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m
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I
NT
RO
D
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I
O
N
Sp
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tr
u
m
r
ef
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s
to
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
in
v
is
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le
r
ad
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r
eq
u
e
n
cies
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
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wir
eless
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ig
n
als
tr
av
el
.
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h
ese
s
ig
n
als
ca
n
en
ab
le
th
e
u
s
er
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
o
th
er
u
s
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices,
lo
o
k
u
p
d
ir
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s
to
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,
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d
p
er
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o
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m
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er
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u
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s
.
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wad
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e
s
p
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tr
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m
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ce
s
ar
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em
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d
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id
ex
p
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of
wir
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ap
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s
an
d
s
er
v
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W
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th
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g
r
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win
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I
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ter
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T
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g
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ex
p
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o
o
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[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
A
lar
g
e
r
s
p
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tr
u
m
b
an
d
wid
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eq
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ir
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to
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m
m
o
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ate
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e
in
cr
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s
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g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
wir
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d
ev
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.
Ho
w
ev
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,
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
is
a
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
c
e.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
allo
ca
tio
n
ch
a
r
t,
it
i
s
q
u
ite
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
s
ec
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r
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o
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n
s
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m
to
h
an
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le
im
p
en
d
in
g
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
wir
eless
d
ev
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an
d
m
o
b
ile
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic
[
3
]
-
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
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I
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T
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Vo
l.
1
5
,
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.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
1
2
3
-
1
1
3
4
1124
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial
r
is
e
in
wir
eless
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s
er
s
an
d
th
e
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n
s
tan
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d
em
an
d
f
o
r
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ata
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p
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s
ar
e
also
elem
en
ts
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
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R
F sp
ec
tr
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m
.
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m
th
at,
m
o
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t o
f
th
e
f
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eq
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en
cy
s
p
ec
tr
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h
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s
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m
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o
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ce
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t
o
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n
i
ti
v
e
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ad
io
h
as
b
e
en
in
t
r
o
d
u
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d
.
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n
er
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y
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h
e
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e
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r
e
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m
a
in
u
s
er
s
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co
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w
h
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ch
a
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p
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PU
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d
s
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s
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SU
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ac
t
as
u
n
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s
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s
e
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h
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b
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e
en
u
n
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
ti
m
e
,
t
y
p
ic
all
y
i
n
a
s
p
e
cif
ic
l
o
ca
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
SU
s
t
r
at
e
g
ic
all
y
m
ak
es
u
s
e
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
g
a
p
s
to
o
p
t
im
ize
s
p
e
ct
r
u
m
u
tili
za
t
io
n
.
I
f
t
h
e
SU
d
e
tec
ts
th
e
p
r
es
en
ce
o
f
a
PU
i
n
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
b
a
n
d
,
it
w
ill
im
m
e
d
ia
tel
y
s
to
p
u
s
in
g
th
at
b
an
d
an
d
s
wit
c
h
t
o
an
o
t
h
er
o
n
e
th
at
is
ac
c
ess
i
b
le
t
o
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
te
r
f
e
r
i
n
g
wi
th
t
h
e
PU
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e,
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
is
r
eq
u
i
r
e
d
i
n
C
R
s
t
o
id
e
n
ti
f
y
w
h
e
th
e
r
a
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
b
a
n
d
is
v
ac
an
t.
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
elem
e
n
t
in
C
R
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
h
a
d
o
win
g
,
f
a
d
in
g
,
an
d
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
in
g
n
atu
r
es
o
f
wir
eless
ch
an
n
els
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
cc
u
r
s
in
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
b
est
m
eth
o
d
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
to
d
etec
t
an
d
id
en
ti
f
y
all
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
les
i
n
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
s
en
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
is
u
s
ed
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
le
is
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
u
e
to
it
b
ein
g
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
ch
o
o
s
e
a
d
ec
is
io
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
it
also
g
iv
es
lo
w
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
les
,
esp
ec
ially
a
t
lo
w
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SNR
)
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
[
9
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
l
es
is
less
ac
cu
r
ate
at
a
lo
w
s
i
g
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SNR
)
lev
el
an
d
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
.
T
o
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
wav
elet
-
b
ased
s
en
s
in
g
will
b
e
u
s
ed
as
it
ca
n
g
iv
e
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wh
e
n
d
etec
tin
g
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
les
at
h
ig
h
SNR
v
alu
es
an
d
ca
n
b
e
ab
le
t
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
s
ig
n
al'
s
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
[
1
0
]
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
n
o
is
e
an
d
SNR
co
n
d
itio
n
s
h
as
led
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
th
r
esh
o
ld
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
th
r
esh
o
ld
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
d
o
u
b
le
th
r
esh
o
ld
m
et
h
o
d
ap
p
lies
two
d
ec
is
io
n
lev
els
to
r
ed
u
ce
f
alse
ala
r
m
s
an
d
m
is
s
ed
d
etec
tio
n
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
w
h
ile
d
y
n
am
ic
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
au
to
m
atica
lly
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
n
o
is
e
o
r
ch
an
n
el
ch
an
g
es
to
m
ain
tain
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
m
b
in
ed
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
in
h
y
b
r
id
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
etec
tio
n
at
lo
w
SNR
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
Fo
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
R
ag
h
av
en
d
r
a
an
d
Ma
n
ju
n
ath
a
[
1
5
]
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a
h
y
b
r
id
eig
en
v
alu
e
–
en
e
r
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
d
o
u
b
l
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
i
n
g
with
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
Du
an
d
W
an
g
[
1
6
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
ad
a
p
tiv
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
v
eh
icu
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
ad
a
p
tiv
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
s
en
s
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
i
o
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
o
f
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
en
e
r
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
.
Desp
ite
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
ad
ap
tiv
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
ig
n
al
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
n
o
is
e
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
r
em
ain
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
es
th
at
ca
n
d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
s
ig
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
I
n
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
s
y
s
tem
s
,
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
o
f
ten
ea
s
il
y
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
n
o
is
e,
m
ak
in
g
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
to
ac
cu
r
ately
d
ec
o
d
e
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
o
f
s
o
m
e
s
ig
n
als
co
n
tain
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
n
o
is
e
b
u
t
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
ata,
m
ak
in
g
it
im
p
r
ac
tical
to
s
im
p
ly
f
ilter
o
u
t
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
eg
io
n
[
1
7
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
s
ig
n
al
d
en
o
is
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
ap
p
lied
to
s
ep
ar
ate
n
o
is
e
f
r
o
m
u
s
ef
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
is
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
ally
s
im
p
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e;
h
o
wev
er
,
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
p
r
o
p
er
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
elec
tio
n
[
1
8
].
T
h
is
p
r
o
ject
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
h
ar
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
s
o
f
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
is
is
s
u
e.
B
y
ex
ec
u
tin
g
th
o
s
e
m
eth
o
d
s
in
th
is
p
r
o
ject,
th
e
b
est
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
c
h
o
s
en
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
e
n
o
is
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
r
esh
o
l
d
esti
m
atio
n
.
Fro
m
th
at,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
th
e
wav
elet
-
b
ased
d
e
tectio
n
ca
n
also
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
,
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
wav
elet
d
etec
tio
n
in
t
h
is
p
r
o
ject
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
a
t
a
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
of
2
.
4
GHz
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
s
o
f
twar
e.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
S
T
h
is
p
r
o
ject
is
co
n
d
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
USR
P
N2
1
0
h
ar
d
war
e
was
u
s
ed
to
a
n
aly
z
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
d
ata
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
[
1
9
]
,
[
20
]
.
T
h
is
d
ata
c
o
n
t
ain
s
ar
o
u
n
d
7
4
3
2
0
s
am
p
les
o
f
am
p
litu
d
es
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
in
th
e
Wi
-
Fi
r
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
2
.
4
3
GHz
an
d
2
.
4
4
5
GHz
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
p
h
ase
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
is
wo
r
k
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
Ph
ase
2
u
n
til
Ph
ase
4
,
s
in
ce
Ph
ase
1
h
as b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
i
n
[
1
9
].
2
.
1
.
Wa
v
elet
-
ba
s
ed
d
et
ec
t
io
n
m
et
ho
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
w
av
elet
-
b
ased
s
en
s
in
g
.
Fro
m
th
is
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el,
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
C
W
T
)
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
is
co
m
p
u
ted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
o
wer
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
en
s
ity
in
th
e
wa
v
elet
-
b
ased
s
en
s
in
g
.
B
y
th
at,
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
cc
u
p
an
c
y
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
with
th
e
e
d
g
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
Wa
ve
let
-
b
a
s
ed
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
w
ith
imp
r
o
ve
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
fo
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
…
(
N
u
r
Ha
n
is
A
b
d
u
l R
a
n
i
)
1125
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ph
ase
o
f
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t a
n
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
wav
elet
d
etec
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sy
s
tem
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
w
av
elet
-
b
ased
s
en
s
in
g
[
1
8
]
,
[
20
]
2
.
1
.
1
.
M
ea
s
ure
s
ig
na
l (
y
)
T
h
e
s
tr
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t th
e
s
tr
in
g
v
alu
e,
th
at
c
o
n
tain
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
d
ata
s
ig
n
a
l o
f
7
4
3
2
0
s
am
p
les
with
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
.
4
3
GHz
to
2
.
4
4
5
GHz
,
in
to
an
in
teg
er
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
d
ata
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
f
r
o
m
Gig
a
to
in
te
g
er
s
in
ce
b
ig
d
ata
s
ets
ca
n
b
e
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
lar
g
e
f
iles
th
at
tak
e
a
lo
n
g
tim
e
t
o
an
aly
ze
o
r
d
o
n
o
t f
it in
to
th
e
R
AM
th
at
is
av
ailab
le
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Wa
v
elet
t
ra
ns
f
o
rm
T
h
e
m
o
th
er
wav
elet
(
)
2
(
)
is
u
s
e
d
in
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
m
e
ets
th
e
allo
wab
le
s
itu
atio
n
=
∫
|
(
)
|
2
|
|
−
1
<
+
∞
,
−
wh
er
e
(
)
is
th
e
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
o
f
(
)
.
I
n
th
e
C
W
T
,
th
e
t
r
an
s
latio
n
a
n
d
d
ilatio
n
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
,
a
an
d
b
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
v
a
r
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
C
W
T
u
s
es sh
if
ted
an
d
s
ca
led
co
p
i
es o
f
(
)
[
21
]:
,
(
)
=
1
√
|
|
(
−
)
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
,
;
≠
0
.
Hen
ce
,
C
W
T
is
d
ef
in
ed
as:
(
,
)
=
1
√
|
|
∫
(
)
(
−
)
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
(
2
)
2
.
1
.
3
.
P
o
wer
s
pect
ra
l
d
ens
it
y
B
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
e
d
in
g
with
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
e
n
s
ity
,
t
h
e
in
v
er
s
e
f
ast
f
o
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
I
FF
T
)
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
f
i
r
s
t.
T
h
e
I
FF
T
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
as
a
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
a
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
s
ig
n
al
in
to
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
o
m
ain
s
ig
n
al,
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
a
n
d
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
is
p
r
eser
v
ed
in
th
e
s
ig
n
al
a
f
ter
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
I
FF
T
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tep
s
in
p
o
we
r
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
fs
,
th
at
will
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
is
p
r
o
je
ct
is
2
.
5
GHz
,
wh
ic
h
is
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
tim
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
ig
n
al
will
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
with
th
e
(
1
)
[
22
]
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
lin
g
f
o
r
th
e
s
ig
n
a
l
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
as
th
e
d
ata
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t th
e
lo
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al.
,
=
1
(
3
)
Th
e
p
o
wer
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
en
s
ity
(
PS
D)
is
in
ten
d
ed
f
o
r
u
tili
za
tio
n
with
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
p
ec
tr
a.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
al
o
f
th
e
PS
D
o
v
er
a
g
iv
e
n
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
r
an
g
e
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
l
ate
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
in
th
e
s
ig
n
al
ac
r
o
s
s
th
at
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
s
in
th
is
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
u
n
lik
e
th
e
m
ea
n
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
d
o
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
y
p
o
we
r
at
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
I
n
th
e
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
n
o
is
e,
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
p
o
wer
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
en
s
ity
(
PS
D)
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
u
b
b
a
n
d
is
d
ef
in
ed
as [
23
]:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
1
2
3
-
1
1
3
4
1126
∫
(
)
=
−
−
1
−
1
(
4
)
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
s
ig
n
al
r
(
t)
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
en
s
ity
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
(
)
∑
2
(
)
=
1
+
(
)
(
5
)
w
h
er
e
2
is
th
e
PS
D
with
in
i
-
th
s
u
b
b
an
d
an
d
(
)
is
th
e
PS
D
's
n
o
is
e.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
PS
D
in
s
id
e
ea
ch
s
u
b
b
an
d
is
esti
m
ated
af
ter
id
en
tify
in
g
{
}
=
1
−
1
:
=
1
−
−
1
∫
−
1
(
)
(
6
)
2
.
1
.
4
.
Wa
v
elet
e
dg
e
Sin
ce
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
o
f
an
y
s
ig
n
al
is
r
ep
r
es
en
ted
b
y
a
s
in
g
le
s
p
ik
e
at
t
h
e
d
esire
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
th
e
wav
elet
ed
g
e
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ak
e
ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
s
ab
o
u
t
s
en
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
e
d
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
in
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t im
ag
e
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
t
o
th
at
o
f
wid
eb
an
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
m
o
o
th
i
n
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
Φ(f
)
is
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiab
le
wav
elet
with
a
c
o
m
p
ac
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
m
v
an
is
h
in
g
m
o
m
en
ts
,
an
d
m
ti
m
es.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
L
ip
s
ch
itz
ex
p
o
n
e
n
t,
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
lo
ca
l
r
eg
u
la
r
ity
s
ig
n
al
o
f
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
th
e
s
tr
ic
tly
p
o
s
itiv
e
n
u
m
b
er
m
is
ch
o
s
en
as
in
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
(
f)
d
ilatio
n
b
y
s
ca
le
f
ac
to
r
s
is
g
iv
en
as [
2
5
]:
(
)
=
1
(
)
(
7
)
w
h
en
ap
p
lied
to
d
y
ad
ic
s
ca
les,
s
tak
es
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
p
o
wer
s
o
f
2
,
as
in
s
=
2
j
wh
er
e
j
=
1
,
2
,
3
a
n
d
4
.
T
h
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
C
W
T
)
o
f
S
r
(
f)
is
g
iv
en
in
(
5
)
wh
er
e
*
d
en
o
tes co
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
(
f)
[2
5
]:
(
)
=
∗
(
)
(
8
)
w
h
er
e
(
)
is
a
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
v
alu
es o
f
(
)
f
o
r
o
n
e
s
ca
le
an
d
th
e
d
ilated
wav
elet
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
23
]
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
W
T
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
r
d
e
r
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
d
er
iv
ativ
es
o
f
(
)
s
m
o
o
th
ed
by
th
e
s
ca
led
wav
elet
(
f)
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
(
9
)
an
d
(
1
0
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
2
5
]:
1
(
)
=
(
∗
)
(
)
(
9
)
2
(
)
=
2
2
2
(
∗
)
(
)
(
1
0
)
I
n
f
ix
ed
s
ca
les,
th
e
lo
ca
l
m
ax
im
a
o
f
wav
elet
m
o
d
u
lu
s
1
(
)
w
h
ich
r
ef
er
s
to
f,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
ze
r
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
s
o
f
2
(
)
an
d
to
in
f
lectio
n
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
(
)
[
23
]
:
̂
=
{
|
1
(
)
|
}
(
1
1
)
̂
=
{
2
(
)
}
(
1
2
)
T
o
ex
am
in
e
ed
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
esti
m
atio
n
,
m
u
ltis
ca
le
p
o
in
t
-
wis
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
f
s
m
o
o
th
e
d
g
r
ad
ien
t
esti
m
ato
r
s
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
aim
s
to
r
e
d
u
ce
n
o
is
e
wh
ile
en
h
an
cin
g
m
u
ltis
ca
le
p
ea
k
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
e
d
g
es.
(
)
=
=
1
=
1
(
)
(
1
3
)
T
o
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
(
)
is
ag
ain
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
̂
=
{
|
(
)
|
}
(
1
4
)
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
ig
n
al
a
n
o
m
alies
will
p
as
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
in
al
s
ca
le
an
d
b
e
r
etr
iev
ed
as
m
ax
im
a
in
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
-
s
ca
le
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
ce
n
ar
io
as o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
s
in
g
le
-
s
ca
le
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
Wa
ve
let
-
b
a
s
ed
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
w
ith
imp
r
o
ve
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
fo
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
…
(
N
u
r
Ha
n
is
A
b
d
u
l R
a
n
i
)
1127
2
.
1
.
5
.
T
hresh
o
ld
T
h
e
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
d
en
o
is
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
s
ig
n
al
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
tam
in
ated
b
y
n
o
is
e.
As
it
r
elate
s
to
th
e
wav
elet
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
f
u
n
cti
o
n
r
e
f
lects
d
if
f
er
en
t
esti
m
atin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
th
r
esh
o
l
d
,
s
o
f
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
r
esh
o
l
d
ar
e
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
th
at
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
s
ig
n
al
d
en
o
is
in
g
[
9
]
.
T
h
o
s
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
h
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
ce
p
t,
wh
ich
is
to
elim
in
ate
s
m
all
wav
elet
co
ef
f
icien
ts
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
lar
g
e
wav
el
et
co
ef
f
icien
ts
.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
th
r
es
h
o
ld
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as [
23
]:
′
,
̂
=
{
,
;
|
,
|
≥
0
;
|
,
|
≥
(
1
5
)
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e,
,
is
wav
elet
co
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
′
,
̂
is
th
e
n
ew
wav
elet
co
ef
f
icien
t.
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
:
̂
′
,
=
{
(
,
)
(
|
,
|
−
)
;
|
,
|
≥
0
;
|
,
|
<
(
1
6
)
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as [
9
]
:
′
̂
,
=
{
,
−
2
1
+
(
−
,
)
,
≥
0
|
,
|
<
,
+
2
1
+
(
+
,
)
,
≤
−
(
1
7
)
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
etec
t
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
le,
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
p
o
wer
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
id
en
tifie
d
f
ir
s
t.
Fro
m
th
at,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
u
s
ed
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
y
,
wh
ich
i
s
_
ℎ
.
T
h
e
_
ℎ
is
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
s
e
o
f
y
_
a
b
s
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
th
r
esh
o
ld
p
o
we
r
.
T
h
e
b
ase,
b
o
tto
m
,
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
,
m
ea
n
,
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
y_
a
b
s
_
tr
a
n
s
p
o
s
e
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
f
th
e
y_
a
b
s
_
tr
a
n
s
p
o
s
e(
i)
is
g
r
ea
te
r
t
h
an
th
e
b
o
tto
m
,
t
h
en
it will b
e
W(i)
=1
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
t
h
e
PU is p
r
esen
t
.
Oth
er
wis
e,
th
e
PU
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
ab
s
en
t
(
wh
e
n
th
e
W(i)
=0
).
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
h
o
les
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
is
s
h
o
wn
as:
=
ℎ
ℎ
×
100
(
1
8
)
2
.
1
.
6
.
RO
C
c
urv
es
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
o
p
e
r
atin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
(
R
OC
)
cu
r
v
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
an
d
is
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
etec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
s
h
ap
e
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
cu
r
v
e’
s
p
o
in
ts
ca
n
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
to
ass
es
s
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
e
R
OC
cu
r
v
e
p
lo
ts
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
(
)
)
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
alse
alar
m
(
)
,
with
b
o
th
p
r
o
b
ab
il
ities
p
ar
am
eter
ized
b
y
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
th
r
esh
o
l
d
(
τ
)
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
ath
em
atica
l
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
d
etec
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
,
wh
er
e
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
e
r
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
a
s
ig
n
al
o
r
f
r
o
m
n
o
is
e
an
d
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as
[
2
6
]:
(
)
=
∫
[
(
(
)
)
|
1
∞
:
1
(
1
9
)
with
1
a
p
ar
titi
o
n
(
s
ig
n
als)
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
(
d
ec
is
io
n
)
s
p
ac
e,
wh
ile
1
is
alter
n
ate
s
ig
n
al
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
“1
”)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
f
alse
alar
m
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
:
(
)
=
∫
[
(
(
)
)
|
0
∞
:
1
(
2
0
)
wh
er
e
0
is
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
al/d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
(
“
0
”)
.
2
.
2
.
E
nerg
y
-
ba
s
ed
det
ec
t
io
n
m
et
ho
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
1
2
3
-
1
1
3
4
1128
I
n
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
,
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
n
o
is
e
is
th
e
o
n
ly
f
ac
to
r
u
s
ed
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
is
id
e
n
tifie
d
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
en
er
g
y
.
Fu
n
d
am
en
tally
,
it
attem
p
ts
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
two
s
tates:
f
ir
s
t,
if
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
s
ig
n
al
is
n
o
t
p
r
esen
t
it
will
in
d
icate
b
y
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tate
is
wh
en
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
s
ig
n
al
is
p
r
esen
t
,
it
will
in
d
icat
e
b
y
1
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
ar
e
test
ed
b
y
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
d
etec
to
r
[
25
]:
:
(
)
=
(
)
,
1
:
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
,
(
2
1
)
wh
e
r
e
Y(
n
)
is
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
r
ec
ei
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
e
co
n
d
a
r
y
u
s
e
r
,
S
(
n
)
is
t
h
e
s
ig
n
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
m
itt
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
u
s
e
r
,
a
n
d
W(n
)
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ts
t
h
e
a
d
d
iti
v
e
wh
i
te
Ga
u
s
s
i
a
n
n
o
is
e
(
AW
GN
)
wit
h
z
er
o
m
e
an
.
I
n
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
et
ec
ti
o
n
p
r
o
c
ess
,
th
e
r
e
ce
i
v
e
d
s
i
g
n
al
is
f
ir
s
t
p
r
e
-
f
ilt
e
r
e
d
b
y
a
n
id
ea
l
b
a
n
d
-
p
ass
f
ilt
e
r
w
it
h
b
an
d
wi
d
th
W
.
A
f
t
er
f
ilt
er
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
is
co
n
v
e
r
t
ed
t
o
d
i
g
it
al
f
o
r
m
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
A/D
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
is
t
h
e
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
an
d
i
n
t
eg
r
a
te
d
o
v
e
r
a
s
p
e
ci
f
ie
d
p
e
r
i
o
d
t
o
o
b
t
ai
n
th
e
test
s
t
atis
t
ic
.
T
h
e
e
q
u
ati
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
t
est
s
tat
is
ti
c
is
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
(
2
2
)
:
=
∑
|
(
)
|
2
=
0
(
2
2
)
wh
er
e
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
3
,
…
,
R
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
am
p
les
,
wh
ich
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
p
e
r
io
d
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
lim
it
th
eo
r
em
s
tates
th
at
th
e
T
test
s
tat
i
c
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
a
Gau
s
s
ian
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
if
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
izes
ar
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t [
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
b
in
ar
y
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
:
~
(
2
+
2
4
)
1
:
~
(
(
2
+
2
)
,
2
(
2
+
2
)
2
)
(
2
3
)
wh
er
e
2
an
d
2
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
n
o
is
e
v
ar
ian
ce
an
d
s
ig
n
al
v
ar
ian
ce
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
To
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ig
n
al,
test
s
tati
s
ti
c
(
T
)
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
(
)
.
T
wo
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
tectio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
:
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
f
alse
alar
m
,
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
e
q
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
en
as
[2
8
]:
=
(
>
1
)
=
(
−
(
2
+
2
)
√
2
(
2
+
2
)
)
(
2
4
)
=
(
>
0
)
=
(
−
2
√
2
4
)
(
2
5
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
p
ar
ts
:
Par
t
A,
Par
t
B
,
an
d
Par
t
C
.
Par
t
A
f
u
r
th
er
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
le
d
etec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
.
Par
t
B
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tat
io
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al
d
en
o
is
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
p
ar
t
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
wav
elet
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
as a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
an
aly
s
is
.
3
.
1
.
Sp
ec
t
rum
ho
les det
ec
t
io
n us
ing
wa
v
elet
det
ec
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lt
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
le
in
th
e
wav
el
et
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
s
itu
atio
n
s
to
in
d
icate
th
is
g
r
ap
h
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
is
th
e
p
o
wer
will
b
e
1
if
th
er
e
is
th
e
p
r
esen
t
o
f
PU.
I
f
n
o
PU
is
p
r
esen
t,
th
e
v
alu
e
is
0
.
Fro
m
th
is
g
r
ap
h
,
th
e
wh
ite
s
p
ac
es
an
d
b
lu
e
s
p
ac
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
class
if
ied
,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
les
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
wh
ite
s
p
ac
es,
an
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
PU
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
b
lu
e
s
p
ac
e
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
class
if
icatio
n
,
th
e
PU
p
o
wer
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
ab
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
wh
ite
s
p
ac
es
w
h
er
ea
s
th
ey
ar
e
h
ea
v
ily
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
in
th
e
b
lu
e
s
p
ac
es.
3
.
2
.
Sig
na
l
deno
is
ing
us
ing
diff
er
ent
t
hresh
o
lds
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
h
ar
d
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
c
h
o
s
en
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
m
a
in
g
o
al
is
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
d
en
o
is
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
th
e
h
ar
d
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Fo
r
b
o
th
tr
ad
itio
n
al
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
t
h
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
u
s
ed
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
0
.
4
a
n
d
0
.
6
.
W
h
ile
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
th
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
v
alu
e
is
s
et
to
ab
o
v
e
1
[
2
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
g
r
ap
h
f
o
r
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ig
n
al
b
ased
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
Wa
ve
let
-
b
a
s
ed
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
w
ith
imp
r
o
ve
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
fo
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
…
(
N
u
r
Ha
n
is
A
b
d
u
l R
a
n
i
)
1129
o
n
th
e
d
ata
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
o
r
ted
in
to
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
.
W
h
i
le
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
r
esh
o
l
d
,
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
is
s
et
to
ab
o
v
e
1
[
2
9
].
W
h
en
th
e
h
ar
d
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
,
th
e
d
en
o
is
in
g
s
ig
n
al
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
ese
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
is
clo
s
er
to
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ig
n
al
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
w
h
en
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
E
v
en
wh
e
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es
in
t
h
e
n
o
i
s
y
s
ig
n
al
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lt
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al
d
en
o
is
in
g
u
s
in
g
th
e
h
a
r
d
an
d
s
o
f
t th
r
esh
o
ld
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
W
h
en
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
is
ex
ec
u
ted
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
clea
r
ly
th
at
th
e
d
en
o
is
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
f
o
r
n
o
is
y
s
ig
n
als
in
t
h
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
n
o
is
y
s
ig
n
al
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
,
wh
ich
h
as
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
d
en
o
is
e
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
an
d
p
r
eser
v
e
d
u
s
ef
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
B
esid
es,
it
s
o
lv
e
s
th
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
o
f
s
o
f
t
an
d
h
a
r
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
wh
er
e
it
ca
n
m
i
n
im
is
e
th
e
d
e
v
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
u
s
ef
u
l
s
ig
n
al
an
d
d
en
o
is
ed
s
ig
n
al,
an
d
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
w
h
o
le
wav
el
et
d
o
m
ain
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
ws
th
at
it
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
ig
n
al
d
e
n
o
is
in
g
in
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
d
etec
tio
n
,
as
it
h
as
r
ed
u
ce
d
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
tam
in
ate
d
n
o
is
e
in
th
e
s
ig
n
al
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
an
o
th
er
two
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
at
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
d
en
o
is
in
g
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
p
a
r
am
eter
s
th
at
im
p
ac
t th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
n
o
is
e
r
em
o
v
al
as in
[
29
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
les d
etec
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Or
ig
i
n
al
s
ig
n
al
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sig
n
al
d
en
o
is
e
with
s
o
f
t th
r
esh
o
ld
an
d
h
a
r
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
1
2
3
-
1
1
3
4
1130
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sig
n
al
d
en
o
is
e
with
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
3
.
3
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
wa
v
elet
det
ec
t
io
n wit
h
ener
g
y
det
ec
t
io
n m
et
ho
d
3
.
3
.
1
.
Wa
v
elet
det
ec
t
i
o
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
T
h
e
wav
elet
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
s
en
s
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
SNR
s
th
at
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
ig
n
al
d
e
n
o
i
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
SNR
v
alu
es
-
2
0
.
2
d
B
,
-
2
1
.
5
d
B
an
d
-
2
2
.
8
d
B
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t t
h
r
esh
o
ld
(
im
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
>
1
,
th
r
esh
o
ld
0
.
6
an
d
th
r
esh
o
l
d
0
.
4
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lt
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
wav
e
let
d
ete
ctio
n
to
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
(
th
r
esh
o
l
d
0
.
4
,
th
r
esh
o
l
d
0
.
6
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
)
.
T
h
e
P
FA
is
ass
u
m
e
d
to
b
e
0
.
1
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
wh
en
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
il
ity
o
f
f
alse
alar
m
is
s
m
aller
,
th
e
ch
an
ce
s
f
o
r
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
u
til
izatio
n
b
y
SU
wil
l
b
ec
o
m
e
h
i
g
h
er
[
2
8
].
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
a
b
le
1
,
wh
en
=
0
.
1
:
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
(
-
2
0
.
2
d
B
)
:
=
0
.
8227
;
th
r
esh
o
ld
0
.
6
(
-
2
1
.
5
d
B
)
=
=
0
.
6755
;
th
r
esh
o
ld
0
.
4
(
-
2
2
.
8
d
B
)
=
=
0
.
5618
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
wav
elet
d
etec
tio
n
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
SNR
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
th
r
esh
o
ld
u
s
ed
[
25
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
is
g
r
ap
h
also
ca
n
b
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
wh
en
t
h
e
SNR
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
wa
v
elet
d
etec
tio
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
wav
e
let
d
etec
tio
n
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t th
r
esh
o
ld
Th
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
S
N
R
v
a
l
u
e
(
d
B
)
V
a
l
u
e
o
f
(
ℎ
=
0
.
1
)
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
t
h
r
e
sh
o
l
d
(
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
>
1
)
-
2
0
.
2
0
.
8
2
2
7
S
o
f
t
t
h
r
e
sh
o
l
d
(
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
:
0
.
6
)
-
2
1
.
5
0
.
6
7
7
5
H
a
r
d
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
(
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
:
0
.
4
)
-
2
2
.
8
0
.
5
6
1
8
B
ased
o
n
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
r
ef
e
r
s
to
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
with
wh
ich
PU
ca
n
b
e
d
e
tecte
d
.
As
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
i
s
h
ig
h
er
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
PU
is
p
r
o
tecte
d
.
He
n
ce
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
r
esh
o
l
d
(
-
2
0
.
2
d
B
)
h
as
th
e
b
est
d
etec
t
io
n
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
o
th
e
r
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
a
s
it
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
v
alu
es
(
=
0
.
8227
)
wh
en
th
e
=
0
.
1
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
E
nerg
y
d
et
ec
t
io
n
t
ec
h
niq
ue
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
Wa
ve
let
-
b
a
s
ed
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
w
ith
imp
r
o
ve
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
fo
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
…
(
N
u
r
Ha
n
is
A
b
d
u
l R
a
n
i
)
1131
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
s
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
etec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
a
ls
o
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
SNR
v
alu
es
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
S
NR
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
t
h
at
b
ein
g
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
SNR
v
alu
es
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
th
e
wav
elet
d
e
tectio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
a
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
F
ig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
esu
lt b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
etec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
is
h
ig
h
est
at
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
0
.
6
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
in
th
e
wav
elet
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
h
o
ws
th
e
h
ig
h
est v
alu
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
etec
tio
n
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
wav
elet
d
etec
tio
n
is
b
etter
th
a
n
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
u
s
in
g
th
r
esh
o
ld
0
.
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
o
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
am
o
n
g
o
f
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
as
it
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
th
e
s
m
allest
v
alu
e
o
f
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
T
ab
le
2
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
with
d
if
f
er
en
t t
h
r
e
s
h
o
ld
Th
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
S
N
R
v
a
l
u
e
(
d
B
)
V
a
l
u
e
o
f
(
ℎ
=
0
.
1
)
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
t
h
r
e
sh
o
l
d
(
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
>
1
)
-
2
0
.
2
0
.
6
5
3
3
S
o
f
t
t
h
r
e
sh
o
l
d
(
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
:
0
.
6
)
-
2
1
.
5
0
.
5
6
0
5
H
a
r
d
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
(
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
:
0
.
4
)
-
2
2
.
8
0
.
4
5
2
1
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Gen
er
ally
,
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
n
etwo
r
k
is
a
ty
p
e
o
f
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
wh
er
e
a
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
ca
n
d
y
n
am
ically
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
ch
an
n
els
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
an
d
n
o
t.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
i
o
n
etwo
r
k
is
to
u
tili
ze
th
e
u
n
u
s
e
d
licen
s
ed
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
wh
ich
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
les.
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
is
th
e
cr
u
cial
elem
en
t
in
th
e
C
R
a
s
it
ca
n
av
o
id
u
n
wan
ted
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
with
au
th
o
r
ized
u
s
er
s
an
d
lo
ca
te
th
e
av
ailab
le
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
o
r
b
etter
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ject
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
ed
,
wh
er
e
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
l
es
ca
n
b
e
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
wav
ele
t d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
les is
im
p
o
r
tan
t in
C
R
as
it
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
u
t
ilizatio
n
b
y
allo
win
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
u
s
er
(
SU)
t
o
s
tr
ateg
ically
tak
e
a
d
v
an
tag
e
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
v
o
id
s
.
Nex
t,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lts
in
d
en
o
is
in
g
o
f
n
o
is
e
in
th
e
s
ig
n
al
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
s
o
f
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
an
d
h
ar
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
Fr
o
m
th
is
r
esu
lt,
it
ca
n
b
e
ju
s
t
if
ied
t
h
at
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
to
r
e
d
u
ce
t
h
e
co
n
tam
in
at
ed
n
o
is
e
in
th
e
s
ig
n
al,
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
to
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
wav
elet
-
b
ased
d
etec
tio
n
ac
h
iev
ed
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
with
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
(
=
0
.
8227
)
co
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
en
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
(
=
0
.
65
33
)
.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
f
o
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
u
s
e
in
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
,
b
io
m
ed
ical,
g
eo
p
h
y
s
ical,
an
d
m
ilit
ar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
e
n
h
an
ce
Qu
ality
o
f
Ser
v
ice
(
Qo
S).
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
wo
r
k
is
lim
ited
to
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
s
a
n
d
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
test
ed
o
n
r
ea
l
h
ar
d
war
e.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
will
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
n
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
ef
in
e
d
r
a
d
io
(
SDR
)
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
USR
P
an
d
e
x
p
lo
r
e
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
ad
ap
tiv
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
,
as
well
as
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
5
G
an
d
6
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ete
ctio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
1
2
3
-
1
1
3
4
1132
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
l
d
lik
e
t
o
g
r
e
atly
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
th
an
k
s
a
n
d
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
th
e
C
en
tr
e
f
o
r
R
esear
ch
an
d
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
Ma
n
ag
em
e
n
t
(
C
R
I
M)
an
d
Un
iv
e
r
s
iti
T
ek
n
i
k
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
lak
a
(
UT
eM
)
f
o
r
th
eir
h
elp
in
co
m
p
letin
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
er
e
is
n
o
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Nu
r
Han
is
Ab
d
u
l Ran
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ma
s
Haslin
d
a
Mo
h
am
ad
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Nu
r
u
s
o
lih
ah
Z
am
r
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
No
r
Kh
air
iah
I
b
r
ah
im
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
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r
i
t
i
n
g
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R
e
v
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&
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d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
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o
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:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
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P
r
o
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c
t
a
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mi
n
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a
t
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h
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s
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lict o
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ter
est.
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NF
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CO
NS
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N
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T
h
is
s
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d
y
d
id
n
o
t
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o
lv
e
h
u
m
an
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata,
o
r
an
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
ally
i
d
en
tifia
b
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
was
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
All
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
c
ted
u
s
in
g
h
ar
d
war
e
-
b
ased
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
co
m
p
lied
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
an
d
eth
ical
g
u
id
elin
es.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
E
th
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
v
o
lv
ed
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
-
b
ased
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
u
s
in
g
USR
P
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
d
id
n
o
t
i
n
clu
d
e
h
u
m
a
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata,
o
r
a
n
im
al
test
in
g
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
u
s
in
g
th
e
USR
P
X3
0
0
p
latf
o
r
m
an
d
cu
s
to
m
-
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
s
ig
n
al
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
cr
ip
ts
.
T
h
e
d
atasets
g
en
er
ated
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t st
u
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
D
.
M
.
A
l
i
a
n
d
M
.
Y
.
A
b
d
u
l
l
a
,
"
En
e
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g
y
D
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t
e
c
t
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n
B
a
se
d
M
u
l
t
i
-
B
a
n
d
s
S
p
e
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t
r
u
m
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e
n
si
n
g
U
si
n
g
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
,
"
2
0
2
2
M
u
t
h
a
n
n
a
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
MIC
ES
T
)
,
S
a
maw
a
h
,
I
r
a
q
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
3
7
-
4
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
I
C
EST
5
4
2
8
6
.
2
0
2
2
.
9
7
9
0
1
0
9
.
[
2
]
W
.
K
.
A
l
s
a
e
d
i
,
H
.
A
h
m
a
d
i
,
Z
.
K
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
D
.
G
r
a
c
e
,
“
S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
6
G
:
A
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
a
n
d
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
EEE
O
p
e
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
S
o
c
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e
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
8
7
–
1
8
1
2
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
O
JC
O
M
S
.
2
0
2
3
.
3
3
0
1
6
3
0
.
[
3
]
N
.
S
.
P
a
r
i
a
,
“
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
r
a
d
i
o
(
C
R
)
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
W
i
p
r
o
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
w
i
p
r
o
.
c
o
m
/
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
/
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
-
r
a
d
i
o
/
[
4
]
A
.
C
h
a
t
u
r
v
e
d
i
,
D
.
B
o
r
d
o
l
o
i
,
H
.
G
u
p
t
a
,
A
.
L
.
N
.
R
a
o
,
S
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
n
k
h
y
a
n
,
“
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
”
i
n
P
r
o
c
.
I
n
t
.
C
o
n
f
.
P
o
w
e
r
,
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
m
a
r
t
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
(
I
C
P
C
S
N
)
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
7
2
3
-
7
2
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
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C
P
C
S
N
5
8
8
2
7
.
2
0
2
3
.
0
0
1
2
5
.
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