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aly
s
is
o
f
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
i
n
J
o
r
d
an
ian
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
d
ic
ates
th
at
lan
g
u
ag
e
-
r
elate
d
v
ar
iab
les
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
ar
ian
ce
i
n
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
u
tco
m
es
b
ey
o
n
d
g
en
e
r
al
ap
titu
d
e
[
13
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ab
le
p
atter
n
s
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
an
d
Mo
r
o
c
co
[
1
6
]
s
itu
ate
J
o
r
d
an
with
in
a
wid
er
Mid
d
le
E
ast
an
d
No
r
th
Af
r
ica
(
ME
NA
)
tr
ajec
to
r
y
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic
s
h
ar
p
e
n
ed
th
ese
ten
s
io
n
s
:
o
n
lin
e
d
eliv
er
y
r
em
o
v
ed
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
Ar
a
b
ic
clar
if
icatio
n
,
p
ee
r
c
o
d
e
-
s
witch
in
g
,
an
d
em
b
o
d
ied
cu
es
th
at
h
ad
q
u
ietly
co
m
p
en
s
ated
f
o
r
m
o
n
o
lin
g
u
al
p
o
licy
in
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
teac
h
in
g
[1
2
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
ev
id
e
n
ce
b
ase,
h
o
wev
er
,
r
em
ain
s
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
s
in
g
le
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
u
r
v
ey
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e,
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
n
d
er
wh
ich
it
is
m
o
d
er
ated
b
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
th
e
ac
tu
al
lin
g
u
is
tic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
J
o
r
d
an
ian
m
ed
ical
tex
ts
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
d
ir
ec
tly
.
T
h
e
clo
s
est
an
tece
d
en
t
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
is
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
b
y
Ma
ca
r
o
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
o
f
E
MI
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
ic
h
ex
p
licitly
ex
clu
d
ed
th
e
m
e
d
ical
d
o
m
ain
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
s
p
ec
if
icity
.
A
r
ec
en
t
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
E
MI
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
a
b
ia
[
1
4
]
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
ar
tial
r
e
g
io
n
al
c
o
m
p
ar
ato
r
b
u
t
e
n
g
ag
es
n
eith
er
th
e
m
ed
ical
d
o
m
ain
in
d
etail,
th
e
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
d
is
r
u
p
t
io
n
,
n
o
r
co
r
p
u
s
-
b
ased
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tics
.
No
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
(
PR
I
SMA
)
-
alig
n
ed
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
E
MI
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
m
ed
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
e
x
is
ts
.
No
r
ev
iew
h
as
ap
p
lied
co
r
p
u
s
lin
g
u
is
tics
as
a
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
lex
ical
b
u
r
d
en
i
n
th
is
c
o
n
tex
t.
No
wo
r
k
h
as
r
e
f
r
am
e
d
th
e
eq
u
ity
q
u
esti
o
n
as
a
tech
n
ically
te
s
tab
le
claim
ab
o
u
t
ass
es
s
m
en
t
v
alid
ity
r
ath
er
th
a
n
as
a
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
g
r
iev
a
n
ce
.
T
h
ese
f
o
u
r
g
ap
s
d
ef
in
e
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
ly
o
p
en
in
g
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
esen
t r
ev
iew
o
cc
u
p
ies.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
s
y
n
th
esizes
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
ev
id
en
ce
o
n
E
MI
i
n
J
o
r
d
an
ian
m
ed
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
etwe
en
2
0
0
0
a
n
d
2
0
2
4
,
with
atten
tio
n
to
ME
NA
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
,
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
em
ic
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
p
ath
way
s
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
r
e
f
o
r
m
.
Fiv
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
g
u
i
d
e
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
:
−
Ho
w
h
as
E
MI
ex
p
an
d
e
d
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
en
tr
en
c
h
ed
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
a
n
d
ME
NA
m
e
d
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
?
(
R
Q1
)
−
W
h
at
p
s
y
ch
o
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
b
u
r
d
en
s
d
o
es
E
MI
im
p
o
s
e
o
n
Ar
ab
ic
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
u
n
d
er
wh
at
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
th
ese
b
u
r
d
en
s
m
o
d
er
ated
?
(
R
Q2
)
−
Ho
w
d
id
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
o
p
er
ate
as a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
s
tr
ess
test
o
n
E
MI
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
?
(
R
Q3
)
−
W
h
at
co
p
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
h
a
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
d
o
p
te
d
,
a
n
d
to
wh
at
ex
ten
t
d
o
cu
r
r
en
t
ass
es
s
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
g
en
er
ate
v
alid
ity
co
n
ce
r
n
s
?
(
R
Q4
)
−
Ho
w
ca
n
co
r
p
u
s
lin
g
u
is
tics
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
tly
ab
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ield
?
(
R
Q5
)
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Desig
n
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
f
o
llo
wed
PR
I
SMA
2
0
2
0
g
u
id
elin
es
[
1
9
]
with
th
em
atic
s
y
n
th
esis
as
th
e
an
aly
tic
m
eth
o
d
[
2
0
]
.
Me
ta
-
an
aly
s
is
was
n
o
t
f
e
asib
le
d
u
e
to
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
ac
r
o
s
s
co
r
p
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
,
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
n
o
g
r
ap
h
s
.
Fo
u
n
d
atio
n
al
th
eo
r
etica
l
wo
r
k
s
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
w
h
en
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
[
2
1
]
.
2
.
2
.
Sea
rc
h str
a
t
eg
y
Sco
p
u
s
,
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
E
R
I
C
,
an
d
Pu
b
Me
d
wer
e
s
ea
r
c
h
e
d
f
o
r
r
ec
o
r
d
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
0
0
an
d
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
e
B
o
o
lea
n
s
tr
in
g
co
m
b
in
ed
th
r
ee
co
n
ce
p
t
b
lo
ck
s
:
(
“
E
n
g
lis
h
-
m
ed
iu
m
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
”
OR
“
EMI
”
OR
“
E
n
g
lis
h
as
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
”
OR
“
E
n
g
lis
h
-
tau
g
h
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
es
”
)
AND
(
“
m
ed
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
”
OR
“
h
ea
lth
s
cien
ce
s
”
O
R
“
m
ed
icin
e
”
OR
“
n
u
r
s
in
g
”
OR
“
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
”
OR
“
d
en
tis
tr
y
”
)
AND
(
“
J
o
r
d
an
”
OR
“
ME
NA
”
OR
“
Ar
ab
ic
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
”
OR
“
co
d
e
-
s
witch
in
g
”
OR
“
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
”
OR
“
lex
ical
b
u
r
d
e
n
”
OR
“
co
r
p
u
s
lin
g
u
is
tics
”
OR
“
C
OVI
D
-
19
”
O
R
“
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
es
s
”
OR
“
as
s
ess
m
en
t
v
alid
ity
”
).
2
.
3
.
E
lig
ibi
lity
cr
it
er
ia
Stu
d
ies
wer
e
elig
ib
le
if
th
e
y
ad
d
r
ess
ed
E
MI
in
ter
tiar
y
m
ed
ical
o
r
h
ea
lth
s
cien
ce
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
en
g
ag
ed
A
r
ab
ic
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
o
r
ME
NA
co
n
tex
ts
(
o
r
o
f
f
er
e
d
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
)
,
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
o
u
tlets
,
an
d
wer
e
av
ailab
le
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
Stu
d
ies
o
n
p
r
im
ar
y
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
,
u
n
r
elate
d
d
is
cip
lin
es,
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
ab
s
tr
a
cts
with
o
u
t
a
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
co
u
n
ter
p
a
r
t,
an
d
u
n
v
er
if
ia
b
le
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
.
E
x
clu
s
io
n
r
ea
s
o
n
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
p
e
r
r
ec
o
r
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
2
0
4
-
3
2
1
4
3206
2
.
4
.
Scre
ening
a
nd
s
elec
t
io
n
T
wo
r
ev
iewe
r
s
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
s
cr
ee
n
ed
titl
es
an
d
a
b
s
tr
ac
ts
.
I
n
ter
-
r
ater
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
n
a
2
0
%
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
(
n
=6
2
)
r
ea
ch
ed
κ=
0
.
7
9
,
class
if
ied
as
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
[
2
2
]
.
Dis
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
ts
wer
e
r
eso
lv
ed
b
y
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
Of
3
1
2
d
e
d
u
p
licated
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
1
1
4
a
d
v
an
ce
d
to
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
r
e
v
iew
an
d
6
7
m
et
elig
ib
ilit
y
.
Han
d
-
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
ad
d
e
d
2
1
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
y
ield
in
g
8
8
elig
ib
le
r
ec
o
r
d
s
.
Af
ter
m
ix
ed
m
et
h
o
d
s
ap
p
r
aisal
to
o
l
(
MM
AT
)
a
p
p
r
aisal
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
s
o
lid
atio
n
,
3
4
wo
r
k
s
wer
e
r
etain
ed
f
o
r
s
y
n
th
esis
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
e
f
u
ll PR
I
SMA
f
lo
w.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PR
I
SMA
2
0
2
0
f
lo
w
d
iag
r
am
2
.
5
.
Q
ua
lit
y
a
pp
ra
is
a
l
Stu
d
ies
wer
e
ap
p
r
aised
with
t
h
e
MM
AT
2
0
1
8
[
2
3
]
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
c
r
iter
ia:
clar
ity
o
f
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
(
Q1
)
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
d
esig
n
(
Q2
)
,
r
e
p
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
o
r
c
o
r
p
u
s
(
Q3
)
,
an
d
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[
2
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.
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1
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3207
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Q
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[
8
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S
u
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La
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a
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b
a
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r
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s
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b
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v
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l
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2
4
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La
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2
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2
6
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H
i
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h
[
2
7
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C
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[
2
8
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M
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h
[
13
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[
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2
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[
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g
h
[
3
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S
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b
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[
9
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[
3
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x
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k
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p
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h
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1
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S
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y
a
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d
t
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s
t
M
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p
h
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a
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;
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d
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m
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;
c
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l
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s w
i
t
h
d
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p
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h
.
M
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d
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e
[
3
1
]
M
e
t
h
o
d
s c
h
a
p
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K
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y
n
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ss
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n
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si
b
l
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m
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t
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c
s.
H
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g
h
[
3
2
]
C
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p
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s
A
c
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d
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v
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b
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H
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g
h
[
1
4
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S
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st
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EM
I
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n
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r
n
s
a
c
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ss
M
EN
A
.
H
i
g
h
[
3
3
]
C
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p
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s
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I
l
e
c
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t
r
a
n
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c
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f
-
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H
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g
h
[
3
4
]
C
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p
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s
M
e
d
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c
a
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a
c
a
d
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m
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M
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a
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c
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m
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d
s.
H
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g
h
[
3
5
]
S
u
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v
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y
A
r
a
b
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c
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n
a
c
a
d
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mi
a
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;
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m
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;
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d
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c
u
me
n
t
e
d
.
Lo
w
–
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
[
3
6
]
M
o
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
A
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b
i
c
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d
e
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l
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M
EN
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sy
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c
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f
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m i
n
s
u
f
f
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c
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n
t
.
H
i
g
h
[
3
7
]
I
n
t
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v
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w
s
La
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g
u
a
g
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o
f
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wid
er
id
eo
lo
g
ical
asy
m
m
etr
ies
in
ME
NA
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
Ar
ab
ic
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
ath
er
th
a
n
at
titu
d
in
al.
R
eg
io
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
an
d
Mo
r
o
cc
o
[
1
6
]
r
ep
o
r
t
p
a
r
allel
p
atter
n
s
.
Su
r
v
ey
a
n
d
in
ter
v
iew
r
esear
ch
with
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
alu
m
n
i
an
d
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
’
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
am
b
iv
alen
ce
:
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
v
alu
e
E
n
g
lis
h
f
o
r
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ca
r
e
er
m
o
b
ilit
y
b
u
t
r
ep
o
r
t
its
ex
cl
u
s
iv
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
u
s
e
as
p
ed
ag
o
g
ically
is
o
latin
g
an
d
af
f
ec
tiv
ely
b
u
r
d
e
n
s
o
m
e
[
4
6
]
.
C
o
u
n
ter
-
ev
i
d
en
ce
f
r
o
m
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
co
n
tex
ts
is
also
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
co
r
p
u
s
.
Me
ta
-
a
n
aly
tic
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
C
h
in
ese
s
ettin
g
s
s
h
o
w
n
et
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
co
n
ten
t
lear
n
in
g
wh
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
em
b
ed
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
ce
p
tio
n
[
4
7
]
;
a
lo
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
C
h
in
ese
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
ac
u
lty
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
itial
lin
g
u
is
tic
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
v
er
th
r
e
e
y
ea
r
s
[
4
8
]
;
an
d
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
-
cir
cle
r
esear
ch
lin
k
s
o
u
tc
o
m
e
v
ar
iatio
n
to
p
r
o
g
r
am
d
esig
n
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
n
ess
[
4
9
]
.
3
.
2
.
T
hem
e
2
:
ps
y
cho
lin
g
uis
t
ic
bu
rden
s
o
f
m
edica
l EM
I
Hig
h
-
q
u
ality
co
r
p
u
s
-
b
ased
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
m
e
d
ical
E
n
g
lis
h
is
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
lex
ically
d
em
an
d
in
g
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
e
g
is
ter
s
,
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
h
ig
h
d
en
s
ity
,
p
er
v
asiv
e
n
o
m
i
n
aliza
tio
n
,
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
elian
ce
o
n
Gr
ec
o
-
L
atin
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
A
r
ec
en
t
s
y
n
th
esis
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
s
p
ec
ialis
t
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
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r
ea
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co
m
p
r
eh
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n
s
io
n
,
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
ar
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wr
itin
g
g
en
e
r
ate
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
th
at
g
en
er
al
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
ail
to
an
ticip
ate
[
5
0
]
.
Stu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
en
co
u
n
ter
G
r
ec
o
-
L
atin
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
f
o
r
m
s
with
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8
8
2
2
E
n
g
lis
h
med
iu
m
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
Jo
r
d
a
n
ia
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med
ica
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d
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ca
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:
a
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ystema
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(
Ha
s
s
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Mo
h
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mma
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B
a
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-
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s
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)
3209
lim
ited
cr
o
s
s
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lin
g
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is
tic
co
r
r
e
s
p
o
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d
en
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o
Ar
ab
ic
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d
r
e
p
o
r
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
i
f
f
icu
lty
[1
1
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
E
m
er
g
in
g
ev
id
e
n
ce
lin
k
s
s
u
s
tain
ed
E
MI
b
u
r
d
e
n
to
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
o
u
tco
m
es
a
m
o
n
g
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
u
n
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
e
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
5
1
]
.
Facu
lty
-
s
id
e
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
th
em
s
elv
es
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
lin
g
u
is
tic
b
u
r
d
e
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
eir
a
d
ap
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
im
p
lific
atio
n
,
r
ep
etitio
n
,
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
ag
in
g
,
s
h
ap
e
th
e
lex
ical
r
eg
is
ter
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
co
u
n
ter
[
5
2
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
C
o
v
er
ag
e
a
n
aly
s
es
[
2
6
]
a
p
p
lie
d
to
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
m
ed
i
ca
l
tex
ts
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
4
]
in
d
icate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
o
u
t
ex
p
licit
s
p
ec
ialis
t
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
tr
ai
n
in
g
a
r
e
u
n
lik
ely
to
r
ea
c
h
th
e
c
o
v
er
a
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
m
in
im
al
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
ex
am
in
ati
o
n
p
ap
er
s
.
Su
r
v
e
y
d
ata
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
n
am
ely
r
o
te
m
em
o
r
izatio
n
o
f
ter
m
s
as
a
s
u
r
v
iv
al
s
tr
ateg
y
[
8
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
th
o
u
g
h
s
u
ch
m
o
d
er
ate
-
q
u
ali
ty
ev
id
en
ce
ca
n
n
o
t
q
u
an
tify
th
e
c
o
v
er
a
g
e
g
a
p
.
Hi
g
h
-
q
u
ality
co
r
p
u
s
-
b
ased
r
esear
ch
in
co
m
p
a
r
ab
le
Asi
an
E
M
I
m
ed
ical
c
o
n
tex
ts
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
tar
g
ete
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ical
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
m
e
asu
r
ab
le
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
g
ain
s
[
2
7
]
.
J
o
r
d
an
ia
n
s
u
r
v
e
y
ev
id
en
ce
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
an
x
iety
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
,
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
ed
am
o
n
g
Ar
a
b
ic
-
m
ed
iu
m
g
r
a
d
u
ates
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
R
ab
ad
i
[1
1
]
r
e
p
o
r
ts
d
ir
ec
t
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
d
ata
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
lo
w
lev
els
am
o
n
g
J
o
r
d
an
ian
E
n
g
lis
h
as a
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
(
E
FL
)
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ates.
3
.
3
.
T
hem
e
3
:
CO
VID
-
1
9
a
s
a
s
t
ruct
ura
l st
re
s
s
t
est
Stu
d
ies
o
f
p
r
e
-
p
an
d
em
ic
J
o
r
d
an
ian
m
e
d
ical
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
d
escr
ib
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
al
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
p
o
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
Ar
ab
ic
clar
if
icatio
n
b
y
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
,
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
co
d
e
-
s
witch
in
g
in
s
tu
d
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
em
b
o
d
ie
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
cu
es
,
th
at
f
u
n
ctio
n
ed
as
a
b
ilin
g
u
al
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
with
o
u
t
p
o
licy
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
.
On
lin
e
d
eliv
er
y
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic
r
em
o
v
ed
th
ese
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
A
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
an
d
em
ic
wav
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
h
eig
h
ten
ed
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
in
ten
s
if
ied
r
o
te
m
em
o
r
izatio
n
[1
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
er
ate
-
q
u
ality
s
in
g
le
-
tim
e
-
p
o
in
t d
esig
n
lim
its
ca
u
s
al
in
f
e
r
en
ce
,
b
u
t a
h
ig
h
e
r
-
q
u
ality
m
u
lti
-
ce
n
ter
s
tu
d
y
[
1
7
]
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
th
e
p
atter
n
an
d
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
lim
ited
d
ig
ital
li
ter
ac
y
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
e
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
ately
a
f
f
ec
tin
g
r
u
r
al
an
d
l
o
wer
-
in
co
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
u
r
k
is
h
E
MI
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
s
en
ed
co
g
n
itiv
e
ap
p
r
aisal
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
d
em
an
d
s
u
n
d
er
asy
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
o
n
lin
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
h
ig
h
e
r
an
x
iet
y
an
d
lo
wer
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
th
a
n
u
n
d
er
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
a
ce
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
5
4
]
.
A
T
aiwa
n
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
n
o
n
-
v
er
b
al
cu
e
s
an
d
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
clar
if
icatio
n
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
atel
y
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
lo
wer
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
[
5
5
]
.
C
o
r
p
u
s
-
b
ased
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
ev
id
en
ce
in
d
icate
s
th
at
o
n
lin
e
E
MI
am
p
lifie
s
lex
ical
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
b
u
r
d
e
n
s
n
o
t
ea
s
ily
d
etec
ted
b
y
s
u
r
v
ey
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
[
3
3
]
.
3
.
4
.
T
hem
e
4
:
co
pin
g
m
ec
ha
nis
m
s
a
nd
t
he
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
ent
–
p
ra
ct
ice
g
a
p
3
.
4
.
1
.
Co
de
-
s
wit
ching
Dis
co
u
r
s
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
J
o
r
d
an
ian
GP
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
s
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
co
d
e
-
s
witch
in
g
b
etwe
en
Ar
ab
ic
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e:
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
alter
n
ate
lan
g
u
ag
es
to
b
r
i
d
g
e
lex
ical
g
ap
s
,
en
s
u
r
e
p
atien
t
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
an
d
m
ain
tain
clin
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
[
2
9
]
.
C
an
o
n
ical
wo
r
k
o
n
b
ilin
g
u
alis
m
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
co
d
e
-
s
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
i
s
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
l
y
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
l
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
d
e
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
[
4
0
]
.
P
i
l
o
t
s
t
u
d
i
es
i
n
E
M
I
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s
w
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
m
a
l
co
d
e
-
s
witch
in
g
p
o
licies we
r
e
tr
ialed
r
ep
o
r
t im
p
r
o
v
ed
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
with
o
u
t c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
co
n
ten
t le
ar
n
in
g
[
1
8
]
.
3
.
4
.
2
.
Ara
biciza
t
io
n
Mo
d
er
ate
-
q
u
ality
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esear
ch
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
p
r
in
ci
p
led
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
Ar
ab
iciza
tio
n
am
o
n
g
J
o
r
d
an
ian
m
ed
ical
f
ac
u
lty
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
]
.
His
to
r
ical
an
d
p
o
licy
a
n
al
y
s
is
tr
ac
es
Ar
ab
iciza
tio
n
e
f
f
o
r
ts
as
r
ec
u
r
r
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n
g
b
u
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
ally
u
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
s
i
m
p
lifie
d
b
ilin
g
u
al
w
r
itten
m
ater
ials
in
m
ed
ical
ed
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ca
tio
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f
o
r
n
o
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E
n
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lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
r
ep
o
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ts
en
h
a
n
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d
co
m
p
r
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en
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io
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with
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r
if
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r
ac
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r
E
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g
li
s
h
-
m
ed
iu
m
e
x
am
in
atio
n
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
n
ess
[
5
6
]
.
3
.
4
.
3
.
M
o
rpho
lo
g
ica
l a
na
ly
s
i
s
Stu
d
ies
r
ep
o
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t
th
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tu
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en
ts
wh
o
p
ar
s
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o
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p
lex
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ed
ical
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m
s
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to
co
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es
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o
w
b
etter
r
eten
tio
n
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
er
th
an
th
o
s
e
wh
o
m
em
o
r
ize
ter
m
s
h
o
lis
tically
[1
1
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
A
s
m
all
s
et
o
f
m
o
r
p
h
em
es
(
–
itis
,
–
ec
to
m
y
,
–
p
ath
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,
ca
r
d
i
–
,
h
ep
at
–
)
ac
co
u
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o
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ti
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ate
s
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ar
e
o
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s
p
ec
iali
s
t
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o
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b
u
lar
y
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
clu
d
e
d
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
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tem
atic
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g
ical
tr
ain
i
n
g
is
ab
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
m
ed
ical
cu
r
r
icu
la;
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
u
s
e
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
d
o
s
o
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
d
is
co
v
er
y
.
3
.
4
.
4
.
Ass
ess
m
ent
-
v
a
lid
it
y
f
ind
ing
s
Acr
o
s
s
th
e
in
clu
d
ed
s
tu
d
ies,
Ar
ab
ic
-
m
ed
iu
m
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r
ad
u
ates
s
h
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w
lo
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p
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m
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ce
th
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E
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m
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m
p
ee
r
s
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
m
ed
ical
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
[
8
]
–
[1
0
]
.
No
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
in
th
e
in
clu
d
e
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d
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J
o
r
d
a
n
i
a
n
m
ed
ical
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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15
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No
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Au
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20
26
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3
2
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3210
3
.
5
.
T
hem
e
5
:
co
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lin
g
uis
t
ics a
s
dia
g
no
s
t
ic
infr
a
s
t
ruct
ure
T
h
e
in
clu
d
ed
c
o
r
p
u
s
-
lin
g
u
is
tic
liter
atu
r
e
estab
lis
h
es
th
r
e
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
to
o
ls
.
R
ep
r
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tativ
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s
u
r
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th
at
co
r
p
u
s
f
in
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in
g
s
g
en
er
alize
to
th
e
tex
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
co
u
n
te
r
[
3
0
]
.
Ke
y
n
ess
an
aly
s
is
id
en
tifie
s
lex
ical
item
s
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
with
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ate
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
in
s
p
ec
ialis
t
tex
ts
r
elativ
e
to
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
co
r
p
u
s
[
3
1
]
.
C
o
v
er
ag
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
m
ap
s
co
r
p
u
s
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
ag
ain
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
s
to
q
u
a
n
tify
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
d
ef
icit
at
th
e
tex
t
lev
el
[
2
6
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
with
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
E
MI
lec
tu
r
e
co
r
p
o
r
a
r
e
p
o
r
ts
th
at
co
r
p
u
s
an
aly
s
is
s
u
r
f
ac
es
asp
ec
ts
o
f
lex
ical
co
m
p
lex
ity
n
o
t
ea
s
ily
ca
p
tu
r
ed
b
y
s
u
r
v
ey
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
[
3
3
]
.
Me
d
ic
al
wo
r
d
-
lis
t
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
4
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
d
is
cip
lin
e
-
ca
lib
r
ated
wo
r
d
lis
ts
.
No
co
r
p
u
s
-
b
ased
s
tu
d
y
o
f
J
o
r
d
an
ian
m
ed
ical
E
n
g
lis
h
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ly
ex
is
ts
.
C
o
n
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u
ctio
n
o
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ch
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s
,
th
e
J
o
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d
an
ian
Me
d
ical
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n
g
lis
h
C
o
r
p
u
s
(
J
o
ME
C
)
,
wo
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ld
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r
a
w
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r
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f
ir
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s
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le
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tr
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s
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ip
ts
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d
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i
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ca
s
e
tem
p
lates,
s
tr
atif
ied
b
y
s
u
b
d
is
cip
lin
e
(
a
n
ato
m
y
,
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
y
,
b
io
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
,
p
h
ar
m
ac
o
lo
g
y
,
p
at
h
o
lo
g
y
,
clin
ical
m
ed
icin
e
)
g
iv
en
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
lex
ical
d
en
s
ity
an
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
ac
r
o
s
s
m
ed
ical
d
o
m
ain
s
[
3
8
]
.
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
,
co
v
er
ag
e,
an
d
k
ey
n
ess
an
aly
s
es
[
3
1
]
wo
u
ld
f
o
llo
w
estab
lis
h
ed
c
o
r
p
u
s
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
.
T
h
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
(
tex
tb
o
o
k
d
ig
itizatio
n
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
ex
am
in
atio
n
-
p
a
p
er
ac
c
ess
,
an
d
co
r
p
u
s
-
s
o
f
twar
e
ex
p
er
tis
e)
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
ME
NA
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
3
.
6
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
3
.
6
.
1
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
k
e
y
f
ind
ing
s
Fiv
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
y
n
th
esis
.
E
MI
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
en
tr
en
c
h
ed
in
J
o
r
d
an
ia
n
m
ed
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
cr
e
d
itatio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ev
id
en
ce
.
Me
d
ical
E
n
g
lis
h
i
m
p
o
s
es
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
lex
ical
an
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
ical
l
o
ad
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
u
n
ev
e
n
ly
b
y
p
r
i
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
b
ilin
g
u
al
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
h
ad
s
tab
ilized
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
teac
h
in
g
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
d
e
-
s
witch
in
g
,
p
a
r
tial
Ar
ab
iciza
tio
n
,
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
an
aly
s
is
,
wo
r
k
p
ed
ag
o
g
ically
b
u
t r
ec
eiv
e
n
o
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
al
ass
ess
m
e
n
t.
E
m
p
ir
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
le
x
ical
b
u
r
d
e
n
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
m
ed
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
ab
s
en
t.
3
.
6
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n wit
h pre
v
io
us
s
t
ud
ie
s
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
ea
r
li
er
r
ev
iews
wh
ile
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
th
em
.
Ma
ca
r
o
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
r
e
v
iew
o
f
E
MI
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
m
a
ll
-
s
ca
le
ev
id
en
ce
b
ase
an
d
ca
ll
ed
f
o
r
c
o
r
p
u
s
an
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
;
th
e
s
am
e
p
atter
n
h
o
l
d
s
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
m
ed
ical
co
n
te
x
t.
T
h
e
Sau
d
i
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
[
1
4
]
r
ep
o
r
ts
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
p
ar
allel
ME
NA
p
atter
n
o
f
E
MI
ex
p
an
s
io
n
with
o
u
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ate
eq
u
ity
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
C
u
r
le
et
a
l
.
[1
0
]
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
p
r
io
r
m
e
d
iu
m
o
f
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
o
u
t
p
r
ed
icts
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
s
u
r
v
ey
ev
id
e
n
ce
.
C
o
u
n
ter
-
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
C
h
in
ese
co
n
tex
ts
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
an
d
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
-
cir
cle
r
esear
ch
[
4
9
]
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
o
u
tco
m
e
v
ar
iatio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
d
esig
n
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
n
ess
r
ath
er
th
a
n
o
n
E
MI
as
a
m
ed
i
u
m
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
also
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
th
e
o
r
y
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
,
th
e
b
asic
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ic
ativ
e
s
k
ills
/co
g
n
itiv
e
ac
ad
em
ic
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
(
B
I
C
S
/C
AL
P
)
d
is
t
in
ctio
n
[
4
3
]
,
lex
ical
c
o
v
er
ag
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
[
2
6
]
,
a
n
d
Me
s
s
ick
’
s
[
4
4
]
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
-
i
r
r
elev
an
t
v
ar
ian
ce
,
wh
ich
to
g
eth
er
o
f
f
er
an
in
te
r
p
r
etiv
e
len
s
f
o
r
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
g
r
ad
ien
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
r
ev
iew
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
y
n
th
eses
in
th
r
ee
r
esp
ec
ts
:
it
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
m
ed
ic
al
d
o
m
ain
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
it
en
g
ag
es
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
em
i
c
ev
id
en
ce
,
a
n
d
it in
teg
r
ates c
o
r
p
u
s
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
as a
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
p
ath
way
.
3
.
6
.
3
.
P
ra
ct
ic
a
l a
nd
po
licy
im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
Po
licy
:
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
b
o
d
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
Me
d
ical
C
o
u
n
cil,
ca
n
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
v
alid
ity
au
d
its
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
licen
s
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
it
em
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
a
n
aly
s
is
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
wo
u
ld
in
f
o
r
m
b
ilin
g
u
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
ats
p
ilo
ted
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
-
o
n
ly
s
tan
d
ar
d
[1
0
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
J
o
r
d
an
’
s
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
ed
ical
s
ch
o
o
l
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
s
to
in
clu
d
e
a
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
lan
co
v
er
in
g
ad
m
is
s
io
n
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
,
f
ac
u
lty
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
a
n
n
u
al
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
o
n
as
s
ess
m
en
t
o
u
tco
m
e
d
is
p
ar
ities
b
y
lan
g
u
a
g
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
:
m
ed
ical
s
ch
o
o
ls
ca
n
in
v
est
in
f
ac
u
lty
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
to
d
esig
n
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
th
at
s
ep
ar
ate
lin
g
u
is
tic
f
r
o
m
co
n
ten
t
d
em
an
d
s
,
d
ep
lo
y
d
elib
er
ate
tr
an
s
lan
g
u
a
g
in
g
,
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
co
d
e
-
s
witch
in
g
as
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
.
A
cr
ed
it
-
b
ea
r
in
g
y
ea
r
1
m
o
d
u
le
in
E
n
g
lis
h
f
o
r
m
e
d
ical
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
,
co
v
er
in
g
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
p
ec
ialis
t te
r
m
s
,
Gr
ec
o
-
L
atin
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
,
ca
n
b
e
a
d
d
ed
with
in
ex
is
tin
g
cu
r
r
icu
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
d
r
awin
g
o
n
Asi
an
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
tem
p
lates
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
E
v
id
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tex
ts
in
d
icate
s
th
at
teac
h
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
ete
n
cies,
ar
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
f
ac
u
lty
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
[
5
7
]
.
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
e
-
lectu
r
e
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
10
–
1
5
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
p
ec
ialis
t
ter
m
s
p
er
s
ess
io
n
with
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ic
al
an
aly
s
is
an
d
Ar
ab
ic
g
lo
s
s
es
wh
er
e
clin
ically
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
g
lis
h
med
iu
m
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
Jo
r
d
a
n
ia
n
med
ica
l e
d
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
s
ystema
tic
…
(
Ha
s
s
a
n
Mo
h
a
mma
d
B
a
n
i
-
I
s
s
a
)
3211
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
[
2
7
]
.
B
ilin
g
u
al
s
t
u
d
y
s
tr
ateg
ies
(
co
n
ce
p
t
m
ap
p
in
g
in
Ar
ab
ic,
p
ee
r
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
an
d
Ar
ab
ic
-
to
-
E
n
g
lis
h
tr
an
s
latio
n
)
ca
n
b
e
v
alid
ated
r
ath
er
th
an
tr
ea
ted
as
r
em
ed
ial.
Ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
d
esig
n
ca
n
d
r
aw
o
n
u
n
iv
er
s
al
d
esig
n
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
p
r
in
cip
les,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
ilin
g
u
al
ex
am
in
atio
n
g
l
o
s
s
ar
ies
an
d
t
h
e
o
p
tio
n
t
o
an
s
wer
s
h
o
r
t
-
an
s
wer
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
Ar
ab
ic
with
E
n
g
lis
h
ter
m
i
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
tab
le
with
o
u
t
p
o
licy
ch
an
g
e.
R
ec
en
t
cu
r
r
ic
u
lar
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
No
r
t
h
Am
er
ican
p
r
e
-
clin
ical
m
ed
ical
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
at
lan
g
u
ag
e
-
e
q
u
ity
co
n
ten
t
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
in
t
o
ex
is
tin
g
m
o
d
u
les
with
o
u
t
ad
d
itio
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
h
o
u
r
s
[
5
8
]
,
a
m
o
d
el
ad
a
p
tab
le
to
th
e
E
MI
co
n
tex
t.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
to
g
eth
er
3
4
wo
r
k
s
o
n
EMI
i
n
J
o
r
d
an
ia
n
m
ed
ical
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
ized
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
in
to
f
iv
e
th
em
es.
Acr
o
s
s
th
at
ev
id
e
n
ce
,
E
MI
em
er
g
es
as
a
s
y
s
tem
s
h
ap
e
d
b
y
ac
c
r
ed
itatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
r
ath
er
th
an
d
elib
er
ate
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
d
esig
n
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
lin
g
u
is
tic
d
em
an
d
s
f
all
u
n
ev
en
ly
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
Ar
ab
ic
-
m
ed
i
u
m
g
r
ad
u
ates
ca
r
r
y
th
e
h
ea
v
ie
s
t
p
s
y
ch
o
lin
g
u
is
tic
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic
-
er
a
s
h
if
t o
n
lin
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
s
o
m
eth
in
g
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
h
ad
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
o
v
e
r
lo
o
k
ed
: th
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
b
ilin
g
u
al
s
ca
f
f
o
l
d
in
g
,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
Ar
ab
ic
clar
i
f
icatio
n
,
p
ee
r
co
d
e
-
s
witch
in
g
,
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
c
u
es
,
th
at
h
ad
q
u
ietly
h
eld
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
teac
h
in
g
t
o
g
eth
er
.
Ass
ess
m
en
t
is
im
p
licated
to
o
.
W
h
er
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
t
r
ac
k
s
ex
am
in
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
v
ali
d
ity
b
ec
o
m
es
a
c
o
n
cr
ete
c
o
n
ce
r
n
r
ath
er
th
an
a
n
ab
s
tr
ac
t
o
n
e.
A
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
g
ap
r
u
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
wh
o
le
ev
id
en
ce
b
ase:
th
e
ac
tu
al
le
x
i
ca
l
b
u
r
d
en
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
m
e
d
i
ca
l
tex
ts
h
as
n
ev
e
r
b
ee
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
d
i
r
ec
tly
,
with
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
u
r
v
ey
s
ca
r
r
y
in
g
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
weig
h
t
.
C
o
r
p
u
s
-
b
ased
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
co
u
ld
co
m
p
lem
en
t
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
ev
id
en
ce
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tice.
Pri
o
r
ities
f
o
r
th
e
n
e
x
t
p
h
ase
o
f
wo
r
k
f
o
llo
w
f
r
o
m
th
is
g
ap
:
d
ir
ec
t
lin
g
u
is
tic
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
ass
ess
m
en
t
-
v
alid
ity
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
tar
g
eted
lan
g
u
a
g
e
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
ca
s
e
also
s
p
ea
k
s
to
a
wid
er
p
atter
n
ac
r
o
s
s
ME
NA
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ab
l
e
co
n
tex
ts
in
wh
ich
E
MI
h
as
ex
p
an
d
e
d
with
o
u
t
th
e
eq
u
ity
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ak
e
it wo
r
k
.
Sev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
q
u
alif
y
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
J
o
r
d
an
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
liter
atu
r
e
is
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
s
in
g
le
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
u
r
v
ey
s
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
was
r
estricte
d
to
E
n
g
lis
h
-
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
atab
ases
,
p
o
ten
tially
ex
clu
d
in
g
Ar
ab
ic
-
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
o
n
Ar
ab
iciza
tio
n
an
d
m
e
d
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
J
o
ME
C
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
o
p
e
r
atio
n
alize
d
b
u
t
n
o
t
em
p
i
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[
1
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E.
M
a
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D
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[
3
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.
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[
4
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6
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