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Vo
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15
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Sep
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20
26
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In
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d
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lt
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ey
w
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r
d
s
:
An
ch
o
v
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C
o
astal wa
ter
s
Mic
r
o
p
last
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Seaf
o
o
d
s
af
ety
S
to
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u
s
s
p
p
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is i
s
a
n
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n
a
c
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e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
is
tin
a
R
o
s
au
li
Har
ian
ja
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
R
ep
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
Hea
lth
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Pu
b
lic
Hea
l
th
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
C
en
d
er
awa
s
ih
J
ay
ap
u
r
a,
I
n
d
o
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E
m
ail:
r
o
s
au
lli_
r
is
tin
n
@
y
ah
o
o
.
co
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Plas
tic
s
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
u
b
iq
u
ito
u
s
in
m
o
d
e
r
n
life
d
u
e
to
th
eir
v
er
s
atility
,
lo
w
co
s
t,
an
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
ese
s
am
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
h
av
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
e
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
p
l
asti
c
waste
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Glo
b
al
ass
ess
m
en
ts
in
d
icate
th
at
cu
m
u
lativ
e
p
last
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
h
as
r
ea
c
h
ed
s
ev
er
al
b
illi
o
n
to
n
n
es,
wh
ile
o
n
ly
a
s
m
all
f
r
ac
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ec
y
cled
;
th
e
r
em
ain
d
er
h
as
b
ee
n
d
is
p
o
s
ed
o
f
in
lan
d
f
ills
o
r
leak
ed
in
to
n
atu
r
al
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
]
.
L
ar
g
e
q
u
a
n
titi
es
o
f
m
is
m
an
ag
ed
waste
co
n
tin
u
e
to
e
n
ter
r
iv
er
s
an
d
co
astal
zo
n
es
an
d
u
ltima
tely
r
ea
c
h
t
h
e
o
ce
an
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
d
en
s
ely
p
o
p
u
lated
co
astal
r
eg
i
o
n
s
wh
er
e
s
o
lid
-
waste
s
er
v
ices
an
d
b
eh
av
io
u
r
al
p
r
ac
tices
r
em
ain
in
ad
eq
u
ate
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
is
te
n
t
leak
ag
e
h
elp
s
e
x
p
lain
wh
y
m
ar
in
e
p
last
ic
s
to
ck
s
r
em
ain
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
esp
ite
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
in
b
o
tto
m
-
u
p
in
v
en
to
r
ies,
as
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
to
p
-
d
o
wn
m
ass
b
u
d
g
etin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
3
]
.
I
n
aq
u
atic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wea
th
er
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
s
u
ch
as
u
l
tr
av
io
let
r
ad
iatio
n
,
m
ec
h
an
i
ca
l
ab
r
asio
n
,
a
n
d
ch
e
m
ical
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
f
r
ag
m
en
t
la
r
g
er
p
last
ic
item
s
in
to
s
m
aller
p
ar
ticles
k
n
o
wn
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Micr
o
p
la
s
tic
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
in
a
n
ch
o
vies:
b
a
s
elin
e
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
s
ma
ll
-
is
la
n
d
…
(
V
ero
n
ika
A
m
elia
S
imb
o
lo
n
)
861
m
icr
o
p
last
ics,
wh
ich
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
ec
o
g
n
is
ed
as
cr
o
s
s
-
co
m
p
ar
tm
en
t
c
o
n
tam
in
an
ts
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
wate
r
,
s
ed
im
en
t,
an
d
b
io
ta
[
4
]
.
Mic
r
o
p
last
ics
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
o
p
er
atio
n
alis
ed
as
s
y
n
th
etic
p
o
ly
m
er
p
a
r
ticles
s
m
aller
t
h
an
5
m
m
,
alth
o
u
g
h
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
d
if
f
er
ac
r
o
s
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
ize
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
s
an
d
class
if
icatio
n
cr
iter
ia,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
h
ar
m
o
n
is
atio
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
p
a
r
ab
ilit
y
[
1
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
eir
s
m
all
s
iz
e
an
d
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
en
h
an
ce
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
b
io
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
to
aq
u
atic
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
in
g
esti
o
n
,
f
iltra
tio
n
,
an
d
tr
o
p
h
ic
tr
an
s
f
er
.
B
ey
o
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
esen
ce
,
m
icr
o
p
last
ics
m
ay
ca
r
r
y
p
last
ic
ad
d
itiv
es
an
d
ad
s
o
r
b
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
tam
in
an
ts
,
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
t
h
e
m
n
o
t
o
n
ly
as
a
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
is
s
u
e
b
u
t
also
as
a
co
n
ce
r
n
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
an
d
f
o
o
d
s
af
ety
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
C
r
itically
,
d
ata
q
u
ality
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ic
al
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
r
em
ain
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
i
n
th
e
m
icr
o
p
last
ics
f
ield
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
a
n
ce
o
f
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
a
n
d
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
wh
en
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
-
r
elev
an
t f
i
n
d
in
g
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Fro
m
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
l
th
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
d
ietar
y
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ea
f
o
o
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
k
e
y
p
ath
way
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
E
v
id
en
ce
s
y
n
th
esis
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltip
le
r
o
u
tes,
with
f
o
o
d
—
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ea
f
o
o
d
—
b
ein
g
a
p
lau
s
ib
le
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
,
alth
o
u
g
h
h
u
m
an
h
ea
lt
h
ev
id
en
ce
r
em
ain
s
em
e
r
g
en
t
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
b
aselin
es
ar
e
s
till
b
ein
g
r
ef
in
ed
[
6
]
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
r
ev
iews
em
p
h
asis
e
th
a
t
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
co
n
s
u
m
ed
wh
o
le
m
ay
p
o
s
e
h
ig
h
er
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
p
o
ten
tial
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
g
astr
o
in
test
in
al
tr
ac
t
—
wh
er
e
m
icr
o
p
last
ics
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
d
etec
ted
—
is
n
o
t
r
em
o
v
e
d
p
r
io
r
to
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
7
]
.
C
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
is
,
r
ec
en
t
r
e
v
iews
o
n
f
is
h
an
d
f
is
h
er
y
p
r
o
d
u
cts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
m
i
cr
o
p
last
ics
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
etec
ted
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ea
f
o
o
d
co
m
m
o
d
ities
an
d
m
ay
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
d
ietar
y
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e;
r
e
p
o
r
ted
b
io
lo
g
ical
ef
f
ec
ts
in
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
m
o
d
els
d
ep
en
d
o
n
p
a
r
ticle
s
ize,
p
o
l
y
m
er
ty
p
e
,
an
d
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
b
u
r
d
en
[
5
]
.
Mo
r
e
r
ec
en
t
h
az
a
r
d
-
an
d
r
is
k
-
o
r
ien
te
d
s
y
n
th
eses
also
s
tr
ess
th
at
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
esti
m
ates
d
ep
en
d
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
an
aly
tical
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Sm
all
p
elag
ic
f
is
h
s
u
ch
as
a
n
ch
o
v
y
(
S
to
lep
h
o
r
u
s
s
p
p
.
)
a
r
e
ec
o
lo
g
ically
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
d
u
e
to
th
eir
f
ee
d
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
in
th
e
wat
er
co
lu
m
n
an
d
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
co
n
f
u
s
in
g
m
ic
r
o
p
last
ics
with
p
r
ey
item
s
o
f
s
im
ilar
s
ize
an
d
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
.
Stu
d
ies
in
m
ar
in
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
Me
d
iter
r
a
n
ea
n
,
h
av
e
r
e
p
o
r
ted
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
in
g
esti
o
n
in
an
ch
o
v
y
an
d
s
ar
d
in
e,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
at
s
m
all
p
elag
ic
s
p
ec
ies
ca
n
s
er
v
e
b
o
th
as
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
a
n
d
as
p
o
ten
tial
v
ec
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
f
er
to
h
u
m
a
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
m
u
lti
-
lo
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
also
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
in
an
ch
o
v
ies,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
c
o
n
tam
in
atio
n
is
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
s
in
g
l
e
h
o
ts
p
o
ts
an
d
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
f
is
h
in
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
r
n
is
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
b
r
o
ad
er
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
in
f
is
h
g
astro
in
test
in
al
tr
a
cts
is
wid
esp
r
ea
d
g
lo
b
ally
,
with
h
ig
h
h
eter
o
g
e
n
e
ity
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ettin
g
s
[
1
6
]
.
Natio
n
all
y
,
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
H
ea
lth
h
av
e
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
th
at
m
i
cr
o
p
last
ics
ar
e
an
em
er
g
in
g
c
o
n
tam
in
an
t
r
elev
an
t to
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lt
h
,
with
p
o
ten
tial to
x
ico
lo
g
ical
im
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
a
clea
r
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
er
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
ev
id
e
n
ce
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Mic
r
o
p
last
ic
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
h
as
also
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
ed
ib
le
s
h
ellf
is
h
in
co
astal
s
ettin
g
s
,
u
n
d
er
s
c
o
r
in
g
s
ea
f
o
o
d
as
a
p
o
ten
tial
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
r
o
u
te
[
1
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ev
i
d
en
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
p
last
ics
in
d
u
g
-
well
w
ater
[
1
9
]
an
d
k
a
r
s
t
u
n
d
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
iv
er
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
0
]
in
d
icate
s
th
at
co
n
ta
m
in
at
io
n
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
m
ed
ia
clo
s
ely
lin
k
ed
to
d
o
m
esti
c
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
wate
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
—
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
th
e
r
atio
n
ale
f
o
r
an
in
teg
r
ated
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
-
to
-
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
h
e
alth
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Desp
ite
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
in
s
ea
f
o
o
d
,
im
p
o
r
tan
t
g
ap
s
r
em
ain
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
p
ath
way
s
in
s
m
all
-
is
lan
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
co
astal
ec
o
s
y
s
t
em
s
an
d
lo
ca
l
f
o
o
d
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
clo
s
ely
in
ter
co
n
n
e
cted
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
h
av
e
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
ic
r
o
p
last
ics
in
an
ch
o
v
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
lack
lo
ca
lized
b
aseli
n
e
d
ata
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
ex
p
licitly
lin
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
with
d
ietar
y
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
r
is
k
[
4
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
s
m
all
p
elag
ic
f
is
h
s
u
ch
as
an
c
h
o
v
y
(
S
to
lep
h
o
r
u
s
s
p
p
.
)
,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
wh
o
le,
m
ay
r
e
p
r
esen
t
a
m
o
r
e
d
ir
ec
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
p
ath
way
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
lar
g
e
r
f
is
h
s
p
ec
ies.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
aselin
e
d
at
a
o
n
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
co
n
tam
in
at
io
n
in
an
c
h
o
v
ies
c
o
llected
f
r
o
m
Den
d
u
n
I
s
lan
d
wate
r
s
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
s
m
all
-
i
s
lan
d
co
astal
s
ettin
g
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
co
n
te
x
tu
alizin
g
m
icr
o
p
la
s
tic
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
with
in
a
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
a
n
d
s
ea
f
o
o
d
s
af
ety
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
elatio
n
to
d
ietar
y
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
r
is
k
in
co
astal c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
[
5
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n a
nd
s
et
t
ing
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
1
0
0
in
d
iv
id
u
als
was
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
co
m
m
o
n
ly
ap
p
lied
s
am
p
lin
g
r
an
g
es
in
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
m
ar
in
e
b
io
ta,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
e
p
r
esen
t
ativ
e
b
aselin
e
d
ata
f
o
r
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
l
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
-
b
ased
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
2
0
2
5
at
th
e
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
Po
ltek
k
es
Kem
en
k
es
T
an
ju
n
g
p
in
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Mic
r
o
p
l
asti
c
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
v
is
u
al
id
en
tific
atio
n
f
o
llo
we
d
a
NOAA
-
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w
ad
ap
ted
f
o
r
b
io
ta
d
ig
esti
o
n
an
d
p
ar
ticle
en
u
m
er
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
26
:
8
6
0
-
867
862
r
atio
n
ale
an
d
c
r
itical
co
n
tr
o
ls
wer
e
alig
n
ed
with
estab
lis
h
ed
g
u
id
a
n
ce
f
o
r
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
in
ter
-
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
h
ar
m
o
n
izatio
n
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
p
a
r
ab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
b
ias [
2
3
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
2
.
2
.
Study
a
re
a
a
nd
s
a
m
ple
co
llect
io
n
An
ch
o
v
y
S
t
o
lep
h
o
r
u
s
s
p
p
.
lo
ca
lly
k
n
o
wn
as
teri
n
a
s
i/b
ili
s
n
a
s
i
)
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l
f
is
h
er
s
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
Den
d
u
n
I
s
lan
d
w
ater
s
,
R
iau
I
s
lan
d
s
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
0
0
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
f
is
h
wer
e
co
llected
,
as
s
am
p
lin
g
at
th
is
o
r
d
er
o
f
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
f
er
en
ce
in
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
b
io
ta
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
s
tu
d
ies.
Sp
ec
im
en
s
we
r
e
p
lace
d
in
clea
n
co
n
tai
n
e
r
s
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
to
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
.
An
ch
o
v
ies
wer
e
co
llected
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l
f
is
h
er
s
,
with
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
in
g
f
r
esh
co
n
d
iti
o
n
an
d
ty
p
ical
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ize
co
m
m
o
n
ly
f
o
u
n
d
in
lo
ca
l m
ar
k
ets.
2
.
3
.
Sa
m
ple
prepa
ra
t
io
n a
n
d m
icro
pla
s
t
ic
ex
t
ra
ct
i
o
n
E
ac
h
f
is
h
s
am
p
le
was
p
r
ep
a
r
e
d
in
a
clea
n
wo
r
k
s
p
ac
e.
Sam
p
les
wer
e
p
lace
d
in
t
o
a
g
lass
b
ea
k
er
an
d
co
v
er
ed
with
alu
m
in
i
u
m
f
o
il
to
m
in
im
ize
air
b
o
r
n
e
co
n
tam
i
n
atio
n
.
Or
g
an
ic
m
atter
d
ig
esti
o
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
an
o
x
id
izin
g
d
ig
esti
o
n
ass
i
s
ted
b
y
ir
o
n
ca
taly
s
t
(
F
en
to
n
-
ty
p
e
o
x
id
atio
n
)
,
wh
ich
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
em
o
v
in
g
b
i
o
lo
g
ical
m
at
r
ices
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
p
last
ic
p
a
r
ticles
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
B
r
ief
ly
,
2
0
m
L
o
f
3
0
%
H₂O₂
an
d
5
d
r
o
p
s
o
f
0
.
0
5
M
FeSO₄
wer
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
b
ea
k
er
was
co
v
er
ed
with
a
lu
m
in
iu
m
f
o
il
an
d
in
cu
b
ated
f
o
r
2
4
h
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
Af
ter
in
c
u
b
atio
n
,
t
h
e
d
ig
estate
was
ce
n
tr
if
u
g
ed
at
3
,
0
0
0
r
p
m
,
th
e
n
h
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
a
s
team
b
at
h
f
o
r
3
0
m
in
an
d
allo
wed
t
o
co
o
l.
T
h
e
co
o
le
d
d
i
g
estate
was
f
ilter
ed
u
s
in
g
W
h
atm
an
No
.
1
f
ilter
p
ap
e
r
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
esid
u
e
was
r
in
s
ed
with
NaCl
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
ass
is
t
p
ar
ticle
r
e
co
v
er
y
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
r
esid
u
al
d
eb
r
is
.
T
h
e
r
etain
ed
m
ater
ial
was tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
a
P
etr
i d
is
h
f
o
r
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
e
x
am
in
atio
n
.
2
.
4
.
Q
ua
lit
y
a
s
s
ura
nce
a
nd
co
nta
m
ina
t
io
n c
o
ntr
o
l
G
i
v
e
n
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
r
i
s
k
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
m
i
c
r
o
p
l
a
s
t
ic
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
c
o
n
ta
m
i
n
a
t
io
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
w
e
r
e
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
f
o
l
l
o
win
g
w
i
d
e
l
y
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
b
e
s
t
p
r
a
c
t
i
ce
s
f
o
r
m
i
c
r
o
p
l
a
s
ti
c
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
es
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
:
i
)
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
g
l
a
s
s
w
a
r
e
o
v
e
r
p
l
as
t
i
cs
;
i
i
)
c
o
v
e
r
i
n
g
s
a
m
p
l
es
w
i
t
h
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m
f
o
i
l
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
i
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
;
i
i
i
)
u
s
i
n
g
c
l
ea
n
l
a
b
c
o
a
t
s
a
n
d
g
l
o
v
e
s
;
i
v
)
r
i
n
s
i
n
g
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
f
i
l
t
e
r
e
d
d
e
i
o
n
i
z
e
d
w
a
t
e
r
;
a
n
d
v
)
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
a
l
b
l
a
n
k
s
(
r
e
a
g
e
n
t
b
l
a
n
k
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
d
a
lo
n
g
s
i
d
e
s
a
m
p
l
es
)
t
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
p
o
t
e
n
t
ia
l
a
i
r
b
o
r
n
e
o
r
r
e
a
g
e
n
t
-
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
f
i
b
r
e
s
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
P
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
a
l
b
l
a
n
k
s
w
e
r
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
t
o
as
s
ess
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
al
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
.
2
.
5
.
M
icro
pla
s
t
ic
identif
ica
t
io
n a
nd
cla
s
s
if
ica
t
io
n
S
u
s
p
ec
ted
m
icr
o
p
last
ics
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
u
n
d
er
a
s
ter
eo
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
at
4
0
–
1
0
0
×
m
a
g
n
if
icatio
n
.
Par
ticles
wer
e
c
lass
if
ied
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ically
in
to
f
i
b
r
e,
f
r
a
g
m
en
t,
f
ilm
,
f
o
am
,
an
d
p
ellet/g
r
an
u
le,
f
o
llo
win
g
co
m
m
o
n
ca
teg
o
r
ical
s
ch
em
es
u
s
ed
in
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
g
u
id
elin
es
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies.
C
o
l
o
u
r
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
ely
.
B
ec
au
s
e
v
is
u
al
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
ca
n
m
is
class
if
y
n
o
n
-
p
last
ic
p
ar
ticles,
p
o
ly
m
er
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
u
s
in
g
FTI
R
/R
am
an
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
wh
er
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
is
av
ai
lab
le;
if
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
,
th
is
li
m
itatio
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
tated
ex
p
licitly
in
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
[
2
4
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
Mic
r
o
p
last
ics
wer
e
o
p
er
atio
n
ally
d
e
f
in
ed
as
s
y
n
th
etic
p
ar
ticles
s
m
aller
th
an
5
m
m
.
Vis
u
al
id
en
tific
atio
n
was
b
ased
o
n
c
r
iter
ia
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
ce
llu
lar
o
r
o
r
g
an
i
c
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
co
n
s
is
ten
t c
o
lo
r
atio
n
,
an
d
u
n
if
o
r
m
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
u
n
d
er
m
a
g
n
if
icatio
n
.
2
.
6
.
O
utc
o
m
e
m
ea
s
ures
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
u
tc
o
m
e
was
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
ab
u
n
d
a
n
ce
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
p
ar
ticles
p
er
in
d
iv
id
u
al
f
is
h
(
p
ar
ticles/
in
d
iv
id
u
al)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
o
u
tco
m
es
wer
e
p
ar
ticle
s
h
ap
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
ey
also
in
clu
d
ed
c
o
lo
u
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
r
e
p
o
r
ted
as c
o
u
n
t
s
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
.
2
.
7
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
D
a
t
a
w
e
r
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
z
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
v
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
(
t
o
t
a
l
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
c
o
u
n
t
,
m
e
a
n
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
/
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
,
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
h
a
p
e
a
n
d
c
o
l
o
u
r
)
.
W
h
e
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
e
x
i
s
t
(
e
.
g
.
,
f
i
s
h
l
e
n
g
t
h
/
w
e
i
g
h
t
)
,
s
t
r
a
t
i
f
i
e
d
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
e
s
o
r
n
o
n
-
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
r
i
c
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
s
m
a
y
b
e
a
d
d
e
d
,
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
c
o
m
m
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
i
n
m
i
c
r
o
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
b
i
o
t
a
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
w
h
e
n
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
m
e
t
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
A
l
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
w
e
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
v
e
l
y
,
a
n
d
n
o
i
n
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
t
e
s
t
s
w
e
r
e
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
n
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
M
icro
pla
s
t
ic
o
cc
urre
nce
a
nd
a
bu
nd
a
nce
Mic
r
o
p
last
ics
wer
e
d
etec
ted
i
n
an
ch
o
v
y
(
S
to
le
p
h
o
r
u
s
s
p
p
.
)
s
am
p
les
co
llected
f
r
o
m
Den
d
u
n
I
s
lan
d
wate
r
s
.
Fro
m
1
0
0
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ex
am
in
ed
,
a
to
tal
o
f
1
0
9
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
p
ar
ticles
wer
e
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
m
ea
n
ab
u
n
d
a
n
ce
o
f
1
.
0
9
p
ar
ticles
p
er
f
is
h
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
ab
u
n
d
an
c
e
ac
r
o
s
s
in
d
iv
id
u
als
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Micr
o
p
la
s
tic
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
in
a
n
ch
o
vies:
b
a
s
elin
e
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
s
ma
ll
-
is
la
n
d
…
(
V
ero
n
ika
A
m
elia
S
imb
o
lo
n
)
863
Mic
r
o
p
last
ic
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
i
n
a
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
co
n
s
u
m
ed
s
m
all
p
elag
ic
f
is
h
is
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
an
d
p
u
b
lic
-
h
ea
lth
r
elev
a
n
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
lin
k
s
co
astal
p
last
ic
leak
ag
e
with
a
p
lau
s
ib
le
d
ietar
y
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
p
ath
way
i
n
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
n
s
m
all
-
is
lan
d
an
d
n
ea
r
s
h
o
r
e
s
ettin
g
s
,
d
o
m
esti
c
waste
h
an
d
lin
g
,
f
is
h
er
ies
-
r
elate
d
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
r
eten
tio
n
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
i
n
clo
s
e
s
p
atial
p
r
o
x
im
ity
,
allo
win
g
lo
c
al
s
ea
f
o
o
d
to
r
ef
lect
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
g
en
er
ati
n
g
lo
ca
lity
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
aselin
es
to
in
f
o
r
m
s
ea
f
o
o
d
s
af
ety
s
u
r
v
eill
an
ce
an
d
r
is
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
r
ath
er
th
a
n
r
ely
i
n
g
o
n
ex
t
r
ap
o
latio
n
f
r
o
m
d
is
tan
t
s
ites
with
d
if
f
er
en
t so
u
r
ce
p
r
o
f
iles
o
r
an
aly
tical
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
[
2
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
8
]
.
E
v
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
r
e
g
io
n
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
an
c
h
o
v
ies
an
d
o
th
er
s
m
all
p
elag
ic
f
is
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
in
g
est
m
icr
o
p
last
ics,
y
et
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
u
r
d
en
s
v
ar
y
wid
ely
b
y
lo
ca
tio
n
,
s
am
p
lin
g
co
n
te
x
t,
an
d
an
aly
tical
r
eso
lu
tio
n
.
Me
d
iter
r
a
n
ea
n
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
in
g
esti
o
n
in
an
ch
o
v
y
an
d
s
ar
d
in
e
a
n
d
em
p
h
asized
th
at
in
g
esti
o
n
p
atter
n
s
ca
n
co
-
v
ar
y
with
ec
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
s
p
atial
f
a
cto
r
s
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
at
lo
ca
l
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
m
atter
f
o
r
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
an
ch
o
v
y
co
n
t
am
in
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
te
d
ac
r
o
s
s
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
is
n
o
t
r
estricte
d
to
is
o
lated
h
o
ts
p
o
ts
[
1
5
]
.
A
g
lo
b
al
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
icr
o
p
last
ics
in
f
is
h
g
astro
in
test
in
al
tr
ac
ts
s
im
ilar
ly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
ig
h
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
d
r
iv
e
r
s
o
f
r
e
p
o
r
ted
b
u
r
d
en
s
,
wh
ich
ca
u
tio
n
s
ag
ain
s
t
d
ir
ec
t
n
u
m
e
r
ical
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
a
cr
o
s
s
s
tu
d
i
es
wit
h
o
u
t
h
a
r
m
o
n
is
ed
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
[
1
6
]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
er
,
a
n
c
h
o
v
y
-
/St
o
l
ep
h
o
r
u
s
-
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
w
o
r
k
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
e
r
c
o
ast
al
s
etti
n
g
s
in
d
ic
at
es
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
t
am
in
ati
o
n
p
r
o
f
il
es
c
a
n
v
a
r
y
b
y
tis
s
u
e
f
o
c
u
s
an
d
lo
ca
l
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
r
ei
n
f
o
r
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
ed
t
o
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t r
e
s
u
lt
s
i
n
a
s
it
e
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
as
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
b
e
n
c
h
m
a
r
k
s
[
2
8
]
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
l
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
d
a
t
a
s
et
i
s
b
es
t
f
r
a
m
e
d
a
s
a
b
a
s
e
li
n
e
f
o
r
D
e
n
d
u
n
I
s
l
a
n
d
,
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lo
ca
l m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
a
n
d
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
-
b
u
ild
in
g
tar
h
er
th
an
d
ef
in
itiv
e
i
n
ter
-
r
eg
io
n
al
r
an
k
i
n
g
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Mic
r
o
p
last
ic
ab
u
n
d
a
n
ce
in
an
ch
o
v
y
(
S
to
lep
h
o
r
u
s
s
p
p
.
)
f
r
o
m
Den
d
u
n
I
s
lan
d
wate
r
s
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
R
e
s
u
l
t
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
f
i
s
h
e
x
a
mi
n
e
d
(
n
)
1
0
0
To
t
a
l
mi
c
r
o
p
l
a
st
i
c
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s (n
)
1
0
9
M
e
a
n
a
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
e
(
P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
/
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
)
1
.
0
9
3
.
2
.
M
icro
pla
s
t
ic
m
o
rpho
t
y
pes
(
s
ha
pe
di
s
t
rib
utio
n)
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
m
o
r
p
h
o
ty
p
es
id
e
n
tifie
d
in
a
n
ch
o
v
y
s
am
p
les
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
r
ee
m
o
r
p
h
o
ty
p
es we
r
e
id
en
tifie
d
(
Fib
r
e
,
f
ilm
a
f
r
ag
m
en
t)
.
Ov
er
all,
f
ib
r
es d
o
m
in
ated
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
e
d
p
ar
ticles
(
6
7
.
0
%),
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
f
ilm
s
(
2
0
.
2
%)
an
d
f
r
a
g
m
en
ts
(
1
2
.
8
%).
T
h
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
f
ib
r
es
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
g
lo
b
al
p
atter
n
s
in
f
is
h
in
g
esti
o
n
d
atasets
.
A
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
f
is
h
s
tu
d
ies r
ep
o
r
ted
f
ib
r
es a
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
r
e
p
o
r
ted
m
o
r
p
h
o
t
y
p
e
ac
r
o
s
s
s
p
ec
ies
an
d
r
eg
io
n
s
,
with
f
r
ag
m
en
ts
o
f
te
n
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
ec
o
n
d
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
is
co
m
p
atib
le
with
m
u
lti
p
le
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
p
ath
way
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
tex
tile
-
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
ib
r
es
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
ted
v
ia
d
o
m
esti
c
wastewa
ter
an
d
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
f
allo
u
t,
as
well
as
f
is
h
er
ies
-
r
elate
d
m
ater
ials
(
e.
g
.
,
r
o
p
es
an
d
n
ets).
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
ca
u
tio
n
s
ag
ain
s
t
tr
ea
tin
g
an
y
s
in
g
le
m
o
r
p
h
o
ty
p
e
p
r
o
f
ile
as
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al;
s
ev
er
al
d
atasets
s
h
o
w
ap
p
r
ec
iab
le
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
f
ilm
s
o
r
f
r
a
g
m
en
ts
d
ep
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
l
o
ca
l
p
last
ic
u
s
e
p
atter
n
s
,
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
s
tag
e,
an
d
n
ea
r
s
h
o
r
e
ac
tiv
ities
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
ib
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
et
ed
as
an
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
d
escr
ip
to
r
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
m
i
x
ed
n
ea
r
s
h
o
r
e
in
p
u
ts
,
wh
ile
s
o
u
r
ce
attr
ib
u
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
t
r
ea
ted
as
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
al
u
n
less
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
o
ly
m
er
-
lev
el
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sh
ap
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
r
ec
o
v
e
r
ed
f
r
o
m
a
ch
o
v
y
(
S
to
lep
h
o
r
u
s
s
p
p
.
)
M
o
r
p
h
o
t
y
p
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
n
)
R
e
s
u
l
t
F
i
b
r
e
73
6
7
.
0
F
i
l
m
22
2
0
.
2
F
r
a
g
me
n
t
14
1
2
.
8
To
t
a
l
1
0
9
1
0
0
.
0
3
.
3
.
M
icro
pla
s
t
ic
m
o
rpho
lo
g
y
(
s
ha
pe
ca
t
eg
o
ries)
Mic
r
o
p
last
ic
p
ar
ticles
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
an
c
h
o
v
y
s
am
p
les
co
m
p
r
i
s
ed
th
r
ee
m
ain
m
o
r
p
h
o
ty
p
es,
with
f
ib
r
es
as
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
ty
p
e,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
f
ilm
s
an
d
f
r
a
g
m
en
ts
.
R
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
ty
p
es
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
n
h
o
n
est
an
d
b
ala
n
ce
d
i
n
ter
p
r
et
atio
n
.
First,
v
is
u
al
id
en
tific
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
a
n
d
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
m
is
class
if
y
n
o
n
-
p
last
ic
p
a
r
ticles,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
n
atu
r
al
f
ib
r
es,
as
m
icr
o
p
last
ics;
p
o
ly
m
er
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
u
s
in
g
FTI
R
/R
am
an
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ex
p
ec
ted
to
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
v
alid
ity
an
d
en
ab
le
m
o
r
e
cr
e
d
ib
le
s
o
u
r
ce
in
f
er
e
n
ce
[
9
]
,
[
2
4
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
co
n
tam
i
n
atio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
is
a
well
-
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
ch
allen
g
e
in
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
an
aly
s
is
:
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
b
l
an
k
s
an
d
b
lan
k
-
co
r
r
ec
ted
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
ar
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
b
ec
au
s
e
air
b
o
r
n
e
f
ib
r
es
an
d
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
ca
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
es
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
I
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
26
:
8
6
0
-
867
864
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
b
la
n
k
s
wer
e
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
r
n
o
t
r
ep
o
r
ted
,
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
u
p
war
d
b
ias
—
esp
ec
ially
in
f
ib
r
e
co
u
n
ts
—
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
u
le
d
o
u
t
a
n
d
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
tated
as
a
lim
itatio
n
.
T
h
ir
d
,
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
s
ize
cu
t
-
o
f
f
s
an
d
f
ilter
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
p
ar
ticle
c
o
u
n
ts
,
wh
ic
h
is
o
n
e
r
ea
s
o
n
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
tu
d
y
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tr
ea
ted
ca
u
tio
u
s
ly
[
4
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ef
lect
a
s
in
g
le
p
er
io
d
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
;
s
ea
s
o
n
al
r
ain
f
all,
r
u
n
o
f
f
in
ten
s
ity
,
an
d
ch
a
n
g
es
in
lo
ca
l
ac
tiv
ity
p
atter
n
s
m
ay
alter
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
v
e
r
tim
e,
wh
ich
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
e
p
ea
te
d
s
am
p
lin
g
to
estab
lis
h
tem
p
o
r
al
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
m
o
r
p
h
o
ty
p
es
: (
a)
f
ib
r
e,
(
b
)
f
ilm
,
an
d
(
c)
f
r
ag
m
e
n
t
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
a
n
ch
o
v
y
(
S
to
lep
h
o
r
u
s
s
p
p
.
)
3
.
4
.
M
icro
pla
s
t
ic
co
lo
ur
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
Mic
r
o
p
last
ics
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
f
r
o
m
an
ch
o
v
y
(
S
to
lep
h
o
r
u
s
s
p
p
.
)
d
i
s
p
lay
ed
a
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
c
o
lo
u
r
p
r
o
f
ile.
Acr
o
s
s
th
e
ex
am
in
ed
s
am
p
les,
p
ar
ticles
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
m
u
ltip
le
co
lo
u
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
r
o
wn
,
y
ello
w,
b
lac
k
,
d
ar
k
b
lu
e
,
g
r
e
y
,
lig
h
t
b
lu
e
,
r
e
d
,
an
d
g
r
ee
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
b
o
th
d
ar
k
-
to
n
ed
(
e.
g
.
,
b
lac
k
,
d
ar
k
b
lu
e,
g
r
ey
)
an
d
b
r
ig
h
ter
-
c
o
lo
u
r
ed
p
a
r
ticles
(
e.
g
.
,
r
ed
,
g
r
ee
n
,
y
ello
w,
lig
h
t
b
l
u
e)
in
d
icate
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
in
th
e
v
is
u
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
m
icr
o
p
last
ics
in
g
ested
b
y
an
c
h
o
v
ies
in
Den
d
u
n
I
s
lan
d
wate
r
s
.
Ov
e
r
all,
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
co
lo
u
r
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
p
ar
ticles
lik
ely
o
r
ig
in
at
ed
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
p
last
ic
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
u
n
d
er
we
n
t
d
if
f
er
in
g
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
alter
atio
n
p
r
io
r
to
in
g
esti
o
n
.
T
h
e
co
lo
u
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
as
a
q
u
alitativ
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
e
d
p
ar
ticles
an
d
ar
e
in
ten
d
e
d
t
o
co
m
p
le
m
en
t
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
ty
p
e
class
if
icatio
n
(
f
i
b
r
e,
f
ilm
,
f
r
ag
m
en
t)
r
ep
o
r
ted
ab
o
v
e.
C
o
lo
u
r
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
r
ep
o
r
ted
i
n
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
in
g
esti
o
n
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
a
n
d
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ch
ec
k
s
[
2
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
co
lo
u
r
is
n
o
t a
r
eliab
l
e
p
r
o
x
y
f
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
:
p
h
o
to
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
b
io
f
o
u
lin
g
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
x
id
atio
n
,
an
d
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
o
r
g
an
ic
m
atter
o
r
co
n
tam
in
an
ts
ca
n
alte
r
ap
p
ar
en
t
c
o
lo
u
r
a
n
d
tex
t
u
r
e
o
v
er
tim
e
[
4
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
e
aso
n
,
co
lo
u
r
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
th
at
co
m
p
lem
e
n
ts
m
o
r
p
h
o
ty
p
e
class
if
icatio
n
;
s
tr
o
n
g
er
in
f
er
en
ce
s
ab
o
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
p
o
ly
m
er
c
o
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
(
FTI
R
/R
a
m
an
)
a
n
d
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
with
lo
ca
l
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
m
atr
ices (
wate
r
/s
ed
im
en
t)
[
9
]
,
[
2
4
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
Desp
ite
t
h
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
-
r
ele
v
an
t
b
aselin
e
ev
id
en
ce
f
o
r
a
lo
ca
lly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
ea
f
o
o
d
c
o
m
m
o
d
ity
in
a
n
ar
ch
ip
ela
g
ic
s
ettin
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
m
ed
iate
p
r
io
r
ities
f
o
r
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
in
f
er
en
ce
in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
wo
r
k
in
cl
u
d
e:
i)
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
b
lan
k
s
with
b
lan
k
-
co
r
r
ec
ted
c
o
u
n
ts
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
1
]
;
ii)
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
class
e
s
u
s
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
c
o
m
p
ar
a
b
ilit
y
(
3
,
2
0
,
2
1
)
;
iii)
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
p
o
ly
m
e
r
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
n
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
p
ar
ticles
[
2
4
]
-
[
2
6
]
;
an
d
iv
)
tr
ian
g
u
latin
g
s
ea
f
o
o
d
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
with
n
ea
r
s
h
o
r
e
wate
r
an
d
s
ed
im
en
t
s
am
p
lin
g
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
s
o
u
r
ce
–
p
ath
way
–
r
ec
ep
t
o
r
i
n
te
r
p
r
etatio
n
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
I
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
co
p
e
is
ex
p
an
d
e
d
,
m
eta
-
an
aly
tic
ev
id
en
ce
o
n
f
is
h
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
m
a
y
h
el
p
p
r
io
r
itize
r
is
k
-
r
elev
an
t
en
d
p
o
in
ts
an
d
co
n
te
x
tu
alize
ec
o
lo
g
ical
p
lau
s
ib
ilit
y
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
wo
u
l
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
in
c
o
n
ta
m
in
atio
n
esti
m
ates,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
o
r
e
d
ef
e
n
s
ib
le
lo
ca
l
r
is
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
e
v
id
en
ce
b
a
s
e
f
o
r
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
-
o
r
ien
ted
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
co
n
tam
i
n
atio
n
in
an
c
h
o
v
ies
(
S
to
lep
h
o
r
u
s
s
p
p
.
)
co
llected
f
r
o
m
Pu
lau
Den
d
u
n
wate
r
s
,
with
a
m
ea
n
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
o
f
1
.
0
9
p
ar
ticles
p
er
in
d
iv
id
u
al
a
n
d
a
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
ce
o
f
f
ib
r
e
-
ty
p
e
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
s
m
all
p
elag
ic
f
i
s
h
in
s
m
all
-
is
lan
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
m
ay
s
er
v
e
as a
p
ath
way
f
o
r
m
icr
o
p
last
ic
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ea
f
o
o
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Micr
o
p
la
s
tic
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
in
a
n
ch
o
vies:
b
a
s
elin
e
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
s
ma
ll
-
is
la
n
d
…
(
V
ero
n
ika
A
m
elia
S
imb
o
lo
n
)
865
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
aselin
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
d
ata
in
a
s
m
all
-
is
lan
d
co
astal
co
n
tex
t,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
a
cr
itical
g
ap
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
li
ter
atu
r
e.
As
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
m
icr
o
p
last
ics
in
s
m
all
p
elag
ic
f
is
h
as
p
ar
t
o
f
s
ea
f
o
o
d
s
af
ety
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
in
a
r
ch
ip
e
lag
ic
s
ettin
g
s
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
last
ic
lea
k
ag
e
f
r
o
m
co
astal
s
ettlem
en
ts
an
d
f
is
h
er
ies
-
r
elate
d
ac
tiv
ities
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
v
a
lid
ity
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
b
y
a
p
p
ly
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
b
lan
k
s
an
d
b
la
n
k
-
c
o
r
r
ec
ted
r
ep
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ticle
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FTI
R
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am
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s
with
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r
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h
ar
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ter
is
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l so
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ath
way
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ip
s
.
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NO
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f
ac
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an
d
tech
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ical
ass
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s
tan
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d
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s
am
p
le
p
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ar
atio
n
an
d
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
ex
am
in
atio
n
.
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h
e
au
th
o
r
s
also
t
h
an
k
lo
ca
l f
is
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er
s
an
d
f
ield
p
a
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tn
er
s
in
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d
un
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lan
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f
o
r
f
ac
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g
s
am
p
le
co
llectio
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an
d
f
ield
lo
g
is
tics
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
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th
o
r
s
s
tate
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was
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d
in
th
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y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
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B
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h
is
jo
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s
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th
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C
o
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tr
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to
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les
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ax
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y
(
C
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ed
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to
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ec
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g
n
ize
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al
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th
o
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co
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tio
n
s
,
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ed
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ce
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th
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r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
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ate
co
llab
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atio
n
.
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m
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o
f
Aut
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r
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M
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Va
Fo
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D
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Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ver
o
n
ik
a
Am
elia
Simb
o
lan
✓
✓
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✓
✓
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✓
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✓
E
r
p
in
a
San
ti M
elian
a
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ea
k
✓
✓
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Dem
s
a
Simb
o
lo
n
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✓
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✓
R
is
tin
a
R
o
s
au
li Ha
r
ian
ja
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
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✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
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z
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t
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M
:
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NF
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ticip
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as st
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jects.
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T
H
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CAL AP
P
RO
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th
ical
clea
r
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lth
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esear
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th
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C
o
m
m
ittee,
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iv
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s
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ak
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u
n
as
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s
ad
a
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asik
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alay
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ite
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tik
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atan
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s
itas
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a
k
ti
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as
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ad
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asik
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d
e
r
th
e
E
th
ical
E
x
em
p
tio
n
/Ap
p
r
o
v
al
letter
No
.
381
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0
1
/E.
0
1
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PK
-
B
T
H/I
X/2
0
2
5
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
v
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p
r
o
to
co
l
titl
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was
“I
d
en
tific
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o
f
Mic
r
o
p
last
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in
An
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v
ies
(
S
to
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p
h
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r
u
s
s
p
p
.
)
Fo
u
n
d
in
th
e
W
ater
s
o
f
Den
d
u
n
I
s
lan
d
,
”
wi
th
Ver
o
n
ik
a
Am
elia
Simb
o
lo
n
,
M
.
K
.
M
.
(
Po
ltek
k
es
Kem
en
k
es
T
an
ju
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g
p
in
a
n
g
)
as th
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p
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in
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in
v
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h
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ap
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is
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alid
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3
S
ep
tem
b
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2
0
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to
2
3
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tem
b
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2
0
2
6
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
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is
s
tu
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av
ailab
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f
r
o
m
t
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esp
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t
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p
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ab
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eq
u
est.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
26
:
8
6
0
-
867
866
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R
.
G
e
y
e
r
,
J.
R
.
Jam
b
e
c
k
,
a
n
d
K
.
L
.
La
w
,
“
P
r
o
d
u
c
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,
u
se,
a
n
d
f
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l
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p
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st
i
c
s
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v
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ma
d
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c
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A
d
v
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.
3
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J
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.
2
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0
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1
1
2
6
/
sc
i
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d
v
.
1
7
0
0
7
8
2
.
[
2
]
J.
R
.
J
a
mb
e
c
k
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
l
a
st
i
c
w
a
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n
p
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s
f
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a
n
d
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l
.
3
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1
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sc
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.
1
2
6
0
3
5
2
.
[
3
]
S
.
A
l
l
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
t
m
o
s
p
h
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r
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c
t
r
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n
s
p
o
r
t
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d
d
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mi
c
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o
p
l
a
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s i
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h
me
n
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,
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a
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re
G
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,
v
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.
1
2
,
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o
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5
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9
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4
1
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6
1
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1
9
-
0
3
3
5
-
5.
[
4
]
J.
P
.
G
.
L.
F
r
i
a
s
a
n
d
R
.
N
a
s
h
,
“
M
i
c
r
o
p
l
a
st
i
c
s:
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
o
n
s
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n
s
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s
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t
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d
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f
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i
t
i
o
n
,
”
M
a
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P
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Bu
l
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,
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.
1
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1
4
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.
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1
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0
2
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.
[
5
]
L.
A
l
b
e
r
g
h
i
n
i
,
A
.
Tr
u
a
n
t
,
S
.
S
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c
o
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,
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.
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t
a
,
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n
d
V
.
G
i
a
c
c
o
n
e
,
“
M
i
c
r
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p
l
a
st
i
c
s
i
n
f
i
s
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a
n
d
f
i
s
h
e
r
y
p
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d
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c
t
s
a
n
d
r
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s
k
s
f
o
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m
a
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h
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a
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:
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r
e
v
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w
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
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a
l
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f
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v
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r
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t
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7
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3
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.
[
6
]
S
.
L.
W
r
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
F
.
J
.
K
e
l
l
y
,
“
P
l
a
st
i
c
a
n
d
h
u
ma
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
:
a
mi
c
r
o
i
ss
u
e
?
,
”
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
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y
,
v
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l
.
5
1
,
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o
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1
2
,
p
p
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–
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0
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7
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0
.
1
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2
1
/
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c
s.e
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t
.
7
b
0
0
4
2
3
.
[
7
]
M
.
S
m
i
t
h
,
D
.
C
.
L
o
v
e
,
C
.
M
.
R
o
c
h
man
,
a
n
d
R
.
A
.
N
e
f
f
,
“
M
i
c
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p
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s
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f
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d
a
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p
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f
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,
”
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u
rr
e
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E
n
v
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m
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R
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s
,
v
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5
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3
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p
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–
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2
0
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8
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/
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0
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7
2
-
0
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0
2
0
6
-
z.
[
8
]
A
.
A
.
K
o
e
l
m
a
n
s
,
N
.
H
.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
N
o
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,
E.
H
e
r
mse
n
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M
.
K
o
o
i
,
S
.
M
.
M
i
n
t
e
n
i
g
,
a
n
d
J.
D
e
F
r
a
n
c
e
,
“
M
i
c
r
o
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
s i
n
f
r
e
sh
w
a
t
e
r
s a
n
d
d
r
i
n
k
i
n
g
w
a
t
e
r
:
C
r
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t
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c
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e
w
a
n
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M
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h
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k
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ju
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g
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in
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a
c
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id
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p
in
a
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d
e
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k
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n
v
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c
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t
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f
t
h
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M
in
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
(P
o
lt
e
k
k
e
s
Ke
m
e
n
k
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s)
in
Tan
j
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n
g
p
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a
n
g
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d
o
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sia
.
S
h
e
h
o
ld
s
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
C
h
e
m
istry
(S
.
S
i)
a
n
d
a
M
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
Ch
e
m
istry
(M
.
S
i)
fr
o
m
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
a
th
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m
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ti
c
s
a
n
d
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tu
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
(F
M
IP
A)
,
a
n
d
late
r
p
u
rsu
e
d
h
e
r
d
o
c
to
ra
l
stu
d
ies
(Dr.)
with
a
sp
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
in
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
sc
ien
c
e
.
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rre
n
tl
y
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sh
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rv
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s
a
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g
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m
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lt
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islan
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se
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ter
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e
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iro
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m
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h
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m
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h
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h
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s
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n
in
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re
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ter
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ti
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o
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r
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ls
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S
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p
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s/
S
in
ta),
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se
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rc
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to
p
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in
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l
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rg
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a
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m
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m
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n
t,
m
icro
p
las
ti
c
s,
a
n
d
wa
ter
trea
tme
n
t
e
ffo
rts.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
e
r
p
in
a
@p
o
lt
e
k
k
e
s
-
tan
j
u
n
g
p
i
n
a
n
g
.
a
c
.
id
.
De
m
sa
S
i
m
b
o
lo
n
is
a
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
a
n
d
Nu
tri
t
i
o
n
,
sp
e
c
ializin
g
i
n
Nu
tri
ti
o
n
a
l
Bi
o
sta
ti
stics
a
t
th
e
He
a
lt
h
P
o
l
y
tec
h
n
ic
o
f
th
e
M
in
istry
o
f
He
a
lt
h
(P
o
lt
e
k
k
e
s
Ke
m
e
n
k
e
s)
in
Be
n
g
k
u
l
u
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
h
e
e
a
rn
e
d
h
e
r
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
P
u
b
l
ic
He
a
lt
h
(S
.
KM
.
)
a
n
d
M
a
ste
r
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
(M
.
K
.
M
)
with
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
e
p
i
d
e
m
io
lo
g
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ty
n
u
tri
ti
o
n
,
fo
ll
o
we
d
b
y
a
Do
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
(Dr.)
sp
e
c
ializin
g
i
n
n
u
tri
ti
o
n
a
l
in
terv
e
n
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
m
a
tern
a
l
-
c
h
il
d
h
e
a
lt
h
.
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rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
fo
c
u
sin
g
o
n
n
u
tri
ti
o
n
a
l
e
p
id
e
m
io
l
o
g
y
,
p
a
rti
c
u
larl
y
in
st
u
n
ti
n
g
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
n
d
re
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
e
h
e
a
lt
h
.
S
h
e
p
o
ss
e
ss
e
s
e
x
ten
siv
e
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
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l
e
x
p
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rien
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e
,
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
ti
n
g
i
n
v
a
ri
o
u
s
sc
ie
n
ti
fic
fo
r
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m
s
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
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n
s
re
g
a
rd
in
g
h
e
a
lt
h
d
e
term
in
a
n
ts
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s.
S
h
e
is
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
in
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
jec
ts
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
rre
lati
o
n
b
e
twe
e
n
p
a
re
n
ti
n
g
st
y
les
,
sa
n
it
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
n
u
tri
ti
o
n
a
l
in
tak
e
o
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
li
fe
.
A
n
a
c
ti
v
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
su
c
h
a
s
IAK
M
I
a
n
d
P
ERS
AG
I,
sh
e
is
a
lso
a
p
ro
li
f
ic
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
n
re
p
u
ta
b
le
in
tern
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ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
rn
a
ls
(S
c
o
p
u
s/S
i
n
ta)
o
n
m
a
tern
a
l
a
n
d
n
e
o
n
a
tal
n
u
tri
ti
o
n
.
F
u
rth
e
rm
o
re
,
sh
e
is
fre
q
u
e
n
tl
y
a
p
p
o
in
ted
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s
a
n
e
x
p
e
rt
c
o
n
su
lt
a
n
t
fo
r
re
g
io
n
a
l
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
ts
in
fo
rm
u
lat
in
g
p
o
li
c
ies
fo
r
a
c
c
e
lera
ted
stu
n
ti
n
g
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
e
m
sa
@p
o
lt
e
k
k
e
sb
e
n
g
k
u
l
u
.
a
c
.
id
.
Ristin
a
Ro
sa
u
li
H
a
r
i
a
n
ja
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
Re
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
e
He
a
lt
h
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
P
u
b
l
ic
He
a
lt
h
,
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
Ce
n
d
e
ra
wa
sih
,
P
a
p
u
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
Di
p
l
o
m
a
III
in
M
id
wife
ry
in
2
0
1
6
a
n
d
Di
p
lo
m
a
IV
in
M
i
d
wife
ry
i
n
2
0
1
8
a
t
P
o
lt
e
k
k
e
s
Ke
m
e
n
k
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s
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m
b
i.
S
h
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th
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n
p
u
rs
u
e
d
a
M
a
ste
r’
s
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
P
u
b
l
ic
He
a
lt
h
wi
th
a
sp
e
c
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ti
o
n
in
Re
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
v
e
He
a
lt
h
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
2
0
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I
n
2
0
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2
,
s
h
e
se
rv
e
d
a
s
a
lec
tu
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r
in
t
h
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p
lo
m
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III
M
id
wife
ry
S
tu
d
y
P
r
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ra
m
a
t
P
o
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e
k
k
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s
Ke
m
e
n
k
e
s
Tan
ju
n
g
p
i
n
a
n
g
.
Du
ri
n
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h
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r
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m
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se
rv
ice
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