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CC BY
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C
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I
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Dy
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[
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a
m
u
lti
-
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
h
i
g
h
cr
y
s
tallin
ity
,
ef
f
icien
t
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
s
tab
le
in
ter
f
ac
ial
co
n
tact
with
i
n
th
e
QDSSC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
2
.
1
.
P
re
pa
r
a
t
io
n o
f
F
T
O
/T
iO
₂
s
ub
s
t
ra
t
es
Flu
o
r
in
e
-
d
o
p
ed
tin
o
x
id
e
(
F
T
O)
g
lass
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
wer
e
f
i
r
s
t
clea
n
ed
u
ltra
s
o
n
ically
in
s
u
cc
ess
iv
e
eth
an
o
l,
ac
eto
n
e
,
a
n
d
d
eio
n
iz
ed
wate
r
b
at
h
s
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
o
r
g
an
ic
r
esid
u
es
a
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
o
n
tam
in
an
ts
.
Af
ter
clea
n
in
g
,
a
co
m
m
er
cial
an
ata
s
e
T
iO₂
p
aste
with
2
0
n
m
p
a
r
ticle
s
ize
(
Dy
eso
l)
was
p
r
ep
ar
ed
f
o
r
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
e
p
aste
was
th
en
ap
p
lied
o
n
to
th
e
FTO
s
u
r
f
ac
e
b
y
s
cr
ee
n
-
p
r
in
tin
g
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
u
n
if
o
r
m
f
ilm
th
ick
n
ess
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
ad
h
esio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
n
ted
f
ilm
s
wer
e
g
r
ad
u
ally
h
ea
ted
to
r
em
o
v
e
o
r
g
a
n
ic
b
in
d
e
r
s
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
th
e
n
s
in
ter
ed
at
5
0
0
°C
f
o
r
3
0
m
i
n
u
tes
in
ai
r
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
-
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
c
r
y
s
tallin
ity
o
f
T
iO₂,
p
r
o
m
o
tes
n
ec
k
in
g
b
etwe
en
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
s
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es e
lectr
o
n
m
o
b
i
lity
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
m
eso
p
o
r
o
u
s
T
iO₂
n
etwo
r
k
.
2
.
2
.
Depo
s
it
io
n o
f
Cu
-
Do
ped CdS
qu
a
ntum
do
t
s
v
ia
SI
L
AR
Cu
-
d
o
p
ed
C
d
S
lay
er
s
(
C
d
S:C
u
(
x
)
with
x
=
0
–
0
.
5
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
o
lar
r
atio
C
u
²⁺/C
d
²⁺)
wer
e
g
r
o
wn
o
n
to
th
e
T
iO₂
s
u
r
f
ac
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
iv
e
io
n
ic
la
y
er
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
r
ea
ctio
n
(
SIL
AR
)
tech
n
iq
u
e.
E
ac
h
SIL
AR
cy
cle
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
:
I
m
m
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
T
iO₂
f
ilm
in
to
a
0
.
1
M
C
d
²⁺
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
C
d
(
C
H₃COO)
₂
·
2
H₂O
in
eth
an
o
l)
f
o
r
5
m
in
u
tes
to
al
lo
w
th
e
a
d
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
C
d
²⁺
i
o
n
s
.
R
in
s
in
g
with
eth
a
n
o
l
to
r
em
o
v
e
lo
o
s
ely
b
o
u
n
d
io
n
s
.
I
m
m
er
s
io
n
in
to
a
0
.
1
M
C
u
²⁺
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
C
u
C
l₂
in
eth
a
n
o
l/water
1
:1
)
f
o
r
5
m
in
u
tes
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
C
u
²⁺
in
to
th
e
C
d
S lattice
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
d
o
p
e
d
QDs.
Do
p
in
g
with
C
u
²⁺
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
tates
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
en
h
an
ce
d
lig
h
t
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
an
d
m
o
d
if
y
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
p
at
h
way
s
.
Af
ter
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
C
d
²⁺/C
u
²⁺
SIL
AR
cy
cles,
th
e
f
ilm
s
wer
e
tr
ea
ted
in
0
.
1
M
Na₂
S
at
6
0
°C
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
in
-
s
itu
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
C
d
S:C
u
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
d
r
ied
at
1
2
0
°C
to
s
tab
ilize
th
e
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
t la
y
er
an
d
r
em
o
v
e
r
em
ain
in
g
s
o
l
v
en
ts
.
2.
3
.
F
a
brica
t
io
n o
f
F
T
O
@T
i
O
₂@CdS
:
C
u(0
.
3
)
p
ho
t
o
a
no
de
Fo
r
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
d
o
p
i
n
g
le
v
e
l
(
x
=
0
.
3
)
,
a
d
d
itio
n
al
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
cy
cles
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
t
lo
ad
in
g
an
d
d
o
p
an
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
T
iO₂
f
i
lm
s
co
ated
with
C
d
S:C
u
wer
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
th
r
ee
ad
d
itio
n
al
SIL
AR
cy
cles
u
s
in
g
:
A
m
ix
ed
C
d
²⁺/C
u
²⁺
p
r
e
cu
r
s
o
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
with
a
C
u
²⁺/C
d
²⁺
r
atio
o
f
0
.
3
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
h
o
m
o
g
en
o
u
s
d
o
p
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
QD
lay
e
r
.
A
Se²⁻
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
p
ar
tia
lly
co
n
v
e
r
t
C
d
S
to
C
d
SₓS
e₁₋ₓ,
th
er
eb
y
ex
ten
d
in
g
v
is
ib
le
-
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
b
an
d
alig
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
ese
r
ep
ea
ted
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
cy
cles
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
v
er
a
g
e,
r
e
d
u
ce
i
n
ter
-
p
ar
ticle
g
ap
s
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
p
h
o
to
g
en
er
ated
ch
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
co
llectio
n
.
2.
4
.
Depo
s
it
io
n o
f
Z
nS
pa
s
s
i
v
a
t
io
n la
y
er
T
o
s
u
p
p
r
ess
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tr
a
p
s
an
d
m
in
im
ize
in
ter
f
ac
ial
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
,
a
Z
n
S
p
ass
iv
atio
n
s
h
ell
wa
s
d
ep
o
s
ited
o
n
to
t
h
e
C
d
S:C
u
(
0
.
3
)
f
ilm
s
.
T
h
is
was
ac
h
iev
ed
v
ia
two
SIL
AR
cy
cles,
ea
ch
in
v
o
lv
in
g
:
I
m
m
er
s
io
n
in
0
.
1
M
Z
n
²⁺
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
allo
win
g
Z
n
²⁺
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
n
th
e
QD
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
I
m
m
er
s
io
n
in
0
.
1
M
Na₂
S,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
in
-
s
itu
r
ea
ctio
n
to
f
o
r
m
a
t
h
in
Z
n
S
o
v
er
lay
er
.
Z
n
S,
with
its
wid
e
b
an
d
g
a
p
(
~3
.
7
eV)
,
a
cts
as
an
in
s
u
latin
g
b
ar
r
ier
th
at
r
ed
u
c
es
p
ar
asit
ic
elec
tr
o
n
r
ec
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
with
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
h
o
le
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
an
o
d
e.
2.
5
.
P
re
pa
r
a
t
io
n o
f
t
he
F
T
O
/Cu₂S
co
un
t
er
elec
t
ro
de
T
h
e
co
u
n
te
r
elec
tr
o
d
e
was
f
ab
r
icate
d
o
n
an
FTO
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
b
y
ch
em
ically
d
e
p
o
s
itin
g
C
u
₂S,
a
wid
ely
u
s
ed
ca
taly
s
t
in
p
o
ly
s
u
lf
id
e
Q
DSSC
s
d
u
e
to
its
h
ig
h
co
n
d
u
c
tiv
ity
an
d
elec
tr
o
ca
taly
tic
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
ar
ea
was
co
n
tr
o
lled
to
0
.
2
5
c
m
²
to
m
atch
th
e
ac
tiv
e
a
r
ea
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e.
T
h
e
C
u
₂S
l
ay
er
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
r
ed
o
x
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
S²⁻/S
ₓ²⁻
s
p
ec
ies
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te,
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
h
o
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it o
f
th
e
ce
ll.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
0
6
4
-
1
0
7
1
1066
2.
6
.
Ass
em
bly
o
f
t
he
qu
a
ntum
do
t
–
s
ens
it
ized
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
T
h
e
QDSSC
d
ev
ices
wer
e
as
s
em
b
led
b
y
s
an
d
wich
in
g
th
e
FTO/T
iO₂/
C
d
S:C
u
(
0
.
3
)
/Zn
S
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
e
with
th
e
FTO/Cu
₂S
co
u
n
ter
elec
tr
o
d
e
u
s
in
g
a
d
ef
in
ed
s
p
ac
er
.
A
p
o
ly
s
u
lf
id
e
elec
tr
o
ly
t
e
co
n
tain
in
g
0
.
5
M
Na₂
S,
0
.
2
M
elem
en
tal
s
u
lf
u
r
(
S),
an
d
0
.
2
M
KC
l
was
th
en
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
f
o
r
in
jectio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
th
e
ce
ll th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
e
-
d
r
illed
h
o
les o
r
b
y
ca
p
ill
ar
y
in
jectio
n
to
co
m
p
lete
t
h
e
a
s
s
em
b
ly
.
2.
7
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
t
esting
T
h
e
ass
em
b
led
ce
lls
wer
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
s
im
u
lated
s
o
lar
illu
m
in
atio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
0
0
m
W
cm
⁻²
(
AM
1
.
5
G
eq
u
iv
alen
t)
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
–
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
to
ev
alu
ate:
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
,
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e,
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
,
an
d
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
co
llectiv
ely
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
o
p
to
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
n
th
esized
p
h
o
t
o
an
o
d
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
a
s
im
p
lif
ied
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
d
e
v
ice
o
r
a
lig
h
t
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
n
th
is
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
,
th
e
lig
h
t
-
g
en
er
ated
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
I
L
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es a
s
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
cu
r
r
en
t so
u
r
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
A
s
h
u
n
t r
esis
tan
ce
,
R
SH
,
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
with
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
leak
ag
e
p
a
th
way
s
with
in
th
e
d
ev
ice.
T
h
i
s
r
esis
tan
ce
m
o
d
els
u
n
d
esire
d
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
s
s
d
u
e
to
d
ef
ec
ts
,
im
p
u
r
ities
,
o
r
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
th
at
allo
w
ch
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
to
b
y
p
ass
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
lo
ad
.
A
lo
w
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
ty
p
icall
y
in
d
icate
s
h
ig
h
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
d
eg
r
ad
e
d
d
ev
ice
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
wh
er
ea
s
a
h
ig
h
R
SH
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
well
-
is
o
lated
ju
n
ctio
n
with
m
in
im
al
p
ar
asit
ic
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
cir
cu
it
an
d
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
e
x
ter
n
al
p
ath
ar
e
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
lab
eled
ar
r
o
ws.
T
o
g
et
h
er
,
t
h
ese
elem
en
ts
f
o
r
m
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
to
a
n
a
ly
ze
th
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
lo
s
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
f
o
p
to
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
s
u
ch
a
s
s
o
lar
ce
lls
an
d
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
s
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
.
i.
Op
en
-
cir
cu
it c
o
n
d
itio
n
:
ℎ
=
+
(
1
)
ℎ
=
(
−
1
)
+
(
2
)
W
ith
=
.
ii.
Sh
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it c
o
n
d
itio
n
:
ℎ
=
+
+
(
3
)
ℎ
=
(
−
1
)
+
+
(
4
)
iii.
L
o
ad
ed
c
o
n
d
itio
n
:
ℎ
=
+
+
(
5
)
ℎ
=
(
(
+
)
−
1
)
+
+
+
(
6
)
At
an
y
two
p
o
i
n
ts
(
V
1
,I
1
)
an
d
(
V
2
,I
2
)
o
n
th
e
I
-
V
c
u
r
v
e,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
–
cu
r
r
en
t r
elatio
n
b
ec
o
m
es:
1
=
1
[
(
ℎ
+
−
1
)
−
1
]
−
1
(
7
)
2
=
1
[
(
ℎ
+
−
2
)
−
2
]
−
2
(
8
)
Su
b
tr
ac
tin
g
(
7
)
an
d
(
8
)
y
ield
s
th
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
R
S
:
=
1
−
2
2
−
1
−
1
(
2
−
1
)
[
(
ℎ
+
−
1
)
−
1
(
ℎ
+
−
2
)
−
2
]
(
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f c
h
a
r
g
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t k
in
etics in
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
b
a
s
ed
o
n
…
(
Th
a
i V
a
n
Th
a
n
h
)
1067
Sin
ce
in
p
r
ac
tice
R
SH
≫
R
S
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
s
(
ℎ
+
−
1
)
≫
1
;
(
ℎ
+
−
2
)
≫
2
:
h
o
ld
,
s
im
p
lify
i
n
g
(
9
)
to
=
1
−
2
2
−
1
−
1
(
2
−
1
)
[
ℎ
+
−
1
ℎ
+
−
2
]
=
−
(
1
0
)
W
h
er
e
:
=
1
−
2
2
−
1
(
1
1
)
=
1
(
2
−
1
)
[
ℎ
+
−
1
ℎ
+
−
2
]
(
1
2
)
R
D
an
d
R
d
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
an
d
in
ter
n
al
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
s
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
h
u
n
t r
esis
tan
ce
is
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
p
en
-
cir
c
u
it e
x
p
r
es
s
io
n
:
=
ℎ
−
(
−
1
)
(
1
3
)
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
R
S
ca
n
b
e
ev
alu
a
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ar
k
I
–
V
cu
r
v
e:
=
−
1
−
2
2
−
1
+
1
(
2
−
1
)
[
−
1
−
2
]
=
−
(
1
4
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
QDSSC
’
s
eq
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
cu
it [
2
2
]
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
las
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
–
v
o
ltag
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
th
e
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll.
Fo
r
ea
ch
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
—
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it,
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it,
an
d
lo
ad
ed
—
th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
d
io
d
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
n
d
s
h
u
n
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
u
s
t
s
ati
s
f
y
Kir
ch
h
o
f
f
’
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
law.
T
h
e
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
b
y
an
aly
zi
n
g
two
ar
b
itra
r
y
p
o
in
ts
o
n
th
e
I
–
V
cu
r
v
e
an
d
s
ep
ar
ati
n
g
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
ter
n
al
d
y
n
am
ic
r
es
is
tan
ce
.
W
h
en
R
SH
i
s
v
er
y
lar
g
e
(
wh
ich
is
ty
p
ical
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
PV
m
o
d
u
les),
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
im
p
lifie
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
h
u
n
t
leak
ag
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
b
ec
o
m
es
n
eg
lig
ib
le.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
R
S
ca
n
also
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
ar
k
I
–
V
cu
r
v
e,
wh
e
r
e
o
n
ly
th
e
d
io
d
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
p
r
esen
t,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
p
ar
am
eter
m
o
d
elin
g
.
T
h
e
T
iO₂@
C
d
S
s
o
lar
ce
lls
d
o
p
ed
with
v
ar
y
in
g
C
u
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
(
0
–
0
.
5
m
o
l)
ex
h
ib
it
cle
ar
tr
en
d
s
in
k
ey
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
r
am
eter
s
(
Vo
c,
J
s
c,
FF
,
an
d
PC
E
)
.
C
u
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
s
lig
h
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
Vo
c
f
r
o
m
0
.
4
8
V
(
u
n
d
o
p
ed
)
t
o
0
.
5
0
V
f
o
r
C
u
≥
0
.
1
,
in
d
icatin
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
ter
f
ac
ial
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
.
J
s
c
r
is
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
f
r
o
m
1
9
.
9
to
2
7
.
3
5
m
A/cm
²
at
0
.
2
m
o
l
C
u
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
d
ec
lin
e
at
h
ig
h
er
d
o
p
in
g
lev
els,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
m
o
d
er
ate
C
u
co
n
ten
t
en
h
an
ce
s
ch
a
r
g
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
wh
ile
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
C
u
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
d
ef
ec
ts
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
.
T
h
e
FF
s
h
o
ws
a
s
im
ilar
b
eh
av
io
r
,
p
ea
k
in
g
at
0
.
3
8
f
o
r
C
u
(
0
.
1
)
an
d
d
ec
r
e
asin
g
th
er
ea
f
te
r
d
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
PC
E
r
ea
ch
es
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
4
.
6
9
%
at
C
u
(
0
.
2
)
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ec
lin
in
g
at
h
ig
h
er
C
u
co
n
ten
ts
.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
c
o
n
t
r
o
lled
C
u
d
o
p
in
g
—
o
p
tim
ally
at
0
.
2
m
o
l
—
en
h
an
c
es
QDSS
C
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
o
v
er
d
o
p
in
g
d
eg
r
ad
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
ity
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
es c
ar
r
ier
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
.
Dy
n
am
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
an
aly
s
is
b
ased
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
illu
m
in
ate
d
I
–
V
cu
r
v
e
allo
ws
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
to
tal
r
esis
tan
ce
in
to
ex
ter
n
al
(
R
D
)
an
d
in
ter
n
al
(
R
d
)
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
f
o
llo
win
g
estab
lis
h
ed
QDSSC
m
o
d
elin
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
0
6
4
-
1
0
7
1
1068
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
R
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es
c
alcu
lated
f
r
o
m
(
7
)
–
(
9
)
s
h
o
w
s
tr
o
n
g
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
QDs
f
il
m
th
ick
n
ess
an
d
C
u
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
u
n
d
o
p
ed
s
am
p
le
ex
h
ib
its
th
e
h
ig
h
est
in
ter
f
ac
ial
r
esis
tan
ce
(
I
O
=
1
.
7
6
×1
0
⁻⁶
Ω
·
cm
²)
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ly
lar
g
e
R
D
(
6
6
.
7
Ω
)
an
d
R
d
(
1
8
5
0
Ω
)
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
0
.
1
m
o
l
C
u
s
h
ar
p
ly
r
ed
u
ce
s
I
O
b
u
t
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
in
cr
ea
s
es
R
D
an
d
R
d
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
wh
i
le
C
u
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
,
it
also
p
er
tu
r
b
s
in
ter
n
al
ch
ar
g
e
p
ath
w
ay
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
u
–
QDs in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
Fo
r
C
u
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
0
.
2
–
0
.
3
m
o
l,
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
I
O
,
R
D
,
R
d
)
s
tab
iliz
e,
an
d
R
S
s
lig
h
tly
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
(
2
6
9
0
–
2
7
1
0
Ω
·
cm
²)
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
o
p
tim
ized
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t.
Alth
o
u
g
h
I
O
r
ea
ch
es
its
lo
west
v
alu
e
(
8
.
4
×1
0
⁻⁸
Ω
·
cm
²)
at
0
.
5
m
o
l
C
u
,
b
o
th
R
D
a
n
d
R
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
a
n
o
v
er
d
o
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
th
at
en
h
an
ce
s
elec
tr
o
n
–
h
o
le
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
an
d
im
p
ed
es
ca
r
r
ier
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
[
2
6
]
-
[
2
9
]
.
No
ta
b
ly
,
C
u
(
0
.
2
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
h
ig
h
est
R
SH
(
2
7
.
3
k
Ω
·
c
m
²)
,
in
d
icatin
g
m
in
im
ized
le
ak
ag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
b
alan
ce
d
r
esis
tan
ce
p
r
o
f
ile.
Ov
e
r
all,
T
iO₂@
C
d
S:
C
u
(
0
.
2
)
ac
h
iev
es th
e
o
p
tim
al
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
am
o
n
g
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
,
ch
a
r
g
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t,
an
d
leak
ag
e
m
in
im
i
za
tio
n
,
y
ield
in
g
th
e
b
est QDSSC
d
ev
ice
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
r
ep
o
r
ted
C
d
S
-
b
ased
QDSSC
s
,
th
e
C
u
-
d
o
p
ed
s
am
p
les
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
h
ib
it
co
m
p
etitiv
e
o
r
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
J
s
c
an
d
PC
E
.
T
h
e
C
d
S:C
u
(
0
.
2
)
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
e
ac
h
iev
es
a
PC
E
o
f
4
.
6
9
%,
wh
ich
s
u
r
p
ass
es
m
a
n
y
liter
atu
r
e
v
alu
es
t
y
p
ically
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
–
4
%
f
o
r
u
n
d
o
p
ed
o
r
s
in
g
ly
d
o
p
ed
C
d
S
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
em
ar
k
a
b
ly
lo
w
R
ct2
(
2
4
.
7
Ω
)
in
d
icate
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
th
a
n
m
o
s
t
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
r
ch
itectu
r
es,
w
h
er
e
in
ter
f
ac
ial
r
esis
tan
ce
s
co
m
m
o
n
ly
e
x
ce
ed
5
0
–
2
0
0
Ω
.
Ov
er
all,
o
u
r
o
p
tim
iz
ed
C
u
d
o
p
in
g
y
ield
s
en
h
a
n
c
ed
ca
r
r
ier
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
clea
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
o
v
er
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
s
tu
d
ie
s
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
two
-
p
o
i
n
t e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
a
n
d
th
e
s
o
lar
-
ce
ll e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
m
o
d
el
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
QDSSC
s
T
ab
le
1
.
Dev
ice
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
QDSSC
s
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
a
two
-
p
o
in
t e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
lin
k
e
d
to
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
c
ell
S
a
mp
l
e
s
I
O
(
Ω
/
c
m2
)
Rd
(
Ω
)
RD
(
Ω
)
R
S
(
Ω
.
c
m
2
)
R
S
H
(
k
Ω
.
c
m
2
)
C
d
S
:
C
u
(
0
)
1
.
7
6
.
1
0
-
6
1
8
5
0
6
6
.
7
1
7
8
0
1
9
.
9
C
d
S
:
C
u
(
0
.
1
)
8
.
9
.
1
0
-
8
3
3
9
0
1
2
1
.
7
3
2
7
0
2
1
.
9
C
d
S
:
C
u
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0
.
2
)
1
.
1
.
1
0
-
7
2
7
9
0
1
0
0
.
3
2
6
9
0
2
7
.
3
C
d
S
:
C
u
(
0
.
3
)
9
.
6
.
1
0
-
8
2
8
1
0
1
0
0
2
7
1
0
2
3
.
7
C
d
S
:
C
u
(
0
.
5
)
8
.
4
.
1
0
-
8
5
4
1
0
2
0
0
5
2
1
0
2
0
.
8
E
lectr
o
ch
em
ical
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
was
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
k
i
n
etic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
QDSS
C
s
f
ab
r
icate
d
with
f
iv
e
C
u
-
d
o
p
e
d
C
d
S
n
a
n
o
cr
y
s
tal
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
p
ec
tr
a
wer
e
f
itted
to
an
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
cu
i
t
to
ex
tr
ac
t
R
ct1
an
d
R
ct2
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
to
ch
a
r
g
e
-
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
esis
tan
ce
at
th
e
C
u
₂S/electr
o
ly
te
in
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
at
th
e
T
iO₂/n
a
n
o
cr
y
s
tal
in
ter
f
ac
e,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
lo
wer
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es
co
r
r
elate
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
p
h
o
t
o
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
u
s
in
g
FTO@TiO₂@
C
d
S:C
u
(
0
.
3
)
@
Z
n
S
with
0
.
2
C
u
d
o
p
in
g
ex
h
ib
its
th
e
lo
west
r
esis
tan
ce
s
(
R
ct1
=
1
0
.
6
Ω
,
R
ct2
=
2
4
.
7
Ω
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
f
aster
in
ter
f
ac
ial
elec
tr
o
n
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
,
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
J
s
c
to
2
7
.
4
m
A·
cm
⁻².
Mo
d
er
ate
C
u
d
o
p
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
es
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f c
h
a
r
g
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t k
in
etics in
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
b
a
s
ed
o
n
…
(
Th
a
i V
a
n
Th
a
n
h
)
1069
elec
tr
o
n
g
en
e
r
atio
n
/co
llectio
n
in
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
with
th
e
en
h
a
n
c
ed
o
p
tical
s
p
ec
tr
a
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Ng
u
y
en
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
C
u
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
ev
iates
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
,
b
o
th
R
ct1
an
d
R
ct2
in
cr
ea
s
e
—
e.
g
.
,
R
ct2
r
is
es
to
1
8
6
.
5
Ω
(
0
C
u
)
an
d
1
4
3
.
2
Ω
(
0
.
1
C
u
)
—
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
in
h
er
en
tly
h
i
g
h
er
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
C
d
r
elativ
e
to
C
u
in
C
d
S
an
d
C
d
S:
C
u
²⁺
f
ilm
s
.
At
h
ig
h
er
C
u
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
,
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
FESE
M
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l
f
ilm
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
an
d
p
ar
ticle
ag
g
lo
m
er
atio
n
,
w
h
ich
im
p
air
ch
ar
g
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
alig
n
with
M
u
th
alif
et
a
l
.
[
3
0
]
,
wh
o
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
im
p
r
o
v
ed
lig
h
t
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
u
p
o
n
C
u
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
in
to
C
d
S
Q
DSSC
p
h
o
to
an
o
d
es
[
3
0
]
-
[
3
4
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Par
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
t
o
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
QDSSC
s
S
a
mp
l
e
s
V
o
c
(
V
)
Jsc
(
mA
.
c
m
-
2)
FF
P
C
E
(
%)
R
c
t
1
(
Ω
)
R
c
t
2
(
Ω
)
C
d
S
:
C
u
(
0
)
0
.
4
8
1
9
.
9
0
.
3
4
5
3
.
3
12
1
8
6
.
5
C
d
S
:
C
u
(
0
.
1
)
0
.
5
0
1
2
1
.
9
0
.
3
8
3
.
9
6
11
1
4
3
.
2
C
d
S
:
C
u
(
0
.
2
)
0
.
5
0
1
1
2
7
.
4
0
.
3
5
4
.
6
9
1
0
.
5
2
4
.
7
C
d
S
:
C
u
(
0
.
3
)
0
.
5
0
3
2
3
.
7
0
.
3
5
4
.
4
2
1
0
.
9
5
5
.
6
C
d
S
:
C
u
(
0
.
5
)
0
.
5
0
3
5
2
0
.
8
0
.
3
5
3
.
6
1
1
1
.
3
1
5
3
.
3
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
lectr
o
ch
em
ical
im
p
ed
an
ce
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
QDSS
C
s
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Usi
n
g
T
iO₂@
C
d
S:
C
u
(
x
)
@
Z
n
S
p
h
o
to
a
n
o
d
es
(
x
=
0
–
0
.
5
)
,
w
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ev
alu
ate
d
QDSS
C
s
to
elu
cid
ate
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
C
u
²⁺
d
o
p
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
C
u
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
in
ter
n
al/ex
ter
n
al
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
s
,
ch
ar
g
e
-
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
d
ev
ice
ef
f
i
cien
cy
.
T
h
e
C
u
(
0
.
2
)
s
am
p
le
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
p
tim
al
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
PC
E
o
f
4
.
6
9
%,
J
s
c
o
f
2
7
.
4
m
A/cm
²
,
an
d
th
e
l
o
west
R
ct1
/R
ct2
v
alu
es,
attr
ib
u
ted
to
e
n
h
an
ce
d
li
g
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ele
ctr
o
n
in
jectio
n
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
d
o
p
in
g
(
x
≥
0
.
3
)
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l
d
ef
ec
ts
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
E
I
S
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
d
th
ese
tr
e
n
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
d
etailed
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
ch
ar
g
e
-
tr
an
s
f
e
r
k
i
n
etics.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
c
o
r
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
p
r
ec
is
e
C
u
-
d
o
p
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
to
o
p
tim
ize
QDSSC
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
r
atio
n
al
d
esig
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
e
f
f
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[
1
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Y
.
H
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J.
Ti
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,
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[
10
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K
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26
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[
27
]
D
.
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[
28
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J.
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,
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[
30
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[
31
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[
32
]
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[
33
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Y
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[
34
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:
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Un
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rsity
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Ch
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tn
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d
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t
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m
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se
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rc
h
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tere
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c
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v
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ly
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OLE
D,
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.
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c
a
n
b
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c
o
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tac
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a
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m
a
il
:
tr
u
n
g
h
m
@v
l
u
te.ed
u
.
v
n
.
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