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tech
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E
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[
1
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Ho
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G2
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ar
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[
2
]
.
V
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VSC
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tim
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[
3
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,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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20
26
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3390
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[
4
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W
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tech
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[
5
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.
R
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en
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s
[
6
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–
[
8
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ar
e
d
ev
o
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d
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
m
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,
b
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k
-
lev
el
co
o
r
d
in
ated
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
f
leet
-
lev
el
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
lo
ad
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
g
ein
g
f
r
o
m
p
lu
g
-
in
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
PHEV
)
lo
ad
s
u
s
in
g
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
.
Fo
r
g
r
id
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
V2
G
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
Sh
a
h
ee
n
et
a
l.
[
9
]
in
v
esti
g
ates
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
an
d
co
s
t/lo
ad
o
p
tim
izatio
n
u
s
in
g
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Simu
lat
io
n
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
wh
ale
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
W
OA)
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
est
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
ch
a
r
g
in
g
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
u
s
e
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
en
e
r
g
y
n
o
t
c
h
ar
g
ed
(
E
E
NC
)
m
etr
ic
to
ass
ess
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
p
lu
g
-
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
PEV)
in
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
an
aly
ze
lo
ad
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
im
p
ac
ts
b
y
t
ak
in
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
lik
e
au
to
m
o
b
ile
ty
p
e
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ized
b
atter
y
,
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
s
tatu
s
,
d
r
iv
in
g
p
atter
n
s
,
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
p
lu
g
-
in
tim
in
g
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
n
etar
y
p
r
icin
g
s
ch
em
es
.
Z
h
o
u
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
o
p
tim
izes
a
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
p
r
o
to
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
(
PEM
)
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
e
n
h
an
ce
d
g
r
ey
wo
lf
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
GW
O)
,
wh
ile
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
VSC
co
n
tr
o
l
in
V2
G
an
d
G2
V
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
o
u
g
h
m
et
ah
eu
r
is
tic
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a
an
d
h
ig
h
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
s
ts
.
Utilizin
g
v
o
ltag
e
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
(
VDPF)
an
aly
s
is
,
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
ex
am
in
e
PE
V
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
V2
G
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
an
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
An
ad
ap
ted
n
eu
r
al
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
NSO)
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
alo
n
g
with
a
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
b
u
t
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
is
lim
ited
b
y
lo
ad
m
o
d
ellin
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
AN
N)
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
ex
p
lo
r
es
AI
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
V2
G
an
d
G2
V
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
M
o
n
te
C
ar
lo
-
b
ase
d
E
V
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
-
b
ased
co
m
p
etitiv
e
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izer
(
OC
SO)
,
s
elf
-
tu
n
in
g
f
ilter
s
,
an
d
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
aim
in
g
to
e
n
h
an
ce
en
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
g
r
id
p
o
wer
q
u
a
lity
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
p
r
a
cti
ca
l
im
p
l
em
e
n
t
ati
o
n
is
ch
all
en
g
ed
b
y
h
i
g
h
c
o
m
p
u
ta
ti
o
n
al
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
,
r
el
ia
n
c
e
o
n
ac
cu
r
ate
s
y
s
t
em
m
o
d
ell
in
g
a
n
d
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
d
ata
,
a
n
d
u
n
ce
r
t
ai
n
ti
es
i
n
E
V
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
g
r
i
d
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
b
a
tte
r
y
s
tat
e
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e,
w
h
il
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
e
th
o
d
s
li
k
e
wi
ld
h
o
r
s
e
–
p
ar
ticl
e
s
war
m
o
p
t
im
iza
ti
o
n
(
W
HPSO
)
[
1
9
]
also
f
ac
e
d
if
f
i
cu
lties
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
a
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
f
o
r
r
eliab
le,
ad
ap
tab
le
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
th
at
ca
n
m
an
ag
e
b
o
t
h
s
y
s
tem
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
ties
an
d
co
n
v
e
r
ter
lim
itatio
n
s
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
V2
G
an
d
G2
V
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
A
u
n
it
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
V2
G
-
co
n
n
ec
te
d
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
PEV
p
en
e
tr
atio
n
,
b
atter
y
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
,
a
n
d
co
n
t
r
o
lled
ch
a
r
g
in
g
/
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
E
g
b
u
e
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
/
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
AC
)
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
v
o
ltag
e/cu
r
r
en
t
lim
its
,
a
n
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
r
o
b
lem
s
d
u
r
in
g
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w,
as
well
as
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
r
eli
an
ce
o
n
p
r
ec
is
e
E
V
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
a
d
p
r
o
jectio
n
s
,
m
ay
lim
it
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Usi
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
b
ased
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
s
im
u
latio
n
an
al
y
s
es,
an
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
as
s
ess
m
en
t
s
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
5
]
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
an
d
a
n
al
y
zin
g
V2
G
an
d
G2
V
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
r
esid
en
tial
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
lo
wer
co
s
ts
,
in
teg
r
ate
r
en
ewa
b
les,
an
d
ass
ess
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
,
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
h
o
wev
e
r
,
m
ay
b
e
h
am
p
er
e
d
b
y
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
lik
e
h
ig
h
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
r
elian
ce
o
n
p
r
ec
is
e
E
V/g
r
id
d
ata
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
DC
/AC
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ef
f
icien
cy
lo
s
s
es,
v
o
ltag
e/cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
an
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
ac
ts
.
A
th
r
ee
-
lev
el
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
b
ased
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
p
l
u
g
-
in
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
i
n
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
itu
atio
n
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
.
T
o
en
h
an
c
e
elec
tr
ical
q
u
ality
,
a
h
y
b
r
id
T
asm
an
ian
-
Haw
k
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
HT
HO)
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
E
f
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
v
er
if
i
ed
b
y
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
it
with
aq
u
ila
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
A
QO)
,
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
iz
atio
n
(
PS
O)
,
g
o
ld
e
n
ea
g
le
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
GE
O)
,
Har
r
is
h
awk
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
(
HHO)
,
an
d
T
asm
an
ian
d
ev
il
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
(
T
DO)
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
b
y
u
s
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
est
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
te
d
E
Vs
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
b
y
s
tab
ilizin
g
v
o
ltag
e,
lo
wer
in
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
v
er
all
e
f
f
icien
c
y
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
W
ith
em
p
h
asis
o
n
co
m
b
in
in
g
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
v
eh
icle
b
atte
r
ies,
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
's
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ce
n
ter
s
o
n
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
a
u
n
iq
u
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
d
esig
n
ed
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
P
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
s
is
ten
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
EV
ch
ar
g
in
g
im
p
ac
t
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
Utilizin
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
with
th
e
HT
HO
tech
n
iq
u
e,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
m
in
im
ize
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
i
n
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tio
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d
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y
s
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,
ef
f
icien
cy
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an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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tell
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SS
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2252
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8
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3
8
Hyb
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atio
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r
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ates
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h
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o
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er
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Fig
u
r
e
1
d
e
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icts
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ested
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V
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u
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e
1
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u
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e
2
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h
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ated
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y
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ax
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ts
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t
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ts
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d
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r
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atio
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ch
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n
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e
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C
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o
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te
r
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f
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ati
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o
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ai
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o
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o
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o
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iz
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et
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two
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is
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ct
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t
im
iza
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te
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h
n
i
q
u
es: t
h
e
T
asm
an
ia
n
d
e
v
il
an
d
H
HO
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
T
asm
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ian
d
ev
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s
h
u
n
tin
g
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tiv
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er
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m
o
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l
f
o
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th
e
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DO
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g
o
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ith
m
,
a
n
atu
r
alis
tic
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in
s
p
ir
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
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tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
is
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its
s
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ee
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y
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th
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ac
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e
f
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icie
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t
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en
tific
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s
.
On
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e
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th
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asp
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t,
HHO
is
ch
ar
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ter
ized
b
y
its
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f
icien
t
u
s
e
o
f
th
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ar
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s
o
f
th
e
in
q
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ir
y
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at
s
h
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Har
r
is
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awk
s
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teg
r
atin
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th
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two
tec
h
n
iq
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es,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
h
y
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o
p
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ap
p
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h
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th
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ter
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its
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f
f
ec
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ar
m
o
n
i
c
s
u
p
p
r
ess
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n
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
HT
HO's
en
h
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ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
'
s
ab
ilit
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to
ac
cu
r
ately
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ac
e
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ar
m
o
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ic
cu
r
r
en
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,
p
r
eser
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DC
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lin
k
s
tab
ilit
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,
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
p
r
ec
is
e
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
tu
n
es
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
s
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
h
ar
m
o
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ic
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
PI
co
n
tr
o
l
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d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
im
p
r
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v
e
d
p
o
wer
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u
ality
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
ap
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licatio
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s
,
r
en
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le
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r
ate
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V
ch
ar
g
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f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
a
n
d
in
telli
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en
t e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t sy
s
t
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s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
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3
8
9
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3
4
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
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s
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y
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tem
-
lev
el
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lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
2
.
1
.
M
a
t
hema
t
ica
l
m
o
del
2
.
1
.
1
.
I
nitia
liza
t
io
n pha
s
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T
asm
an
ian
d
ev
ils
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
a
p
o
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latio
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-
b
ased
s
to
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asti
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f
r
am
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r
k
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m
im
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th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
ag
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ts
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th
e
s
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g
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ested
T
DO
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
a
g
en
t
p
o
p
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n
is
f
ir
s
t
in
itialized
at
r
an
d
o
m
u
s
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g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
'
s
r
estrictio
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
its
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r
r
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
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ea
c
h
m
em
b
er
o
f
t
h
e
T
DO
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ac
e
an
d
s
u
g
g
ests
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o
ten
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alu
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
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ar
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les.
E
ac
h
m
em
b
er
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
m
ath
em
atica
lly
r
e
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r
esen
ted
b
y
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e
o
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jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
1
)
,
wh
ich
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ap
p
lied
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o
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eter
m
in
e
th
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er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
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ea
ch
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o
lu
tio
n
,
wh
ich
is
ex
p
r
e
s
s
ed
as
a
v
ec
to
r
with
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
eq
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al
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u
m
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er
o
f
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ec
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n
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ar
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les
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th
e
is
s
u
e.
(
)
=
1
+
2
∆
+
3
+
4
(
1
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T
h
e
f
itn
ess
v
alu
e
(
)
g
u
id
es
b
o
th
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
er
e
is
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
esig
n
v
a
r
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le
o
p
tim
ized
b
y
HT
HO.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
,
∆
,
an
d
T
HD,
S
OC
as
an
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
T
DO
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
b
e
in
g
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
atr
i
x
o
u
tlin
e
d
in
(
2
)
,
in
clu
d
in
g
,
.
T
HD
as
an
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
I
n
th
e
g
iv
e
n
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
N
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
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n
d
en
ts
p
ar
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g
i
n
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
wh
er
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s
an
d
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ef
lect
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
a
r
iab
les
an
d
th
e
T
asm
an
ian
d
ev
il
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
wh
er
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
it
h
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
,
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
th
v
ar
iab
le.
Z
=
[
Z
1
⋮
Z
I
⋮
Z
N
]
N
×
M
=
[
z
1
,
1
⋯
z
1
,
J
⋯
z
1
,
M
⋮
⋱
⋮
⋰
⋮
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1
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z
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⋮
⋱
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z
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z
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M
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(
2
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2
.
1
.
2
.
O
bje
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iv
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v
a
lue c
o
m
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t
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t
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T
h
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o
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g
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o
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t
th
e
o
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tim
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p
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ce
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o
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jectiv
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ass
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t
h
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ec
te
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to
ea
c
h
p
o
te
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tial
s
o
lu
tio
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.
I
n
(
3
)
,
a
v
ec
to
r
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
al
o
b
jectiv
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v
alu
es.
,
,
T
HD,
SOC
ar
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
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wo
r
k
th
at
m
a
k
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u
p
th
e
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ec
to
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H.
T
h
e
p
h
r
ase
r
ep
r
esen
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-
th
ca
n
d
id
ate
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o
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t
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k
e
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to
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
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alu
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o
f
th
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jectiv
e
f
u
n
cti
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n
.
T
h
e
s
e
o
b
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v
alu
es
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ic
ac
y
o
f
ea
c
h
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
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,
an
d
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
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th
at
y
ield
s
t
h
e
id
ea
l
p
o
p
u
latio
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m
em
b
er
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
g
o
al
f
u
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ctio
n
o
u
tc
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m
e.
H
=
[
H
1
⋮
H
I
⋮
H
N
]
N
×
1
=
[
H
(
A
1
)
⋮
H
(
A
I
)
⋮
H
(
A
N
)
]
N
×
1
(
3
)
2
.
1
.
3
.
E
x
plo
ra
t
o
ry
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n
pro
ce
s
s
es
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
tech
n
iq
u
e
lo
o
k
s
f
o
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th
e
m
o
s
t
d
esira
b
le
p
o
ten
tial
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
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s
in
th
e
s
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r
ch
d
o
m
ain
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d
r
awin
g
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ca
v
en
g
in
g
h
a
b
its
o
f
T
asm
an
ian
d
ev
ils
,
wh
ich
lo
o
k
f
o
r
ca
r
r
i
o
n
lef
t
b
y
o
th
er
p
r
ed
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
T
DO
m
eth
o
d
s
ea
r
c
h
es
s
ev
er
al
s
ec
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s
o
f
th
e
s
o
l
u
tio
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s
p
ac
e
to
f
in
d
in
ter
esti
n
g
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
.
In
(
4
)
to
(
6
)
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
e
m
ath
em
at
ical
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
is
s
ca
v
en
g
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
ca
r
r
io
n
lo
ca
tio
n
s
lin
k
e
d
to
ea
ch
T
asm
an
ian
d
e
v
il
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
t
o
m
atc
h
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ar
tif
I
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tell
I
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N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Hyb
r
id
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f d
u
a
l
-
p
o
r
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
ic
les
(
V
id
h
ya
K
u
r
u
villa
)
3393
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
o
th
er
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
DO
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
k
-
th
h
ab
itan
t
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
is
th
e
ith
T
asm
a
n
ian
d
ev
il'
s
tar
g
et
ca
r
r
io
n
,
wh
er
e
b
o
th
i
an
d
k
ar
e
p
ick
ed
a
t
r
an
d
o
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
to
N.
=
{
|
K
∈
{
1
,
.
.
.
,
}
{
}
}
(
4
)
I
n
wh
ich
s
y
m
b
o
lis
es
th
e
c
ar
ca
s
s
tar
g
eted
to
b
e
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
th
e
T
asm
an
ian
d
ev
i
l.
Up
o
n
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
elec
ted
ca
r
r
io
n
,
th
e
T
asm
an
ian
ca
r
n
iv
o
r
e
u
p
d
ates
its
p
o
s
itio
n
with
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
m
o
d
el
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
is
s
tr
ateg
y
,
th
e
d
ev
il
m
o
v
es
to
war
d
th
e
ca
r
r
io
n
wh
en
t
h
e
ass
o
ciate
d
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
v
alu
e
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
;
o
th
er
wis
e,
it
s
h
if
ts
awa
y
f
r
o
m
it.
I
n
th
e
f
in
al
s
tep
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
n
ew
p
o
s
itio
n
is
ac
ce
p
ted
if
it
y
ield
s
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
v
a
lu
e;
o
th
er
wis
e,
th
e
T
asm
an
ian
d
ev
il
r
etain
s
its
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
,
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
ch
o
s
en
ca
r
r
io
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
in
itial
s
tr
ateg
y
,
,
1
an
d
,
,
1
in
d
icate
s
its
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
ℎ
an
d
ℎ
T
asm
an
ian
d
ev
il v
ar
iab
le.
an
d
G
i
n
d
icate
s
an
ar
b
itra
r
y
an
d
s
to
ch
asti
c
n
u
m
b
er
b
o
u
n
d
ed
with
in
[
0
,
1
]
a
lo
n
g
s
id
e
1
o
r
2
.
,
,
1
=
{
,
+
.
(
,
−
.
,
)
,
<
;
,
+
.
(
,
−
,
)
,
ℎ
,
(
5
)
=
{
,
1
,
,
1
<
;
,
ℎ
,
(
6
)
2
.
1
.
4
.
Co
nv
er
s
io
n pha
s
e
bet
wee
n e
x
plo
ra
t
io
n a
nd
ex
plo
it
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
HHO
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
eg
u
lates
as
escap
e
en
er
g
y
f
ac
to
r
,
t
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
b
etwe
en
g
lo
b
al
an
d
lo
ca
l
s
ea
r
ch
,
wh
ich
h
as
th
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
d
ef
in
itio
n
(
7
)
.
d
en
o
tes
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
iter
atio
n
lim
it,
wh
i
le
0
d
en
o
tes
th
e
in
itial
en
er
g
y
v
alu
e
in
th
e
l
im
it
(
-
1
,
1
)
.
W
h
en
|
|
≥
1
,
HHO
o
p
tim
izer
en
ter
s
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
at
o
r
y
s
tag
e,
s
y
m
b
o
lizin
g
th
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
in
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
to
war
d
s
th
e
p
r
ey
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
en
tire
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
h
ase
will tr
an
s
itio
n
in
to
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
p
h
ase
wh
en
|
|
<
1
.
=
2
.
0
.
(
1
−
)
(
7
)
2
.
1
.
5
.
E
nerg
y
up
da
t
ed
ex
plo
it
a
t
io
n sta
g
e
T
asm
an
ian
d
e
v
il
ca
n
also
s
ec
u
r
e
f
o
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ed
atio
n
,
an
d
its
h
u
n
tin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
is
ty
p
icall
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
two
s
eq
u
en
ti
al
s
tag
es.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase,
it
s
ca
n
s
th
e
ar
ea
,
ch
o
o
s
es
th
e
tar
g
et,
an
d
in
itiates
an
attac
k
.
L
o
ca
l
s
ea
r
ch
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
p
h
ase.
T
h
e
T
asm
an
ia
n
d
e
v
il
will
s
tr
ik
e
wh
en
it
h
as
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
ed
t
h
eir
p
r
ey
.
T
h
e
HHO
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es
v
ar
io
u
s
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
escap
e
e
n
er
g
y
f
ac
to
r
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
s
∈
(
0
,
1
)
to
s
im
u
late
t
h
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
p
r
ey
escap
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
h
u
n
tin
g
tactics
o
f
h
a
wk
s
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
is
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
p
h
ase
to
attac
k
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
p
r
ey
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
ch
an
ce
f
o
r
p
r
ey
to
f
lee.
I
f
i
s
less
th
an
0
.
5
,
th
e
escap
e
is
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l; if
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
5
,
th
e
escap
e
is
u
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l.
i)
So
f
t
b
esieg
e
:
t
h
e
p
r
ey
is
en
er
g
etic
an
d
tr
ies
to
escap
e
b
y
ju
m
p
in
g
w
h
en
|
|
≥
0
.
5
an
d
≥
0
.
5
,
b
u
t
u
ltima
tely
,
it
is
ca
u
g
h
t.
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
8
)
to
(
1
0
)
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
is
an
ar
b
itra
r
y
n
u
m
b
er
b
etwe
en
0
an
d
1
,
an
d
∆
,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
af
ter
co
m
p
letin
g
t
h
e
i
ter
atio
n
.
is
s
p
r
in
tin
g
f
o
r
h
is
life
,
leap
in
g
a
h
ea
d
o
f
h
is
p
r
e
y
.
,
=
∆
,
−
.
|
.
−
,
|
(
8
)
∆
,
=
−
,
(
9
)
=
2
.
(
1
−
)
(
1
0
)
ii)
Har
d
b
esieg
e
:
w
h
en
th
e
p
r
ey
l
ac
k
s
p
h
y
s
ical
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
ca
p
tu
r
ed
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
(
1
1
)
is
as
f
o
llo
ws
wh
en
|
|
<
0
.
5
an
d
≥
0
.
5
.
T
h
e
T
a
s
m
an
ian
d
e
v
il
d
eter
m
i
n
es
w
h
eth
er
t
h
e
n
ew
lo
ca
tio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
v
alu
e
af
te
r
lo
ca
tin
g
th
e
p
r
ey
an
d
ca
lcu
latin
g
t
h
e
n
ew
l
o
ca
tio
n
u
s
in
g
eith
er
th
e
s
o
f
t
b
esieg
e
o
r
h
ar
d
b
esieg
e
s
tr
ateg
y
.
W
h
en
e
v
e
r
th
e
n
ewly
c
r
ea
ted
p
o
s
itio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
v
alu
e,
it
s
u
p
er
s
ed
es
th
e
p
r
io
r
o
n
e;
if
n
o
t,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
o
s
itio
n
is
r
etain
ed
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
(
1
2
)
.
I
n
(
1
3
)
,
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tr
ateg
y
,
wh
ic
h
in
v
o
lv
es
u
p
d
atin
g
th
e
p
r
io
r
T
asm
an
ian
d
e
v
il
lo
ca
tio
n
w
h
en
th
e
n
ewly
cr
ea
ted
o
n
e
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
v
al
u
e
,
wh
ic
h
f
o
r
m
u
lates th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tr
ateg
y
.
,
=
−
.
|
∆
,
|
(
1
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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2252
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
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tell
,
Vo
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,
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.
4
,
Au
g
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s
t
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:
3
3
8
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1
3394
,
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2
=
{
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h
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2
d
ep
icts
th
e
u
p
d
ated
s
tate
o
f
th
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asm
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ian
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n
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er
t
h
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s
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ateg
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,
wh
er
e
,
,
2
r
ep
r
esen
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m
p
o
n
en
t,
,
2
is
its
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
f
itn
ess
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
h
ase
an
d
th
e
p
r
ed
atio
n
m
o
d
ellin
g
ar
e
t
h
e
m
a
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
is
s
tr
ateg
y
an
d
th
e
f
ir
s
t.
T
h
e
lo
ca
l
h
u
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
is
an
alo
g
o
u
s
to
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
p
r
ey
n
ea
r
th
e
a
ttack
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
T
asm
an
ian
d
ev
il’s
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
th
e
T
DO
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es
to
war
d
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e.
I
n
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
p
h
ase,
it
tr
ac
k
s
p
r
ey
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
attac
k
p
o
in
t,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
h
u
n
tin
g
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
ad
i
u
s
,
d
ef
in
e
d
in
(
1
4
)
,
lim
its
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
r
an
g
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
p
d
ated
p
o
s
itio
n
is
co
m
p
u
ted
u
s
in
g
(
1
5
)
.
Ov
e
r
all,
in
(
1
4
)
to
(
1
6
)
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
p
r
ey
-
p
u
r
s
u
it
s
tag
e
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
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asm
an
ia’
s
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
its
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
eg
io
n
.
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h
en
ev
er
t
h
e
n
ewly
g
e
n
er
ated
p
o
s
itio
n
r
esu
lts
in
a
h
ig
h
e
r
tar
g
et
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
o
n
e,
th
e
T
asm
an
ian
ap
p
r
o
v
es.
A
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
u
s
ed
in
(
1
6
)
to
u
p
d
ate
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
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th
e
T
asm
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ian
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e
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0
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01
(
1
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(
1
4
)
,
=
,
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(
2
−
1
)
.
.
,
(
1
5
)
=
{
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<
;
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,
(
1
6
)
W
h
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e
,
r
ep
r
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ts
th
e
th
th
v
alu
e
o
f
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
,
an
d
t
d
ef
in
es
th
e
lo
ca
l
s
ea
r
ch
r
an
g
e
o
f
attac
k
p
o
in
t
,
in
w
h
ich
T
g
iv
es th
e
m
a
x
im
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m
iter
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lim
it.
T
h
e
HT
HO
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
’
s
f
lo
wch
ar
t
is
d
ep
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wh
en
ch
a
r
g
in
g
PEVs
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
H
T
HO
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
.
HT
HO
s
tr
iv
es
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
f
er
am
o
n
g
EV
b
atter
ies an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
b
y
r
ef
in
in
g
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
an
d
g
ain
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
2
.
2
.
G
rid
-
to
-
v
ehicle
a
nd
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
g
rid o
pera
t
i
o
n m
o
de
i
n bid
irec
t
io
na
l c
o
nv
er
t
er
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
a
g
r
id
,
eig
h
t
4
0
k
W
E
Vs,
an
d
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
th
at
is
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
1
,
0
0
0
W
/m
²
o
f
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
2
5
°C
.
T
h
e
E
Vs
ar
e
also
lin
k
ed
to
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
o
p
er
ates
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
ally
with
t
wo
p
o
r
ts
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ch
a
r
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
th
e
m
ain
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
.
E
n
ab
lin
g
r
ev
er
s
ib
le
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
b
et
wee
n
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
i
d
an
d
E
V
b
atter
ies
is
a
k
ey
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
h
y
b
r
id
th
r
ee
-
lev
el
f
u
lly
in
te
g
r
ated
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
th
is
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ate
s
as
an
o
p
tim
ized
b
u
ck
c
o
n
v
er
ter
wh
en
in
G2
V
m
o
d
e.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
b
o
t
h
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wh
en
th
e
v
eh
icle
is
r
ec
eiv
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
i
d
.
T
h
is
g
u
ar
an
tees
s
af
e
o
p
er
at
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
v
eh
icle.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
as
an
o
p
tim
ized
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
wh
en
it
is
in
V2
G
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
s
tep
u
p
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icle
b
atter
ies
to
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
DC
lin
k
lev
el.
T
h
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
is
cr
u
cial
to
k
ee
p
th
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
AC
-
DC
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
s
ev
e
r
al
E
Vs
o
p
e
r
atin
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
allo
ws
th
e
E
Vs
to
b
e
s
ea
m
less
ly
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
an
d
to
r
etu
r
n
p
o
w
er
to
it wh
en
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e.
2
.
2
.
1
.
G
rid
-
to
-
v
ehicle
m
o
de
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n
T
h
e
en
v
is
io
n
e
d
th
r
ee
-
le
v
el
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
as
an
o
p
tim
ized
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
in
t
h
e
G2
V
r
eg
im
e,
with
th
e
aim
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
b
atter
ies
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tag
es
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
ies
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tag
es,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
th
r
ee
-
lev
el
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates
as
an
o
p
tim
ized
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
e
r
ter
in
G2
V
r
eg
im
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
r
ee
-
le
v
el
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
an
o
p
tim
ized
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
in
G2
V
m
o
d
e,
with
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
b
atter
ies
at
v
ar
io
u
s
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tag
es.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
e
f
er
en
ce
(
)
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
r
e
f
er
en
ce
in
th
is
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
is
ac
q
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
(
1
7
)
,
wh
er
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
b
atter
ies ar
e
an
d
,
an
d
is
th
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e'
s
r
o
o
t m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
(
R
MS)
v
alu
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Hyb
r
id
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f d
u
a
l
-
p
o
r
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
ic
les
(
V
id
h
ya
K
u
r
u
villa
)
3395
=
+
2
(
1
7
)
2
.
2
.
2
.
Vehicle
-
to
-
g
rid o
pera
t
i
o
n m
o
de
T
h
e
V2
G
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
s
to
r
ed
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
;
th
e
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates
as
an
o
p
tim
ized
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
b
atter
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
e;
th
e
AC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
at
u
s
ed
in
th
e
G2
V;
an
d
th
e
AC
-
DC
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
b
id
ir
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tio
n
al
c
o
n
v
e
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ter
h
as
s
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u
s
o
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r
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en
t
i
n
jectio
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
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d
f
u
n
ctio
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s
as
a
n
i
n
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ter
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A
d
d
itio
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ally
,
th
e
p
r
ed
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cu
r
r
en
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co
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tr
o
l
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tili
ze
d
to
s
y
n
th
esize
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e
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er
en
ce
cu
r
r
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t.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
is
tin
ctio
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is
th
e
DC
-
DC
o
p
er
atio
n
,
w
h
ich
f
u
n
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o
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t
c
o
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ter
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th
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s
e.
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h
e
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an
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g
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ter
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al
in
p
u
t
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ar
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t
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e
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ce
(
)
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lated
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d
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h
e
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y
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o
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(
)
b
y
th
e
(
1
8
)
.
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ile
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m
o
d
e
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ws
th
e
E
V
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atter
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to
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r
n
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g
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ized
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t
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er
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,
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V
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ier
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g
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E
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atter
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o
m
th
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g
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id
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s
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g
o
p
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ized
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ck
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o
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v
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n
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Vs
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n
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m
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ly
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ated
in
to
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g
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f
r
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e
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b
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e
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atio
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wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
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o
th
e
n
er
g
y
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er
atio
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an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
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as n
ee
d
ed
.
=
(
1
8
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
w
ch
a
r
t o
f
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
HT
HO
alg
o
r
ith
m
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
MA
T
L
AB
/
S
im
u
lin
k
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
was
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tili
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o
r
im
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g
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o
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ed
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h
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ee
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o
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is
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ck
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r
eg
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e
d
is
to
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ar
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u
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lin
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te
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s
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g
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ast
Fo
u
r
ier
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an
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o
r
m
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T
)
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aly
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is
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h
e
p
er
f
o
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m
a
n
ce
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etr
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aly
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in
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e
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ag
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T
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h
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er
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ich
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ates
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ter
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atter
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th
e
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s
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etwo
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n
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o
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t,
an
d
T
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r
e
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ated
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u
r
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5
s
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u
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es PV
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u
r
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e
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
e
p
icts
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o
p
er
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
lin
k
m
o
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el
o
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a
b
id
ir
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tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
te
r
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
An
al
y
s
is
o
f
PV o
u
tp
u
t
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
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al
y
s
is
o
f
V2
G
o
p
er
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
d
ep
icts
a
G2
V
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
PV
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
ies
b
etwe
en
0
an
d
6
0
W
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tab
ilizin
g
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
3
W
.
T
h
is
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
is
m
o
s
t
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
ten
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ity
o
r
en
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ir
o
n
m
en
tal
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n
d
iti
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n
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at
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ec
t
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e
ef
f
ec
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o
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y
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tem
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r
r
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tly
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e
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r
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ates
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en
3
a
n
d
4
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lu
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r
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u
ce
d
b
y
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e
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els.
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ly
,
PV
v
o
ltag
e
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
0
to
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9
V.
T
h
ese
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r
r
en
t
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d
v
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ltag
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f
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ar
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ty
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ical
o
f
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y
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tem
s
o
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atin
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iab
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e
en
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ir
o
n
m
en
tal
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itio
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e
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
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n
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ity
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d
tem
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atu
r
e
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lu
e
n
ce
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u
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t.
SOC
d
r
o
p
s
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r
o
m
1
0
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%
to
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wer
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alu
e
as
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atter
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v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
an
d
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
en
t
r
is
es.
Fig
u
r
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8
s
h
o
ws
an
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o
f
g
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o
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in
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a
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d
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ep
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e
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o
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4
3
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I
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8
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3397
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.
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.
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Gr
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ter
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F
ig
u
r
e
9
d
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lay
s
th
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
e
n
t T
HD
an
aly
s
is
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
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,
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l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
26
:
3
3
8
9
-
3
4
0
1
3398
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
HD
an
al
y
s
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o
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g
r
i
d
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r
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e
n
t w
h
en
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Vs
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e
c
o
n
n
e
cted
with
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.