I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
26
,
p
p
.
3
2
6
4
~
3
2
7
8
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
15
i
4
.
3
9
2
9
3
3264
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Enha
ncing
stude
nts’
ho
listi
c re
a
di
ng
t
hro
ug
h loca
ll
y
-
enriched
lea
rning
ma
terial
s
H
us
ni
M
ub
a
ro
k
1
,
H
a
ry
a
nt
o
1
,
H
a
run J
o
k
o
P
r
a
y
it
no
2
,
Ana
m
Su
t
o
po
2
,
M
if
t
a
chul H
ud
a
3
1
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Ta
r
b
i
y
a
h
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
I
sl
a
m N
a
h
d
l
a
t
u
l
U
l
a
ma
Je
p
a
r
a
,
J
e
p
a
r
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
2
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Te
a
c
h
e
r
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
M
u
h
a
mm
a
d
i
y
a
h
S
u
r
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
S
u
r
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
3
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
H
u
ma
n
i
t
i
e
s
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
S
u
l
t
a
n
I
d
r
i
s,
Ta
n
j
o
n
g
M
a
l
i
m
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Mar
1
,
2
0
2
6
R
ev
is
ed
May
5
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
26
,
2
0
2
6
Lea
r
n
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
ials
t
h
a
t
a
re
su
i
ta
b
l
e
fo
r
t
h
e
lea
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
re
s
o
n
a
te
wit
h
st
u
d
e
n
ts
’
e
x
p
e
r
ie
n
c
e
s
p
la
y
a
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
r
o
le
i
n
h
e
l
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
le
a
r
n
E
n
g
l
is
h
.
A
m
a
jo
r
o
b
s
tac
le
i
n
lea
r
n
i
n
g
E
n
g
l
is
h
is
t
h
e
sc
a
rc
i
t
y
o
f
lea
r
n
i
n
g
re
s
o
u
rc
e
s
t
h
a
t
in
c
o
r
p
o
ra
te
l
o
c
a
l
c
o
n
te
n
t
,
re
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
i
n
l
o
w
h
o
li
s
t
ic
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
sk
i
ll
s
.
T
h
is
st
u
d
y
a
ims
t
o
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
e
f
fe
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
l
o
c
a
ll
y
-
e
n
r
ic
h
e
d
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
a
ter
ial
s
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
ts
’
h
o
l
ist
ic
re
a
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
o
e
x
p
l
o
re
t
h
e
ir
re
s
p
o
n
se
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
se
s
a
m
i
x
e
d
-
m
e
t
h
o
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
w
it
h
a
sa
m
p
le
o
f
1
3
6
se
v
e
n
t
h
-
g
ra
d
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
In
d
o
n
e
s
ia
.
D
a
ta
we
r
e
g
a
t
h
e
re
d
u
si
n
g
tes
t
s,
o
b
se
r
v
a
t
io
n
,
a
n
d
q
u
e
st
io
n
n
a
ir
e
s,
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
-
tes
ts
a
n
d
d
e
s
c
ri
p
ti
v
e
s
tat
is
ti
c
s.
T
h
e
fi
n
d
i
n
g
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
te
t
h
a
t
lo
c
a
l
l
y
-
e
n
ric
h
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
a
ter
i
a
ls
e
ff
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
st
u
d
e
n
ts
’
h
o
l
is
ti
c
re
a
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
a
c
h
ie
v
e
d
b
y
i
n
c
o
rp
o
ra
ti
n
g
o
ra
l
a
n
d
w
ri
tt
e
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
i
l
ls,
i
n
te
g
ra
ti
n
g
l
o
c
a
l
c
u
l
t
u
re
a
n
d
d
a
i
l
y
a
c
t
i
v
it
ies
i
n
t
o
te
x
t
d
i
sc
o
u
rse
,
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
re
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
si
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
m
a
ste
ry
,
id
e
n
t
if
y
i
n
g
m
a
i
n
i
d
e
a
s,
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
i
n
g
ra
m
m
a
r
,
a
n
d
sc
a
n
n
i
n
g
.
Lea
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
wa
s
re
fle
c
te
d
i
n
s
ta
g
e
s
i
n
E
n
g
l
is
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
(E
LT
),
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
l
o
c
a
l
l
y
-
e
n
ric
h
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
a
te
ria
ls
,
m
a
te
ri
a
l
v
a
r
ia
ti
o
n
s
,
tea
c
h
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
p
a
r
ti
c
i
p
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
re
a
d
i
n
g
s
k
i
ll
.
F
u
t
u
re
re
se
a
rc
h
s
h
o
u
l
d
c
o
n
c
e
n
tra
te
o
n
p
re
d
ic
t
i
n
g
te
x
t
c
o
n
te
n
t
a
n
d
s
k
im
m
i
n
g
i
n
h
o
l
is
ti
c
re
a
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
st
u
d
y
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
s
t
h
e
sta
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
s
t
o
m
a
k
e
p
o
l
ic
ies
in
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
l
o
c
a
l
c
o
n
te
n
t
a
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
in
g
m
a
t
e
ria
ls
i
n
E
L
T.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ho
lis
tic
L
an
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
L
ea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
L
o
ca
l c
o
n
ten
t
R
ea
d
in
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Hu
s
n
i M
u
b
ar
o
k
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ar
b
iy
ah
a
n
d
T
ea
c
h
in
g
Scien
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
I
s
lam
Nah
d
latu
l U
lam
a
J
ep
ar
a
T
am
an
Sis
wa
Stre
et
(
Pek
en
g
)
,
T
ah
u
n
a
n
,
J
ep
ar
a
,
C
en
tr
al
J
av
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: h
u
s
n
i@
u
n
is
n
u
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Stu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
tex
ts
at
a
d
ee
p
lev
el
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
th
at
f
its
with
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
g
o
als
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
(
E
L
T
)
m
ater
ial
s
.
T
h
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
at
er
ials
th
at
in
clu
d
e
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
h
as
a
d
v
er
s
ely
af
f
ec
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
lo
w
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
a
lim
ited
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
d
ec
lin
in
g
r
ea
d
i
n
g
liter
ac
y
s
co
r
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
r
ec
e
n
t
PISA
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
le
d
a
d
r
o
p
o
f
1
2
p
o
in
ts
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
ea
r
lier
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
er
io
d
s
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
h
iev
ed
a
r
ea
d
in
g
s
co
r
e
o
f
7
2
o
n
th
e
f
in
al
ass
ess
m
en
t,
f
allin
g
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
p
ass
in
g
g
r
ad
e
o
f
7
5
.
T
h
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
h
ap
p
en
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
s
o
lely
o
n
s
ep
ar
ate
r
ea
d
in
g
el
em
en
ts
lik
e
s
o
u
n
d
,
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
s
en
ten
ce
s
,
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
,
r
ath
er
t
h
an
g
r
asp
in
g
t
h
e
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
r
elatio
n
to
a
te
x
t
’
s
co
n
tex
t
an
d
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
th
e
te
x
t
[
7
]
.
Hen
ce
,
s
u
itab
le
lear
n
in
g
m
at
er
ials
ar
e
th
o
s
e
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
in
r
ea
d
in
g
,
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
m
o
te
c
u
ltu
r
al
awa
r
e
n
ess
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
tiv
en
ess
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
ma
teri
a
ls
(
Hu
s
n
i
Mu
b
a
r
o
k
)
3265
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t.
Utilizin
g
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
tag
es
[
9
]
as
it
co
v
er
s
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
,
f
esti
v
al
s
,
h
is
to
r
ical
s
ites
,
h
is
to
r
y
,
an
d
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
o
o
d
s
a
n
d
b
ev
er
a
g
es,
en
ab
lin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
o
g
r
asp
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
r
ea
l
-
lif
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
i
n
g
b
y
r
elatin
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t
t
o
th
e
e
v
er
y
d
ay
e
x
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
al
tr
aits
in
to
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
teac
h
in
g
g
o
als
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
[
1
0
]
.
L
o
c
al
co
n
ten
t
s
er
v
es
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
I
n
d
o
n
esian
cu
ltu
r
a
l
h
er
itag
e
[
1
1
]
a
n
d
f
o
s
ter
s
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
l
o
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ce
n
ter
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
th
e
J
ep
ar
a
R
eg
en
cy
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
s
itu
ated
alo
n
g
th
e
n
o
r
th
er
n
c
o
ast
o
f
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
is
r
e
g
io
n
b
o
asts
a
r
ich
an
d
v
ar
ied
lo
ca
l
h
er
itag
e,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
th
e
n
o
tab
le
ef
f
o
r
ts
o
f
in
f
l
u
en
tial
f
ig
u
r
es,
ca
p
tiv
atin
g
at
tr
ac
tio
n
s
,
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
cu
is
in
e
an
d
b
ev
e
r
ag
es,
as
well
as
v
ib
r
a
n
t
f
esti
v
als.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
b
ased
o
n
J
ep
ar
a
’
s
v
alu
es,
s
u
ch
as
n
o
tab
le
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
h
is
to
r
ical
p
l
ac
es,
f
esti
v
als,
jo
b
s
,
an
d
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
is
h
es
an
d
d
r
in
k
s
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
ar
e
Kar
tin
i,
ce
leb
r
ated
f
o
r
h
er
ad
v
o
ca
cy
o
f
g
en
d
er
eq
u
ality
,
an
d
Qu
ee
n
Kalin
y
am
at,
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
h
er
r
esis
tan
ce
ag
ain
s
t
co
lo
n
ialis
m
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
His
to
r
ical
s
ites
lik
e
th
e
Po
r
tu
g
u
ese
f
o
r
t
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
h
er
itag
e
o
f
t
h
e
Po
r
tu
g
u
ese
an
d
s
tan
d
as
a
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ce
leb
r
atio
n
s
lik
e
th
e
“
L
ar
u
n
g
Fe
s
tiv
al
”
,
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
g
r
atitu
d
e
f
o
r
m
ar
in
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
th
e
T
o
r
c
h
W
ar
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
f
ig
h
t
ag
ain
s
t
c
o
lo
n
iali
s
m
.
I
t
also
i
n
clu
d
es
cu
s
to
m
ar
y
cr
af
ts
s
u
ch
as
ca
r
v
in
g
,
ca
r
p
en
tr
y
,
an
d
wea
v
in
g
,
alo
n
g
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
o
o
d
s
a
n
d
b
ev
er
a
g
es
lik
e
“
h
o
r
o
g
-
h
o
r
o
g
”
,
“
k
u
lu
b
a
n
”
,
a
n
d
“
p
in
d
a
n
g
s
era
n
i
”
[
1
5
]
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
p
lay
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
r
o
le
in
E
L
T
b
y
:
i)
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
a
r
e
r
ea
d
il
y
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
b
o
th
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
6
]
;
ii)
en
h
an
ci
n
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
u
e
to
th
eir
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
7
]
;
a
n
d
i
ii)
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
en
jo
y
ab
l
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
I
t
s
er
v
es
as
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
co
n
v
e
y
in
g
c
u
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
v
ia
im
ag
es,
tex
ts
,
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
f
o
u
n
d
with
in
its
co
n
ten
ts
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
s
h
o
u
l
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
cu
ltu
r
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
eso
n
ate
with
th
eir
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
f
ee
lin
g
s
,
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
2
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
s
u
itab
le
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
b
y
ta
k
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
wh
ile
h
ig
h
lig
h
ti
n
g
b
o
th
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
tar
g
et
cu
ltu
r
e
m
ate
r
ials
,
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
Ho
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
is
a
s
k
ill
th
at
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
tex
t
in
its
en
tire
ty
b
y
e
x
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
its
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
tex
t,
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
r
at
h
er
th
an
s
im
p
ly
in
ter
p
r
eti
n
g
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
wo
r
d
s
o
r
s
en
ten
ce
s
in
is
o
latio
n
[
2
2
]
.
I
t
also
r
ef
er
s
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
k
ill
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
a
te
x
t
as
a
wh
o
le
b
y
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
its
o
v
er
all
m
ess
ag
e
an
d
co
n
tex
t,
r
ath
er
th
a
n
ju
s
t
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
lan
g
u
a
g
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
with
th
e
id
ea
o
f
h
o
lis
tic
lear
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
g
r
asp
t
h
e
co
n
te
n
t
in
teac
h
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
h
o
lis
tic
co
n
ce
p
t
to
r
ea
d
in
g
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
wh
o
le
lan
g
u
a
g
e
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ich
p
o
s
its
th
at
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
v
iewe
d
as
an
in
teg
r
ated
wh
o
le
r
ath
er
th
an
as
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
is
tin
ct
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
e
lem
en
ts
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
wh
o
le
lan
g
u
ag
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
ac
tiv
atio
n
h
o
ld
s
th
at
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
m
u
s
t
b
e
lear
n
e
d
in
an
in
teg
r
ated
m
a
n
n
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
u
th
en
tic
la
n
g
u
ag
e
,
th
u
s
alig
n
in
g
with
h
o
l
is
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
,
wh
ich
p
lace
s
m
e
an
in
g
at
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
ca
n
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
a
c
o
n
cr
ete
m
an
if
est
atio
n
o
f
th
e
wh
o
le
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
in
cip
le
in
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
,
in
wh
ic
h
r
ea
d
er
s
ac
tiv
ely
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
m
ea
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
tex
t a
s
a
wh
o
le.
Stu
d
en
ts
with
s
tr
o
n
g
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
b
etter
ab
le
to
g
r
asp
t
h
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
th
e
h
o
lis
tic
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
tex
t
r
ath
er
th
an
ju
s
t
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
wo
r
d
s
o
r
s
en
ten
ce
s
.
Ho
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
en
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
em
to
is
s
u
es
in
th
eir
o
wn
liv
es,
lead
in
g
to
well
-
r
o
u
n
d
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
2
8
]
.
I
t
also
p
r
o
m
o
tes
a
d
ee
p
e
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
b
y
h
elp
in
g
r
ea
d
er
s
id
en
tify
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
t
h
em
es
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
g
r
ea
ter
co
n
tex
tu
al
lea
r
n
i
n
g
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
2
9
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
n
ec
ess
itates
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
th
e
en
tire
tex
t,
wh
ich
en
co
m
p
ass
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
elem
e
n
ts
lik
e
s
o
u
n
d
s
,
wo
r
d
s
,
s
en
ten
ce
s
,
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
s
,
b
u
t
also
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
an
d
in
te
n
t b
eh
in
d
th
e
tex
t th
ey
ar
e
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
u
s
in
g
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
in
ELT
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
,
h
as
attr
ac
ted
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
lo
ca
l
c
o
n
ten
t
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
co
u
ld
e
n
h
an
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
,
cu
ltiv
ate
an
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
f
o
r
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
th
e
v
al
u
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
at
cu
ltu
r
e
[
1
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
E
a
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
also
in
d
icate
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
in
to
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
co
u
l
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
lear
n
in
g
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
i
n
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
[
3
]
.
I
t
ca
n
also
p
r
o
m
o
te
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
l
cu
lt
u
r
e,
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
r
eg
io
n
al
id
e
n
tity
,
an
d
h
elp
in
c
h
ar
ac
ter
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ac
k
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
iews
an
d
a
ttit
u
d
es
with
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
in
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
ity
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
f
lu
en
cy
,
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
o
r
ig
in
ali
ty
,
an
d
elab
o
r
atio
n
[
3
3
]
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
in
clu
d
e
lo
c
al
co
n
ten
t
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
en
h
an
ce
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
,
alig
n
in
g
with
I
n
d
o
n
esia
’
s
cu
r
r
en
t
ELT
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
in
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
th
at
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ac
h
iev
in
g
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es r
elate
d
to
b
o
th
th
e
tar
g
et
c
u
ltu
r
e
an
d
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
cu
ltu
r
e
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
2
6
4
-
3
2
7
8
3266
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
id
en
tifie
s
a
r
esea
r
ch
g
ap
in
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
wo
r
k
s
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
lack
o
f
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
e
d
m
ater
ials
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
r
e
ad
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
licates
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ai
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
b
etwe
en
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
g
lo
b
al
co
n
ten
t
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
,
wh
ich
h
am
p
er
s
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
ass
es
s
m
en
t o
f
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
b
en
ef
its
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
ELT
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
i
n
d
ic
ated
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
lo
ca
l
c
o
n
ten
t
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
q
u
ality
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
as
it
lin
k
s
n
ew
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
cu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
lo
ca
l
c
o
n
ten
t
elem
en
ts
in
to
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
en
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
allo
win
g
th
em
to
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
tex
ts
i
n
a
way
th
at
is
b
o
th
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al,
as
well
as
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
h
ig
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
t
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
th
eir
lear
n
i
n
g
,
as
th
e
co
n
ten
t
ap
p
ea
r
s
m
o
r
e
r
elev
an
t a
n
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t to
th
em
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
g
r
e
ater
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
e
d
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
:
i)
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
e
d
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
ii)
ex
p
lo
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
lear
n
in
g
with
th
ese
m
ater
ials
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
s
tated
a
s
:
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
war
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
wo
r
k
i
n
g
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
,
wh
ile
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
p
o
s
its
th
at
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
is
n
o
t e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
t
o
war
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
tili
ze
s
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
u
tili
zin
g
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
esig
n
to
a
s
s
es
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
lo
ca
l
ly
-
en
r
ic
h
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
wh
ile
also
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
q
u
alitativ
e
d
esig
n
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
e
ac
tio
n
s
to
th
ese
m
ater
ials
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
lo
y
s
a
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
ex
p
lan
at
o
r
y
,
s
tar
tin
g
with
th
e
c
o
llectio
n
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
te
s
ts
,
an
d
th
en
p
r
o
ce
ed
i
n
g
to
co
llect
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
v
ia
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
a
n
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata
o
f
f
er
s
a
b
r
o
ad
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
wh
er
ea
s
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
h
elp
s
to
ex
p
lain
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
b
eh
in
d
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ia
ls
b
ased
o
n
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
esp
o
n
s
es
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
clu
d
es
u
tili
zin
g
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
b
ased
o
n
l
o
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
as
th
e
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
v
ar
iab
le,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
v
ar
ia
b
le
is
th
e
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
non
-
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
A
as
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
B
as
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
A
r
ec
ei
v
ed
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
u
s
in
g
l
o
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
e
d
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
B
u
s
ed
p
r
in
ted
tex
t
b
o
o
k
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
o
u
tlin
es
a
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
e
x
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
s
tar
tin
g
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
tr
ial
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
ass
ess
it
s
v
alid
ity
.
Valid
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
g
a
th
er
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
d
ata
v
ia
p
r
e
-
t
ests
,
in
clu
d
in
g
test
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
a
n
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e.
T
h
e
test
em
p
lo
y
e
d
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
ev
alu
ate
d
f
o
r
its
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
I
n
th
e
v
alid
ity
ass
ess
m
en
t
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
m
o
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
u
la,
4
0
o
u
t
o
f
4
5
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
ell
in
to
th
e
v
alid
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
as
th
eir
ca
lcu
lated
r
-
v
alu
e
ex
ce
e
d
ed
th
e
r
-
tab
le
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
3
7
3
at
a
5
%
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el.
On
th
e
o
th
er
s
id
e,
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
ass
ess
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
p
lit
-
h
alf
m
et
h
o
d
y
ield
e
d
a
r
elia
b
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
9
1
2
,
wh
ich
is
a
b
o
v
e
t
h
e
a
cc
ep
tab
le
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
6
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
as
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
in
q
u
ir
ies,
ea
ch
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
f
o
u
r
p
o
s
s
ib
le
an
s
wer
s
an
d
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
p
o
k
en
an
d
w
r
itten
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
f
o
r
co
n
ten
t
an
d
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
ali
d
ity
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
s
co
r
es
o
f
3
.
7
1
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
s
co
r
es
3
.
4
2
,
wh
ile
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
ac
h
iev
ed
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
s
co
r
es
o
f
3
.
8
2
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
s
co
r
es
3
.
6
7
.
T
h
e
test
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
b
o
th
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
v
alid
,
with
s
co
r
es b
etwe
en
3
.
1
a
n
d
4
.
0
.
I
n
itially
,
a
p
r
e
-
test
was
g
iv
e
n
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
itial
s
tatu
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
y
u
n
d
er
wen
t a
n
y
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Af
ter
war
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
clas
s
VI
I
-
A
wer
e
g
iv
en
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
lo
ca
l
c
o
n
ten
t
d
u
r
in
g
f
o
u
r
wee
k
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
B
u
s
ed
p
r
in
ted
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
f
o
r
th
eir
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
d
u
r
in
g
f
o
u
r
wee
k
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
i
n
v
o
lv
i
n
g
l
o
ca
l
c
o
n
ten
t
o
n
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
a
y
s
in
J
ep
ar
a
in
clu
d
es
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
ce
leb
r
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ce
leb
r
atio
n
o
f
Kar
tin
i
Day
to
h
o
n
o
r
Kar
tin
i
’
s
f
ig
h
t
f
o
r
em
an
cip
atio
n
,
t
h
e
B
ar
atan
f
e
s
tiv
al
to
ce
leb
r
ate
Qu
ee
n
K
alin
y
am
at
’
s
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
an
d
th
e
L
ar
u
n
g
f
esti
v
al
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
astal
to
u
r
is
m
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
n
th
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
m
y
f
am
ilies
a
n
d
th
eir
j
o
b
d
i
s
cu
s
s
es
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ty
p
ical
p
e
o
p
le
o
f
J
ep
ar
a,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
f
is
h
er
m
en
,
ca
r
v
er
s
,
ca
r
p
en
ter
s
,
T
r
o
s
o
wea
v
er
s
,
a
n
d
m
o
n
el
ar
tis
an
s
.
All
o
f
th
ese
m
ater
ials
ar
e
d
eliv
er
e
d
as
s
p
o
k
en
te
x
ts
em
p
h
asizin
g
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
an
d
p
r
esen
tin
g
s
k
ills
,
as
well
as
wr
itten
tex
ts
t
h
at
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
r
ea
d
in
g
,
v
iewin
g
,
an
d
wr
iti
n
g
s
k
ills
.
Af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
a
p
o
s
t
-
test
was
g
iv
en
to
two
class
es
to
ev
alu
ate
th
eir
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
lear
n
in
g
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
an
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
ch
ec
k
lis
t
b
o
th
p
r
io
r
to
an
d
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
t
o
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
ma
teri
a
ls
(
Hu
s
n
i
Mu
b
a
r
o
k
)
3267
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
g
r
o
u
p
s
VII
-
A
VII
-
B
W
e
e
k
s
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
D
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
mi
n
u
t
e
s)
W
e
e
k
s
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
D
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
mi
n
u
t
e
s)
1
Pre
-
t
e
st
2
x
4
0
1
Pre
-
t
e
st
2
x
4
0
2
Jep
a
r
a
’
s
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
d
a
y
s;
l
i
s
t
e
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
sp
e
a
k
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
2
x
4
0
2
N
i
c
e
t
o
me
e
t
y
o
u
;
w
a
r
m
u
p
a
n
d
b
u
i
l
d
u
p
2
x
4
0
3
Jep
a
r
a
’
s
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
d
a
y
s
;
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
e
se
n
t
i
n
g
d
a
n
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
2
x
4
0
3
N
i
c
e
t
o
me
e
t
y
o
u
;
g
o
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
l
e
t
’
s
c
r
e
a
t
e
2
x
4
0
4
M
y
f
a
m
i
l
i
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
j
o
b
s
;
l
i
s
t
e
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
mat
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
i
s
t
e
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
2
x
4
0
4
I
t
’
s
Ju
d
y
s
p
a
r
k
;
w
a
r
m
u
p
a
n
d
b
u
i
l
d
u
p
2
x
4
0
5
M
y
f
a
m
i
l
i
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
j
o
b
s;
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
g
2
x
4
0
5
I
t
’
s
Ju
d
y
s
p
a
r
k
;
g
o
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
l
e
t
’
s
c
r
e
a
t
e
2
x
4
0
6
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
2
x
4
0
6
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
2
x
4
0
2
.
1
.
Respo
nd
ent
s
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
1
3
6
f
r
o
m
a
to
tal
o
f
2
1
0
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
wh
o
wer
e
c
h
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
th
e
Kr
ejcie
an
d
Mo
r
g
an
s
am
p
lin
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
[
3
8
]
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
5
%
m
ar
g
in
o
f
er
r
o
r
an
d
th
en
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
;
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
.
R
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
s
ev
en
th
g
r
a
d
e
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
ch
o
s
en
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
class
es
u
s
in
g
s
im
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
T
h
is
s
elec
tio
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
eir
g
r
ad
e
lev
el,
s
p
ec
if
ically
s
ev
en
th
g
r
ad
e,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
d
th
ey
co
u
ld
co
m
m
u
n
icate
f
u
n
ctio
n
ally
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
b
asic
r
ea
d
in
g
m
ater
ials
as
well
as
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
co
astal
,
m
o
u
n
t
ain
o
u
s
,
an
d
p
lain
s
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
to
o
k
p
lace
at
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
in
J
ep
ar
a
R
eg
en
cy
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
wh
er
e
l
o
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
a
n
d
its
v
alu
es
co
n
tin
u
e
to
b
e
u
p
h
eld
,
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
o
f
f
ig
u
r
es,
alo
n
g
with
h
is
to
r
ical
lan
d
m
ar
k
s
,
l
o
ca
l
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
s
,
f
esti
v
als,
an
d
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
r
eg
io
n
al
d
is
h
es a
n
d
d
r
in
k
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
A
g
e
G
e
n
d
e
r
S
u
m
M
a
l
e
F
e
mal
e
1
3
2
3
2
9
52
1
4
2
5
3
1
56
1
5
1
7
1
1
28
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
g
ath
er
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
4
0
-
q
u
es
tio
n
m
u
ltip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
test
.
E
ac
h
q
u
esti
o
n
in
clu
d
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
p
ass
ag
es,
wh
ich
wer
e
eith
er
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
s
o
r
wr
itten
d
ialo
g
u
e,
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
lo
ca
l
co
n
te
x
t
th
at
ask
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
s
h
o
w
th
ei
r
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
g
ath
er
ed
d
ata
was
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
2
6
4
-
3
2
7
8
3268
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ite
test
s
f
o
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
an
d
t
-
test
s
.
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
g
ath
er
e
d
f
r
o
m
lear
n
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
a
n
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
i
n
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
e
d
to
ass
e
s
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
d
icato
r
s
an
d
s
u
b
-
i
n
d
icato
r
s
H
o
l
i
st
i
c
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
b
ser
v
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
r
e
sp
o
n
ses
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
−
S
p
o
k
e
n
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
(
l
i
s
t
e
n
i
n
g
,
sp
e
a
k
i
n
g
,
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
g
)
−
W
r
i
t
t
e
n
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
(
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
,
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
,
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
)
S
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
E
LT
−
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
(
K
A
F
)
−
Te
x
t
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
(
TM
)
−
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
t
e
x
t
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
(
C
T
C
)
−
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
t
e
x
t
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
C
T)
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
u
s
e
d
D
i
sco
u
r
se
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
−
Jep
a
r
a
l
o
c
a
l
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
−
D
a
i
l
y
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s i
n
J
e
p
a
r
a
Th
e
u
s
e
o
f
l
o
c
a
l
l
y
-
e
n
r
i
c
h
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s
−
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
sh
e
e
t
−
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
In
-
c
l
a
ss a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
−
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
−
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
m
a
i
n
i
d
e
a
−
S
k
i
mm
i
n
g
a
n
d
sca
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
−
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
i
n
g
r
a
m
mar
−
Te
x
t
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
−
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
−
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
−
Lo
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
u
se
d
−
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
−
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
−
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
p
a
i
r
a
n
d
sm
a
l
l
d
i
sc
u
s
si
o
n
H
o
l
i
st
i
c
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
an
aly
zi
n
g
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata
s
tar
ts
with
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
e
d
ata
in
to
tab
les,
u
s
i
n
g
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
in
d
icato
r
s
to
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
tiate
b
etwe
en
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
i
s
is
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
b
y
a
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
test
,
wh
ich
is
th
en
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
n
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
en
t
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
to
ass
es
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
e
d
lear
n
in
g
m
a
ter
ials
v
ar
iab
le
o
n
th
e
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
v
ar
iab
le
in
two
u
n
r
elate
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
a
f
ig
u
r
e
f
o
r
m
at.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
an
al
y
zin
g
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
in
v
o
lv
e
d
b
o
th
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
a
n
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
an
d
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
asp
ec
ts
wer
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
,
an
d
a
d
esc
r
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
es a
n
d
av
er
ag
es.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
B
ef
o
r
e
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
t
h
e
t
-
test
an
aly
s
is
,
a
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
if
th
e
d
at
a
co
llected
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
o
r
a
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
test
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
L
ev
en
e
’
s
test
s
h
o
wed
th
at
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
8
3
1
was
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
e
d
ata
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
was
s
im
ilar
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
A,
wh
ich
was
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
B
,
wh
ich
was th
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
in
itial
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
b
e
f
o
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
e
d
lear
n
in
g
m
at
er
ials
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
A,
wh
ile
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
B
u
s
ed
p
r
in
ted
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
b
o
t
h
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
A
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
B.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
A
h
ad
an
av
er
ag
e
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
e
o
f
6
7
.
6
0
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
av
er
a
g
e
was
6
0
.
7
6
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
A
ac
h
iev
ed
an
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
7
3
.
4
5
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
r
ec
ei
v
ed
a
n
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
6
2
.
7
1
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
class
VI
I
-
A
h
av
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
il
ls
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
is
war
r
an
ted
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
n
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
E
v
er
y
g
r
o
u
p
p
ar
ticip
ate
d
in
f
o
u
r
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
ess
io
n
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
,
d
u
r
in
g
wh
ic
h
t
h
e
teac
h
er
em
p
h
asized
d
eliv
e
r
in
g
co
n
ten
t
r
elate
d
to
p
eo
p
le,
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
an
d
o
b
jects.
T
h
is
was
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
f
ac
ilit
at
ed
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
ed
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
air
wo
r
k
an
d
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
m
ea
n
s
alig
n
s
with
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
in
g
r
esu
lts
an
d
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
ma
teri
a
ls
(
Hu
s
n
i
Mu
b
a
r
o
k
)
3269
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pre
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
m
ea
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
3
.
1
.
I
m
pa
c
t
of
lo
ca
lly
-
enrich
ed
lea
rning
m
a
t
er
ia
ls
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
at
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
ex
h
i
b
ited
i
d
en
tical
v
ar
ia
n
ce
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
F
-
v
alu
e
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
t
h
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
ad
s
im
ilar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
as
in
d
i
ca
ted
b
y
a
t v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
2
6
7
,
w
h
ich
was
lo
wer
th
a
n
th
e
t
-
tab
le
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
6
8
0
.
Fo
ll
o
win
g
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
th
e
two
class
es,
v
ar
io
u
s
o
u
tco
m
es
em
er
g
e
d
,
with
a
t
-
v
alu
e
o
f
2
.
2
2
5
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
t
-
tab
le
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
6
8
0
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
’
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
ev
id
en
t
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
,
as
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
ac
ce
p
ted
an
d
t
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
d
i
s
m
is
s
ed
with
a
t
-
v
alu
e
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
t
-
ta
b
le.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
c
lass
VI
I
-
A,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
ed
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
m
ate
r
ials
,
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
p
r
in
t
ed
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
class
VI
I
-
B.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
wee
n
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
was
1
0
.
7
3
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
,
t
h
e
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
class
VI
I
-
A
d
if
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
class
VI
I
-
B
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
class
es
VI
I
-
A
an
d
VI
I
-
B
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
was
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
at
6
.
8
4
,
b
u
t
af
te
r
th
e
in
t
er
v
en
tio
n
,
th
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
1
0
.
7
3
.
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
e
d
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
v
a
r
y
in
g
r
esu
lts
:
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lear
n
i
n
g
m
a
ter
ials
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
o
o
s
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
,
wh
er
ea
s
p
r
in
ted
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
d
id
n
o
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
e
n
h
an
ce
th
ese
s
k
ills
.
Stu
d
en
ts
lear
n
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
s
u
itab
le
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
co
n
te
x
t r
elate
d
to
th
e
lo
ca
l m
ater
ials
,
d
is
ce
r
n
th
e
m
ain
id
ea
b
y
g
r
asp
in
g
th
e
tex
t
’
s
g
en
er
ic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
lo
ca
te
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
etails
with
in
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
,
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
g
r
am
m
atica
l
ac
cu
r
ac
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ater
ial
s
tu
d
ied
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
ce
n
ter
e
d
ar
o
u
n
d
l
o
ca
l c
o
n
te
n
t p
o
s
itiv
ely
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
-
test
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
2
6
4
-
3
2
7
8
3270
W
ith
an
in
ter
n
al
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
9
5
8
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
lo
ca
ll
y
-
en
r
ich
e
d
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
ca
n
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
i
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
ese
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
tu
d
e
n
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
n
E
n
g
lis
h
,
h
elp
i
n
g
th
em
t
o
ac
q
u
ir
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
g
r
asp
t
h
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
a
tex
t,
an
d
s
h
o
wca
s
e
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
t
-
test
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
g
iv
en
to
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
a
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
o
u
tco
m
es
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
T
ab
le
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
ea
c
h
cr
iter
io
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
o
th
o
r
al
an
d
w
r
itten
s
k
ills
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
1
0
.
9
1
a
n
d
8
.
9
1
i
n
th
e
class
VI
I
-
A.
T
h
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
k
ills
in
th
e
m
ater
ial
s
h
elp
s
s
t
u
d
en
ts
g
r
asp
th
e
co
n
ten
t
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
,
as
i
t
r
em
ain
s
ce
n
ter
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
a
co
h
esiv
e
th
em
e.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ate
r
ials
p
lay
ed
a
k
ey
r
o
le
i
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
4
3
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
wr
itten
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
also
im
p
r
o
v
ed
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
r
e
p
r
esen
t
co
m
m
u
n
ity
t
r
ad
itio
n
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
f
9
.
3
a
n
d
3
.
0
2
in
cl
ass
VI
I
-
A.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
is
r
o
o
ted
i
n
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
o
g
n
ize,
th
er
eb
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
l
o
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
h
elp
in
g
th
em
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
its
v
alu
es in
to
th
eir
d
ail
y
liv
es
[
2
]
.
Ad
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
w
ed
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
e
ad
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
,
wh
ic
h
i
n
c
lu
d
e
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
v
o
ca
b
u
l
ar
y
s
k
ills
,
b
ett
er
i
d
e
n
t
if
i
ca
t
io
n
o
f
k
e
y
i
d
ea
s
,
m
o
r
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
t
ex
t
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
g
r
e
ate
r
g
r
a
m
m
at
ica
l
ac
c
u
r
a
cy
.
T
h
is
r
is
e
h
a
p
p
e
n
e
d
b
e
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
v
o
ca
b
u
la
r
y
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
m
ate
r
i
als
was
f
am
ili
ar
t
o
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
e
n
a
b
li
n
g
t
h
e
m
to
r
e
c
o
g
n
ize
t
h
e
m
a
in
i
d
e
a
o
f
a
t
ex
t.
W
it
h
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
c
o
m
m
a
n
d
o
f
v
o
c
ab
u
l
ar
y
,
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ca
n
q
u
ic
k
l
y
a
n
al
y
ze
te
x
ts
to
ac
c
u
r
at
el
y
g
r
as
p
t
h
e
c
o
n
te
n
t
o
f
t
h
ei
r
r
e
ad
in
g
wh
ile
m
a
i
n
ta
in
i
n
g
g
r
am
m
a
tic
al
ac
c
u
r
a
cy
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
ase
i
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
s
c
o
r
es
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
2
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
-
t
est
r
esu
lts
d
is
p
la
y
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
,
in
d
i
ca
te
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
n
g
l
is
h
le
ar
n
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
l
o
c
all
y
-
e
n
r
i
c
h
e
d
b
as
ed
lea
r
n
i
n
g
m
at
er
ials
is
als
o
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
i
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
c
la
s
s
p
ar
tic
ip
ati
o
n
,
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
at
ed
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
5
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
S
u
b
-
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
VII
-
A
(
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
)
VII
-
B
(
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
)
Pre
P
o
st
Pre
P
o
st
1
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
sk
i
l
l
s
S
p
o
k
e
n
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
(
l
i
s
t
e
n
i
n
g
,
sp
e
a
k
i
n
g
,
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
i
n
g
)
6
1
.
6
3
7
2
.
5
4
5
4
.
9
8
6
4
.
9
6
W
r
i
t
t
e
n
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s (r
e
a
d
i
n
g
,
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
,
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
)
6
5
.
2
1
7
4
.
1
2
6
5
.
2
1
6
1
.
0
5
2
D
i
sco
u
r
se
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
Jep
a
r
a
l
o
c
a
l
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
6
9
.
8
0
7
9
.
1
0
6
1
.
3
5
6
3
.
7
6
D
a
i
l
y
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s i
n
J
e
p
a
r
a
6
5
.
8
1
6
8
.
8
3
6
0
.
2
7
6
1
.
8
5
3
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
6
6
.
6
6
6
8
.
7
8
6
5
.
2
1
6
9
.
0
8
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
m
a
i
n
i
d
e
a
6
3
.
7
6
7
9
.
3
6
6
0
.
8
6
5
5
.
0
7
S
k
i
mm
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
6
8
.
1
1
6
5
.
8
7
5
8
.
6
9
5
2
.
1
7
S
c
a
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
7
0
.
7
5
7
7
.
9
2
6
0
.
0
5
7
4
.
3
0
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
i
n
g
r
a
m
mar
6
0
.
8
6
8
7
.
3
0
5
7
.
9
7
3
3
.
3
3
Te
x
t
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
7
2
.
4
6
6
3
.
4
9
5
8
.
6
9
7
2
.
4
6
T
ab
le
5
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lo
ca
l c
o
n
ten
t
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
S
u
b
-
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
M
e
a
n
Pre
-
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
P
o
st
-
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
1
S
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
E
LT
K
A
F
TM
C
TC
I
C
T
2
.
3
3
.
5
2
Th
e
u
s
e
o
f
l
o
c
a
l
l
y
-
e
n
r
i
c
h
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
sh
e
e
t
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
2
.
6
3
.
6
3
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
Lo
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
1
.
6
3
4
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
u
se
d
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
2
.
3
3
.
3
5
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
p
a
i
r
a
n
d
sm
a
l
l
d
i
sc
u
s
si
o
n
3
3
.
5
6
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
H
o
l
i
st
i
c
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
1
.
5
3
.
5
M
e
a
n
t
o
t
a
l
2
.
2
3
.
4
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
G
o
o
d
V
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
5
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
r
o
o
te
d
in
lo
ca
l
c
o
n
ten
t
f
o
r
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
g
r
ea
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
i
s
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
ELT
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
r
ef
lecte
d
in
an
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
4
,
in
d
icatin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
ma
teri
a
ls
(
Hu
s
n
i
Mu
b
a
r
o
k
)
3271
th
at
lear
n
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
u
s
in
g
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
i
als
is
r
ated
as
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
.
T
h
is
is
illu
s
tr
ated
b
y
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tag
es
o
f
KAF,
T
M,
C
T
C
,
an
d
I
C
T
.
KA
F
an
d
T
M
lay
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
e
x
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
wh
ile
it
a
ls
o
h
elp
s
th
em
g
r
asp
n
ew
m
ater
ial
[
4
5
]
.
C
T
C
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
an
d
I
C
T
e
m
p
h
asizes
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
lear
n
in
g
[
4
6
]
.
I
n
E
L
T
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
alo
n
g
s
id
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
alig
n
with
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
e
x
er
cises
,
s
tu
d
en
t
wo
r
k
s
h
ee
ts
,
an
d
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
leted
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
,
i
n
p
air
s
,
o
r
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
lea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
o
f
f
er
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ad
v
an
ta
g
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
cr
itica
l th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
4
7
]
,
as th
ey
f
ea
tu
r
e
p
ictu
r
es
,
task
s
,
an
d
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ac
tiv
ities
.
L
o
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
e
d
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
en
co
m
p
ass
th
e
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
J
ep
ar
a
’
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
a
ce
d
b
y
n
o
tab
le
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
ic
o
n
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
as
well
as
ele
m
en
ts
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
cu
is
in
e
an
d
b
ev
er
ag
es,
ev
e
r
y
d
ay
life
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
ce
leb
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ater
ials
ar
e
o
r
g
an
ize
d
in
a
co
h
esiv
e
way
th
at
en
co
m
p
ass
es
v
ar
io
u
s
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
,
in
clu
d
in
g
lis
ten
i
n
g
an
d
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
a
n
d
v
iewin
g
,
as
well
as
wr
itin
g
an
d
p
r
esen
tin
g
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
p
ictu
r
es,
an
im
atio
n
,
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
lis
ten
in
g
,
an
d
in
t
er
ac
tiv
e
task
s
.
T
h
is
is
m
ea
n
t
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
ar
e,
en
g
a
g
e,
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
id
ea
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
with
o
th
er
s
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
s
k
ills
in
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
lo
ca
l
co
n
te
n
t
en
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
,
as
th
ey
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
m
an
n
er
r
ath
e
r
th
an
in
is
o
latio
n
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
i
n
T
ab
le
5
.
Stu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
h
as
r
is
en
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
eir
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
p
air
s
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
to
s
h
ar
e
id
ea
s
an
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
ese
p
air
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
-
b
ased
task
s
allo
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
o
b
tain
a
co
m
p
lete
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
b
ein
g
ex
p
lo
r
ed
[
4
8
]
.
3.
2
.
Student
s
’
re
s
po
ns
es
Stu
d
en
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
was
c
o
llected
v
ia
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
o
llo
win
g
a
4
-
wee
k
p
er
io
d
d
u
r
in
g
wh
i
ch
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
w
er
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
6
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
t f
e
ed
b
ac
k
o
n
lear
n
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
all
i
n
d
icato
r
s
was 3
.
2
1
,
f
allin
g
wit
h
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
3
.
1
to
4
.
0
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
d
i
c
at
e
s
t
h
a
t
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
d
p
o
s
it
i
v
e
l
y
,
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
l
o
ca
l
l
y
-
e
n
r
i
c
h
ed
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
ater
ial
s
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
ar
e
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
an
d
u
tili
ze
in
t
h
eir
E
n
g
lis
h
s
tu
d
ies.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
m
ater
i
als,
s
tar
tin
g
with
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
m
a
p
p
in
g
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
an
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
3
.
2
5
f
o
r
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
ls
.
A
ct
i
v
i
ti
e
s
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
at
e
r
i
a
ls
c
a
n
b
e
e
a
s
i
l
y
c
a
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
b
y
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
i
l
ls
,
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
p
a
i
r
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
s
m
a
l
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
an
av
e
r
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
2
.
9
8
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
-
cla
s
s
ac
tiv
itie
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
alig
n
with
th
e
r
elev
a
n
t
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
a
r
e
d
eliv
e
r
ed
i
n
a
c
o
h
e
s
iv
e
an
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
way
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
l
o
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
th
at
is
r
elev
an
t
t
o
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
e
v
al
u
es
it
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es.
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t
r
elies
o
n
b
o
t
h
s
p
o
k
e
n
an
d
wr
itten
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
to
en
h
an
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
,
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
an
a
v
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
3
0
.
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
elem
en
ts
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
li
ty
o
f
i
m
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
,
c
l
a
r
i
t
y
o
f
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
ex
er
cises
r
elate
d
to
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
le
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
an
av
e
r
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
2
9
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
ate
r
ials
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
A
sp
e
c
t
s
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
M
e
a
n
To
t
a
l
me
a
n
1
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
S
i
mp
l
e
t
o
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
d
7
6
.
0
4
3
.
1
6
3
.
2
5
S
i
mp
l
e
t
o
r
e
a
c
h
7
2
.
9
1
3
.
0
3
R
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
8
5
.
4
1
3
.
5
5
O
f
f
e
r
e
x
p
e
n
si
v
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
7
3
.
9
5
3
.
0
8
En
h
a
n
c
e
s l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
8
6
.
4
5
3
.
6
0
C
l
e
a
r
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
ssi
b
l
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
7
3
.
9
5
3
.
0
8
2
In
-
c
l
a
ss a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
S
i
mp
l
e
t
o
u
se
75
3
.
1
2
2
.
9
8
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
7
7
.
0
8
3
.
2
1
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
6
0
.
4
1
2
.
5
1
In
-
p
a
i
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
7
6
.
0
4
3
.
1
6
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
6
9
.
7
9
2
.
9
0
3
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
G
o
a
l
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
8
7
.
5
0
3
.
6
4
3
.
3
0
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
h
o
l
i
s
t
i
c
7
2
.
9
1
3
.
0
3
Lo
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
8
6
.
4
5
3
.
6
0
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
7
8
.
1
2
3
.
2
5
S
i
mp
l
e
a
n
d
c
l
e
a
r
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
7
7
.
0
8
3
.
2
1
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
s
k
i
l
l
s
7
8
.
1
2
3
.
2
5
S
p
o
k
e
n
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
d
i
sc
o
u
r
se
8
3
.
3
3
3
.
4
7
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
7
0
.
8
3
2
.
9
5
4
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
I
l
l
u
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
8
4
.
3
7
3
.
5
1
3
.
2
9
C
o
mm
o
n
l
y
u
se
d
w
o
r
d
s
8
5
.
4
1
3
.
5
5
C
l
e
a
r
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
7
7
.
0
8
3
.
2
1
Ex
e
r
c
i
se
s
7
8
.
1
2
3
.
2
5
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
7
0
.
8
3
2
.
9
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
2
6
4
-
3
2
7
8
3272
T
h
e
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
r
ea
ctio
n
s
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
ese
m
ater
ials
ca
n
s
er
v
e
m
u
ltip
le
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
ass
i
g
n
m
en
ts
[
4
9
]
an
d
co
n
v
ey
i
n
g
cu
ltu
r
al
m
ess
ag
es
an
d
v
alu
es
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
en
g
ag
e
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
o
th
p
h
y
s
ically
an
d
m
en
tally
[
5
0
]
,
wh
ile
also
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
lati
o
n
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
[
5
1
]
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
Utilizin
g
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
t
h
at
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
lo
ca
lly
g
r
ea
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
th
eir
le
ar
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
tex
t
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
en
h
an
ce
d
wh
en
th
ey
f
o
s
ter
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
,
lea
d
in
g
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
ed
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
p
r
es
en
tatio
n
s
k
ills
[
1
0
]
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
u
tili
zin
g
m
ater
ials
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
c
al
ar
ea
g
r
ea
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
b
o
th
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
wh
er
e
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
u
ld
p
r
ac
tice
th
eir
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
an
y
wh
er
e
v
ia
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
[
1
]
.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
o
r
al
s
k
ills
o
f
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
r
esen
tin
g
with
th
e
wr
itten
s
k
il
ls
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
,
v
iewin
g
,
an
d
w
r
itin
g
[
5
2
]
i
n
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ate
r
ial
r
esu
lts
in
b
en
ef
icial
ef
f
ec
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
W
h
en
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
in
cl
u
d
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
cu
ltu
r
e,
o
r
d
aily
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
u
ild
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
at
en
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
g
r
asp
th
e
tex
t
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
tly
an
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
is
f
am
iliar
ity
d
im
in
is
h
es
th
e
m
e
n
tal
ef
f
o
r
t
u
s
u
ally
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
tex
ts
in
u
n
f
am
iliar
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
in
v
o
l
v
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es b
u
t a
ls
o
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
a
n
d
co
n
tex
t
[
5
4
]
.
B
o
th
o
r
al
an
d
wr
itten
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
f
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
b
y
en
g
ag
i
n
g
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
n
eg
o
tiatin
g
th
e
m
ea
n
i
n
g
s
with
in
th
o
s
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
5
5
]
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
ten
ets
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
lea
r
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asize
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
5
0
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
la
n
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
in
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
s
u
ch
as
co
m
b
in
in
g
lis
ten
in
g
with
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
with
v
iewin
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
with
p
r
esen
tin
g
,
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
[
5
6
]
.
E
n
g
ag
in
g
in
lis
ten
in
g
an
d
s
p
ea
k
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
o
f
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
eir
g
r
asp
o
f
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
[
5
7
]
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
h
el
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
s
o
f
tex
ts
,
p
r
o
m
o
te
d
etailed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
d
ee
p
en
t
h
eir
g
r
asp
o
f
tex
t
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
[
5
8
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
p
r
o
m
o
tes
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
h
iev
e
a
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
r
elies
o
n
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
t
h
e
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
with
lear
n
in
g
g
o
als
[
4
3
]
.
I
f
th
e
l
o
ca
l
-
b
ased
m
ater
ials
o
r
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
f
er
ed
lack
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
r
in
tellectu
al
d
ep
t
h
,
th
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
m
ig
h
t
b
e
s
h
allo
w,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
m
o
r
e
o
n
f
o
r
m
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t th
an
o
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
h
o
lis
tic
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
[
5
9
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
also
s
h
o
w
th
eir
h
o
li
s
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
te
x
t.
Gr
asp
in
g
tex
t
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
r
eq
u
ir
es
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
in
g
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
f
illed
with
lo
ca
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
alu
es
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
in
g
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
en
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
k
ills
,
as
th
ese
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
ac
ticed
r
eg
u
lar
l
y
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
co
n
te
x
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
th
at
f
o
s
ter
s
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
6
0
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
r
ef
lect
th
eir
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
n
atio
n
alis
t
v
alu
es,
as
th
ese
v
iews
lin
k
t
h
eir
lo
ca
l
an
d
r
eg
i
o
n
al
cu
ltu
r
es
to
th
eir
d
aily
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
6
1
]
,
[
6
2
]
.
T
h
is
is
illu
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
ar
in
e
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
[
6
3
]
,
as
J
ep
ar
a
b
o
asts
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
co
astl
in
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
is
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
r
eser
v
in
g
lo
ca
l
in
d
u
s
tr
ie
s
th
at
u
tili
ze
wo
o
d
[
1
5
]
,
as
well
as
h
o
n
o
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
in
f
lu
en
tial
f
ig
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
J
ep
ar
a,
s
u
ch
as
Kar
tin
i,
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
h
er
s
tr
u
g
g
le
in
g
en
d
er
e
q
u
ality
,
an
d
Qu
ee
n
o
f
Kalin
y
am
at,
ce
leb
r
ated
f
o
r
h
er
p
e
r
s
is
ten
ce
ag
ain
s
t
co
lo
n
ial
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
lo
ca
l
m
ater
ials
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
r
ea
d
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
6
4
]
,
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
a
n
d
s
k
ills
in
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
an
d
an
ticip
atin
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
tex
ts
[
1
]
.
A
m
ajo
r
e
n
h
an
c
em
en
t
in
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
with
wr
itten
s
k
ill
s
,
wh
ich
n
ec
ess
itate
th
eir
ab
il
ity
to
g
r
asp
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
te
x
t
in
r
elatio
n
to
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
c
u
ltu
r
e
o
f
J
ep
ar
a.
T
h
is
aid
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
k
e
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
g
tex
t
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
lo
ca
l
m
ater
ial
s
th
at
u
tili
ze
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
an
d
c
o
n
tex
ts
f
am
iliar
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
h
elp
th
e
m
g
r
as
p
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
a
tex
t,
as
th
ese
m
ater
ials
r
elate
to
th
eir
lo
ca
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
th
e
r
eb
y
e
n
r
ich
in
g
th
eir
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ate
r
ials
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
wo
r
k
t
o
g
eth
er
in
p
air
s
an
d
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
em
p
h
asiz
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
in
clu
d
e
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
lis
ten
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
v
iewin
g
,
wr
itin
g
,
p
r
esen
tin
g
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
lan
g
u
ag
e,
an
d
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ater
ial
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wo
r
k
co
llab
o
r
ativ
el
y
,
eith
er
in
-
p
air
ac
tiv
ity
o
r
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
p
er
tain
s
to
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
e
f
lecte
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
i
lls
.
T
h
ese
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ac
tiv
ities
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
v
ar
io
u
s
s
k
ills
,
in
clu
d
in
g
:
i
)
cr
itical
r
ea
d
in
g
,
wh
ich
i
n
v
o
lv
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
aly
zin
g
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
tex
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
ma
teri
a
ls
(
Hu
s
n
i
Mu
b
a
r
o
k
)
3273
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
w
h
ile
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
a
g
en
r
e
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
;
ii
)
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
s
;
iii
)
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
;
an
d
iv
)
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
[
4
0
]
,
[
6
5
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
m
et
h
o
d
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
k
ills
co
llab
o
r
ate
to
ac
h
iev
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es
[
6
6
]
,
[
6
7
]
.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
,
en
c
o
u
r
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
wo
r
k
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
r
p
air
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
h
ar
ed
g
o
als
[
4
0
]
.
E
n
g
ag
in
g
in
th
ese
co
llab
o
r
ati
v
e
ac
tiv
ities
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
b
y
allo
win
g
t
h
em
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ea
ch
o
th
er
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
em
p
h
asis
en
ab
les
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
v
o
c
ab
u
lar
y
,
g
r
am
m
ar
,
an
d
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
,
h
elp
in
g
th
em
g
ain
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
tex
t
[
6
8
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
th
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
f
o
s
ter
s
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
en
h
an
ce
s
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
an
d
b
o
o
s
ts
s
tu
d
en
t
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
[
6
9
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
u
s
ed
is
f
am
iliar
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
eir
ev
er
y
d
ay
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
m
o
ti
v
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
c
o
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
co
m
m
u
n
ity
is
s
u
es
th
at
ar
e
p
er
tin
en
t
to
th
eir
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
eir
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
b
o
o
s
tin
g
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
[
4
2
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
4
,
it
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
th
at
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
d
o
n
o
t
e
n
tire
ly
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
s
co
r
es.
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
is
an
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
lo
ca
l
tex
ts
,
af
f
ec
tin
g
b
o
th
o
r
al
s
k
ills
(
lis
ten
in
g
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
-
p
r
esen
tin
g
)
an
d
wr
itten
s
k
ills
(
r
ea
d
in
g
-
v
iewin
g
-
wr
itin
g
)
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
ch
allen
g
es
in
o
r
al
s
k
ills
ar
e
ev
id
en
t
in
two
ar
ea
s
:
th
eir
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
clu
s
ter
in
g
,
as
th
ey
ten
d
to
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
s
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
wo
r
d
s
in
s
tead
o
f
p
h
r
ases
,
an
d
th
e
p
ac
e
at
wh
ich
s
p
o
k
en
tex
t
is
d
eliv
er
ed
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
th
em
to
r
e
p
ea
t
wh
a
t
h
as
b
ee
n
s
aid
[
7
0
]
,
[
7
1
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
wr
itin
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
ar
e
e
v
id
e
n
t
in
th
eir
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
wh
ic
h
h
i
n
d
er
s
th
eir
h
o
lis
tic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
m
ater
ials
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
eir
lim
ited
g
r
asp
o
f
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
co
n
tex
t
co
m
p
licates
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
d
i
s
ce
r
n
m
ain
id
ea
s
a
n
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
etails
[
7
2
]
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ia
ls
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
c
o
n
ten
t
r
o
o
ted
in
th
e
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
J
ep
ar
a
ar
e
u
n
f
am
iliar
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
wh
o
u
s
u
ally
r
ely
o
n
g
en
e
r
al
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
th
at
lack
a
r
eg
io
n
al
f
o
c
u
s
.
W
h
ile
s
t
u
d
en
ts
h
av
e
h
o
lis
tic
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
th
e
y
f
in
d
it c
h
all
en
g
in
g
to
u
s
e
th
ese
s
k
ills
wh
en
en
g
a
g
in
g
with
lo
c
al
tex
ts
[
7
3
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
h
o
lis
tic
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
s
co
r
es
at
tex
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
s
k
im
m
in
g
o
f
th
e
tex
t.
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
s
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
b
o
o
k
s
th
at
p
r
esen
t
g
lo
b
al
E
n
g
lis
h
co
n
ten
t.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
wh
e
n
th
ey
en
co
u
n
ter
m
ater
ials
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
to
p
ics,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
id
e
J
ep
ar
a
m
ay
n
o
t
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
t
h
e
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
th
em
to
an
ticip
ate
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
tex
t
’
s
co
n
ten
t a
n
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
etails.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
in
li
n
e
with
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
n
atio
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
wh
er
e
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
s
er
v
es
as a
n
elem
en
t th
at
allo
ws s
ch
o
o
ls
to
tailo
r
th
eir
m
ater
ials
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
tr
aits
o
f
t
h
eir
r
eg
io
n
.
E
n
g
lis
h
is
s
till
a
m
an
d
ato
r
y
s
u
b
ject
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
b
u
t
lo
ca
l
co
n
te
n
t
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
u
s
in
g
e
n
r
ich
m
en
t
m
ater
ials
th
at
em
p
h
asize
r
eg
io
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e
,
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
tex
ts
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
itie
s
[
4
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
cu
ltu
r
e
is
u
p
h
eld
b
y
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
th
e
lo
ca
l
tr
ad
i
tio
n
s
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
o
ciety
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
r
elate
d
to
t
h
eir
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
te
x
t
an
d
ev
er
y
d
a
y
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
[
7
4
]
.
B
y
u
tili
zi
n
g
lo
ca
lly
-
e
n
r
ich
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
teac
h
er
c
an
cr
ea
te
r
elev
an
t
a
n
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ELT
t
h
at
co
n
n
ec
ts
la
n
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
s
o
n
al
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
h
o
li
s
tic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ac
tiv
ities
[
7
5
]
.
Fro
m
a
p
o
lic
y
m
ak
er
’
s
v
iewp
o
in
t,
lo
ca
l
ly
-
en
r
ich
ed
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
o
f
f
er
a
p
r
ac
tical
b
asis
f
o
r
c
r
ea
tin
g
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
cu
r
r
icu
la
th
at
en
co
m
p
ass
b
o
t
h
cu
r
r
icu
lar
an
d
co
-
c
u
r
r
icu
lar
ac
tiv
ities
,
wh
ile
also
b
len
d
i
n
g
g
lo
b
al
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
with
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
u
tili
zin
g
th
ese
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
n
ec
ess
ita
tes
a
b
al
an
ce
d
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
h
ar
m
o
n
izes lo
ca
l sig
n
if
ica
n
ce
with
th
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
g
lo
b
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
[
7
6
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
lo
ca
lly
-
e
n
r
ich
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
is
well
-
b
ac
k
ed
b
y
b
o
th
q
u
an
tit
ativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
ev
id
en
ce
.
Qu
an
tit
ativ
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
l
o
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
e
d
lear
n
i
n
g
m
at
er
ials
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
s
t
-
lear
n
in
g
test
s
co
r
es
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
p
r
e
-
lear
n
in
g
test
s
,
af
f
ec
tin
g
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
,
tex
t
d
is
co
u
r
s
e,
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
th
e
t
-
v
alu
es
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
t
h
e
t
-
tab
le
an
d
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
lear
n
in
g
test
s
b
ein
g
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
e
-
lear
n
in
g
test
s
.
E
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
in
s
p
o
k
en
s
k
ills
,
in
clu
d
in
g
lis
ten
in
g
a
n
d
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
as
well
as
in
wr
itten
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
.
E
n
h
a
n
cin
g
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
in
d
icato
r
s
ca
n
b
e
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
d
ee
p
en
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
’
s
co
n
tex
t,
esp
ec
ially
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
lo
ca
l
c
o
n
t
en
t
f
r
o
m
J
ep
ar
a
an
d
th
eir
ev
er
y
d
ay
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
E
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
a
r
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
ject
iv
e
o
f
th
e
te
x
t,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
s
ca
n
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
g
r
asp
in
g
g
r
am
m
ar
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
I
n
th
e
m
ea
n
tim
e,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
g
ath
er
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
s
h
o
ws
a
r
is
e
in
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
h
ase
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
s
r
ev
ea
l g
r
ea
ter
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
i
n
class
r
o
o
m
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
wh
ile
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
m
o
r
e
f
av
o
r
ab
le
v
ie
w
o
f
lear
n
in
g
th
at
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
t
h
eir
lo
ca
l
co
n
te
x
t.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
id
ea
th
at
lo
ca
lly
-
en
r
ich
ed
le
ar
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
ar
e
b
en
ef
ici
al
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
q
u
ality
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
Prim
ar
y
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.