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s
ec
u
r
it
y
in
m
o
d
er
n
s
o
ciety
.
Var
io
u
s
b
i
o
m
etr
ic
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
ex
i
s
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
ac
ial
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
f
in
g
er
p
r
in
t
an
al
y
s
is
,
ir
is
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
an
d
r
etin
a
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese,
E
C
G
-
b
ased
b
io
m
etr
ics
s
tan
d
o
u
t
as
h
i
g
h
ly
r
eliab
le
d
u
e
to
th
eir
u
n
iv
er
s
al
p
r
esen
ce
,
im
m
u
tab
le
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
,
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ac
ce
p
t
an
ce
,
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
u
n
iq
u
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
.
E
C
Gs
o
f
f
er
en
h
an
ce
d
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
b
io
m
etr
ic
m
o
d
alities
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
E
C
G
s
ig
n
als
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
f
iv
e
s
eq
u
e
n
t
ial
wav
es
(
P,
Q,
R
,
S,
an
d
T
)
,
wh
ich
ar
e
u
n
iq
u
e
to
ea
ch
in
d
i
v
id
u
al,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
also
co
n
f
i
r
m
s
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject,
a
f
ea
tu
r
e
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
b
y
s
ev
er
al
o
t
h
er
b
io
m
etr
ic
tech
n
i
q
u
es.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
E
C
G
s
ig
n
als
is
in
h
er
en
tly
c
o
m
p
lex
,
as
it
r
ef
lec
ts
th
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
a
v
ital o
r
g
an
,
m
ak
in
g
s
ig
n
al
an
al
y
s
is
a
ch
allen
g
in
g
task
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
C
G
s
ig
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
f
o
r
b
io
m
etr
ic
a
u
th
en
tica
tio
n
an
aly
s
is
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
ar
tific
ial
in
te
llig
en
ce
(
AI
)
h
as
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
d
ig
ital
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
E
C
G
-
b
ased
b
io
m
etr
ic
au
t
h
en
ticatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
with
wid
el
y
ad
o
p
ted
m
eth
o
d
s
in
clu
d
in
g
k
-
n
ea
r
est
n
eig
h
b
o
r
(
KNN)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
m
ac
h
in
e
(
SVM)
,
a
n
d
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
(
R
F).
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
attr
ac
ted
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
atten
tio
n
f
o
r
b
io
m
etr
ic
au
th
en
ticatio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
u
tili
zin
g
E
C
G
s
ig
n
als
[
7
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
Dee
p
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
els
ex
h
ib
it
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
au
th
e
n
ticatin
g
E
C
G
d
ata
b
y
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
co
m
p
lex
f
ea
t
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
l
ar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
atasets
an
d
ac
cu
r
ately
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
au
th
en
tic
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
m
an
ip
u
lated
o
r
u
n
a
u
th
o
r
ize
d
o
n
e
s
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
s
ev
er
al
im
p
o
r
tan
t
g
ap
s
t
h
at
s
till
r
eq
u
i
r
e
d
etailed
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
C
G
b
io
m
etr
ics
u
s
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
d
atasets
,
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
au
th
en
ticatio
n
s
p
ee
d
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
b
io
m
etr
ic
f
u
s
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
an
d
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiatio
n
b
etwe
en
n
o
r
m
al
a
n
d
a
b
n
o
r
m
al
E
C
G
p
atter
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
au
th
en
ticatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
y
a
d
d
r
ess
es
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
le
au
th
en
ticatio
n
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
r
ap
id
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
g
r
o
win
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
au
th
en
ticatio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
E
C
G
s
ig
n
als
p
r
o
v
id
e
two
m
ajo
r
ad
v
an
tag
es:
en
h
a
n
c
ed
p
r
o
tectio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
io
m
etr
ic
v
er
if
icatio
n
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ab
ili
ty
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ea
r
ly
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
ab
n
o
r
m
alities
,
wh
ich
alig
n
s
with
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
AI
in
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
ar
d
io
Gu
ar
d
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
e
v
alu
ates
E
C
G
s
ig
n
als
to
au
th
e
n
ticate
in
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
d
etec
t
an
o
m
alies
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
o
ten
tial
ca
r
d
iac
r
is
k
s
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
p
r
o
ac
t
iv
e
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t stra
te
g
ies.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
in
ter
-
s
u
b
je
ct
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
E
C
G
s
ig
n
als
b
y
lear
n
in
g
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
th
at
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
is
cr
im
in
ativ
e
an
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
f
ea
tu
r
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
C
ar
d
i
o
Gu
ar
d
as
a
r
eliab
le
E
C
G
-
b
ased
au
th
en
ticatio
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
an
d
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
a
n
o
v
el
a
u
to
m
a
ted
au
th
en
ticatio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
th
at
jo
in
tly
ex
p
lo
its
s
p
atial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
E
C
G
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
to
en
h
an
ce
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
s
p
o
o
f
in
g
an
d
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
,
a
h
y
b
r
id
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
atin
g
co
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
al
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
C
NNs)
an
d
lo
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
em
o
r
y
(
L
STM
)
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
s
m
ar
t
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
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tell
I
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N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
A
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
-
d
r
iven
h
yb
r
id
n
eu
r
a
l n
etw
o
r
k
fo
r
elec
tr
o
ca
r
d
io
g
r
a
m
…
(
S
w
a
ti La
ksh
mi
B
o
p
p
a
n
a
)
3311
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
f
le
x
ib
le
a
u
th
en
tic
atio
n
,
an
d
a
n
e
f
f
icien
t
p
r
ep
r
o
c
ess
in
g
an
d
au
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
E
C
G
d
atasets
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
es d
ata
q
u
ality
an
d
en
a
b
les f
air
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
ex
is
tin
g
s
tate
-
of
-
t
h
e
-
a
r
t
(
SOTA
)
m
o
d
els.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
E
C
G
s
ig
n
al
an
aly
s
i
s
f
o
r
b
io
m
etr
ic
au
th
en
ticatio
n
u
s
in
g
ML
an
d
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
Asad
ian
f
am
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
ex
am
i
n
e
d
th
e
E
C
G
-
b
ased
au
th
en
ticati
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ile
Sh
d
ef
at
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
r
e
v
iewe
d
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
E
C
G
b
io
m
etr
ics.
L
i
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
s
ig
n
als
s
u
ch
as
E
C
G,
elec
tr
o
en
ce
p
h
alo
g
r
am
(
E
E
G
)
,
an
d
p
h
o
to
p
let
h
y
s
m
o
g
r
am
(
PP
G)
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
au
t
h
en
ticatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
Per
eir
a
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
an
aly
ze
d
v
ar
i
o
u
s
E
C
G
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
th
eir
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
a
u
th
en
ticatio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
H
am
m
ad
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ee
p
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
–
b
ased
au
t
h
en
ticatio
n
m
o
d
els
u
s
in
g
r
esid
u
al
C
NN
s
an
d
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
C
NN
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
es
,
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
N
at
i
o
n
a
l
M
e
t
r
o
l
o
g
y
I
n
s
t
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t
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o
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les
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ce
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im
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io
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ltin
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tu
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itig
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im
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o
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ai
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ilit
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[
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]
.
Fig
u
r
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3
.
Sch
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ar
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SU
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N
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h
e
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ar
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r
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r
d
iac
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als
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ig
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e
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p
atio
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o
r
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r
es
ar
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if
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ig
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als
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u
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ain
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ep
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iv
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ity
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ad
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ateg
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ed
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On
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s
o
f
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ax
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e
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er
ates
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al
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a
b
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h
e
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r
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im
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lem
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ted
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as
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ticatio
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s
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aly
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ib
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ti
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o
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n
d
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n
a
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th
o
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iz
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E
C
G
s
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p
les
to
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ax
im
ize
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er
if
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er
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o
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m
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ce
.
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h
r
esh
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ld
ad
ju
s
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t
e
n
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les
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e
C
ar
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io
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a
r
d
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tem
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tain
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h
ig
h
er
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esh
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ates
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e
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s
p
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tectio
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ain
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t
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ize
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lo
wer
th
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e
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h
o
ld
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ce
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alse
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o
r
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n
u
in
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u
r
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th
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ticatio
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ig
n
als
ar
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r
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ated
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y
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e
tr
ain
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m
o
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h
er
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cc
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g
r
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ted
if
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e
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r
ed
icted
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r
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b
ab
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s
th
e
s
elec
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th
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esh
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ld
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el
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er
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s
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ain
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v
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r
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r
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h
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n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
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ti
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e
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n
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s
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er
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d
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itti
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g
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e
n
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n
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e
n
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Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
p
r
esen
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e
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ep
o
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s
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e
Fig
u
r
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4
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s
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ate
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r
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d
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g
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iatio
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.
Fig
u
r
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5
c
o
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p
ar
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
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a
n
ce
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ed
C
ar
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th
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ee
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ar
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u
r
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4
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s
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d
with
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ar
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ar
d
a
r
ch
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r
e:
(
a
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ac
c
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r
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d
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b
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
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m
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ar
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ates its
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m
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ased
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c
h
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ter
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6
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ates
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