
M
a
n
g
k
u
r
a
t
,
B
a
n
j
a
r
m
a
si
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Mar
2
,
2
0
2
6
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
n
26
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
l
12
,
2
0
2
6
Cy
b
e
rb
u
ll
y
in
g
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
g
ro
wi
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
rn
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
in
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
h
ig
h
sc
h
o
o
ls,
p
a
rt
icu
larly
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
c
o
n
tex
ts
wh
e
re
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
u
n
se
li
n
g
o
ften
stru
g
g
les
to
a
d
d
re
ss
o
n
li
n
e
a
g
g
re
ss
io
n
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
T
h
is
st
u
d
y
e
v
a
lu
a
ted
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
d
i
g
it
a
l
e
c
o
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
-
b
a
se
d
c
o
u
n
se
li
n
g
(DEBC),
a
str
u
c
tu
re
d
d
i
g
it
a
l
c
o
u
n
se
li
n
g
in
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
b
in
e
s
in
tera
c
ti
v
e
o
n
li
n
e
m
o
d
u
les
,
e
c
o
lo
g
ica
l
re
flec
ti
o
n
tas
k
s,
p
e
e
r
m
e
n
to
rin
g
,
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
se
lo
r
-
g
u
i
d
e
d
d
isc
u
ss
io
n
s,
i
n
p
re
v
e
n
ti
n
g
c
y
b
e
rb
u
ll
y
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
Ka
li
m
a
n
tan
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
A
q
u
a
si
-
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
d
e
sig
n
in
v
o
lv
e
d
1
8
0
st
u
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
six
sc
h
o
o
l
c
o
u
n
se
lo
rs
fro
m
th
re
e
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sc
h
o
o
ls,
wit
h
a
n
e
i
g
h
t
-
we
e
k
in
t
e
rv
e
n
ti
o
n
fo
r
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
fa
c
e
-
to
-
fa
c
e
c
o
u
n
se
li
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
tro
l
g
ro
u
p
.
Da
ta
we
re
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
t
h
ro
u
g
h
p
re
-
tes
t
a
n
d
p
o
st
-
tes
t
c
y
b
e
rb
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
sc
a
les
,
su
p
p
o
rted
b
y
i
n
terv
iew
s,
fo
c
u
s
g
ro
u
p
d
isc
u
ss
io
n
s
,
a
n
d
o
b
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
s.
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
g
ro
u
p
sh
o
we
d
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
tl
y
g
re
a
ter
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
s
i
n
c
y
b
e
rb
u
ll
y
in
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
(N
-
G
a
in
=
0
.
4
5
–
0
.
6
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
th
a
n
th
e
c
o
n
tro
l
g
ro
u
p
(N
-
G
a
in
=
0
.
1
2
–
0
.
1
8
).
Qu
a
li
tati
v
e
fin
d
in
g
s
fu
rth
e
r
re
v
e
a
led
in
c
re
a
se
d
e
m
p
a
th
y
,
stro
n
g
e
r
p
e
e
r
su
p
p
o
rt,
a
n
d
m
o
re
re
flec
ti
v
e
d
ig
it
a
l
d
e
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
stu
d
e
n
ts.
Th
e
se
fin
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
a
t
DEBC
o
ffe
rs
a
n
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
a
n
d
sc
a
lab
le
c
o
u
n
se
li
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
t
h
a
t
in
teg
ra
tes
d
ig
it
a
l
li
tera
c
y
,
so
c
io
-
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
lea
rn
in
g
,
a
n
d
e
c
o
lo
g
ica
l
re
flec
ti
o
n
to
stre
n
g
th
e
n
c
y
b
e
rb
u
l
ly
i
n
g
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
i
n
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sc
h
o
o
l
se
tt
i
n
g
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
Dig
ital e
co
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
E
co
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
Gu
id
an
ce
an
d
co
u
n
s
elin
g
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nin
a
Per
m
ata
Sar
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Gu
id
an
ce
a
n
d
C
o
u
n
s
elin
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ea
ch
e
r
T
r
ain
in
g
an
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
L
am
b
u
n
g
Ma
n
g
k
u
r
at
B
r
ig
jen
Hasan
B
asry
s
tr
ee
t,
B
an
jar
m
asin
,
So
u
th
Kalim
an
ta
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: n
in
a.
b
k
@
u
lm
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
h
as
em
er
g
ed
a
s
a
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
e
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
wh
er
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
ig
ital
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
is
n
o
t
al
way
s
m
atch
ed
b
y
a
d
eq
u
ate
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ess
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
i
s
th
e
r
is
e
o
f
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
,
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
g
g
r
ess
io
n
th
at
is
in
ten
tio
n
ally
an
d
r
ep
e
ated
ly
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
d
ig
it
al
to
o
ls
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
1
]
.
R
ec
en
t
g
lo
b
al
s
tu
d
ies
esti
m
ate
th
at
b
etwe
en
2
0
%
a
n
d
4
0
%
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
h
av
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
e
ith
er
as
v
ictim
s
o
r
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
o
n
lin
e
a
g
g
r
ess
io
n
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
al
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
p
ee
r
v
ictim
izatio
n
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
e
r
a
[
2
]
–
[
4
]
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
u
lly
in
g
,
wh
ich
is
o
f
ten
r
estricte
d
b
y
tim
e
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
tex
t,
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
i
n
g
h
as
a
b
o
r
d
er
less
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
n
atu
r
e,
it
ca
n
h
a
p
p
en
a
n
y
wh
er
e
an
d
at
an
y
m
o
m
en
t,
o
f
ten
u
n
d
er
th
e
v
eil
o
f
an
o
n
y
m
ity
.
T
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
m
ak
es
it
ev
en
m
o
r
e
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ically
d
am
ag
i
n
g
,
lead
in
g
to
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
an
x
iety
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
s
o
cial
with
d
r
awa
l,
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
,
an
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ec
lin
e
i
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
4
9
7
-
3
5
0
7
3498
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esian
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
s
ev
er
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
u
n
ev
e
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
co
u
n
s
elin
g
s
er
v
ices
ac
r
o
s
s
r
eg
io
n
s
.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
in
m
etr
o
p
o
litan
cities
m
ay
h
av
e
g
r
ea
ter
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
h
elp
th
em
m
itig
ate
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
s
,
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
in
r
u
r
al
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ically
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
ar
ea
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
wetlan
d
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
So
u
th
Kalim
an
tan
,
f
ac
e
m
u
ltip
le
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es.
Alth
o
u
g
h
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
h
as
p
en
etr
ated
th
ese
co
m
m
u
n
itie
s
,
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
em
ain
u
n
d
er
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
.
T
h
is
p
ar
ad
o
x
cr
ea
tes
a
s
itu
atio
n
wh
er
e
ad
o
lescen
ts
ar
e
im
m
er
s
ed
in
g
lo
b
al
d
i
g
ital
cu
ltu
r
e
b
u
t
lack
th
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
n
av
i
g
ate
o
n
lin
e
s
p
ac
es
s
af
ely
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
ese
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le
a
r
e
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
s
im
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
v
u
ln
er
ab
le,
with
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
s
b
ein
g
am
p
lifie
d
b
y
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
s
y
s
tem
ic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
Sch
o
o
l
-
b
ase
d
g
u
i
d
a
n
ce
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
s
eli
n
g
(
G
&
C
)
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
m
a
n
d
at
ed
t
o
h
el
p
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
m
a
n
a
g
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
,
ac
ad
em
ic
,
a
n
d
s
o
ci
al
c
h
al
le
n
g
es
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
th
o
s
e
r
el
ate
d
t
o
d
i
g
it
al
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
m
o
s
t
c
o
u
n
s
eli
n
g
s
e
r
v
i
ce
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
ar
e
s
ti
ll
d
o
m
in
ate
d
b
y
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
al
,
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
a
ce
p
r
ac
tic
es
t
h
a
t
we
r
e
d
esi
g
n
e
d
f
o
r
o
f
f
li
n
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
ese
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
ten
f
ai
l
t
o
a
d
d
r
ess
t
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
in
te
r
p
la
y
o
f
s
o
ci
o
cu
lt
u
r
al
,
ec
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
,
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
ad
o
l
esce
n
ts
’
l
iv
es
t
o
d
a
y
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
F
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e,
tr
a
d
i
ti
o
n
al
s
ess
i
o
n
s
m
ay
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
i
g
it
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
i
n
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ci
n
g
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
p
ee
r
n
o
r
m
s
o
r
n
eg
lec
t
th
e
ec
o
l
o
g
ic
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
e
v
e
r
y
d
ay
r
e
ali
ties
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
n
ew
c
o
u
n
s
eli
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
t
h
at
a
r
e
b
o
t
h
te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
ly
ad
a
p
ti
v
e
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
a
ll
y
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
em
p
i
r
ic
al
e
v
i
d
en
ce
co
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
d
ig
ita
l
co
u
n
s
el
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es
wit
h
c
o
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
co
u
n
s
eli
n
g
i
n
v
o
c
ati
o
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l s
ett
in
g
s
r
em
ai
n
s
li
m
it
ed
,
cr
ea
t
in
g
a
s
i
g
n
if
ic
an
t
g
a
p
i
n
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
ly
in
g
p
r
ev
en
ti
o
n
r
es
ea
r
ch
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
is
n
ee
d
,
d
ig
it
al
ec
o
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
-
b
ased
co
u
n
s
e
lin
g
(
DE
B
C
)
h
as
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
teg
r
ates
th
r
ee
in
ter
r
elate
d
d
o
m
ain
s
:
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
,
ec
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es
e
m
b
ed
d
e
d
in
lo
ca
l
co
n
tex
t
s
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
ed
in
Fre
ir
ea
n
ec
o
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
an
d
B
r
o
n
f
en
b
r
e
n
n
er
’
s
ec
o
lo
g
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
th
eo
r
y
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
en
co
u
r
ag
es
ad
o
lescen
ts
to
cr
itically
r
ef
lect
o
n
t
h
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ir
o
n
lin
e
ac
tio
n
s
,
th
eir
im
m
ed
iate
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
an
d
th
e
wid
er
ec
o
lo
g
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
s
u
s
ta
in
th
em
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
ex
ten
d
s
d
ig
ital
s
af
ety
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
em
p
ath
y
,
eth
ical
r
ef
lectio
n
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
o
n
lin
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Deliv
er
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
also
en
h
a
n
ce
s
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ically
r
em
o
te
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
li
m
ited
ar
ea
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
ec
o
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
I
ts
ap
p
licatio
n
am
o
n
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
So
u
th
Kalim
an
tan
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
s
in
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
in
c
id
en
ts
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
with
p
ee
r
s
an
d
c
o
u
n
s
elo
r
s
.
Qu
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
es
s
h
o
we
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ain
s
i
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
awa
r
en
ess
lev
els
(N
-
Gain
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
4
2
to
0
.
6
5
)
,
wh
ile
q
u
alitativ
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
em
p
ath
y
,
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
ee
r
m
en
to
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
u
n
s
elo
r
–
s
tu
d
en
t
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
at
g
ap
b
y
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
d
ig
ital
e
co
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
in
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it
aim
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
o
wh
at
ex
ten
t
th
e
m
o
d
el
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
n
d
s
ev
e
r
ity
o
f
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
in
cid
en
ts
,
h
o
w
its
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
ar
e
with
t
h
o
s
e
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
co
u
n
s
elin
g
,
a
n
d
wh
ich
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
c
o
u
n
s
elo
r
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
p
ee
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
o
r
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
f
ac
ilit
ate
o
r
h
in
d
e
r
its
s
u
cc
ess
.
B
y
f
r
am
in
g
th
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
s
u
es
m
u
ltip
le
o
b
jectiv
es:
i)
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
im
p
ac
t;
ii)
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
its
o
u
tc
o
m
es
with
ex
is
tin
g
co
u
n
s
elin
g
p
r
ac
tices;
an
d
iii)
to
id
e
n
tify
en
ab
ler
s
an
d
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
its
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
t
h
r
ee
f
o
l
d
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
it
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
th
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
d
ig
ital
ec
o
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
b
y
s
itu
atin
g
it
with
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
G&
C
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
r
elev
an
ce
as
b
o
th
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
co
u
n
s
elin
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
co
u
n
s
elo
r
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
wo
r
k
in
g
in
r
em
o
te
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
er
v
ed
ar
ea
s
,
o
n
h
o
w
to
a
d
o
p
t in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
ies th
at
r
eso
n
ate
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
o
cio
c
u
ltu
r
al
a
n
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
r
ea
liti
es.
At
th
e
p
o
licy
lev
el,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
er
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
e
r
s
to
d
esig
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
iv
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es,
in
v
est
in
co
u
n
s
elo
r
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
ad
ap
ti
v
e,
in
clu
s
iv
e,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
p
r
ac
tices.
B
y
b
r
id
g
i
n
g
t
h
eo
r
y
,
p
r
ac
tic
e,
an
d
p
o
licy
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
s
p
ir
es
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
b
u
il
d
in
g
s
af
er
d
i
g
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
o
r
ad
o
lescen
ts
wh
ile
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
h
o
lis
tic
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
in
th
e
d
ig
ital a
g
e.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lie
s
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
e
m
p
ir
ical
test
in
g
o
f
a
DE
B
C
m
o
d
el
th
at
u
n
iq
u
ely
in
teg
r
ates
ec
o
lo
g
ic
al
m
etap
h
o
r
s
r
o
o
ted
in
So
u
t
h
Kalim
an
tan
wetlan
d
cu
ltu
r
e,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
ee
r
m
en
to
r
in
g
,
s
o
cio
-
em
o
tio
n
al
r
ef
lectio
n
,
an
d
co
u
n
s
elo
r
-
g
u
id
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
m
o
d
u
le
s
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
i
n
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
t
h
at
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
i
g
ital
s
af
ety
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
r
is
o
lated
co
u
n
s
elin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
cu
ltu
r
ally
c
o
n
tex
tu
alize
d
,
ec
o
lo
g
ically
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
,
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
co
u
n
s
elin
g
m
o
d
el
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
e
r
v
ed
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l settin
g
s
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ativ
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
n
o
t o
n
ly
tar
g
ets th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
b
u
t
also
ad
v
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
,
em
p
ath
y
,
ec
o
l
o
g
ical
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
l
e
eth
ical
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
in
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l e
co
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
-
b
a
s
ed
c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
fo
r
cy
b
erb
u
llyin
g
p
r
e
ve
n
tio
n
a
mo
n
g
…
(
N
in
a
P
erma
ta
S
a
r
i
)
3499
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ap
p
lied
a
q
u
asi
-
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
with
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
allo
win
g
b
o
t
h
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
d
a
ta
to
b
e
g
ath
er
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
d
i
g
ital
ec
o
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
in
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
r
ee
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
wetlan
d
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
So
u
t
h
Kalim
an
tan
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
n
am
el
y
State
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
1
Pelaih
ar
i
,
State
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
2
B
an
jar
m
asin
,
an
d
State
Vo
ca
t
io
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
1
Su
n
g
ai
T
a
b
u
k
.
T
h
ese
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
s
elec
ted
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
ely
b
e
c
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
ec
o
lo
g
ical
lo
ca
ti
o
n
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
r
ep
o
r
ted
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
ca
s
es.
A
t
o
tal
o
f
1
8
0
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
g
r
ad
es
1
0
an
d
1
1
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
B
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
n
ested
with
in
th
r
ee
s
c
h
o
o
ls
,
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
was
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
c
o
m
p
a
r
in
g
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ite
s
.
Giv
en
th
e
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
cl
u
s
ter
s
,
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
i
n
s
tead
o
f
m
u
ltil
ev
el
m
o
d
elin
g
.
Stu
d
en
t
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
s
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
u
s
in
g
cl
u
s
ter
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
tact
class
r
o
o
m
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
th
r
ee
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ites
wer
e
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
b
ased
o
n
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
te
x
t,
d
ig
ital
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ch
o
s
en
to
p
r
eser
v
e
th
e
n
atu
r
al
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ch
ed
u
le
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
to
o
n
g
o
in
g
c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
s
er
v
ices.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
as
s
ig
n
ed
b
y
in
tact
class
g
r
o
u
p
s
with
in
ea
ch
s
ch
o
o
l
in
to
a
n
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
n
atu
r
al
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
to
c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
s
ch
ed
u
les.
T
h
is
class
-
b
ased
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
also
m
in
im
ize
d
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
was
d
eliv
er
ed
o
v
er
eig
h
t
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
w
ee
k
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
ch
o
o
l
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
v
ia
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
an
d
co
m
p
u
ter
s
.
E
ac
h
w
ee
k
ly
s
ess
io
n
last
ed
6
0
–
9
0
m
i
n
u
tes
an
d
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
task
s
,
r
ef
lectiv
e
jo
u
r
n
alin
g
,
ca
s
e
-
b
ased
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
a
n
aly
s
es,
ec
o
lo
g
ical
m
etap
h
o
r
ac
tiv
ities
,
p
ee
r
m
en
to
r
in
g
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
c
o
u
n
s
elo
r
-
g
u
i
d
ed
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
.
T
h
e
in
t
er
v
en
tio
n
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
o
u
r
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
i
)
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
m
o
d
u
les
o
n
o
n
lin
e
eth
ics,
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
an
d
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
;
ii
)
ec
o
lo
g
ical
r
ef
lectio
n
task
s
u
s
in
g
wetlan
d
-
b
ased
m
etap
h
o
r
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t
o
n
lin
e
ac
tio
n
s
with
s
o
cial
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
;
iii
)
s
o
cio
-
em
o
t
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
ex
e
r
cises
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
em
p
ath
y
a
n
d
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
;
an
d
iv
)
p
ee
r
m
en
to
r
i
n
g
task
s
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
af
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
C
o
u
n
s
elo
r
s
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
g
u
id
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
eir
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es,
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
,
wh
er
ea
s
co
u
n
s
elo
r
s
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
eliv
er
ed
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
co
u
n
s
elin
g
s
ess
io
n
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
p
r
im
ar
ily
o
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
ad
v
ice.
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
w
e
e
k
l
y
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
as
k
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
c
a
s
e
-
b
as
e
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
,
r
e
f
l
e
ct
i
v
e
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
,
s
ce
n
a
r
i
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
es
,
p
e
e
r
-
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
a
c
ti
v
i
t
ie
s
,
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
e
d
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
f
a
c
i
l
it
a
t
e
d
b
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
o
r
s
.
E
a
c
h
t
as
k
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
s
i
tu
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
o
n
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
d
i
g
it
a
l
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
d
i
g
i
t
al
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
a
l
s
o
e
n
a
b
l
e
d
p
e
e
r
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ac
t
i
v
e
p
a
r
t
i
cip
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
u
s
t
ai
n
e
d
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
p
e
r
i
o
d
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
as
t
,
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
a
c
e
c
o
u
n
s
e
li
n
g
s
e
r
v
i
c
es
c
o
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
s
,
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
o
r
a
d
v
i
c
e
u
s
i
n
g
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
co
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
D
E
B
C
f
o
l
l
o
ws
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
ed
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
i
n
t
eg
r
a
t
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
li
t
e
r
a
c
y
wi
t
h
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
v
a
l
u
es
.
T
h
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
a
l
s
t
e
p
s
,
t
h
em
a
t
i
c
f
o
c
u
s
,
a
n
d
a
ct
i
v
it
i
es
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
s
es
s
i
o
n
a
r
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
le
1.
T
ab
le
1
.
W
ee
k
ly
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
DE
B
C
in
t
er
v
en
tio
n
W
e
e
k
F
o
c
u
s
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
C
o
u
n
sel
o
r
r
o
l
e
1
O
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
C
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
b
a
se
l
i
n
e
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
Ex
p
l
a
i
n
n
o
r
ms
a
n
d
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
2
O
n
l
i
n
e
e
t
h
i
c
s
C
a
se
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s m
o
d
u
l
e
F
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
d
i
s
c
u
ssi
o
n
3
Ec
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
W
e
t
l
a
n
d
me
t
a
p
h
o
r
t
a
s
k
G
u
i
d
e
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
4
Emo
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
i
n
g
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
5
P
e
e
r
me
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
P
e
e
r
-
r
e
sp
o
n
se
d
i
sc
u
ssi
o
n
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
6
R
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
H
e
l
p
-
s
e
e
k
i
n
g
si
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
p
a
t
h
w
a
y
s
7
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
-
b
a
se
d
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
8
C
o
n
s
o
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
F
i
n
a
l
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
c
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
S
u
mm
a
r
i
z
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
As
in
d
icate
d
in
T
ab
le
1
,
t
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
is
d
iv
id
e
d
in
t
o
eig
h
t
d
is
tin
ct
s
tag
es,
m
o
v
in
g
f
r
o
m
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
d
ig
ital
awa
r
en
ess
to
ad
v
an
ce
d
r
ef
lectio
n
o
n
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
tech
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
o
f
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
b
u
t
also
d
ev
elo
p
a
d
ee
p
-
s
ea
ted
eth
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
to
war
d
s
th
eir
d
ig
ital
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
b
e
g
an
,
th
e
s
ix
s
ch
o
o
l
co
u
n
s
elo
r
s
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
o
n
t
h
e
DE
B
C
p
r
o
to
co
l,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
n
av
ig
atio
n
,
s
ess
io
n
o
b
jectiv
es,
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
eth
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
f
o
r
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
d
is
clo
s
u
r
es.
T
o
m
ain
tain
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
f
id
elity
,
wee
k
ly
s
ess
i
o
n
ch
ec
k
lis
ts
an
d
co
u
n
s
elo
r
r
ef
lectio
n
lo
g
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
all
co
r
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
4
9
7
-
3
5
0
7
3500
Qu
an
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llect
ed
u
s
in
g
a
v
alid
ated
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
s
ca
le
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ata
p
r
o
v
id
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
an
d
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
i
n
cid
en
ts
a
n
d
h
elp
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ch
a
n
g
es
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
T
h
e
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
Scale
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
item
s
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
o
n
lin
e
h
ar
ass
m
en
t,
h
u
m
iliatio
n
,
ex
cl
u
s
io
n
,
an
d
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
d
ig
ital
m
ess
ag
e
s
h
ar
in
g
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
n
ev
er
)
to
5
(
v
er
y
o
f
ten
)
.
Prio
r
to
u
s
e
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
r
ev
iewe
d
f
o
r
co
n
tex
tu
al
r
elev
an
ce
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
v
o
ca
t
io
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ca
le
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
o
o
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
with
a
r
ep
o
r
ted
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
o
f
0
.
8
9
in
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
v
alid
a
tio
n
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
s
tu
d
ies
in
ad
o
lescen
t
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
tex
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
b
u
lly
in
g
an
d
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
s
ca
le
f
o
r
a
d
o
lescen
ts
(
B
C
S
-
A)
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
T
h
o
m
as
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
a
n
d
its
I
n
d
o
n
esian
ad
ap
tatio
n
b
y
San
th
o
s
o
et
a
l.
[
26
]
w
h
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
o
o
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
r
eliab
ilit
y
am
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
T
h
is
ev
id
en
ce
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
e
co
n
t
ex
tu
al
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
s
ca
le
f
o
r
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
t
s
in
So
u
th
Kalim
an
tan
.
Fo
r
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
t
atis
tics
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
s
u
m
m
ar
i
ze
s
tu
d
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
an
d
p
air
ed
-
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
s
to
g
eth
er
with
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOVA
)
h
elp
ed
d
eter
m
in
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
e
n
c
es
b
etwe
en
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Prio
r
to
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
-
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
an
aly
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
er
e
wer
e
n
o
s
tatis
ticall
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
aselin
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
p
>0
.
0
5
)
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
c
o
m
p
ar
a
b
le
in
itial
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
lev
els
ac
r
o
s
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
N
-
Gain
s
co
r
e
was
ca
lcu
lated
to
ass
es
s
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
ch
an
g
e
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
I
n
ter
v
iew,
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
,
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
d
ata
wer
e
u
s
ed
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
d
es
cr
ip
tiv
e
ev
id
en
ce
t
o
en
r
ich
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
em
p
ath
y
,
p
ee
r
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
r
e
f
lectiv
e
d
ig
ital
b
eh
a
v
io
r
ch
an
g
es
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
E
th
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
wer
e
s
tr
ictly
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ar
en
ts
,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
g
u
ar
an
t
ee
d
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
an
d
wer
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
o
f
th
eir
r
i
g
h
t
to
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
tim
e.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
ein
g
,
co
u
n
s
elin
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
was
also
m
ad
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
m
ig
h
t
h
a
v
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
is
tr
ess
in
g
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
wer
e
im
m
ed
ia
tely
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
u
n
s
elin
g
team
f
o
r
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
,
wh
er
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
,
p
ar
en
tal
c
o
n
s
u
ltatio
n
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
a
n
d
r
e
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
th
e
p
h
ases
o
f
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
em
atic
p
h
ases
o
f
th
e
DE
B
C
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
DE
B
C
o
v
er
a
n
eig
h
t
-
wee
k
p
er
io
d
i
n
th
r
ee
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
So
u
th
Kalim
an
tan
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
o
u
tco
m
es.
Qu
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
ec
lin
e
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
n
d
i
n
ten
s
ity
o
f
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
o
s
e
in
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
ar
t
icip
ated
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ec
o
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
im
p
r
o
v
ed
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
o
n
lin
e
eth
ics,
en
h
an
ce
d
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
an
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
willin
g
n
ess
to
r
ep
o
r
t
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
i
n
cid
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ex
p
e
r
ien
c
ed
a
n
o
tab
le
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
th
eir
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
a
ll
th
r
ee
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Pre
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
S
c
h
o
o
l
G
r
o
u
p
Pre
-
t
e
st
m
e
a
n
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
m
e
a
n
N
-
G
a
i
n
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
(
p
)
S
t
a
t
e
V
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
H
i
g
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
1
P
e
l
a
i
h
a
r
i
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
7
2
.
8
8
5
.
6
0
.
4
5
<
0
.
0
5
S
t
a
t
e
V
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
H
i
g
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
1
P
e
l
a
i
h
a
r
i
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
7
3
.
1
7
5
.
4
0
.
1
2
>
0
.
0
5
S
t
a
t
e
V
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
H
i
g
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
2
B
a
n
j
a
r
masi
n
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
7
1
.
2
8
7
.
1
0
.
5
9
<
0
.
0
5
S
t
a
t
e
V
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
H
i
g
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
2
B
a
n
j
a
r
masi
n
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
7
0
.
9
7
3
.
5
0
.
1
4
>
0
.
0
5
S
t
a
t
e
V
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
H
i
g
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
1
S
u
n
g
a
i
T
a
b
u
k
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
7
0
.
4
8
8
.
5
0
.
6
7
<
0
.
0
5
S
t
a
t
e
V
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
H
i
g
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
1
S
u
n
g
a
i
T
a
b
u
k
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
7
1
.
0
7
4
.
2
0
.
1
8
>
0
.
0
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l e
co
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
-
b
a
s
ed
c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
fo
r
cy
b
erb
u
llyin
g
p
r
e
ve
n
tio
n
a
mo
n
g
…
(
N
in
a
P
erma
ta
S
a
r
i
)
3501
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
in
all
th
r
ee
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
N
-
Gain
v
alu
es
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
r
a
n
g
ed
b
etwe
en
0
.
4
5
an
d
0
.
6
7
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
m
o
d
e
r
ate
to
h
i
g
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
o
n
ly
m
in
im
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
with
N
-
Gain
v
alu
es
b
etwe
en
0
.
1
2
an
d
0
.
1
8
.
Statis
tical
test
in
g
f
u
r
t
h
er
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
v
is
u
ally
illu
s
tr
ate
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
wh
ich
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
a
m
u
ch
g
r
ea
ter
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
af
t
er
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
th
e
DE
B
C
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
ex
h
ib
ited
o
n
ly
s
lig
h
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
a
f
ter
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
u
n
s
elin
g
s
er
v
ices.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
te
r
v
en
ti
o
n
,
th
e
N
-
Gain
v
alu
es f
o
r
b
o
t
h
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pre
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es f
o
r
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
DE
B
C
y
ield
ed
lar
g
er
g
ain
s
th
a
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
(
all
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
>c
o
n
tr
o
l p
o
s
t
-
test
s
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
N
-
Gain
s
co
r
es o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
4
9
7
-
3
5
0
7
3502
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ac
h
iev
e
d
m
o
d
er
ate
to
h
ig
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
lev
els
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
wh
il
e
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
r
em
ain
ed
in
th
e
lo
w
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
DE
B
C
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
g
r
ea
ter
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
s
th
an
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
u
n
s
elin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Qu
al
itativ
e
d
ata
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
th
ese
r
esu
lts
.
Fo
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
in
ter
v
iews
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
d
ev
elo
p
ed
g
r
ea
ter
em
p
ath
y
t
o
war
d
th
eir
p
ee
r
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
p
en
n
ess
in
s
h
ar
in
g
d
ig
ital
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
an
d
d
i
s
p
lay
ed
m
o
r
e
r
e
f
lectiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
th
eir
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
.
C
o
u
n
s
elo
r
s
r
ep
o
r
te
d
s
tr
o
n
g
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
attr
ib
u
tin
g
th
is
to
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
an
d
t
h
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
ec
o
lo
g
ical
m
etap
h
o
r
s
th
at
r
eso
n
ated
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
li
v
ed
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
ten
d
escr
ib
e
d
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
as
less
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
m
o
r
e
d
ir
ec
tiv
e,
with
lim
ited
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
p
ee
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Peer
m
en
to
r
in
g
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
s
ter
ed
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
i
n
w
h
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
elt
s
af
er
t
o
d
is
c
u
s
s
s
en
s
itiv
e
is
s
u
e
s
r
elate
d
to
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
also
in
d
icate
th
at
s
p
ec
if
ic
DE
B
C
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
t
o
d
is
tin
ct
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
d
ig
it
al
liter
ac
y
ac
tiv
ities
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
o
n
lin
e
eth
ics
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
ec
o
lo
g
ic
al
m
etap
h
o
r
task
s
p
r
o
m
o
ted
r
ef
lectiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
h
ar
m
f
u
l o
n
lin
e
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
p
e
er
m
en
to
r
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
en
h
an
ce
d
em
p
ath
y
,
o
p
e
n
n
ess
,
an
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
af
ety
in
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
h
ad
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
tex
ts
,
wh
ile
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
s
h
o
wed
litt
le
to
n
o
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
v
er
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
co
u
n
s
elin
g
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
ese
o
u
tco
m
es
ap
p
ea
r
to
h
av
e
em
e
r
g
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
g
u
id
e
d
d
ig
ital
r
ef
lectio
n
,
p
ee
r
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
d
ialo
g
u
e,
a
n
d
co
u
n
s
elo
r
-
f
ac
ilit
ated
m
ea
n
in
g
m
ak
in
g
,
wh
ich
to
g
et
h
er
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
eth
ical
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
s
o
cio
-
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
in
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
m
p
ellin
g
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
d
i
g
ital
ec
o
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
is
an
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Un
lik
e
m
an
y
s
in
g
le
-
f
o
cu
s
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
m
b
in
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
ec
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
s
o
cio
-
em
o
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
m
u
ltid
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
ar
m
f
u
l
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
b
u
t
also
r
esh
ap
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
d
ig
ital
citize
n
s
h
ip
[
27
]
–
[
30
]
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
at
io
n
o
f
ec
o
lo
g
ical
m
etap
h
o
r
s
p
r
o
v
e
d
esp
ec
ially
p
o
wer
f
u
l,
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
a
b
le
to
d
r
aw
p
ar
allels
b
etwe
en
ec
o
lo
g
ical
d
am
ag
e
a
n
d
to
x
ic
d
ig
ital
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
T
h
is
co
g
n
itiv
e
li
n
k
ag
e
h
elp
ed
th
em
t
o
th
in
k
m
o
r
e
d
e
ep
ly
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
th
eir
o
n
lin
e
ac
tio
n
s
,
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
r
e
f
lectiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
eth
i
ca
l
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
ess
o
f
h
u
m
an
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
ec
h
o
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
b
y
Alza
m
il
[
2
2
]
an
d
Ho
s
s
ain
[
2
3
]
,
wh
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
ec
o
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
s
ter
cr
it
ical
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
an
d
eth
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
i
g
ital c
o
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
co
u
n
s
elo
r
-
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
em
er
g
e
d
as
an
o
th
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
f
in
d
in
g
.
C
o
u
n
s
elo
r
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
n
o
te
d
th
at
th
e
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
e
n
co
u
r
ag
ed
s
tu
d
en
t
s
to
d
is
clo
s
e
th
eir
p
r
o
b
lem
s
m
o
r
e
o
p
en
ly
an
d
h
o
n
estl
y
th
an
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
s
ess
io
n
s
[
31
]
–
[
33
]
.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
alig
n
s
with
ea
r
lier
liter
atu
r
e
t
h
at
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
d
ig
ital
co
u
n
s
elin
g
to
o
ls
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
tig
m
a,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
ap
p
o
r
t
b
etwe
en
co
u
n
s
elo
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
31
]
.
B
ey
o
n
d
d
is
clo
s
u
r
e,
co
u
n
s
elo
r
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
d
ev
elo
p
ed
d
ee
p
er
tr
u
s
t
an
d
s
o
u
g
h
t
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
ad
v
ice,
th
er
e
b
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
th
e
co
u
n
s
elin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
in
t
o
a
m
o
r
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
ee
r
m
en
t
o
r
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
b
u
ilt
in
to
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
em
p
o
wer
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ac
t
as
co
-
cr
ea
to
r
s
o
f
s
af
e
d
ig
ital
s
p
ac
es.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
ialo
g
u
e,
r
o
le
-
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
m
u
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
a
d
o
lescen
ts
b
eg
an
t
o
tak
e
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
h
ea
lth
ier
o
n
lin
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
,
ec
h
o
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
in
ci
p
les
o
f
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
l
ea
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
co
llectiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
em
p
h
asized
in
p
r
io
r
ec
o
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
tu
d
i
es
[
34
]
.
T
h
is
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
et
h
o
s
m
ir
r
o
r
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
Sa
r
i
et
a
l.
[
35
]
wh
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
p
ee
r
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
em
p
ath
y
an
d
m
u
t
u
al
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
in
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
u
n
s
elin
g
,
wh
ich
o
f
te
n
f
o
c
u
s
es
n
ar
r
o
wly
o
n
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
n
eg
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
d
ig
ital
ec
o
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
o
f
f
e
r
ed
a
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic,
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
elev
an
t,
an
d
co
n
tex
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
.
B
y
em
b
ed
d
in
g
co
u
n
s
elin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
with
in
ec
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
n
ar
r
ativ
es,
th
e
m
o
d
e
l
r
eso
n
ated
d
ee
p
l
y
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
wetlan
d
r
e
g
io
n
s
,
wh
er
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
ties
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
v
alu
es
ar
e
ce
n
tr
al
to
d
aily
life
.
T
h
is
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
ap
tatio
n
wa
s
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
b
o
th
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
as it c
o
n
n
ec
ted
a
b
s
tr
ac
t id
ea
s
ab
o
u
t d
ig
ital c
itizen
s
h
ip
with
liv
ed
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
u
n
d
f
am
iliar
an
d
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l.
Sim
ilar
to
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
No
v
ita
wati
an
d
An
g
g
r
ea
n
i
[
8
]
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
l
o
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
al
wis
d
o
m
co
m
b
in
e
d
with
d
ig
it
al
liter
ac
y
tr
ain
in
g
en
r
ich
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
m
a
d
e
th
e
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
m
o
r
e
co
n
tex
t
u
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
tu
d
ies
b
y
W
id
y
an
ty
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
an
d
C
ab
r
e
r
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
h
a
v
e
also
s
h
o
wn
th
at
c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
lo
g
ic
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
ten
d
to
g
en
er
a
te
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l e
co
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
-
b
a
s
ed
c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
fo
r
cy
b
erb
u
llyin
g
p
r
e
ve
n
tio
n
a
mo
n
g
…
(
N
in
a
P
erma
ta
S
a
r
i
)
3503
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ch
an
g
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
ese
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
illu
s
tr
ate
th
at
d
ig
ital
ec
o
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
s
itu
ates
its
elf
wi
th
in
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
s
ch
o
lar
ly
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
em
p
h
asizin
g
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
o
o
ted
,
ec
o
lo
g
ically
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
s
tr
ateg
ies f
o
r
ad
d
r
es
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
-
ag
e
ch
allen
g
es
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
36
]
,
[
37
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
ca
r
r
y
wid
e
-
r
an
g
in
g
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
o
licy
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
[
7
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
38
]
.
At
th
e
p
o
licy
lev
el,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
d
ig
ital
ec
o
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
eser
v
e
to
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
n
atio
n
al
G&
C
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
ec
o
lo
g
ically
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
ar
ea
s
an
d
i
n
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
lim
ited
co
u
n
s
elin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Su
ch
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
w
o
u
ld
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ad
d
r
ess
im
m
ed
i
ate
r
is
k
s
r
elate
d
to
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
i
n
g
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
m
o
d
el
o
f
co
u
n
s
elin
g
alig
n
ed
with
b
r
o
ad
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
g
o
als
[
33
]
,
[
39
]
–
[
41
]
.
On
a
p
r
ac
tical
lev
el,
th
e
m
o
d
e
l
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
u
n
s
elo
r
s
with
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies,
tr
ain
i
n
g
i
n
ec
o
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
to
o
ls
f
o
r
s
o
cio
-
em
o
tio
n
al
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
.
B
u
ild
in
g
th
ese
ca
p
ac
ities
will
h
elp
co
u
n
s
elo
r
s
to
b
etter
ad
d
r
ess
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
s
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
r
o
l
e
as
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wi
th
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
Gad
i
n
g
[
1
6
]
,
w
h
o
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
in
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
p
u
r
el
y
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
u
n
s
elin
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
d
i
g
ital
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
f
r
o
m
H
u
n
g
[
2
0
]
,
wh
o
em
p
h
asized
th
e
c
r
itical
r
o
le
o
f
ec
o
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
i
n
cu
ltiv
atin
g
cr
itical
awa
r
en
ess
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ec
o
l
o
g
ical
v
alu
es
in
to
d
ig
ital
co
u
n
s
elin
g
p
r
ac
tice
also
ec
h
o
es
Mo
n
e
m
[
2
1
]
,
wh
o
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
ec
o
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
l
ea
d
s
to
lo
n
g
er
-
ter
m
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
-
lev
el
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
a
p
r
ac
tic
al
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ch
ec
k
lis
t
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
g
u
id
e
co
u
n
s
elo
r
s
,
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
,
an
d
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
team
s
in
in
teg
r
at
in
g
DE
B
C
in
to
r
o
u
tin
e
cy
b
e
r
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
s
er
v
ices.
T
ab
le
3
s
u
m
m
ar
izes th
e
k
ey
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
d
o
m
ai
n
s
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
p
ar
ties
,
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
i
n
d
icato
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
DE
B
C
in
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
c
y
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
af
f
ir
m
th
at
d
ig
ital
ec
o
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
a
t
em
p
o
r
ar
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
t
o
cy
b
e
r
b
u
l
ly
in
g
;
it
is
a
p
ath
way
to
war
d
cu
ltiv
atin
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le,
em
p
ath
etic,
an
d
e
co
lo
g
ically
co
n
s
cio
u
s
d
ig
ital
c
itizen
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
clea
r
p
o
ten
tial
to
ch
an
g
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
tu
d
e
n
t
b
eh
av
io
r
s
b
u
t
also
th
eir
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
attitu
d
es
an
d
v
alu
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
.
F
ir
s
t,
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
o
n
ly
th
r
ee
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
in
o
n
e
r
e
g
io
n
al
co
n
tex
t,
wh
ich
m
a
y
lim
it g
en
er
al
izab
ilit
y
to
b
r
o
a
d
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l settin
g
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
r
elied
o
n
in
tact
class
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
,
s
o
co
n
tex
tu
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
s
ch
o
o
ls
m
ay
s
till
h
av
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
eig
h
t
-
wee
k
in
t
er
v
en
tio
n
p
e
r
io
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
y
et
allo
w
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
ch
an
g
es
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
er
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
s
am
p
lin
g
,
m
u
lti
-
y
ea
r
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
co
u
n
s
elo
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
u
les
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wid
er
p
o
licy
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
lo
n
g
i
tu
d
in
al
im
p
ac
ts
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
b
eh
av
io
r
al
c
h
an
g
es,
e
x
am
in
e
h
o
w
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
te
d
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
an
d
in
v
esti
g
a
te
th
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
in
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ettin
g
s
.
Su
ch
ef
f
o
r
ts
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
o
f
d
i
g
ital
ec
o
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
lized
in
b
u
ild
in
g
s
af
er
,
m
o
r
e
eth
ical,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
attu
n
e
d
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
o
r
ad
o
l
escen
ts
wo
r
ld
wid
e,
wh
ile
also
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
r
id
g
e
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
ec
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
p
r
ac
tice.
T
ab
le
3
.
Pra
ctica
l im
p
lem
en
tat
io
n
ch
ec
k
lis
t f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
ad
o
p
t
in
g
DE
B
C
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
d
o
m
a
i
n
K
e
y
c
h
e
c
k
l
i
st
i
t
e
m
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
p
a
r
t
y
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
C
o
u
n
sel
o
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
C
o
u
n
sel
o
r
s
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
D
EB
C
m
o
d
u
l
e
s,
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
t
h
i
c
s
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
r
e
sp
o
n
s
e
p
a
t
h
w
a
y
s
S
c
h
o
o
l
c
o
u
n
sel
o
r
s/
B
K
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
o
r
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
t
t
e
n
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
y
c
h
e
c
k
l
i
st
P
l
a
t
f
o
r
m re
a
d
i
n
e
ss
S
c
h
o
o
l
e
n
su
r
e
s
st
u
d
e
n
t
a
c
c
e
ss
t
o
smar
t
p
h
o
n
e
s/
c
o
mp
u
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
st
a
b
l
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
w
e
e
k
l
y
sess
i
o
n
s
S
c
h
o
o
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
/
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
st
a
f
f
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
l
o
g
i
n
a
n
d
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
a
c
c
e
ssi
b
i
l
i
t
y
r
a
t
e
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
w
e
e
k
l
y
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
c
a
se
a
n
a
l
y
si
s,
a
n
d
p
e
e
r
me
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
t
a
s
k
s
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
/
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
o
r
s
W
e
e
k
l
y
t
a
s
k
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
P
e
e
r
me
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
s
y
st
e
m
P
e
e
r
m
e
n
t
o
r
s
a
r
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
a
n
d
b
r
i
e
f
e
d
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
a
f
e
d
i
sc
u
ssi
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
C
o
u
n
sel
o
r
s/
st
u
d
e
n
t
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
P
e
e
r
me
n
t
o
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
l
o
g
s
R
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
p
a
t
h
w
a
y
S
c
h
o
o
l
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
f
o
r
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
t
s
C
o
u
n
sel
o
r
s/
sc
h
o
o
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
N
u
mb
e
r
a
n
d
r
e
sp
o
n
se
t
i
m
e
o
f
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
P
a
r
e
n
t
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
a
r
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
me
d
a
b
o
u
t
D
E
B
C
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
a
n
d
saf
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
me
n
t
a
t
h
o
m
e
C
o
u
n
sel
o
r
s/
h
o
mer
o
o
m t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
P
a
r
e
n
t
mee
t
i
n
g
o
r
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
c
o
r
d
s
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
Pre
-
t
e
st
,
p
o
s
t
-
t
e
st
,
N
-
G
a
i
n
,
a
n
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
e
d
e
a
c
h
c
y
c
l
e
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
t
e
a
m
/
B
K
u
n
i
t
S
e
mest
e
r
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
p
o
r
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
4
9
7
-
3
5
0
7
3504
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
clea
r
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
DE
B
C
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
am
o
n
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
So
u
th
Kalim
an
tan
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
an
d
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
cy
b
er
b
u
lly
in
g
in
cid
e
n
ts
in
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
with
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
awa
r
en
es
s
o
f
o
n
lin
e
et
h
ics,
em
p
ath
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
an
d
e
m
o
tio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
ec
o
lo
g
ical
m
etap
h
o
r
s
,
p
ee
r
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
d
ig
ital a
ctiv
ities
n
o
t o
n
ly
e
n
h
an
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
t e
n
g
ag
em
en
t b
u
t a
ls
o
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
co
u
n
s
elo
r
s
in
g
u
id
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
cr
itical
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
i
g
ital b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
f
d
ig
ital
ec
o
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
o
v
e
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
u
n
s
elin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
ab
ilit
y
to
em
b
e
d
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
v
alu
es
in
to
co
u
n
s
elin
g
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
es
o
n
ates
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
with
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
liv
ed
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
th
er
eb
y
m
ak
in
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
ch
an
g
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
co
u
n
s
elo
r
–
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
p
ee
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
at
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
e
x
t
en
d
to
m
u
ltip
le
lev
els.
T
h
e
o
r
e
tically
,
it
en
r
ich
es
th
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
d
ig
ital
G&
C
b
y
a
d
v
an
cin
g
ec
o
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
as
a
cr
itical
len
s
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
it
o
f
f
er
s
ac
tio
n
ab
le
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
co
u
n
s
elo
r
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
u
n
d
er
s
er
v
ed
o
r
ec
o
lo
g
icall
y
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
r
e
g
io
n
s
,
to
ad
o
p
t
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
At
th
e
p
o
licy
lev
el,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
ec
o
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ica
l
m
o
d
els
in
to
n
atio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
co
u
n
s
elin
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
co
u
ld
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
in
cl
u
s
iv
ity
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
er
v
ices.
Fu
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
t
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
ch
a
n
g
es,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
an
d
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
o
f
d
ig
ital
ec
o
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
Su
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
will
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
el
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
af
er
,
m
o
r
e
eth
ical,
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ically
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
a
d
o
lescen
ts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
e
x
p
r
ess
th
eir
s
in
ce
r
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
in
cip
als,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
en
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
ls
wh
o
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
also
g
r
ate
f
u
lly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
I
n
s
titu
te
f
o
r
R
esear
ch
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
Ser
v
ices
L
am
b
u
n
g
Ma
n
g
k
u
r
at
Un
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
Do
cto
r
al
Sch
o
lar
s
h
ip
Pro
g
r
am
f
o
r
I
n
d
o
n
esian
L
ec
tu
r
er
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
C
en
ter
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Fu
n
d
in
g
an
d
Ass
ess
m
en
t,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
wh
ich
h
as su
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
eiv
e
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
I
n
s
titu
te
f
o
r
R
esear
ch
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
Ser
v
ices
L
am
b
u
n
g
Ma
n
g
k
u
r
at
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
o
u
t
an
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
an
t
f
r
o
m
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
ag
en
cies in
th
e
p
u
b
lic,
co
m
m
e
r
cial,
o
r
n
o
t
-
f
o
r
-
p
r
o
f
it secto
r
s
d
ir
ec
tly
allo
ca
ted
to
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Nin
a
Per
m
ata
Sar
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Hen
d
r
o
Yu
liu
s
Su
r
y
o
Pu
tr
o
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Mu
h
am
m
ad
A
n
d
r
i
Setiawan
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l e
co
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
-
b
a
s
ed
c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
fo
r
cy
b
erb
u
llyin
g
p
r
e
ve
n
tio
n
a
mo
n
g
…
(
N
in
a
P
erma
ta
S
a
r
i
)
3505
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
n
o
co
n
f
l
ict
o
f
in
ter
est.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
an
y
f
in
an
cial,
p
er
s
o
n
al,
p
o
liti
ca
l,
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
s
th
at
co
u
l
d
h
av
e
ap
p
ea
r
ed
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
wo
r
k
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
is
ar
ticle.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
W
e
h
av
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als
in
c
lu
d
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
B
ef
o
r
e
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
,
all
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
g
i
v
en
a
clea
r
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
e
co
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
o
f
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
an
d
t
h
eir
r
ig
h
ts
as
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
C
o
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
eir
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
t
o
co
m
p
lete
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
b
y
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
a
cc
o
r
d
an
ce
with
n
atio
n
al
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
in
g
h
u
m
an
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
r
ev
iewe
d
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
itt
ee
o
f
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
T
ea
ch
er
T
r
ain
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
L
am
b
u
n
g
Ma
n
g
k
u
r
at.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
l
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
,
[
NPS]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
a
b
le
r
e
q
u
est.
T
h
e
d
ata
ar
e
n
o
t
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
d
u
e
to
eth
ical
r
estrictio
n
s
an
d
p
r
i
v
ac
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
P
o
l
i
l
l
o
,
K
.
C
l
e
v
e
r
l
e
y
,
D
.
W
i
l
j
e
r
,
F
.
M
i
s
h
n
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
N
.
V
o
i
n
e
sk
o
s,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
d
i
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
:
a
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
y
o
u
t
h
a
n
d
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
l
t
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
n
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
u
t
o
-
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
r
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
t
o
o
l
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
7
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
8
3
7
–
8
4
6
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
a
d
o
h
e
a
l
t
h
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
1
.
3
9
5
.
[
2
]
K
.
L
.
M
o
d
e
c
k
i
,
J.
M
i
n
c
h
i
n
,
A
.
G
.
H
a
r
b
a
u
g
h
,
N
.
G
.
G
u
e
r
r
a
,
a
n
d
K
.
C
.
R
u
n
i
o
n
s
,
“
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
p
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
a
c
r
o
ss
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s:
a
me
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
mea
su
r
i
n
g
c
y
b
e
r
a
n
d
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
0
2
–
6
1
1
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
a
d
o
h
e
a
l
t
h
.
2
0
1
4
.
0
6
.
0
0
7
.
[
3
]
K
.
A
c
h
u
t
h
a
n
,
V
.
K
.
N
a
i
r
,
R
.
K
o
w
a
l
s
k
i
,
S
.
R
a
m
a
n
a
t
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
R
.
R
a
m
a
n
,
“
C
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
r
e
sea
r
c
h
-
a
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
t
o
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
:
b
i
b
l
i
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
a
n
d
sc
i
e
n
c
e
ma
p
p
i
n
g
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
i
n
H
u
m
a
n
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
0
,
p.
1
0
7
5
6
6
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
h
b
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
7
5
6
6
.
[
4
]
G
.
W
.
G
i
u
m
e
t
t
i
a
n
d
R
.
M
.
K
o
w
a
l
sk
i
,
“
M
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
ma
t
t
e
r
s:
e
x
a
mi
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
r
o
l
e
o
f
m
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
i
n
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
v
i
c
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
-
o
u
t
c
o
me
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
a
mo
n
g
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
R
e
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p.
1
3
9
1
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
i
j
e
r
p
h
2
1
1
1
1
3
9
1
.
[
5
]
S
.
H
i
n
d
u
j
a
a
n
d
J.
W
.
P
a
t
c
h
i
n
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
d
a
t
i
n
g
a
b
u
se
a
m
o
n
g
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
a
mp
l
e
o
f
U
S
y
o
u
t
h
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
rs
o
n
a
l
Vi
o
l
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
2
3
–
2
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
8
8
–
1
1
1
0
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
8
8
6
2
6
0
5
1
9
8
9
7
3
4
4
.
[
6
]
G
.
W
.
G
i
u
m
e
t
t
i
a
n
d
R
.
M
.
K
o
w
a
l
s
k
i
,
“
C
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
v
i
a
s
o
c
i
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
a
n
d
w
e
l
l
-
b
e
i
n
g
,
”
C
u
rr
e
n
t
O
p
i
n
i
o
n
i
n
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
p
.
1
0
1
3
1
4
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
o
p
s
y
c
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
1
3
1
4
.
[
7
]
C
.
L
i
,
P
.
W
a
n
g
,
M
.
M
a
r
t
i
n
-
M
o
r
a
t
i
n
o
s
,
M
.
B
e
l
l
a
-
F
e
r
n
á
n
d
e
z
,
a
n
d
H
.
B
l
a
sc
o
-
F
o
n
t
e
c
i
l
l
a
,
“
Tr
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
a
g
e
a
n
d
i
t
s
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
m
e
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s:
a
me
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
C
h
i
l
d
&
Ad
o
l
e
sce
n
t
Ps
y
c
h
i
a
t
r
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
5
–
2
9
0
9
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
0
0
7
8
7
-
0
2
2
-
0
2
1
2
8
-
x.
[
8
]
N
o
v
i
t
a
w
a
t
i
a
n
d
C
.
A
n
g
g
r
e
a
n
i
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
w
o
r
k
sh
e
e
t
t
o
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
w
e
t
l
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
t
o
e
a
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
Asi
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
p
p
.
7
–
1
6
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
9
7
3
4
/
a
j
e
ss/
2
0
2
3
/
v
3
8
i
4
8
3
0
.
[
9
]
W
.
W
i
d
y
a
n
t
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
w
o
r
k
e
r
’
s
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
l
i
f
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
:
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
su
p
p
o
r
t
(
P
O
S
)
,
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
,
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
-
R
e
l
a
t
e
d
w
o
r
k
p
l
a
c
e
p
o
l
i
c
y
,
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
,
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
t
y
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
,
”
S
AG
E
O
p
e
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
9
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
2
1
5
8
2
4
4
0
2
4
1
2
4
7
0
3
6
.
[
1
0
]
M
.
G
á
me
z
-
G
u
a
d
i
x
,
E
.
B
o
r
r
a
j
o
,
a
n
d
C
.
A
l
me
n
d
r
o
s,
“
R
i
s
k
y
o
n
l
i
n
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
a
mo
n
g
a
d
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
s:
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
ma
t
i
c
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
u
s
e
,
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
p
e
r
p
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
m
e
e
t
i
n
g
st
r
a
n
g
e
r
s
o
n
l
i
n
e
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
ra
l
A
d
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
–
1
0
7
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
5
6
/
2
0
0
6
.
5
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
1
3
.
[
1
1
]
S
.
P
u
r
n
a
ma
,
M
.
U
l
f
a
h
,
I
.
M
a
c
h
a
l
i
,
A
.
W
i
b
o
w
o
,
a
n
d
B
.
S
.
N
a
r
ma
d
i
t
y
a
,
“
D
o
e
s
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
o
n
l
i
n
e
r
i
s
k
?
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
,
”
H
e
l
i
y
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
e
0
7
4
0
6
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
h
e
l
i
y
o
n
.
2
0
2
1
.
e
0
7
4
0
6
.
[
1
2
]
Z.
A
g
h
a
,
K
.
M
i
u
,
S
.
P
i
p
e
r
,
J.
P
a
r
k
,
a
n
d
P
.
J.
W
i
sn
i
e
w
s
k
i
,
“
C
o
-
d
e
si
g
n
i
n
g
u
s
e
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
s a
n
d
r
i
sk
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s fo
r
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
a
d
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
a
f
e
t
y
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
A
C
M
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
u
p
p
o
rt
e
d
C
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
Wo
rk,
C
S
C
W
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
9
–
2
5
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/
3
5
8
4
9
3
1
.
3
6
0
6
9
6
4
.
[
1
3
]
R
.
L.
G
i
b
s
o
n
a
n
d
M
.
H
.
M
i
t
c
h
e
l
l
,
I
n
t
ro
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
,
6
t
h
e
d
.
U
p
p
e
r
S
a
d
d
l
e
R
i
v
e
r
,
N
J:
P
e
a
r
so
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
0
5
.
[
1
4
]
H
.
Y
.
S
.
P
u
t
r
o
,
“
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
sp
i
r
a
t
i
v
e
mo
d
e
l
s
o
f
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
ser
v
i
c
e
s
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
a
t
i
n
s
p
i
r
i
n
g
sch
o
o
l
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
As
i
a
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
8
–
7
3
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
6
9
6
6
/
i
j
a
e
.
v
4
i
1
.
3
2
3
.
[
1
5
]
M
.
R
a
h
i
m
a
n
d
W
.
H
u
l
u
k
a
t
i
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
s
o
f
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
i
n
c
u
l
t
i
v
a
t
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
”
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
5
7
–
6
7
0
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
9
7
3
/
e
u
-
j
e
r
.
1
0
.
2
.
6
5
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
4
9
7
-
3
5
0
7
3506
[
1
6
]
I
.
K
.
G
a
d
i
n
g
,
“
Th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
c
y
b
e
r
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
a
s
a
c
o
u
n
sel
i
n
g
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
a
g
e
,
”
J
PI
(
J
u
rn
a
l
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
0
1
–
3
1
3
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
3
8
8
7
/
j
p
i
-
u
n
d
i
k
s
h
a
.
v
9
i
2
.
2
5
4
6
9
.
[
1
7
]
M
.
C
.
C
a
b
r
e
r
a
,
E.
La
r
r
a
ñ
a
g
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
Y
u
b
e
r
o
,
“
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
/
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
i
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
c
o
mp
a
r
i
s
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sch
o
o
l
s
i
n
r
u
r
a
l
a
n
d
u
r
b
a
n
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s,
”
C
h
i
l
d
a
n
d
Ad
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
S
o
c
i
a
l
Wo
r
k
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
1
7
–
6
3
1
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
5
6
0
-
022
-
0
0
8
8
2
-
0.
[
1
8
]
D
.
L
l
o
r
e
t
-
I
r
l
e
s,
V
.
C
a
b
r
e
r
a
-
P
e
r
o
n
a
,
S
.
T
i
r
a
d
o
-
G
o
n
z
á
l
e
z
,
a
n
d
J
.
V
.
S
e
g
u
r
a
-
H
e
r
a
s,
“
C
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
:
c
o
mm
o
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
s
t
o
c
y
b
e
r
-
v
i
c
t
i
mi
s
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
b
y
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
Re
sea
r
c
h
a
n
d
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
3
,
p
.
1
5
7
5
0
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
i
j
e
r
p
h
1
9
2
3
1
5
7
5
0
.
[
1
9
]
E.
S
e
r
r
i
t
e
l
l
a
,
A
.
G
u
a
z
z
i
n
i
,
a
n
d
E.
M
e
n
e
s
i
n
i
,
“
C
o
u
n
t
e
r
i
n
g
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
u
si
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
b
a
sed
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
:
a
sy
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
A
g
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
a
n
d
V
i
o
l
e
n
t
Be
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
8
5
,
p
.
1
0
2
1
0
2
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
v
b
.
2
0
2
5
.
1
0
2
1
0
2
.
[
2
0
]
R
.
H
u
n
g
,
“
E
c
o
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
T
h
e
O
x
f
o
rd
E
n
c
y
c
l
o
p
e
d
i
a
o
f
Ph
i
l
o
so
p
h
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
A
.
G
.
R
u
d
,
Ed
.
,
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
,
N
Y
:
O
x
f
o
r
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
P
r
e
ss
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
5
2
8
–
5
3
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
a
c
r
e
f
o
r
e
/
9
7
8
0
1
9
0
2
6
4
0
9
3
.
0
1
3
.
1
5
0
2
.
[
2
1
]
R
.
M
o
n
e
m,
“
Ec
o
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
t
o
f
o
st
e
r
g
l
o
b
a
l
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
8
–
1
9
9
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
6
3
2
8
/
i
j
o
n
s
e
s.
6
6
8
.
[
2
2
]
A
.
A
.
A
l
z
a
mi
l
,
“
A
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
c
o
u
n
sel
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
t
o
c
o
n
f
r
o
n
t
i
n
g
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
6
–
1
5
1
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
6
9
4
1
/
j
e
sr
-
2
0
2
1
-
0
0
1
4
.
[
2
3
]
I
.
H
o
ssai
n
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
i
st
i
n
g
sc
h
o
l
a
r
s
h
i
p
o
n
t
h
e
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
a
sp
e
c
t
s
o
f
e
c
o
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
f
o
rm
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
3
9
–
1
0
5
2
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
0
5
6
7
8
7
9
2
4
1
2
2
8
2
5
1
.
[
2
4
]
N
.
P
.
S
a
r
i
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
S
e
t
i
a
w
a
n
,
“
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
C
I
P
P
mo
d
e
l
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
:
e
x
p
e
r
t
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
,
a
n
d
su
b
j
e
c
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
,
”
E
u
r
a
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
(
EJ
ER)
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
0
6
,
p
p
.
2
9
–
4
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
4
6
8
9
/
e
j
e
r
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
6
.
0
0
3
.
[
25
]
H
.
J.
Th
o
m
a
s,
J.
G
.
S
c
o
t
t
,
J.
M
.
C
o
a
t
e
s,
a
n
d
J
.
P
.
C
o
n
n
o
r
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
S
c
a
l
e
f
o
r
A
d
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
s:
A
m
u
l
t
i
‐
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l
mea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
mo
d
e
l
,
”
Br
i
t
i
sh
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
5
–
9
4
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
b
j
e
p
.
1
2
2
2
3
.
[
26
]
F
.
H
.
S
a
n
t
h
o
s
o
,
R
.
D
.
M
a
r
v
i
a
n
t
o
,
a
n
d
B
.
P
u
r
w
a
n
t
o
,
“
A
n
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
sc
a
l
e
f
o
r
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
s
,
”
G
a
d
j
a
h
M
a
d
a
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
(
G
a
m
a
J
o
P)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
–
3
7
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
1
4
6
/
g
a
m
a
j
o
p
.
7
0
5
2
7
.
[
27
]
R
.
C
o
n
n
o
l
l
y
,
“
C
a
n
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
?
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
9
3
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
c
s9
0
4
0
0
9
3
.
[
28
]
A
.
R
o
b
i
n
s
o
n
-
P
a
n
t
,
“
L
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
:
a
l
e
v
e
r
f
o
r
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
sh
i
p
?
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
,
n
o
.
1
–
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
–
3
0
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
1
5
9
-
023
-
0
9
9
9
8
-
6.
[
29
]
F
.
R
.
S
t
o
n
e
b
a
n
k
s
a
n
d
S
.
S
h
a
r
i
f
f
,
“
C
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
sh
i
p
i
n
y
o
u
t
h
,
”
i
n
C
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
Va
l
u
e
s
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
I
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
F
a
m
i
l
y
a
n
d
S
c
h
o
o
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
F
.
R
.
S
t
o
n
e
b
a
n
k
s
a
n
d
S
.
S
h
a
r
i
f
f
,
Ed
s
.
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
U
K
:
R
o
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
–
141
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
3
2
4
/
9
7
8
1
0
0
3
3
1
4
5
0
9
-
11
.
[
30
]
A
.
Eme
j
u
l
u
a
n
d
C
.
M
c
G
r
e
g
o
r
,
“
T
o
w
a
r
d
s
a
r
a
d
i
c
a
l
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
i
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
C
ri
t
i
c
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
6
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
–
1
4
7
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
7
5
0
8
4
8
7
.
2
0
1
6
.
1
2
3
4
4
9
4
.
[
31
]
E.
R
u
d
o
l
p
h
,
H
.
S
e
e
r
,
C
.
M
o
t
h
e
s,
a
n
d
J.
A
l
b
r
e
c
h
t
,
“
A
u
t
o
ma
t
e
d
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
n
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
t
u
t
o
r
i
n
g
sy
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
c
o
u
n
sel
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
4
1
9
t
h
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
S
y
st
e
m
s
(
Fe
d
C
S
I
S
)
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
5
0
1
–
5
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
4
3
9
/
2
0
2
4
F
1
6
4
9
.
[
32
]
N
.
L.
D
a
y
-
V
i
n
e
s
,
J.
R
.
B
r
o
d
a
r
,
D
.
H
i
c
k
s,
E.
B
.
F
e
r
n
a
n
d
e
z
-
K
o
r
t
o
,
C
.
G
a
r
c
i
a
,
a
n
d
K
.
J
o
n
e
s
,
“
A
n
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
e
e
s’
b
r
o
a
c
h
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
r
a
c
i
a
l
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
u
n
sel
i
n
g
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
–
1
3
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
j
c
a
d
.
1
2
4
0
6
.
[
33
]
Z.
N
.
Z
a
i
n
u
d
i
n
,
L.
W
.
R
o
n
g
,
A
.
S
.
A
sr
i
,
Y
.
M
.
Y
u
so
p
,
N
.
A
.
A
h
m
a
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
.
H
a
ss
a
n
,
“
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
e
-
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
n
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
mo
n
g
e
-
c
o
u
n
se
l
o
r
s
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
1
–
2
6
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
6
8
0
3
/
i
j
l
t
e
r
.
2
1
.
2
.
1
4
.
[
34
]
M
.
Ja
p
a
r
,
H
e
r
ma
n
t
o
,
S
.
M
u
y
a
r
o
a
h
,
H
.
R
.
S
u
si
l
a
,
a
n
d
H
.
A
l
f
a
n
i
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
-
b
a
se
d
mu
l
t
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
i
v
i
c
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
j
u
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
2
8
–
3
4
9
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
35
]
N
.
P
.
S
a
r
i
,
H
.
Y
.
S
.
P
u
t
r
o
,
N
o
v
i
t
a
w
a
t
i
,
R
.
M
.
B
.
I
I
,
a
n
d
B
.
A
.
D
e
w
a
n
t
a
r
a
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
c
o
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
o
u
n
sel
i
n
g
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
w
e
t
l
a
n
d
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
8
2
6
–
8
3
6
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
6
4
2
5
2
/
h
w
c
r
3
9
2
1
.
[
36
]
C
.
K
o
r
sa
n
t
,
“
A
F
r
e
i
r
e
a
n
e
c
o
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
o
r
a
n
i
m
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
a
l
u
e
s?
Th
e
p
l
u
r
i
v
e
r
se
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
o
l
i
t
i
c
s
o
f
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
G
l
o
b
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
7
0
–
3
8
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
4
7
4
7
7
3
1
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
0
3
8
8
3
0
.
[
37
]
P
.
P
o
n
i
r
i
n
a
n
d
A
.
D
i
a
n
sy
a
h
,
“
E
-
m
o
d
u
l
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
A
f
r
i
c
a
n
h
i
st
o
r
y
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
e
c
o
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
a
s
a
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
e
d
i
a
f
o
r
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
d
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
4
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
C
u
l
t
u
re
(
I
C
I
E
S
C
)
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
4
5
8
–
4
6
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
1
0
8
/
e
a
i
.
1
1
-
10
-
2
0
2
2
.
2
3
2
5
2
7
9
.
[
3
8
]
X
.
W
a
n
g
,
F
.
Zh
a
o
,
J
.
Y
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
L.
Le
i
,
“
S
c
h
o
o
l
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
a
n
d
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s’
c
y
b
e
r
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
p
e
r
p
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
d
med
i
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
m
o
r
a
l
d
i
se
n
g
a
g
e
men
t
a
n
d
f
r
i
e
n
d
s’
m
o
r
a
l
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
p
e
rs
o
n
a
l
V
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
7
–
1
8
,
p
p
.
N
P
9
6
0
1
–
N
P
9
6
2
2
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
8
8
6
2
6
0
5
1
9
8
6
0
0
8
9
.
[
39
]
R
.
D
.
M
y
r
i
c
k
,
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
:
a
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
2
n
d
e
d
.
M
i
n
n
e
a
p
o
l
i
s
,
M
N
:
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
e
d
i
a
C
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
1
9
8
7
.
[
40
]
Y
.
P
i
n
g
,
“
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
i
n
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
b
y
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
C
a
re
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
8
7
1
–
3
8
8
8
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
3
3
/
TH
C
-
2
3
0
8
0
9
.
[
41
]
N
.
C
.
G
y
s
b
e
r
s
a
n
d
P
.
H
e
n
d
e
r
s
o
n
,
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
&
m
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
y
o
u
r
sc
h
o
o
l
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
&
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
ra
m
,
5
t
h
e
d
.
,
A
l
e
x
a
n
d
r
i
a
,
V
A
:
A
meric
a
n
C
o
u
n
se
l
i
n
g
A
ss
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.