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Exploring
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so
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tion a
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ng
t
ra
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resilienc
e,
well
-
being
,
a
nd
co
ping
strategies
i
n Sicilia
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teenag
e
rs
Sa
g
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E
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a
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a
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c
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J
u
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19
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2
6
Re
sili
e
n
c
e
is
a
p
e
rso
n
a
li
ty
trait
st
rictly
i
n
flu
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
se
v
e
ra
l
p
ro
te
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
risk
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
fa
c
to
rs
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
it
s
stre
n
g
t
h
n
e
ss
is
u
se
fu
l
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
we
ll
-
b
e
i
n
g
o
f
tee
n
a
g
e
rs.
Th
e
a
im
o
f
th
is
q
u
a
n
ti
tativ
e
c
ro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
stu
d
y
wa
s
to
e
x
p
lo
re
t
h
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
s
a
m
o
n
g
re
s
il
ien
c
e
in
term
s
o
f
p
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it
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trait,
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
,
a
n
d
c
o
p
in
g
str
a
teg
ies
in
a
larg
e
g
ro
u
p
o
f
S
icil
ian
tee
n
a
g
e
rs.
We
h
y
p
o
th
e
siz
e
d
t
h
a
t:
th
e
m
o
re
th
e
tee
n
a
g
e
rs
u
se
d
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
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l
c
o
p
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g
stra
teg
ies
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e
.
g
.
,
a
c
ti
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e
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n
d
s
u
p
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o
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c
o
p
in
g
stra
teg
ies
),
t
h
e
m
o
re
th
e
y
we
re
h
ig
h
ly
re
sili
e
n
t,
a
n
d
th
e
y
sc
o
re
d
h
ig
h
e
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i
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d
ime
n
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n
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o
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p
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y
c
h
o
l
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g
ica
l
we
ll
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b
e
in
g
;
t
h
e
m
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re
th
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n
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g
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rs
sh
o
we
d
h
ig
h
lev
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ls
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
,
th
e
m
o
re
t
h
e
y
w
e
re
h
ig
h
l
y
re
sili
e
n
t.
Th
e
sa
m
p
le
c
o
n
siste
d
o
f
4
6
7
tee
n
a
g
e
rs
(a
g
e
-
ra
n
g
e
:
1
1
–
1
3
),
2
3
5
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irl
s
a
n
d
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3
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b
o
y
s,
ra
n
d
o
m
ly
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e
c
ru
it
e
d
fr
o
m
two
sta
te
j
u
n
i
o
r
s
c
h
o
o
ls
in
Ca
tan
ia,
S
icil
y
(S
o
u
t
h
e
rn
Italy
).
F
o
r
d
a
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
,
we
u
se
d
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
in
v
e
n
to
r
y
o
f
th
ri
v
in
g
(CIT)
f
o
r
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
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ica
l
we
ll
-
b
e
i
n
g
,
re
sili
e
n
c
e
sc
a
le,
a
n
d
c
h
il
d
re
n
’s
c
o
p
i
n
g
stra
teg
ies
c
h
e
c
k
li
st
-
R1
.
Re
su
lt
s
i
n
d
ica
ted
th
a
t
th
e
re
we
re
sta
ti
stica
ll
y
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
c
o
rr
e
latio
n
s
b
e
twe
e
n
re
sili
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
d
ime
n
sio
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
b
e
twe
e
n
re
sili
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
p
in
g
stra
teg
ies
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
m
u
l
ti
p
le
r
e
g
re
ss
io
n
a
n
a
ly
se
s
sh
o
we
d
th
a
t
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
p
i
n
g
stra
teg
ies
a
n
d
h
ig
h
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
h
a
d
a
p
o
sit
iv
e
imp
a
c
t
o
n
re
sili
e
n
c
e
o
f
tee
n
a
g
e
rs.
F
u
t
u
re
re
se
a
rc
h
will
c
o
m
p
a
re
th
e
se
fin
d
in
g
s
wit
h
t
h
o
se
d
e
riv
i
n
g
fr
o
m
sa
m
p
les
o
f
c
h
il
d
re
n
to
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
t
h
e
p
re
se
n
c
e
o
f
sim
il
a
rit
ies
o
r
d
iffere
n
c
e
s in
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
c
o
p
i
n
g
stra
teg
ie
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ad
o
lescen
ce
C
o
p
in
g
s
tr
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ies
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
R
esil
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ce
T
ee
n
ag
er
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC BY
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
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A
uth
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r
:
I
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d
ian
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Ma
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L
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Dep
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E
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s
,
Un
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s
ity
o
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C
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Via
T
ea
tr
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Gr
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,
8
4
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9
5
1
2
4
,
C
atan
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Sicily
,
I
taly
E
m
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lu
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in
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co
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
r
e
s
ilien
ce
as
a
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
ait
an
d
co
p
in
g
s
ty
les
o
r
s
tr
ateg
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with
ch
allen
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in
ad
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lescen
ts
a
n
d
y
o
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n
g
a
d
u
lts
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v
er
y
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t
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esti
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g
to
p
ic
in
v
esti
g
ated
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
last
y
ea
r
s
[1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Als
o
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
p
s
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ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
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g
h
as
b
ee
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f
o
u
n
d
to
p
lay
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
i
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p
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m
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tin
g
a
n
d
en
h
an
cin
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
q
u
ality
o
f
life
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Fo
r
th
ese
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
th
is
p
ap
e
r
an
aly
ze
d
h
o
w
r
esil
ien
ce
,
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
in
ter
ac
t
to
g
eth
er
as
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
p
r
ea
d
o
lescen
ce
an
d
h
o
w
r
esil
ien
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as
p
er
s
o
n
ality
t
r
ait
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
co
p
in
g
i
n
in
p
o
s
t
-
C
OVI
D
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
I
talian
p
r
o
ject
th
at
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
o
n
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
r
ath
er
th
an
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
as
o
u
t
co
m
es
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
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r
ec
o
v
er
y
o
f
p
r
ea
d
o
lescen
ts
af
ter
th
e
cr
is
is
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
e
m
ic
p
er
io
d
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
W
ag
n
ild
a
n
d
Yo
u
n
g
[
5
]
m
o
d
el,
r
esil
ien
ce
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
an
in
d
i
v
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al
tr
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f
u
n
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n
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to
m
o
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er
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th
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n
e
g
ativ
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f
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f
s
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m
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8
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3039
a
cr
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s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
two
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
r
esil
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ce
:
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
r
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ed
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
b
e
s
elf
-
co
n
f
i
d
en
t
a
n
d
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t,
d
eter
m
in
ed
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an
d
p
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s
is
ten
t,
an
d
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
s
elf
an
d
life
,
d
e
f
in
ed
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
ce
p
t
o
n
eself
a
n
d
o
n
e’
s
life
d
esp
ite
ad
v
er
s
ity
.
An
a
d
d
itio
n
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
is
ass
u
m
ed
b
y
Sin
clair
an
d
Oliv
er
[
6
]
an
d
Pr
ati
[
7
]
:
th
ey
d
escr
ib
ed
th
r
ee
n
eg
ativ
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
h
ar
d
in
ess
(
im
p
o
ten
ce
,
alien
ati
o
n
,
an
d
r
ig
id
it
y
)
an
d
th
r
ee
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
(
co
n
tr
o
l,
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
an
d
c
h
allen
g
e)
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as
t
h
e
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
th
in
k
,
f
ee
l
a
n
d
ac
t
as
if
o
n
e
is
in
f
lu
en
tial,
r
ath
er
t
h
an
h
elp
less
,
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
s
ev
er
al
c
o
n
tin
g
e
n
cies
o
f
life
;
th
e
f
ac
to
r
o
f
co
m
m
itm
en
t
is
n
am
e
d
as
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
to
i
n
v
o
lv
e
o
n
eself
in
,
r
ath
er
th
an
ex
p
er
ien
ce
alien
a
tio
n
f
r
o
m
,
wh
atev
er
o
n
e
is
d
o
in
g
o
r
e
n
co
u
n
ter
s
in
ev
er
y
d
a
y
life
;
f
in
ally
,
th
e
f
a
cto
r
o
f
ch
allen
g
e
is
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
to
b
eliev
e
th
at
c
h
an
g
e
is
in
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
to
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
is
v
iewe
d
as
a
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
a
n
d
th
at
ch
an
g
es
ar
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
in
ce
n
tiv
es
to
g
r
o
wth
r
ath
er
th
a
n
th
r
ea
ts
to
o
n
e’
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
8
]
.
R
esil
ien
ce
d
en
o
tes
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
o
s
itiv
ely
f
ac
e
ad
v
er
s
ity
a
n
d
b
o
u
n
ce
b
ac
k
u
n
d
er
a
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
h
ea
lth
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
p
r
o
m
o
ti
o
n
,
as
well
as
o
f
q
u
ality
o
f
lif
e
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
,
wh
ich
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ec
o
v
er
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ch
alle
n
g
es,
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
in
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
welf
a
r
e
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
en
r
o
lled
in
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
R
esil
ien
ce
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
n
av
ig
ate
an
d
ad
ap
t
to
ch
allen
g
in
g
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
attain
in
g
m
e
n
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
h
u
m
an
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
attr
ib
u
te
th
a
t
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
b
ed
r
o
ck
f
o
r
a
m
u
ltit
u
d
e
o
f
b
en
ef
icial
tr
aits
with
in
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
am
id
s
t
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
life
.
I
n
s
ev
er
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
th
is
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
ait
h
elp
s
in
d
iv
id
u
als to
o
v
er
co
m
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
ab
o
u
t t
h
eir
o
wn
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
o
le
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
in
ad
o
lescen
ce
was
ex
p
lo
r
ed
b
y
N
g
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
,
in
a
lar
g
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
7
1
9
C
h
in
ese
ad
o
lescen
ts
,
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
al
r
o
le
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
(
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
ten
ac
ity
,
an
d
h
elp
-
s
ee
k
i
n
g
)
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
co
p
in
g
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
p
ath
o
l
o
g
ical
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
(
an
x
iety
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
a
n
g
er
,
an
d
ag
g
r
e
s
s
io
n
)
.
R
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
m
ed
iat
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
co
p
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
p
ath
o
l
o
g
ical
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
;
th
e
ad
o
lescen
ts
with
h
i
g
h
lev
els
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
v
o
id
an
t
co
p
in
g
an
d
to
ex
p
r
ess
f
ewe
r
i
n
ter
n
alizin
g
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
(
s
u
ch
as
an
x
iety
,
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
ag
g
r
e
s
s
io
n
)
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
o
le
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
in
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
4
6
4
ea
r
ly
,
m
id
d
l
e,
an
d
late
Sicili
an
ad
o
lescen
ts
wa
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Sag
o
n
e
an
d
d
e
C
ar
o
li
[
1
4
]
,
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
al
o
p
tim
is
m
,
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
g
en
e
r
alize
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
b
elief
s
with
r
esil
ien
ce
.
I
t
is
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
th
at
h
ig
h
ly
o
p
tim
is
t
ad
o
lescen
ts
r
ep
o
r
te
d
a
m
o
r
e
r
esil
ien
t
p
r
o
f
ile
th
an
lo
wly
o
p
tim
is
t
o
n
es;
h
ig
h
l
y
s
atis
f
ied
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icien
t
ad
o
lescen
ts
s
h
o
wed
a
m
o
r
e
r
esil
ien
t
p
r
o
f
ile
th
a
n
lo
wly
s
atis
f
ied
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icien
t
o
n
es;
ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
ad
o
lescen
ts
wer
e
o
p
tim
is
t,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
ey
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
em
s
elv
es
as
h
ig
h
ly
s
elf
-
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
s
atis
f
ied
with
th
eir
life
,
as
well
as
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
ad
o
lescen
ts
wer
e
s
atis
f
ie
d
with
th
eir
life
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
ey
v
alu
ed
th
em
s
elv
es
as
h
ig
h
ly
s
elf
-
ef
f
icien
t
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
r
e
ce
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
as a
p
r
o
te
ctiv
e
f
ac
to
r
d
u
r
in
g
ad
o
lescen
c
e
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
C
o
p
in
g
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
th
e
way
in
wh
ich
p
eo
p
le
d
ea
l
with
s
tr
es
s
f
u
l
an
d
cr
itical
s
it
u
atio
n
s
in
ev
er
y
d
a
y
life
.
L
az
ar
u
s
an
d
Fo
lk
m
an
[
1
7
]
d
e
f
in
ed
co
p
in
g
as
“a
co
n
s
tan
tly
ch
an
g
in
g
co
g
n
it
iv
e
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
m
an
ag
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ex
ter
n
al
an
d
/o
r
in
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
th
at
ar
e
ap
p
r
aised
as
tax
in
g
o
r
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
f
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
.
”
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
m
o
d
el,
th
e
“p
r
o
b
lem
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
ies”
wer
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
f
in
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
co
p
e
with
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
wh
ile
“e
m
o
tio
n
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
ies”
in
clu
d
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
ee
k
in
g
o
r
em
o
tio
n
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
E
s
ch
en
b
e
ck
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
ad
d
e
d
ad
d
itio
n
a
l
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
o
n
es,
s
u
ch
as
“a
v
o
id
an
ce
s
tr
ateg
ies”,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
d
is
en
g
ag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
,
an
d
“d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
”,
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
alter
n
ativ
e
a
n
d
p
leasu
r
ab
le
ac
tiv
ities
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
C
ar
v
er
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
h
y
p
o
th
esized
an
o
th
e
r
m
o
d
el
t
o
ex
p
lain
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
co
p
in
g
u
s
ed
b
y
ea
c
h
in
d
iv
id
u
al
in
cr
itical
s
itu
atio
n
s
;
th
is
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
d
is
tin
ct
asp
ec
ts
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
c
o
p
i
n
g
,
s
u
ch
as
ac
tiv
e
co
p
in
g
,
p
lan
n
in
g
,
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
co
m
p
etin
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
r
estra
in
t
co
p
in
g
,
s
ee
k
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
tal
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiated
asp
ec
ts
o
f
em
o
tio
n
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
co
p
i
n
g
,
s
u
ch
as
s
ee
k
in
g
o
f
em
o
tio
n
al
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
ein
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
d
en
ial,
an
d
tu
r
n
in
g
to
r
elig
io
n
.
I
n
li
n
e
wit
h
th
ese
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
e
s
,
s
c
ie
n
ti
f
i
c
li
te
r
at
u
r
e
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
at
e
d
t
h
at
al
l
c
o
p
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
ls
a
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
ast
b
etw
ee
n
p
o
s
iti
v
e
,
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
(
o
r
a
cti
v
e
)
,
an
d
f
u
n
cti
o
n
al
co
p
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
te
g
ies
v
s
.
n
e
g
at
iv
e,
m
al
ad
a
p
ti
v
e
(
o
r
p
ass
iv
e
)
,
a
n
d
d
y
s
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
o
n
es
.
C
o
n
s
id
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
p
i
n
g
m
o
d
els
ex
is
ti
n
g
o
n
t
h
is
to
p
ic
[
1
7
]
,
[
19
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
w
e
ch
o
o
s
e
t
o
ad
o
p
t
th
e
A
y
er
s
et
a
l.
m
o
d
el
[
2
0
]
,
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
wh
ic
h
f
o
u
r
t
y
p
es
o
f
c
o
p
i
n
g
s
tr
a
te
g
ies
(
ac
t
iv
e
c
o
p
i
n
g
,
av
o
i
d
a
n
c
e,
d
is
tr
ac
t
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
o
ci
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
)
a
r
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
f
o
r
a
n
al
y
zi
n
g
t
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
way
s
o
f
c
o
p
i
n
g
f
o
r
s
t
r
ess
f
u
l
s
i
tu
a
ti
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
c
h
o
ic
e
is
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
a
p
p
lic
ati
o
n
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
el
in
a
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
ag
e
w
it
h
r
es
p
e
ct
t
o
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
m
o
d
els
m
a
in
ly
a
p
p
li
ed
t
o
a
d
u
l
th
o
o
d
.
Ab
o
u
t
ac
ti
v
e
c
o
p
i
n
g
s
t
r
ate
g
i
es,
it
is
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
to
f
i
n
d
co
g
n
it
iv
e
d
e
cisi
o
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
(
C
DM
)
,
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
(
DPS
)
,
s
ee
k
i
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
i
n
g
(
SU
)
,
a
n
d
p
o
s
iti
v
e
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
r
est
r
u
c
tu
r
i
n
g
(
PC
R
)
.
I
n
d
et
ail
,
t
h
e
C
D
M
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
wa
y
s
t
o
s
o
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s
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t
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:
t
h
e
PF
S
i
n
cl
u
d
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
t
h
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p
le
as
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s
o
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s
t
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is
t
i
n
s
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ek
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s
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l
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ti
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n
s
to
t
h
e
s
tr
ess
f
u
l
s
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tu
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in
f
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m
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d
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ct
tas
k
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s
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ta
n
c
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a
d
d
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l
y
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t
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E
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S
is
d
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f
i
n
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d
as
i
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v
o
l
v
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m
e
n
t
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
p
e
o
p
le
i
n
lis
te
n
i
n
g
to
f
ee
li
n
g
s
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
h
el
p
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
b
e
l
ess
u
p
s
et
.
I
n
th
e
last
y
ea
r
s
,
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
a
d
o
lescen
ce
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
L
ee
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
in
v
es
tig
ated
r
esil
ien
ce
a
n
d
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
a
lar
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
1
,
4
4
6
Ko
r
ea
n
teen
a
g
er
s
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
th
at
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
ad
o
lescen
ts
u
s
ed
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
co
p
in
g
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
ey
wer
e
r
esil
ien
t;
o
n
th
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
ey
u
s
ed
em
o
tio
n
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
co
p
in
g
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
y
wer
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
an
d
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
in
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
a
cr
itical
s
itu
atio
n
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
ly
,
Villas
an
a
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
an
aly
ze
d
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
,
0
8
3
Sp
a
n
is
h
ad
o
lescen
ts
,
n
o
ticin
g
th
a
t
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
(
esp
ec
ially
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
co
p
in
g
)
p
r
ed
icte
d
h
i
g
h
lev
els
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
.
Mo
r
e
r
ec
e
n
tly
,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
tr
ess
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
tex
t:
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
ad
o
lescen
ts
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
h
o
w
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
an
x
iet
y
ab
o
u
t
ac
a
d
em
ic
task
s
an
d
b
etter
ab
ilit
ies to
b
u
i
ld
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
teac
h
er
s
an
d
p
ee
r
s
.
An
o
th
er
t
o
p
ic
an
al
y
ze
d
i
n
th
is
p
ap
er
is
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
m
ain
ly
k
n
o
wn
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
R
y
f
f
’
s
s
ix
f
ac
to
r
s
m
o
d
el
[
2
5
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ef
in
e
d
as
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
c
o
m
p
o
s
ed
b
y
s
ix
s
p
ec
if
ic
k
ey
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
welln
ess
:
i)
s
elf
-
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
ce
n
tr
al
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
as
well
as
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
o
f
s
elf
-
ac
t
u
aliza
tio
n
,
o
p
tim
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
,
an
d
m
atu
r
ity
;
ii)
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
with
o
th
er
s
,
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
h
av
e
s
tr
o
n
g
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
em
p
ath
y
a
n
d
af
f
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
all
h
u
m
an
b
ei
n
g
s
an
d
to
b
e
a
b
le
o
f
g
r
ea
t
lo
v
e,
d
ee
p
er
f
r
ien
d
s
h
ip
,
an
d
t
o
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lete
id
en
tific
atio
n
with
o
th
er
s
;
iii)
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
,
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
,
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
b
e
h
av
io
r
f
r
o
m
w
ith
in
;
iv
)
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
m
aster
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
a
b
ilit
y
to
ch
o
o
s
e
o
r
cr
ea
te
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
s
u
itab
le
t
o
h
is
o
r
h
er
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
;
v
)
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
in
life
,
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
s
et
o
f
b
elief
s
t
h
at
g
i
v
e
o
n
e
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
th
at
th
e
r
e
is
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
to
life
;
an
d
v
i
)
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
o
d
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
o
ten
tial a
n
d
t
o
g
r
o
w
an
d
ex
p
a
n
d
as a
p
er
s
o
n
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
Su
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
in
teg
r
ated
th
e
two
m
ai
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
s
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
to
an
aly
ze
well
-
b
ein
g
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
is
th
e
“h
ed
o
n
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
”
th
at
u
n
d
er
lin
es
well
-
b
ein
g
as
a
s
u
b
ject
iv
e
s
tate
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
an
af
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
(
a
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
e
m
o
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
v
e
r
n
eg
ativ
e
o
n
es)
an
d
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
o
n
e
(
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
ju
d
g
m
en
t
o
n
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
o
n
e
h
as
with
life
as
a
wh
o
le,
o
r
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
o
m
ain
s
)
[
2
7
]
;
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e
is
th
e
“e
u
d
aim
o
n
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
”
th
at
em
p
h
asizes
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
with
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
in
life
,
th
at
ar
e
o
f
ten
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
as
co
r
e
eu
d
aim
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
2
8
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
,
Su
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
an
d
An
d
o
l
f
i
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
d
ef
in
ed
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
as
a
m
u
ltifa
cto
r
ial
to
p
ic
c
o
m
p
o
s
ed
b
y
s
ev
en
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
i)
th
e
s
u
b
jectiv
e
well
-
b
ein
g
,
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
h
ig
h
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
an
d
lo
w
n
eg
a
tiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
;
ii)
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
an
d
en
r
ich
in
g
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
h
ig
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
tr
u
s
t,
r
esp
ec
t,
lo
w
lo
n
elin
ess
,
an
d
h
ig
h
b
elo
n
g
in
g
;
iii)
th
e
in
ter
est
an
d
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
d
ail
y
ac
tiv
ities
;
iv
)
t
h
e
m
ea
n
in
g
a
n
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
in
life
;
v)
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
m
aster
y
an
d
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
h
ig
h
g
e
n
er
al
s
k
ills
,
lear
n
i
n
g
,
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
an
d
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
;
v
i)
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
;
an
d
v
ii)
th
e
o
p
tim
is
m
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
d
t
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
I
n
Sicili
an
co
n
tex
t,
Sag
o
n
e
an
d
I
n
d
ia
n
a
[
3
0
]
an
aly
ze
d
th
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
5
5
0
ad
o
lescen
ts
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
wer
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
r
esil
ien
ce
:
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
ad
o
le
s
ce
n
ts
co
n
tr
o
lled
t
h
eir
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
wer
e
en
g
ag
ed
in
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
atis
f
ied
an
d
o
p
tim
is
tic
with
in
th
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
ey
wer
e
r
esil
ien
t
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
s
p
er
ce
iv
ed
a
s
cr
itical
an
d
/o
r
ad
v
e
r
s
e.
Pre
v
io
u
s
ly
,
Vin
ay
ak
an
d
J
u
d
g
e
[
3
1
]
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
,
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
e
m
p
ath
y
in
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
1
5
0
I
n
d
ian
teen
a
g
er
s
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
th
at
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ei
n
g
wer
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
b
o
th
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
em
p
ath
y
.
I
n
th
e
last
y
ea
r
s
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
h
i
g
h
lev
els
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
h
ig
h
le
v
e
ls
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
in
m
id
d
le
an
d
late
ad
o
lescen
ce
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
B
ea
m
es
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
ex
am
in
ed
r
esil
ien
ce
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
an
d
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
b
y
7
6
0
A
u
s
tr
alian
ad
o
lescen
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
R
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
ese
ad
o
lescen
ts
wer
e
h
i
g
h
ly
r
esil
ien
t
an
d
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
o
s
itiv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
ed
em
p
ath
y
,
c
o
m
p
ass
io
n
,
g
r
atitu
d
e,
an
d
n
ee
d
o
f
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
o
th
er
s
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
esil
ien
ce
was
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
th
e
a
s
s
o
cia
tio
n
a
mo
n
g
tr
a
it res
ilien
ce
,
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
,
a
n
d
c
o
p
in
g
s
tr
a
teg
ies in
…
(
S
a
g
o
n
e
E
lis
a
b
etta
)
3041
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
tr
ess
an
d
in
cr
e
ased
p
o
s
itiv
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
Au
s
tr
alian
ad
o
lescen
ts
co
m
m
o
n
ly
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
o
s
itiv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
u
s
ed
ac
tiv
e
co
p
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic,
in
th
e
s
en
s
e
th
at
th
ese
ad
o
lescen
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
wer
e
a
b
le
to
m
a
k
e
th
e
m
o
s
t o
u
t o
f
an
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
s
itu
atio
n
th
at
s
ev
er
ely
d
is
r
u
p
ted
th
eir
d
aily
r
o
u
tin
e.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Ko
n
aszewsk
i
et
a
l.
[
3
3
]
s
h
o
wed
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
in
Po
lis
h
ju
v
e
n
iles
;
in
ad
d
iti
o
n
,
it
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
two
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
ee
k
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
c
o
p
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
em
o
tio
n
s
m
ed
iated
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
.
Similar
r
esu
lts
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
W
u
et
a
l.
[
1
]
in
a
lar
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
1
,
7
4
3
C
h
in
ese
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
im
p
lifie
d
co
p
in
g
s
ty
le
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
th
e
Asi
an
r
esil
ien
ce
s
ca
le
; it
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
h
ig
h
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
r
esil
ien
ce
was a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
.
Fo
r
th
ese
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
we
d
ec
id
ed
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
am
o
n
g
tr
ait
r
esil
ien
ce
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
,
an
d
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
Sicili
an
teen
ag
er
s
,
h
y
p
o
th
esizin
g
th
at
:
i)
th
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
e
teen
a
g
er
s
u
s
ed
ac
tiv
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
th
e
less
th
ey
u
s
ed
av
o
i
d
an
ce
c
o
p
in
g
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
ey
wer
e
h
ig
h
ly
r
esil
ien
t
(
H
1
)
;
ii)
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
teen
ag
er
s
s
co
r
ed
h
ig
h
in
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
ey
wer
e
h
ig
h
l
y
r
esil
ien
t
(
H
2
)
;
iii)
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
teen
ag
er
s
s
co
r
ed
h
ig
h
in
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
y
u
s
ed
ac
t
iv
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies (
H
3
).
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
e
s
am
e
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
a
l
co
n
tex
t
[
3
0
]
,
we
ex
a
m
in
ed
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
o
n
r
esil
ien
ce
u
s
in
g
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
(
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le=
r
esil
ien
ce
;
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les=co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
,
s
ep
ar
ately
)
,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
7
]
,
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
g
en
d
er
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
h
y
p
o
th
esizin
g
th
at:
g
ir
ls
wo
u
ld
o
b
tain
lo
wer
v
alu
es
in
r
esil
ien
ce
th
an
b
o
y
s
(
H
4a
)
;
wo
u
ld
ten
d
to
u
s
e
m
o
r
e
d
y
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
co
p
i
n
g
th
an
b
o
y
s
(
H
4b
)
;
a
n
d
w
o
u
ld
r
ep
o
r
t
l
o
wer
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es in
ea
ch
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
th
a
n
b
o
y
s
(
H
4c
).
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Sa
m
ple
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
4
6
7
Sicili
an
teen
ag
er
s
(
2
3
5
b
o
y
s
an
d
2
3
2
g
ir
ls
)
ag
e
d
b
etwe
en
1
1
a
n
d
1
3
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
(
M
=1
1
.
6
3
;
SD
=1
.
0
)
an
d
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
r
ec
r
u
ited
b
y
two
s
tate
ju
n
io
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
ited
in
C
atan
ia
(
Sicily
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
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c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
0
3
8
-
3
0
4
8
3042
I
taly
)
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
d
id
n
o
t
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ec
eiv
e
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y
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m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
f
o
r
th
eir
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
an
d
f
o
r
m
al
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
eir
p
ar
en
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tar
tin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
was
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Scien
ce
s
,
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
atan
ia
(
GDPR
2
0
1
6
/6
7
9
;
I
er
b
-
E
d
u
n
ict
-
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
.
0
3
/0
3
)
.
Data
w
as
co
llected
f
r
o
m
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
4
t
o
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
4
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
a
tio
n
in
clu
d
e
d
b
ein
g
en
r
o
lled
as
r
eg
u
lar
teen
ag
e
r
s
at
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
b
ei
n
g
h
ea
lth
y
teen
ag
er
s
;
f
o
r
I
talian
s
ch
o
o
l
s
y
s
tem
,
“r
eg
u
lar
teen
ag
er
s
”
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
o
u
t
d
r
o
p
-
o
u
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
r
with
o
u
t
h
av
i
n
g
f
ailed
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
e
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
io
n
was
to
h
av
e
p
s
y
ch
o
p
ath
o
lo
g
y
o
r
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
in
th
e
p
ast
o
r
ac
tu
al
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
life
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
th
is
ag
e
s
am
p
le
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
s
f
r
o
m
Hea
lth
B
eh
av
i
o
r
in
Sch
o
o
l
-
ag
e
d
C
h
ild
r
e
n
-
I
ta
ly
(
HB
SC
-
I
taly
)
in
Natio
n
al
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Hea
lth
(
www.
f
o
n
d
az
io
n
ev
er
o
n
esi.it
)
,
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
wh
ich
p
r
ea
d
o
l
escen
ts
in
th
is
ag
e
r
an
g
e
s
h
o
wed
lo
wer
lev
els o
f
q
u
ality
o
f
life
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ic
al
well
-
b
ein
g
th
an
o
th
er
s
.
2
.
2
.
M
ea
s
ures
A
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
s
ca
les
f
o
r
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
an
d
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
Statis
t
ical
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
2
6
-
v
er
s
io
n
SP
SS
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
i
n
v
en
to
r
y
o
f
t
h
r
iv
in
g
(
C
I
T
-
C
HI
L
D)
[
2
6
]
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
in
p
r
ea
d
o
lescen
ts
.
W
e
u
s
ed
th
e
I
talian
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
C
I
T
-
C
HI
L
D
b
y
An
d
o
l
f
i
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
,
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
3
6
item
s
,
d
iv
id
e
d
in
1
2
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
u
b
s
ca
les
(
3
item
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
s
u
b
s
ca
le)
:
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
e.
g
.
,
“
t
h
er
e
ar
e
p
e
o
p
le
wh
o
ap
p
r
ec
iate
m
e
as
a
p
er
s
o
n
”)
,
r
esp
ec
t
(
e.
g
.
,
“
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
p
o
lite
to
m
e”
)
,
lo
n
elin
ess
(
e.
g
.
,
“I
f
ee
l
lo
n
ely
”)
,
b
elo
n
g
in
g
(
e.
g
.
,
“I
f
ee
l
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
in
m
y
s
tate
o
r
p
r
o
v
in
ce
”
)
,
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
(
e.
g
.
,
“I
g
et
ex
cited
wh
en
I
wo
r
k
o
n
s
o
m
eth
in
g
”)
,
s
k
ills
(
e.
g
.
,
“I
u
s
e
m
y
s
k
ills
a
lo
t
in
m
y
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
”)
,
lear
n
in
g
(
e.
g
.
,
“
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
n
ew
th
in
g
s
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
m
e”
)
,
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
(
e.
g
.
,
“T
h
e
wo
r
k
I
d
o
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
o
t
h
er
p
eo
p
le”)
,
o
p
tim
is
m
(
e.
g
.
,
“I
ex
p
ec
t
m
o
r
e
g
o
o
d
t
h
in
g
s
in
m
y
life
th
a
n
b
ad
”
)
,
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
e.
g
.
,
“
i
n
m
o
s
t
way
s
m
y
life
is
clo
s
e
to
m
y
id
ea
l”)
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
(
e.
g
.
,
“I
f
ee
l
h
a
p
p
y
/u
n
h
ap
p
y
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
tim
e
”)
.
T
ee
n
ag
er
s
wer
e
ask
ed
to
in
d
icate
h
o
w
m
u
ch
th
ey
ag
r
ee
d
o
r
d
is
ag
r
ee
d
with
ea
ch
s
tatem
en
t u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t L
ik
er
t scale
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
e
q
u
al
to
“stro
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
”)
a
n
d
5
in
ter
v
als
(
e
q
u
al
to
“stro
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
”)
.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
o
f
th
ese
s
ca
les wa
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
3
to
0
.
8
4
.
T
h
e
r
esi
lie
n
c
e
s
ca
l
e
[5
]
,
[
38
]
,
[
3
9
]
is
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
v
al
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
s
o
m
e
as
p
e
cts
o
f
r
esi
lie
n
ce
i
n
a
u
n
iq
u
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
b
ili
t
y
t
o
m
a
in
tai
n
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
o
u
tl
o
o
k
,
c
o
p
e
e
f
f
e
cti
v
e
ly
wit
h
s
tr
es
s
,
a
n
d
f
i
n
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
in
li
f
e
d
es
p
i
te
e
x
t
er
n
al
d
if
f
i
cu
lties
.
I
t
is
c
o
m
p
o
s
e
d
o
f
1
0
s
t
a
tem
en
ts
e
v
al
u
ate
d
o
n
an
ag
r
e
e
m
e
n
t/
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
s
ca
l
e
(
e
.
g
.
,
“I
u
s
u
all
y
m
an
a
g
e
o
n
e
wa
y
o
r
a
n
o
th
e
r
”
)
.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
o
f
t
h
e
s
c
ale
was
e
q
u
al
to
0
.
8
5
.
T
h
e
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
c
o
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ch
ec
k
lis
t
-
r
ev
is
io
n
1
(
C
C
SC
R
-
R
1
)
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
co
p
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
is
ch
ec
k
lis
t
ex
am
in
es
f
o
u
r
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
with
4
5
item
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tr
ateg
y
i
s
p
r
o
b
lem
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
co
p
in
g
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
wh
ic
h
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
f
ac
es
a
cr
itical
s
itu
atio
n
b
y
s
ee
k
in
g
co
n
cr
ete
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
:
it
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
1
2
item
s
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
u
b
-
s
ca
les
(
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
(
C
DM
)
:
e.
g
.
,
“
Y
o
u
th
o
u
g
h
t
a
b
o
u
t
wh
at
y
o
u
n
ee
d
ed
to
k
n
o
w
b
ef
o
r
e”
;
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
(
DPS)
:
e.
g
.
,
“
Y
o
u
d
i
d
s
o
m
eth
i
n
g
t
o
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
”;
s
ee
k
i
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
(
SU)
:
e.
g
.
,
“Yo
u
tr
ied
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
it
b
etter
b
y
th
i
n
k
in
g
m
o
r
e
a
b
o
u
t
it”)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tr
ateg
y
i
s
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
estru
ctu
r
in
g
(
PC
R
)
,
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
t
h
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ab
ilit
y
to
r
estru
ctu
r
e
co
g
n
itiv
ely
an
d
in
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
wa
y
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
s
itu
atio
n
to
b
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
(
1
2
item
s
:
p
o
s
itiv
ity
(
POS)
:
e.
g
.
,
“Yo
u
tr
ied
to
n
o
tice
o
r
th
i
n
k
a
b
o
u
t
o
n
ly
t
h
e
g
o
o
d
th
in
g
s
in
y
o
u
r
life
”;
co
n
tr
o
l
(
C
ON)
:
e.
g
.
,
“Yo
u
to
ld
y
o
u
r
s
elf
y
o
u
co
u
l
d
h
a
n
d
le
wh
ate
v
er
h
ap
p
en
s
”;
o
p
tim
is
m
(
OPT)
:
e.
g
.
,
“Yo
u
to
l
d
y
o
u
r
s
elf
th
at
th
in
g
s
wo
u
ld
g
et
b
etter
”
)
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
tr
ateg
y
is
av
o
id
an
ce
:
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
e
n
g
ag
e
in
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
u
s
ef
u
l
to
av
o
id
t
h
e
cr
itical
s
itu
atio
n
(
1
2
item
s
:
av
o
id
a
n
t
ac
tio
n
s
(
AVA)
:
e.
g
.
,
“Yo
u
tr
ied
to
s
tay
awa
y
f
r
o
m
th
in
g
s
th
at
m
ad
e
y
o
u
f
ee
l
u
p
s
et”;
r
ep
r
ess
io
n
(
R
E
P)
:
e.
g
.
,
“Yo
u
tr
ied
t
o
p
u
t
it
o
u
t
o
f
y
o
u
r
m
in
d
”;
wis
h
f
u
l
th
in
k
i
n
g
(
W
I
SH)
:
e.
g
.
,
“Yo
u
wis
h
ed
th
at
th
in
g
s
wer
e
b
etter
”)
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
last
s
tr
ateg
y
is
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
-
s
ee
k
in
g
(
9
item
s
:
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
ac
tio
n
s
(
SUPA)
:
e.
g
.
,
“Yo
u
talk
e
d
to
s
o
m
eo
n
e
wh
o
c
o
u
ld
h
elp
y
o
u
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
”;
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
f
ee
lin
g
s
(
SUPF
)
:
e.
g
.
,
“Yo
u
to
ld
p
e
o
p
le
h
o
w
y
o
u
f
elt
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
”)
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
r
es
p
o
n
d
to
w
h
at
th
ey
d
id
wh
en
t
h
ey
h
a
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
r
ef
er
en
ce
to
th
e
last
m
o
n
t
h
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
eq
u
al
to
“n
e
v
er
”)
to
4
in
ter
v
als
(
eq
u
al
to
“m
o
s
t o
f
th
e
tim
es”)
.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
o
f
th
ese
s
ca
les wa
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
0
to
0
.
9
2
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Co
rr
el
a
t
io
ns
bet
wee
n r
esil
ience
a
nd
co
pi
ng
s
t
ra
t
eg
ies
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
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,
SU
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3
9
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p
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0
0
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,
OPT
(
r
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.
4
6
,
p
<
0
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0
0
1
)
,
SUPA
(
r
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4
7
,
p
<
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0
0
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)
a
n
d
SUPF
(
r
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4
1
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p
<
0
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0
0
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ten
d
e
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in
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s
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T
h
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n
s
wer
e
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ig
h
er
f
o
r
DPS
(
r
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6
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a
n
d
C
ON
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r
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6
1
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p
<
0
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0
0
1
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.
3
.
2
.
Co
rr
el
a
t
io
ns
bet
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n r
esil
ience
a
nd
ps
y
cho
lo
g
ica
l w
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R
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ce
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n
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al
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th
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o
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th
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ip
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ra
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f
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ab
le
1
s
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m
m
ar
ized
th
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n
s
b
etwe
en
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im
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g
s
tr
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o
r
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tal
s
am
p
le:
wi
th
Pear
s
o
n
’
s
r
>
0
.
3
0
,
C
DM
w
as
wea
k
ly
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
lear
n
in
g
,
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
;
DPS
was
m
o
d
er
ately
an
d
p
o
s
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ely
r
el
ated
to
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
s
k
ills
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n
in
g
,
s
elf
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wo
r
th
,
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p
tim
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m
,
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
;
POS
was
m
o
d
er
ately
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
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n
g
ag
e
m
e
n
t,
s
k
ills
,
s
elf
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wo
r
th
,
o
p
tim
is
m
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s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
n
eg
ativ
e
f
ee
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g
s
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C
ON
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s
p
o
s
itiv
ely
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d
m
o
d
er
ately
r
elate
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g
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em
en
t,
s
k
ills
,
s
elf
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th
,
o
p
tim
is
m
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s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
;
OPT
was
p
o
s
itiv
ely
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d
m
o
d
e
r
ately
r
ela
ted
to
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
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life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
;
SUPA
was
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k
ly
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d
p
o
s
itiv
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r
elate
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e
n
er
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
s
k
ills
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s
elf
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wo
r
th
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o
p
tim
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m
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life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
;
f
in
ally
,
SUPF
was
we
ak
ly
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
t
o
g
e
n
er
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
,
o
p
tim
is
m
,
a
n
d
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
3
.
4
.
M
ultiple linea
r
re
g
re
s
s
i
o
ns
o
f
s
t
ra
t
eg
ies o
f
co
pin
g
o
n r
esil
ience
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
m
u
l
ti
p
le
li
n
e
ar
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
to
v
er
if
y
t
h
e
r
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le
o
f
c
o
p
i
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
i
es
o
n
r
esil
ie
n
c
e
in
T
a
b
l
e
2
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
w
ed
a
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
p
o
s
iti
v
e
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
al
u
es a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
e
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ic
ti
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n
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e
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la
in
in
g
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1
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%
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f
t
h
e
v
ar
ia
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e
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e
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e
n
d
e
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t
v
a
r
i
a
b
le
(
R
=
0
.
7
2
;
R
2
=
0
.
5
1
;
A
d
j
R
2
=
0
.
5
0
;
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
v
a
r
ia
n
c
e
(
ANO
VA)
:
F
=
4
3
.
8
6
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
R
es
u
lts
i
n
d
ic
ate
d
t
h
at
D
PS
,
P
OS,
C
ON
,
a
n
d
OP
T
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
h
a
v
e
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
r
esil
i
en
ce
,
w
h
il
e
A
VA
a
n
d
R
E
P
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ati
v
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
r
esi
lie
n
ce
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
i
es
–
to
tal
s
am
p
le
C
o
p
i
n
g
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
W6
W7
W8
W9
W
1
0
W
1
1
W
1
2
C
D
M
0
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2
6
*
0
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2
7
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0
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1
9
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0
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1
5
*
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0
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3
1
*
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2
9
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3
0
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2
9
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2
7
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3
3
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3
1
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1
8
*
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P
S
0
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2
7
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2
2
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2
0
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2
7
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4
0
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4
2
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4
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4
3
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3
3
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3
9
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3
7
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2
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0
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2
9
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8
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3
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4
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6
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N
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2
4
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6
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9
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0
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0
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0
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5
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1
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5
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8
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2
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P
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5
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2
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W
1
:
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
;
W
2
:
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
;
W
3
:
l
o
n
e
l
i
n
e
s
s
;
W
4
:
b
e
l
o
n
g
i
n
g
;
W
5
:
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
;
W
6
:
s
k
i
l
l
s
;
W
7
:
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
;
W
8
:
s
e
l
f
-
w
o
r
t
h
;
W
9
:
o
p
t
i
m
i
s
m
;
W
1
0
:
l
i
f
e
s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
i
o
n
;
W
1
1
:
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
f
e
e
l
i
n
g
s
;
W
1
2
:
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
R
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d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
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a
teg
ies in
…
(
S
a
g
o
n
e
E
lis
a
b
etta
)
3045
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
H
4b
,
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
g
en
d
er
in
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
co
p
in
g
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
as:
g
ir
ls
o
b
tain
ed
lo
wer
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
in
OPT,
AVA,
an
d
R
E
P,
th
an
b
o
y
s
,
with
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
;
m
o
r
e
o
v
er
,
g
i
r
ls
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
ig
h
er
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
f
o
r
W
I
SH
th
an
b
o
y
s
,
with
s
tatis
ticall
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
.
E
x
c
ep
t
f
o
r
th
e
W
I
SH
m
ain
ly
u
s
ed
b
y
g
ir
ls
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
b
o
y
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
u
s
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
co
p
in
g
b
ased
o
n
o
p
tim
is
tic
attitu
d
es,
av
o
id
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
a
n
d
r
e
p
r
ess
in
g
th
e
m
.
Fin
ally
,
g
e
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
h
alf
th
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
H
4c
:
g
ir
ls
o
b
tain
ed
lo
w
er
m
ea
n
v
al
u
es
in
lo
n
elin
ess
th
an
b
o
y
s
,
with
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
;
g
ir
ls
o
b
tain
ed
lo
wer
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
in
b
elo
n
g
in
g
th
an
b
o
y
s
,
with
s
tatis
tically
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
;
g
ir
ls
r
ep
o
r
ted
lo
we
r
m
ea
n
v
al
u
es
in
o
p
tim
is
m
th
an
b
o
y
s
,
with
s
tatis
tica
lly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
;
g
ir
ls
o
b
tain
ed
l
o
wer
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
in
life
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
th
an
b
o
y
s
,
with
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
;
g
ir
ls
r
ea
ch
e
d
lo
we
r
m
e
an
v
alu
es
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
t
h
an
b
o
y
s
,
with
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
w
ith
life
,
o
p
tim
is
m
,
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
,
lo
n
elin
ess
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e/n
eg
ativ
e
f
ee
l
in
g
s
ar
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
m
ain
ly
p
r
o
m
o
ted
b
y
b
o
y
s
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
ac
tu
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
r
esear
c
h
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
th
e
h
ea
lth
o
f
teen
ag
er
s
also
in
th
e
I
talian
co
n
tex
t
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
d
etail,
all
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
(
H
1
)
an
d
m
o
s
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
(
H
2
)
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
r
esil
ien
ce
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ac
tiv
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
c
o
p
in
g
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
teen
ag
er
s
wh
o
s
co
r
e
h
ig
h
er
in
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
(
H
3
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
Sicili
an
co
n
tex
t
w
h
er
e
h
ig
h
le
v
els
o
f
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
,
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
c
o
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
a
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
a
d
o
lescen
ce
[
3
0
]
,
[
42
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
Als
o
,
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
c
o
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies o
n
r
esil
ien
ce
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
4
]
.
I
n
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
to
g
en
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
(
H
4a
,
H
4b
,
an
d
H
4c
)
,
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
g
ir
ls
wer
e
less
r
esil
ien
t
th
an
b
o
y
s
;
b
o
y
s
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
u
s
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
b
ased
o
n
o
p
tim
is
tic
attitu
d
es,
av
o
id
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
n
d
r
ep
r
es
s
in
g
th
em
,
wh
ile
g
ir
ls
m
ai
n
ly
u
s
ed
th
e
a
v
o
id
a
n
ce
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
ter
m
s
o
f
W
I
SH;
f
in
ally
,
b
o
y
s
wer
e
m
o
r
e
li
k
ely
to
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
th
an
g
ir
ls
in
ter
m
s
o
f
h
ig
h
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
life
,
o
p
tim
is
m
,
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
an
d
l
o
w
lev
els
o
f
lo
n
elin
ess
.
Als
o
,
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
.
F
o
r
e
x
am
p
l
e,
Villan
u
ev
a
et
a
l.
[
3
7
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
Sp
an
is
h
g
ir
ls
ex
p
r
ess
ed
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
[
4
4
]
s
u
b
jectiv
e
we
ll
-
b
ein
g
(
in
ter
m
s
o
f
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
)
an
d
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
s
tr
ess
th
a
n
b
o
y
s
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Ham
p
el
an
d
Peter
m
a
n
n
[
4
5
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
g
ir
ls
u
s
ed
less
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
/r
ec
r
ea
tio
n
an
d
m
o
r
e
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
th
an
b
o
y
s
an
d
,
o
n
th
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
b
o
y
s
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
u
s
e
av
o
id
an
ce
s
tr
ateg
y
th
an
g
ir
l
s
[
4
5
]
.
Fin
ally
,
f
o
r
g
en
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
r
esil
ien
ce
,
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
d
th
at
b
o
y
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
r
esil
ien
t th
an
g
ir
ls
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
e
s
u
lts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
th
is
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tu
d
y
r
ea
lized
in
teen
ag
er
s
with
o
u
t
ex
ter
n
alizin
g
o
r
in
ter
n
alizin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
as
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
e
ce
n
t
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
[
4
6
]
–
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
m
ain
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
m
ak
in
g
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
h
ea
lth
y
teen
ag
e
r
s
:
it
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
t
r
ait
r
esil
ien
ce
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
p
r
o
ac
t
iv
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
tiv
ely
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
to
c
o
p
e
with
s
tr
ess
f
u
l
s
itu
atio
n
s
ad
o
p
tin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
o
r
o
p
tim
is
tic
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
to
d
ea
l
with
th
ese
s
itu
atio
n
s
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ab
ilit
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
teen
ag
er
s
with
h
ig
h
ab
ilit
y
to
en
g
ag
e
th
em
s
elv
es
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
ig
h
s
k
ills
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
,
to
a
d
o
p
t
an
o
p
tim
is
tic
v
iew
to
war
d
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
to
r
ep
o
r
t
h
i
g
h
lev
els
o
f
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
o
th
er
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
h
ig
h
r
esil
ien
ce
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
co
p
in
g
s
tr
at
eg
ies
o
n
r
esil
ien
ce
in
Sicili
a
n
teen
ag
er
s
.
I
t
ca
n
ex
p
lain
th
at
liv
in
g
with
a
g
o
o
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
elf
an
d
th
e
o
th
e
r
s
,
h
ig
h
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
p
r
o
m
o
tes
th
e
ab
il
ity
o
f
teen
ag
er
s
to
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
tr
ess
an
d
en
r
ich
a
d
ap
tatio
n
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t u
n
d
er
a
d
v
er
s
e
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
d
ea
lin
g
with
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
o
s
itiv
ity
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
i
n
g
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
o
p
tim
is
tic
v
iew
o
f
life
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
r
esil
ien
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
ab
ilit
ies
to
p
o
s
itiv
ely
f
ac
e
ad
v
er
s
ity
a
n
d
b
o
u
n
ce
b
a
ck
.
O
n
th
e
co
n
tr
a
r
y
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
av
o
id
a
n
ce
an
d
r
ep
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
h
as
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
teen
a
g
er
s
.
Fo
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
im
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ch
o
last
ic
co
n
tex
t
u
s
ef
u
l
to
en
h
an
ce
c
o
p
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
th
e
life
.
T
h
ese
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ca
n
b
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
“f
lo
u
r
is
h
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
”,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
o
r
v
id
eo
m
o
d
elin
g
’
s
p
r
ac
tices f
o
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
h
y
p
o
th
etica
l a
n
d
c
r
itical
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
0
3
8
-
3
0
4
8
3046
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
f
a
lim
it
o
f
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
co
u
ld
b
e
in
d
icate
d
,
it
is
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
p
ec
if
i
c
o
b
jectiv
e
(
e.
g
.
,
s
ch
o
last
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
)
o
r
s
u
b
jectiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es
(
e.
g
.
,
s
ty
les
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
attac
h
m
en
t)
wh
ich
is
u
s
ef
u
l
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
th
e
q
u
alitie
s
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
ly
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f
lu
e
n
ce
th
em
.
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r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
e
x
clu
s
io
n
o
f
o
u
tco
m
es
s
u
ch
as
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
,
lev
els
o
f
s
tr
ess
,
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
co
u
ld
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
lin
e
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
u
s
ef
u
l
to
en
r
ic
h
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
teen
ag
er
s
with
o
u
t
b
eh
av
io
r
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
(
e.
g
.
,
i
n
ter
n
alizin
g
,
ex
ter
n
alizin
g
,
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
,
o
r
s
u
icid
al
th
in
k
in
g
)
.
I
t
m
a
y
also
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
es
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
with
th
o
s
e
d
er
iv
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
am
p
les
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
,
it
wo
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
co
m
p
ar
e
teen
ag
er
s
with
o
th
er
s
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
u
n
tr
i
es
in
a
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
to
d
ee
p
en
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
alize
th
is
p
o
s
itiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
tr
ajec
to
r
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
a
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
r
esear
ch
es
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
to
d
ee
p
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
in
th
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
as
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
f
r
o
m
in
f
an
cy
to
ad
o
lescen
ce
.
Fo
r
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ica
l
is
s
u
es
(
s
am
p
le
s
ize)
,
we
u
s
ed
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
s
ca
les
b
u
t
it
is
a
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
q
u
esti
o
n
tr
y
to
ap
p
ly
in
ter
v
iews
f
o
r
n
o
w
s
o
cial
attitu
d
es
o
f
th
ese
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
an
d
b
r
in
g
o
u
t
d
ee
p
er
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
th
ese
r
e
s
u
lts
.
So
,
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
s
p
ec
if
icity
o
f
th
ese
r
esu
lts
,
we
co
u
ld
r
ea
liz
e
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
in
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
e
x
te
r
n
al
f
u
n
d
in
g
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
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M
E
N
T
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h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
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o
les
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a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
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ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
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C
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etta
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Un
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v
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atan
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DATA AV
AI
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AB
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d
ata
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at
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p
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[
I
ML
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
lo
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in
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th
e
a
s
s
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cia
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mo
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a
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ilien
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,
w
ell
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s
tr
a
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ies in
…
(
S
a
g
o
n
e
E
lis
a
b
etta
)
3047
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Y
.
W
u
,
W
.
Y
u
,
X
.
W
u
,
H
.
W
a
n
,
Y
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
G
.
L
u
,
“
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
c
o
p
i
n
g
s
t
y
l
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
:
a
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
B
M
C
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
7
9
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
4
0
3
5
9
-
0
2
0
-
0
0
4
4
4
-
y.
[
2
]
D
.
J.
F
u
l
l
e
r
t
o
n
,
L
.
M
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
K
l
e
i
t
ma
n
,
“
A
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
mo
d
e
l
o
f
r
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
i
n
a
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
:
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
,
c
o
p
i
n
g
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s,
a
n
d
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
PLo
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
4
6
0
0
0
.
[
3
]
A
.
d
i
F
a
b
i
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5
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[
6
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[
8
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[
9
]
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0
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1
3
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1
4
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M
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d
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1
5
]
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.
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[
1
6
]
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.
Ll
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st
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l
.
,
“
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[
1
7
]
R
.
S
.
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.
[
1
8
]
H
.
Esc
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.
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J.
K
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,
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A
ssessi
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d
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d
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l
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sc
e
n
t
s”
(
S
S
K
J
3
–
8
)
:
f
a
c
t
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n
d
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sy
c
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