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em
en
tio
n
ed
g
ap
s
b
y
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
b
len
d
e
d
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
Ur
h
o
b
o
(
B
E
AU)
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
.
T
h
is
is
th
eo
r
etica
lly
an
ch
o
r
ed
in
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
th
eo
r
y
as
a
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
an
d
r
e
ten
tio
n
o
f
g
r
a
v
ity
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
r
u
r
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
in
Delta
State.
T
wo
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
th
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
g
u
id
ed
th
is
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
:
−
Ar
e
th
er
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
m
ea
n
s
o
f
a
g
r
av
ity
test
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
l
y
,
Ur
h
o
b
o
-
o
n
ly
,
an
d
B
E
AU
lan
g
u
ag
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es?
−
Ar
e
th
er
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
m
ea
n
r
eten
tio
n
s
co
r
es
o
n
a
g
r
a
v
ity
test
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
,
Ur
h
o
b
o
-
o
n
l
y
,
an
d
B
E
AU
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es?
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
:
−
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
a
test
o
f
g
r
a
v
ity
am
o
n
g
t
h
o
s
e
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
,
Ur
h
o
b
o
-
o
n
ly
,
an
d
B
E
AU
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
−
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
th
e
r
ete
n
tio
n
test
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
n
g
r
av
ity
co
n
ce
p
ts
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
tau
g
h
t u
s
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
,
Ur
h
o
b
o
-
o
n
ly
,
an
d
B
E
AU
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Fin
d
in
g
s
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
e
x
is
tin
g
b
etwe
en
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
h
as
r
em
ain
ed
m
ix
e
d
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
wid
ely
s
tu
d
ied
.
A
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
ac
r
o
s
s
Af
r
ica
an
d
Asi
a
in
d
icate
s
th
at
lear
n
er
s
ac
h
iev
e
b
etter
o
u
tco
m
es
wh
en
tau
g
h
t
in
th
e
lo
c
al
to
n
g
u
e
[
5
]
–
[
1
2
]
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
s
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
lo
ca
l
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
R
ec
en
t
Nig
er
ian
s
tu
d
ies
also
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
I
n
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
l
an
g
u
ag
es
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
u
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
3
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
wh
en
lo
ca
l
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
,
d
esp
ite
h
ig
h
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
lev
els
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
No
r
th
er
n
,
W
ester
n
,
an
d
E
aster
n
Nig
er
ia
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
m
p
ar
ab
l
y
r
e
g
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
l
an
g
u
ag
e
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Do
r
g
u
an
d
C
h
u
k
wu
em
ek
a
[
1
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
er
e
was
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
s
cien
ce
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
ta
u
g
h
t
in
I
g
b
o
a
n
d
th
o
s
e
tau
g
h
t
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
Awo
f
ala
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
r
ep
o
r
te
d
eq
u
iv
alen
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
am
o
n
g
Yo
r
u
b
a
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
tau
g
h
t
in
eith
er
lan
g
u
ag
e.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
la
n
g
u
ag
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
its
d
ir
ec
t im
p
ac
t
o
n
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t r
em
ai
n
s
in
co
n
clu
s
iv
e.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
m
u
ch
o
f
th
is
lit
er
atu
r
e
f
r
am
es
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ch
o
i
ce
in
b
in
ar
y
ter
m
s
,
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
v
er
s
u
s
m
o
th
er
-
to
n
g
u
e
-
o
n
ly
,
with
o
u
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t
atten
tio
n
to
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
b
ilin
g
u
al
o
r
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
i
n
g
-
o
r
ien
te
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
r
an
s
lan
g
u
a
g
in
g
,
wh
ich
allo
ws lea
r
n
er
s
to
d
r
aw
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
lan
g
u
ag
es,
h
as b
e
en
s
h
o
wn
to
en
r
ic
h
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
b
y
b
r
id
g
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
g
ap
s
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
clu
s
iv
ity
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Glo
b
ally
,
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
alis
m
is
a
d
ef
in
in
g
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
with
o
v
er
7
0
%
o
f
co
u
n
tr
ies
class
if
ied
a
s
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
Nig
er
ia,
wh
e
r
e
o
v
er
5
0
0
in
d
i
g
en
o
u
s
lan
g
u
ag
es
co
e
x
is
t,
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
o
f
te
n
m
a
r
g
in
ali
ze
s
lo
ca
l
lan
g
u
ag
es,
cr
ea
tin
g
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
ac
ce
s
s
i
n
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
ch
o
l
ar
s
h
ip
em
p
h
asizes
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
as
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
y
in
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
R
an
d
le
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
o
w
Nig
er
i
an
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
ti
o
n
s
wer
e
ad
o
p
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
i
n
g
,
th
er
e
b
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
S
tu
d
y
b
y
Ak
i
an
d
T
h
eiss
[
2
7
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
a
g
in
g
i
n
m
id
d
le
s
ch
o
o
l
s
cien
ce
class
r
o
o
m
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
S
ev
er
al
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
0
]
f
u
r
th
er
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
h
o
w
s
u
b
ject
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
s
tr
en
g
th
en
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
an
ch
o
r
ed
in
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
th
e
o
r
y
,
f
ir
s
t
ar
ticu
lated
b
y
W
ill
iam
s
[
2
8
]
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
b
y
Gar
cía
[
3
1
]
an
d
Gar
cía
an
d
W
ei
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
lear
n
er
s
d
r
aw
u
p
o
n
an
in
teg
r
a
ted
lin
g
u
is
tic
r
ep
er
t
o
ir
e
r
at
h
er
th
an
o
p
er
atin
g
with
s
ep
ar
ate
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
W
ith
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
t
r
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
i
n
g
leg
itimiz
es
lear
n
er
s
’
f
u
ll
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
as
co
g
n
itiv
e
to
o
ls
th
at
ca
n
b
e
s
tr
ateg
ically
m
o
b
ilized
to
en
h
an
ce
m
ea
n
in
g
-
m
ak
in
g
a
n
d
lea
r
n
in
g
.
R
ec
en
t
e
m
p
ir
ical
liter
atu
r
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
t
h
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
t
r
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
i
n
g
in
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
a
l
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
Hu
an
g
an
d
C
h
alm
er
s
[
3
3
]
in
th
ei
r
r
ev
iew
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
f
lex
i
b
le
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
e
o
f
te
n
y
ield
s
s
tr
o
n
g
er
ac
ad
em
ic
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
th
an
s
tr
ictly
m
o
n
o
lin
g
u
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Si
m
ilar
ly
,
in
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
i
ew
o
f
PK
–
1
2
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
6
3
6
-
3
6
4
5
3638
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
f
o
s
ter
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
w
h
ile
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
lear
n
er
s
’
id
en
titi
es
[
3
4
]
.
Ku
s
wid
y
asar
i
an
d
Kasau
[
3
5
]
f
u
r
th
er
s
y
n
th
esized
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
,
co
n
clu
d
in
g
th
at
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
a
n
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
lin
g
u
is
tically
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ettin
g
s
,
th
o
u
g
h
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ai
n
in
r
estrictiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
o
licies
a
n
d
lim
ited
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
.
I
n
th
e
Nig
er
ian
co
n
te
x
t,
s
tr
ateg
ic
u
s
e
o
f
h
o
m
e
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
b
ilin
g
u
al
p
r
im
a
r
y
class
r
o
o
m
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
ac
c
ess
an
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
[
3
6
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
f
ew
th
eo
r
y
-
d
r
iv
en
,
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
wi
th
b
o
th
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
a
n
d
m
o
th
er
-
to
n
g
u
e
-
o
n
ly
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
Nig
er
ian
ju
n
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
cien
ce
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
w
h
ile
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
h
as
ex
a
m
in
ed
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
o
u
tco
m
es,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ca
r
city
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
s
cien
tif
ic
co
n
ce
p
ts
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
la
n
g
u
ag
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
E
v
en
f
ewe
r
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
b
len
d
e
d
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
in
teg
r
ates
E
n
g
lis
h
with
lo
ca
l
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
s
cien
ce
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
g
ap
is
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
ev
i
d
en
t
i
n
Delta
St
ate,
wh
er
e
Ur
h
o
b
o
d
o
m
in
ate
ev
er
y
d
ay
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
u
t
is
r
ar
ely
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
t
o
class
r
o
o
m
teac
h
in
g
.
Gu
id
ed
b
y
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
th
eo
r
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
b
r
id
g
es
th
is
v
o
id
b
y
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
h
o
w
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
B
E
AU
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
g
r
a
v
ity
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
r
u
r
al
ju
n
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n
T
h
e
d
esig
n
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal,
p
r
etest
–
p
o
s
t
-
test
n
o
n
-
eq
u
iv
alen
t
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
esig
n
th
at
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
r
ee
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
la
n
g
u
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
g
r
a
v
ity
co
n
ce
p
ts
i
n
b
asic
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
w
as
d
ee
m
ed
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
r
esear
ch
wh
er
e
r
an
d
o
m
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
is
im
p
r
ac
tical
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
tact
class
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
ativ
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
r
ea
ts
to
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
,
a
p
r
etest
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
b
aselin
e
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
am
o
n
g
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Pre
test
s
co
r
es
we
r
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
as
co
v
a
r
iates
d
u
r
in
g
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
to
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
in
itial
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
tr
ea
t
m
en
t e
f
f
e
ct
esti
m
atio
n
.
3
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n,
s
a
m
pli
ng
,
a
nd
t
ec
hn
iq
ues
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
B
asic
-
7
,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
ju
n
i
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
(
J
SS
)
1
s
t
u
d
en
ts
in
r
u
r
al
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
in
De
lta
State,
Nig
er
ia.
A
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
was
em
p
l
o
y
ed
t
o
s
elec
t
two
s
ch
o
o
ls
th
at
s
atis
f
ied
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia:
e
ac
h
s
ch
o
o
l h
a
d
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
J
S1
class
es.
−
L
o
ca
ted
in
r
u
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
−
Av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
th
r
ee
q
u
alif
ied
b
asic scien
ce
teac
h
er
s
p
er
s
ch
o
o
l
.
−
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
n
ewly
ad
m
itted
in
to
J
S1
with
n
o
p
r
io
r
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
g
r
a
v
ity
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
−
T
ea
ch
er
s
wer
e
p
r
o
f
icien
t in
b
o
th
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
th
e
Ur
h
o
b
o
lan
g
u
ag
e.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
4
3
J
S1
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
s
ix
in
tact
class
es
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
tatis
tically
ad
eq
u
ate
b
ased
o
n
estab
lis
h
ed
r
u
les
o
f
th
u
m
b
f
o
r
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
e
r
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
s
,
wh
ich
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
at
least
3
0
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
p
er
g
r
o
u
p
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
f
o
r
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
co
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANCOVA
)
.
W
ith
g
r
o
u
p
s
ize
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
7
6
to
8
9
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
ce
ed
ed
th
is
m
in
im
u
m
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
th
e
r
eb
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
r
eliab
le
esti
m
ates
o
f
tr
ea
tm
en
t
e
f
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
p
lace
d
in
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
es u
s
ed
:
−
Gr
o
u
p
A:
Ur
h
o
b
o
-
o
n
l
y
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
(
n
=7
6
)
−
Gr
o
u
p
B
: BEAU
-
B
E
AU
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
(
n
=
7
8
)
−
Gr
o
u
p
C
: E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
(
n
=8
9
)
All
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
an
d
less
o
n
co
n
ten
t
wer
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
an
d
alig
n
e
d
with
th
e
Nig
er
ian
b
asic
s
cien
ce
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
ce
o
f
co
v
e
r
ag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Dif
f
er
en
ce
s
in
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
wer
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
th
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
v
ar
iatio
n
.
3
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
a
t
io
n
Data
wer
e
co
llected
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
g
r
av
ity
test
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
(
MCGTRI)
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
3
0
item
s
an
d
d
esig
n
ed
to
test
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
g
r
a
v
ity
-
r
elate
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
e
item
s
r
ef
lecte
d
B
lo
o
m
’
s
t
ax
o
n
o
m
y
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
d
o
m
ain
s
.
Valid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
in
clu
d
e
d
f
ac
e
an
d
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
wer
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
e
x
p
er
t
s
in
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
as
well
as
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
with
3
0
J
S1
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
a
s
im
ilar
r
u
r
al
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
test
-
r
e
test
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
b
tain
ed
was
0
.
7
1
3
,
in
d
icatin
g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
eliab
ilit
y
f
o
r
class
r
o
o
m
-
b
ased
r
esear
c
h
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
len
d
ed
-
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
l
-
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
a
s
a
d
etermin
a
n
t
o
f scien
ce
…
(
A
to
ma
to
fa
R
a
ch
el
Ovu
ezir
ie
)
3639
3
.
4
.
P
r
o
ce
du
re
,
da
t
a
co
llect
i
o
n,
a
nd
et
hica
l c
o
ns
idera
t
io
ns
On
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
B
E
AU
in
p
r
ac
tice,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
B
E
AU
g
r
o
u
p
was
g
u
id
ed
b
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
r
ath
er
th
an
s
p
o
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
co
d
e
-
s
witch
in
g
.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
f
ir
s
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
ex
p
lain
ed
k
ey
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
in
Ur
h
o
b
o
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
ac
ce
s
s
,
th
en
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
t
h
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
u
s
in
g
f
o
r
m
al
s
cien
tific
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
t
h
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
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r
av
itatio
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p
u
ll”
was
in
itially
ex
p
lain
ed
in
Ur
h
o
b
o
with
e
v
er
y
d
ay
an
alo
g
ies,
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
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lin
k
ed
to
its
s
cien
tific
d
ef
in
itio
n
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d
f
o
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m
u
la
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
T
h
is
s
eq
u
en
cin
g
allo
wed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
u
ild
m
ea
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
f
am
iliar
lin
g
u
is
tic
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
ef
o
r
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
to
ab
s
tr
ac
t
s
cien
tific
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
ea
ch
er
s
wer
e
tr
ain
ed
to
a
p
p
ly
B
E
AU
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
b
y
f
o
llo
win
g
less
o
n
p
lan
s
th
at
s
p
ec
if
ied
wh
en
to
u
s
e
U
r
h
o
b
o
f
o
r
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
an
d
wh
en
to
s
witch
to
E
n
g
lis
h
f
o
r
tech
n
ical
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
f
id
elity
,
all
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
teac
h
er
s
atten
d
ed
a
two
-
d
ay
tr
ai
n
in
g
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
less
o
n
o
b
jectiv
es,
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
al
s
eq
u
en
cin
g
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
-
u
s
e
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
ies
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
Fid
elity
o
f
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
was
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
u
s
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
class
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
c
h
ec
k
lis
ts
,
p
er
io
d
ic
r
esear
ch
e
r
-
le
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
less
o
n
teac
h
er
r
ef
lectio
n
lo
g
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
last
ed
s
ix
wee
k
s
an
d
f
o
llo
we
d
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
:
i
)
wee
k
1
:
eth
ical
clea
r
an
ce
ap
p
r
o
v
al,
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
r
esear
ch
ass
is
tan
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
;
ii)
wee
k
2
-
5
:
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
e
l
iv
er
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
ea
c
h
s
ch
o
o
l’
s
tim
etab
le
u
s
in
g
th
e
ass
ig
n
ed
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
;
an
d
iii)
wee
k
6
:
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
eten
tio
n
test
to
ass
ess
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
au
th
o
r
ities
g
av
e
f
u
ll
ap
p
r
o
v
als
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
b
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
p
a
r
ticip
ated
;
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
o
f
th
eir
r
ig
h
t
to
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
s
tag
e.
T
ea
ch
er
s
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t.
Giv
en
th
at
in
tact
class
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
f
o
r
m
ed
p
ar
t
o
f
r
eg
u
lar
class
r
o
o
m
teac
h
in
g
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
s
ed
n
o
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
is
k
b
ey
o
n
d
n
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
Stu
d
en
t
d
ata
wer
e
an
o
n
y
m
ized
u
s
in
g
c
o
d
ed
id
e
n
tifie
r
s
,
with
n
o
p
er
s
o
n
ally
id
en
tifia
b
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
llected
.
3
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
a
n
s
wer
ed
u
s
in
g
m
ea
n
s
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
lan
g
u
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
wer
e
test
ed
at
0
.
0
5
alp
h
a
lev
el
u
s
in
g
ANCOVA
s
tatis
tics
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
p
o
s
t
-
test
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
test
s
co
r
es
wh
ile
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
t
est
s
co
r
es;
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
s
(
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
or
η
p
²)
also
ca
lcu
lated
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
ef
f
ec
ts
.
B
ey
o
n
d
A
NC
OVA,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
o
ten
tial
th
r
ea
ts
to
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
ed
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
less
o
n
p
lan
s
,
f
id
elity
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
eth
ical
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
s
,
an
d
ca
r
ef
u
l
class
-
lev
el
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
th
at
an
y
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
r
eten
tio
n
wo
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
t
ab
le
to
th
e
B
E
AU
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
e
x
tr
an
eo
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h ques
t
io
n 1
a
nd
hy
po
t
hes
is
1
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
all
th
r
ee
lan
g
u
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
p
r
e
-
test
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
B
E
AU
g
r
o
u
p
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
o
s
t
-
test
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
(
M=
2
4
.
6
0
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
Ur
h
o
b
o
-
o
n
ly
g
r
o
u
p
(
M=
2
3
.
3
6
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
g
r
o
u
p
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
th
e
lo
west
p
o
s
t
-
test
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
(
M=
1
8
.
5
5
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
an
s
co
r
es o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
tau
g
h
t u
s
in
g
t
h
r
ee
lan
g
u
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
N
Pre
-
t
e
st
me
a
n
(
X
)
SD
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
me
a
n
(
X
)
SD
G
a
i
n
sc
o
r
e
(
p
o
st
-
p
r
e
)
En
g
l
i
sh
-
o
n
l
y
89
9
.
2
5
2
.
8
1
1
8
.
5
5
2
.
4
3
9
.
3
0
B
EA
U
78
8
.
7
4
2
.
3
2
2
4
.
6
0
1
.
9
4
1
5
.
8
6
U
r
h
o
b
o
-
o
n
l
y
76
8
.
5
3
2
.
3
8
2
3
.
3
6
2
.
4
0
1
4
.
8
3
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
2
4
3
8
.
8
6
2
.
5
3
2
2
.
0
0
3
.
5
0
1
3
.
1
4
As
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
e
f
f
e
ct
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
n
p
o
s
t
-
test
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was
ex
am
in
ed
wh
ile
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
p
r
etest
s
co
r
es.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
F
(
3
,
2
3
9
)
=1
1
2
.
6
1
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
,
wh
ich
ex
p
lain
s
5
8
.
6
%
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
(
R
²=
0
.
5
8
6
)
.
Pre
test
s
co
r
es
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
p
o
s
t
-
test
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
F
(
1
,
2
3
9
)
=2
.
8
1
,
p
=
0
.
0
9
5
,
η
p
²=
0
.
0
1
2
(
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize)
.
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es,
F
(
2
,
2
3
9
)
=
1
6
8
.
8
6
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
,
with
a
lar
g
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
(
η
p
²=
0
.
5
8
6
)
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
η
p
²
f
o
r
l
an
g
u
ag
e
is
.
5
8
6
,
in
d
icatin
g
an
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
lar
g
e
e
f
f
ec
t
s
ize.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
5
8
.
6
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ia
n
c
e
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
af
ter
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
p
r
etest
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
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&
R
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c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
6
3
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ast,
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e
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ize
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lig
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t,
with
o
n
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e
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ically
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o
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ter
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eted
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u
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tiv
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e
m
o
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el
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s
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
ac
to
r
ex
er
ts
a
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ly
s
tr
o
n
g
an
d
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es.
T
h
e
p
r
etest
s
co
r
es
d
o
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
f
o
r
ec
ast
p
o
s
t
-
test
o
u
tco
m
es
wi
th
in
th
is
m
o
d
el.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
m
o
d
el
elu
cid
ates
m
o
r
e
th
an
h
alf
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
p
o
s
t
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test
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es,
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ich
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s
u
b
s
tan
tial.
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
te
r
m
s
,
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er
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ip
in
th
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n
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a
g
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g
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o
u
p
e
m
er
g
es
as
th
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o
v
e
r
all.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
v
ar
ia
b
le
ex
er
ts
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
an
d
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
r
eten
tio
n
s
co
r
es.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
p
r
etest
s
co
r
es
d
o
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
f
o
r
ec
ast
r
eten
tio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
with
in
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
an
d
o
v
er
all,
th
e
m
o
d
el
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
f
o
r
n
ea
r
ly
o
n
e
-
t
h
ir
d
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
in
r
eten
tio
n
s
co
r
es,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
b
eh
av
io
r
al
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
Pra
ctica
lly
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
lan
g
u
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
em
er
g
es
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
r
eten
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e,
wh
er
ea
s
p
r
etest
s
co
r
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
m
a
r
g
in
ally
o
n
ce
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
h
y
p
o
th
eses
2
is
r
ejec
ted
.
T
o
id
en
tify
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
,
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i p
o
s
t h
o
c
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
wer
e
p
r
es
en
ted
in
T
ab
le
6
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
,
B
o
n
f
e
r
r
o
n
i
p
o
s
t
-
h
o
c
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
b
o
th
th
e
B
E
AU
an
d
Ur
h
o
b
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
ette
r
th
an
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
g
r
o
u
p
.
Me
an
s
q
u
ar
e
e
r
r
o
r
(
MS
E
)
=6
.
2
9
3
;
p
<0
.
0
5
m
ea
n
in
g
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
B
E
AU
an
d
Ur
h
o
b
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
2
was
th
er
ef
o
r
e
r
ejec
ted
.
T
ab
le
6
.
B
o
n
f
e
r
r
o
n
i
p
o
s
t h
o
c
m
u
ltip
le
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
f
o
r
r
eten
tio
n
(
I
)
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
(
J)
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
M
e
a
n
d
i
f
f
.
(
I
-
J)
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
S
i
g
.
9
5
%
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
Lo
w
e
r
b
o
u
n
d
U
p
p
e
r
b
o
u
n
d
U
r
h
o
b
o
B
EA
U
-
0
.
3
6
7
1
0
.
4
0
4
3
4
1
.
0
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3
4
1
9
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7
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sh
3
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8
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5
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
First,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
t
h
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
ex
er
ts
a
d
ec
is
iv
e
in
f
l
u
en
c
e
o
n
r
u
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
a
b
s
tr
ac
t
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
Stu
d
en
ts
tau
g
h
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
B
E
AU
ac
h
iev
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
o
s
t
-
test
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
s
co
r
es,
with
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
test
s
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
B
E
AU’
s
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
ity
o
v
e
r
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
a
n
d
Ur
h
o
b
o
-
o
n
ly
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
w
ith
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
a
g
in
g
th
eo
r
y
wh
ich
s
tr
ess
es
th
at
lear
n
er
s
’
lin
g
u
is
tic
r
ep
er
to
i
r
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
lev
e
r
ag
ed
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
an
d
e
n
h
an
c
e
s
em
an
tic
ac
ce
s
s
.
Prio
r
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
7
]
,
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
,
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
t
h
at
tr
an
s
la
n
g
u
ag
i
n
g
f
o
s
ter
s
en
g
ag
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
wh
ile
c
o
n
tr
asti
n
g
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
Do
r
g
u
a
n
d
C
h
u
k
wu
em
e
k
a
[
1
8
]
a
n
d
A
wo
f
ala
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
d
esig
n
,
a
n
d
r
e
g
io
n
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
as c
o
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
in
s
o
u
th
er
n
Nig
er
ia,
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
to
th
is
d
eb
ate
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
lin
g
u
is
tically
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
is
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
in
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
a
l
r
u
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
R
ejec
tin
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
1
co
n
f
i
r
m
s
th
at
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
a
f
f
ec
ts
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
in
g
r
av
ity
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
o
u
tc
o
m
es
o
f
B
E
AU
an
d
Ur
h
o
b
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
v
alu
e
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
lo
ca
l
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
to
s
cien
ce
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
n
o
t o
n
ly
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
b
u
t a
ls
o
f
o
r
eq
u
itab
l
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
Seco
n
d
,
r
ete
n
tio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
f
u
r
th
er
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
B
E
AU
g
r
o
u
p
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
eten
tio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
2
8
]
ar
g
u
m
en
t
th
at
b
len
d
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
e
n
h
an
ce
d
in
ter
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
co
m
p
lex
s
cien
tific
id
ea
s
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
Ak
i
an
d
T
h
eiss
[
2
7
]
a
n
d
Villacr
u
s
is
[
2
9
]
,
wh
o
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
a
g
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
es
b
o
th
im
m
ed
iate
lear
n
in
g
an
d
d
u
r
ab
le
m
em
o
r
y
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
Do
r
g
u
an
d
C
h
u
k
wu
em
ek
a
[
1
8
]
an
d
Awo
f
ala
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
n
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
6
3
6
-
3
6
4
5
3642
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
,
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
tin
g
t
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
co
n
t
ex
tu
al
v
ar
ia
b
les
s
u
ch
as
tea
ch
er
ex
p
er
tis
e
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
R
ejec
tin
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
2
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
g
r
a
v
ity
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
B
o
th
B
E
AU
an
d
Ur
h
o
b
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tically
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
s
t
r
ateg
ies
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
in
g
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
B
E
AU
m
o
d
el
ad
d
r
ess
ed
a
cr
itical
g
ap
in
De
lta
State,
Nig
er
ia
wh
er
e
Ur
h
o
b
o
d
o
m
in
ates
d
aily
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
u
t
is
r
ar
ely
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
s
cien
ce
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
B
y
alter
n
ati
n
g
b
etwe
en
Ur
h
o
b
o
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
s
cien
tific
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
,
B
E
AU
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
r
ep
e
ated
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
an
d
eq
u
it
ab
le
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
W
h
ile
m
o
th
er
-
to
n
g
u
e
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
alo
n
e
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
B
E
AU
o
f
f
er
ed
ad
d
e
d
v
alu
e
b
y
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
to
ac
ad
em
ic
E
n
g
lis
h
,
th
er
e
b
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
i
n
g
b
o
th
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
aster
y
an
d
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
i
cien
cy
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
Hu
an
g
a
n
d
C
h
alm
er
s
[
3
3
]
wh
o
ar
g
u
ed
t
h
at
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
is
a
d
elib
er
ate,
th
eo
r
y
-
d
r
iv
en
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
v
alid
ates c
u
ltu
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
wh
ile
en
h
an
cin
g
m
ea
n
in
g
-
m
ak
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tes
em
p
ir
i
ca
l
ev
id
en
ce
to
a
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
u
n
d
er
-
r
esear
ch
ed
c
o
n
tex
t,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
b
len
d
ed
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
co
n
c
ep
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
ab
s
tr
ac
t
s
cien
ce
to
p
ics.
B
y
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
p
r
io
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
s
itu
atin
g
th
em
with
in
th
e
r
u
r
al
Nig
e
r
ian
c
o
n
tex
t,
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
c
o
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic,
lin
g
u
is
tically
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
f
o
r
m
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
l
p
r
ac
tice,
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
d
esig
n
,
an
d
p
o
licy
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
p
ath
way
to
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
r
u
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
ed
h
o
w
in
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
h
ap
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
g
r
a
v
ity
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
I
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
la
y
s
a
d
ec
is
iv
e
r
o
le
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
th
e
B
E
AU
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
ed
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e,
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
b
o
th
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
an
d
Ur
h
o
b
o
-
o
n
ly
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
I
n
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
la
n
g
u
ag
e
with
E
n
g
lis
h
en
h
a
n
ce
s
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
ca
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
n
g
ag
e
m
e
n
t a
n
d
ac
h
iev
em
en
t in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ca
r
r
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
p
o
licy
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
b
ilin
g
u
al
o
r
m
o
th
e
r
-
to
n
g
u
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
co
n
tex
ts
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
p
o
t
en
tial
o
f
th
e
B
E
AU
lan
g
u
ag
e
t
o
b
r
id
g
e
cu
ltu
r
al
f
am
iliar
ity
w
ith
ac
ad
em
ic
r
ig
o
r
.
Desp
ite
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
lim
itatio
n
s
.
I
t
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ly
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
s
cien
ce
to
p
ic,
a
s
h
o
r
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
e
r
io
d
an
d
a
s
am
p
le
d
r
aw
n
f
r
o
m
o
n
l
y
two
r
u
r
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
wh
ic
h
r
estricts
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
B
r
o
ad
er
r
ep
licatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
s
u
b
jects,
r
eg
io
n
s
,
an
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
I
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
t
o
teac
h
in
g
tr
ain
in
g
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
an
d
cl
ass
r
o
o
m
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ee
p
e
r
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
ex
t
en
d
in
g
r
esear
ch
to
u
r
b
an
a
n
d
s
em
i
-
u
r
b
an
s
ch
o
o
ls
will
h
elp
ass
ess
b
r
o
ad
er
ap
p
li
ca
b
ilit
y
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
at
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
n
o
t
a
n
eu
tr
al
ch
o
ice
b
u
t
a
d
ec
is
iv
e
f
ac
to
r
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
t
is
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
b
ilin
g
u
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
s
u
b
jects,
r
eg
io
n
s
,
an
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
I
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
to
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
,
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ee
p
e
r
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
t
h
at
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
n
o
t a
n
e
u
tr
al
b
u
t
a
d
ec
is
iv
e
f
ac
to
r
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
s
c
ien
ce
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
ality
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
is
in
its
em
p
ir
ical
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
B
E
AU
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
r
u
r
al
So
u
th
er
n
Nig
er
ia,
a
c
o
n
tex
t
r
a
r
ely
ex
am
in
ed
i
n
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
r
esear
ch
.
B
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
lan
g
u
a
g
e
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
b
o
th
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
a
n
d
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
ab
s
tr
ac
t
s
cien
ce
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
clo
s
es
a
cr
itical
g
ap
in
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
r
e
co
n
ciles
co
n
f
lictin
g
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
i
n
p
r
io
r
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
co
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
an
d
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
esig
n
,
wh
ile
o
f
f
er
in
g
ac
tio
n
a
b
le
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
lin
g
u
is
tically
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
an
d
p
o
li
cy
in
r
u
r
al
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
all
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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