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1233
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P
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m
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t
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stru
m
e
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te
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ffe
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e
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d
ica
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rd
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sy
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m
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s o
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fr
o
m
m
o
d
e
ra
te v
o
lt
a
g
e
m
o
to
r.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
ab
le
FDP
m
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C
ab
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Pi
-
m
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el
R
R
R
V
an
d
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Vo
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escalatio
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T
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s
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p
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c
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a
rticle
u
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d
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e
CC B
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SA
li
c
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n
se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
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r
:
A.
Nis
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B
ash
a
Dep
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tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
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an
d
E
lectr
o
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ics E
n
g
in
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r
i
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,
Hin
d
u
s
tan
Un
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s
ity
C
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I
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d
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m
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p
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2
3
7
0
3
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7
1
@
s
tu
d
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t.
h
in
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u
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tan
u
n
iv
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in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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ec
en
t
y
ea
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s
,
tr
an
s
itio
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in
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s
h
o
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t
-
ter
m
s
tu
d
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f
o
r
h
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g
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-
v
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s
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in
ee
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co
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s
u
ltan
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.
T
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tu
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ec
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m
m
en
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to
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win
d
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d
am
ag
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ca
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s
ed
b
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s
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t
o
v
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v
o
ltag
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d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
in
g
o
p
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atio
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s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Switch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
t e
v
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ts
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
s
wif
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if
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ajo
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lik
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s
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ess
o
n
m
o
to
r
in
s
u
latio
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s
y
s
te
m
s
[
3
]
.
On
e
o
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th
e
ch
ief
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ea
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s
f
o
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s
u
ch
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ac
to
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s
d
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m
o
to
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d
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-
en
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g
izatio
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.
W
ith
o
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p
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o
p
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s
ien
t
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n
aly
s
is
,
u
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f
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r
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p
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m
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t
ca
u
s
e
in
s
u
latio
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r
ea
k
d
o
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s
,
d
im
in
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h
ed
m
o
to
r
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
o
w
n
tim
es
[
4
]
.
I
n
s
tu
d
ies
ab
o
u
t
s
witch
in
g
tr
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s
ien
ts
,
co
r
r
ec
tly
m
o
d
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g
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les
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y
im
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r
tan
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b
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u
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it
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lt
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lo
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in
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ce
s
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
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y
s
tem
an
aly
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i
s
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Po
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ca
b
les
ac
t
as
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ath
way
s
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
wav
es,
an
d
th
eir
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
,
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
th
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
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d
wav
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
witch
in
g
o
v
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v
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ltag
es.
An
im
p
r
o
p
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ca
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o
d
el
ca
n
lead
to
in
c
o
r
r
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t
p
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ed
ictio
n
s
o
f
f
leetin
g
ac
tio
n
s
,
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
lead
in
g
to
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
in
s
u
latio
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alig
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m
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o
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s
af
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u
a
r
d
in
g
a
n
d
r
e
p
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r
ase
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
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o
r
e,
s
elec
tin
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th
e
ap
p
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p
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iate
m
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tech
n
iq
u
e
is
ess
en
tial to
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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2
I
n
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p
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,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
23
3
-
1
24
2
1234
T
h
e
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
s
im
p
lifie
s
th
e
c
ab
le
b
y
u
s
in
g
b
asic
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ar
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eter
s
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m
ak
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aly
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in
s
tead
y
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d
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asic
ch
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co
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itio
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s
[
8
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.
Nev
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eless
,
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f
ails
to
en
co
m
p
ass
f
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eq
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in
is
h
m
en
t,
v
ital
in
f
leetin
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o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
[
9
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
f
r
eq
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n
cy
-
d
e
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ap
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p
ar
am
eter
f
lu
ctu
atio
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s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
f
r
eq
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e
n
c
ies,
y
ield
in
g
a
tr
u
er
d
ep
ictio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
ien
t
wav
es
an
d
s
u
r
g
e
in
ten
s
ities
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
es
ess
en
tial
in
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
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y
tr
an
s
ien
t
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aly
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es,
wh
er
e
ec
h
o
es
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d
v
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b
r
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ig
n
if
ican
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f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
s
y
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tem
'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
p
iece
s
ee
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s
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
r
in
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al
d
is
tin
ctio
n
s
in
o
u
tco
m
es
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
Pi
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m
o
d
el
v
er
s
u
s
th
e
f
r
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d
e
p
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d
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n
t
m
o
d
el
i
n
tr
an
s
ien
t
an
aly
s
is
o
f
MV
m
o
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
elec
tr
ic
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
u
n
d
er
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d
an
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u
b
m
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v
e
r
v
o
ltag
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
ts
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Nev
er
th
eles
s
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esear
ch
g
ap
in
ac
cu
r
ate
ca
b
le
m
o
d
ellin
g
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ien
t
a
n
aly
s
is
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
m
an
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
r
ely
o
n
s
im
p
lifie
d
o
r
lu
m
p
e
d
-
p
ar
am
eter
ca
b
le
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
u
n
a
b
le
to
ac
cu
r
ately
ca
p
tu
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
ef
f
ec
ts
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
an
aly
s
is
u
n
d
er
f
ast
s
witch
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices
an
d
ca
b
le
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
n
e
two
r
k
s
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
a
r
d
,
a
s
u
b
s
t
an
tial
r
esear
ch
g
ap
th
at
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
witch
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
s
tu
d
ies
i
s
r
ev
ea
led
b
y
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ca
b
le
m
o
d
ellin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
ien
t
p
h
en
o
m
en
a.
W
h
ile
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
m
u
ch
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
c
ab
le
m
o
d
ellin
g
u
s
ed
in
th
ese
a
n
aly
s
es
h
as
r
ec
ei
v
ed
r
elativ
ely
less
atten
tio
n
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
d
is
p
ar
ity
d
r
aws
atte
n
tio
n
to
a
r
esear
ch
g
ap
b
ec
au
s
e
er
r
o
n
eo
u
s
ca
b
le
m
o
d
els m
ay
ca
u
s
e
tr
an
s
ien
t st
r
ess
es d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
in
g
ev
en
ts
to
b
e
o
v
er
esti
m
ated
o
r
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ated
.
T
h
is
r
ese
ar
ch
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
s
elec
ti
n
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
o
wer
ca
b
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
in
two
m
o
d
elin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
c
h
an
g
e
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
th
er
e
b
y
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ch
o
ices
f
o
r
m
o
to
r
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
i
n
g
an
d
in
s
u
latio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ati
o
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
s
u
itab
le
ca
b
le
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
e
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
in
m
ed
iu
m
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
to
r
s
u
s
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
an
aly
s
is
.
2.
I
L
L
US
T
RA
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
o
to
r
was
m
o
d
elled
as
an
R
L
C
cir
cu
it
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
g
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
a
2
5
0
k
W
,
3
3
0
0
V
m
o
t
o
r
,
with
a
b
asic
im
p
u
ls
e
lev
el
(
B
I
L
)
o
f
1
8
k
V
an
d
a
b
asic
s
witch
in
g
lev
el
(
B
SL)
o
f
1
2
k
V.
T
h
e
v
ac
u
u
m
co
n
tacto
r
u
n
it
(
VC
U)
was
m
o
d
elled
as
s
ep
ar
ate
th
r
ee
p
o
les
to
e
v
alu
at
e
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
estrik
es
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
ea
ch
p
h
ase.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
o
wer
ca
b
le
was
m
o
d
elle
d
as
a
3
C
×
9
5
m
m
²
ca
b
le
with
a
len
g
th
o
f
3
2
5
m
,
wh
ile
s
tr
ay
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
wer
e
also
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
k
ey
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
th
e
VC
U,
th
e
p
o
wer
ca
b
l
e
m
o
d
elin
g
s
ec
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
m
o
to
r
lo
ad
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
VC
U
s
ec
tio
n
,
lo
ca
ted
o
n
th
e
le
f
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
d
iag
r
am
,
c
o
n
tain
s
th
r
ee
s
witch
in
g
elem
en
ts
,
wh
i
ch
r
ep
r
esen
t
v
ac
u
u
m
in
ter
r
u
p
t
er
s
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
h
ese
in
ter
r
u
p
ter
s
ex
h
ib
it
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
o
p
p
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
wh
en
o
p
en
in
g
,
lead
i
n
g
to
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
es
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
v
ac
u
u
m
co
n
tacto
r
,
wh
ich
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
A
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
wer
to
th
e
en
tire
ci
r
cu
it.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
th
e
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
ca
b
le
th
at
c
o
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
VC
U
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
s
er
ies
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
p
ar
allel
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
a
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
,
ty
p
ically
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
tr
an
s
ien
t
a
n
aly
s
is
.
C
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
s
ev
er
al
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
u
g
g
ests
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
a
m
o
d
el
th
at
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
wav
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
an
d
lo
s
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
T
h
is
p
ar
t
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
f
ig
u
r
in
g
o
u
t
h
o
w
s
tr
o
n
g
a
n
d
wh
at
k
in
d
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
es
h
ap
p
en
wh
e
n
th
in
g
s
ar
e
t
u
r
n
ed
o
n
o
r
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
ca
b
le
m
o
d
el
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
o
u
t
co
m
e,
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
h
o
ices
ab
o
u
t
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
in
s
u
latio
n
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
's
m
o
to
r
lo
ad
h
as
two
p
ar
allel
p
ar
ts
,
ea
ch
with
its
o
wn
r
esi
s
tan
ce
,
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
im
u
late
th
e
s
p
ir
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
co
p
p
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
,
an
d
in
s
u
latio
n
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
b
lo
ck
in
d
icate
s
th
at
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ar
e
tak
en
at
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
en
d
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
is
to
watc
h
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
witch
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
ts
,
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
d
iv
er
s
e
ca
b
le
d
esig
n
s
,
o
n
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
elec
tr
ical
tr
aits
.
I
f
b
r
ief
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
es
ar
e
t
o
o
s
tr
o
n
g
,
th
ey
ca
n
h
ar
m
in
s
u
latio
n
,
s
h
o
r
te
n
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
wo
r
k
in
g
life
,
a
n
d
lead
to
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Desp
ite
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
m
o
d
elin
g
to
o
ls
,
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ca
b
le
m
o
d
el
r
em
ain
s
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
an
aly
s
is
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
s
im
p
lif
ied
m
o
d
el
lik
e
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
m
ay
u
n
d
er
e
s
tim
ate
tr
an
s
ien
t e
f
f
ec
ts
,
lead
i
n
g
to
f
lawe
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
p
h
ase
(
FDP
)
m
o
d
el
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
witch
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
s
witch
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
es
in
MV
m
o
to
r
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
ca
b
le
m
o
d
elin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
o
n
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
is
v
ital
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
mp
a
ct
o
f p
o
w
er c
a
b
le
mo
d
elli
n
g
o
n
s
w
itch
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t o
ve
r
vo
lta
g
e
a
n
a
lysi
s
…
(
A
.
N
is
a
r
B
a
s
h
a
)
1235
in
s
u
latio
n
co
o
r
d
i
n
atio
n
,
s
u
r
g
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ice
(
SP
D)
ch
o
ice,
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
-
r
ela
ted
m
o
to
r
f
ailu
r
e
m
itig
atio
n
[
2
2
]
.
B
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
b
le
m
o
d
els,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
,
en
g
in
ee
r
s
ca
n
c
o
m
e
u
p
with
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
s
o
f
p
r
o
tectin
g
m
ed
iu
m
v
o
lt
ag
e
m
o
to
r
s
ag
ai
n
s
t
s
witch
in
g
-
in
d
u
ce
d
s
tr
ess
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
2
4
b
u
s
eq
u
iv
alen
t
E
HV
I
n
d
ian
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
3.
CAB
L
E
M
O
DE
L
L
I
NG
No
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
o
f
c
ab
le
is
b
ased
o
n
lu
m
p
ed
c
o
n
s
tan
t p
ar
am
eter
s
at
d
ef
in
ed
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
is
a
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
3
-
c
o
r
e,
9
5
s
q
.
m
m
,
an
d
3
.
3
k
V
p
o
wer
ca
b
le
with
a
len
g
t
h
o
f
3
2
5
m
eter
s
.
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
is
a
wid
ely
ad
o
p
ted
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
o
wer
ca
b
les
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es
in
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
tem
an
aly
s
is
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
r
is
es
s
ev
er
al
Pi
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
ea
ch
o
n
e
a
s
m
all
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
ca
b
le
to
s
im
u
late
it
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
er
ie
s
r
esi
s
tan
ce
,
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
.
B
y
s
ec
tio
n
in
g
th
e
ca
b
le
in
to
a
f
ew
Pi
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
well
r
ep
r
esen
ts
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
,
wav
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a,
an
d
t
r
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
es
alo
n
g
th
e
ca
b
le
len
g
th
.
R
ec
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate
tr
an
s
ie
n
t a
n
aly
s
is
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
No
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
c
ab
le
T
h
e
ex
am
in
e
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
m
o
d
elin
g
i
n
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
witch
in
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
n
ec
ess
ity
in
m
o
d
er
n
in
s
u
latio
n
co
o
r
d
in
a
tio
n
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
at
b
o
th
e
n
d
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t te
r
m
in
als,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
ex
am
i
n
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
in
th
e
ca
b
le
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
tr
an
s
ien
ts
.
T
h
e
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
ef
u
l
in
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
,
b
u
t
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
-
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
wh
ich
m
ig
h
t
b
e
b
etter
r
ep
r
es
en
ted
u
s
in
g
a
FD
m
o
d
el
in
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
FDP
m
o
d
el
is
t
r
a
v
ellin
g
wav
e
-
b
as
ed
m
o
d
el
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
atu
r
e
o
f
all
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
w
h
er
e
R
,
L
,
an
d
C
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
ep
en
d
en
t)
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
ad
v
an
ce
d
an
d
ac
c
u
r
a
te
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
lin
e
m
o
d
el
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
,
a
n
d
a
cc
u
r
ate
f
o
r
all
u
n
d
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
a
b
o
v
e
ca
b
les
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
ea
ca
b
les.
Fig
u
r
e
3
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
an
FDP
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
3
-
c
o
r
e,
9
5
s
q
.
m
m
,
a
n
d
3
.
3
k
V
p
o
wer
ca
b
le
with
a
len
g
th
o
f
3
2
5
m
eter
s
.
Un
lik
e
th
e
n
o
m
i
n
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ates
ca
b
le
b
eh
av
io
r
u
s
in
g
lu
m
p
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
d
iag
r
am
s
h
o
ws
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
h
ase
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
(
C
1
,
C
2
,
an
d
C
3
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ea
ch
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
ca
b
le
is
m
o
d
eled
s
ep
ar
ately
t
o
ca
p
tu
r
e
wav
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
,
s
k
in
ef
f
ec
t,
a
n
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
es
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
ely
.
FDP
-
b
ased
s
im
u
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
a
n
aly
zin
g
s
witch
in
g
s
u
r
g
es
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
m
o
to
r
d
r
i
v
es.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
at
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
tr
an
s
ien
t
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
23
3
-
1
24
2
1236
T
h
is
wo
r
k
ex
ten
d
s
th
is
r
esear
ch
b
y
s
p
ec
if
ically
a
n
aly
zin
g
t
h
e
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
im
p
ac
t
s
u
s
in
g
Pi
an
d
FDP
m
o
d
els u
n
d
e
r
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
im
u
l
atio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
r
ef
lectiv
e
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
etu
r
n
p
at
h
is
a
ls
o
r
ep
r
esen
ted
,
wh
ich
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
tr
an
s
ien
t
b
eh
av
io
r
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
in
g
ev
en
ts
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
at
b
o
th
e
n
d
s
d
en
o
te
th
e
ca
b
le’
s
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
ter
m
in
als,
u
s
ed
f
o
r
an
al
y
zin
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
.
T
h
is
FDP
m
o
d
el
is
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
t
h
an
th
e
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wh
er
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
r
ef
lectio
n
s
,
an
d
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
u
ch
as
v
ac
u
u
m
co
n
tacto
r
s
witch
in
g
,
lig
h
tn
in
g
s
u
r
g
es,
an
d
f
ast
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
MV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3.
FDP
m
o
d
el
c
a
b
le
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S O
F
SWI
T
CH
I
N
G
T
RANS
I
E
N
T
O
VE
R
VO
L
T
AG
E
S W
I
T
H
NO
M
I
NA
L
P
I
CA
B
L
E
M
O
DE
L
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
b
elo
w
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
o
f
r
estrik
es
at
th
e
v
ac
u
u
m
c
o
n
tacto
r
u
n
it
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
o
to
r
de
-
en
er
g
izatio
n
f
o
llo
win
g
m
o
t
o
r
s
tar
tin
g
,
with
a
c
h
o
p
p
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
0
.
5
A.
A
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
estrik
es
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
ex
ce
ed
in
g
1
,
7
0
0
r
estrik
es
p
er
p
h
ase.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
r
ea
ch
e
d
a
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
lev
el.
Fig
u
r
e
4
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
an
MV
m
o
to
r
s
y
s
tem
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
T
R
V
an
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
e
s
s
o
n
p
o
wer
ca
b
les an
d
m
o
to
r
win
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
x
-
ax
is
d
en
o
tes tim
e
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
y
-
ax
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
v
o
ltag
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
in
k
V,
s
h
o
win
g
h
o
w
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
es
ev
o
l
v
e
o
v
er
tim
e.
I
n
itially
,
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
1
1
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
e
v
o
l
tag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
tar
ts
with
lo
w
am
p
litu
d
e
b
u
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
witch
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g
ev
en
t,
lik
ely
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u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
d
e
-
en
er
g
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
v
ac
u
u
m
co
n
t
ac
to
r
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
with
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
g
r
o
win
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
p
ea
k
in
g
clo
s
e
to
±
2
0
k
V
af
ter
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
0
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
d
iele
ctr
ic
s
tr
ess
cu
r
v
es
in
d
icate
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
s
tr
es
s
im
p
o
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ca
b
le
i
n
s
u
latio
n
an
d
m
o
to
r
win
d
in
g
s
,
wit
h
s
h
ar
p
in
cr
ea
s
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
in
s
u
latio
n
f
ailu
r
e,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
witch
in
g
s
u
r
g
es.
T
h
e
T
R
V
cu
r
v
es,
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
ec
o
v
er
y
v
o
ltag
es
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
ases
,
ex
h
i
b
it
s
tr
o
n
g
o
s
cillato
r
y
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
r
ev
ea
li
n
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
c
h
o
p
p
in
g
e
f
f
ec
ts
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
f
lectio
n
s
with
in
t
h
e
ca
b
le
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
ien
t
b
eh
av
io
r
,
wh
ich
in
ten
s
if
ies
b
ey
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n
d
0
.
1
3
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ac
c
u
r
ate
p
o
wer
ca
b
le
m
o
d
elin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
I
f
a
s
im
p
lifie
d
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
wer
e
u
s
ed
,
it m
ig
h
t
u
n
d
e
r
esti
m
ate
th
ese
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
wo
u
ld
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ately
ca
p
t
u
r
e
th
eir
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
s
witch
in
g
-
in
d
u
ce
d
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
es
p
o
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
is
k
s
to
m
o
to
r
in
s
u
latio
n
an
d
s
y
s
tem
r
el
iab
ilit
y
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
e
tr
an
s
ien
t a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
i
es in
MV
m
o
to
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
a
V
C
U
d
u
e
to
T
R
V
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ca
b
le
r
e
p
r
esen
t
atio
n
.
T
h
e
x
-
a
x
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
tim
e
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
y
-
ax
is
in
d
icate
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
(
in
co
u
n
t
s
)
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
:
C
o
u
n
t_
A
(
b
lu
e)
,
C
o
u
n
t_
B
(
g
r
ee
n
)
,
an
d
C
o
u
n
t_
C
(
r
e
d
)
.
I
n
itially
,
f
r
o
m
0
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tely
0
.
1
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
n
o
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
af
ter
th
e
s
witch
in
g
ev
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
e
y
o
n
d
0
.
1
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
a
r
ap
i
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
p
h
ases
A
an
d
B
,
f
o
llo
wed
clo
s
ely
b
y
p
h
ase
C
.
T
h
e
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
co
u
n
ts
r
is
e
s
h
ar
p
ly
,
p
ea
k
i
n
g
at
ar
o
u
n
d
2
,
0
0
0
co
u
n
ts
,
s
h
o
win
g
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
ess
an
d
in
s
u
latio
n
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
e
v
en
ts
with
in
th
e
v
ac
u
u
m
co
n
tact
o
r
.
T
h
e
o
s
cillato
r
y
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
b
ey
o
n
d
0
.
1
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
s
u
g
g
ests
in
s
tab
ilit
y
in
T
R
V
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
,
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
lectio
n
s
a
n
d
th
e
in
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
v
ac
u
u
m
co
n
tacto
r
to
f
u
lly
e
x
tin
g
u
i
s
h
th
e
ar
c
u
p
o
n
d
e
-
en
er
g
izatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
mp
a
ct
o
f p
o
w
er c
a
b
le
mo
d
elli
n
g
o
n
s
w
itch
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t o
ve
r
vo
lta
g
e
a
n
a
lysi
s
…
(
A
.
N
is
a
r
B
a
s
h
a
)
1237
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ca
b
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
ien
t
e
f
f
ec
ts
ac
cu
r
at
ely
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
lea
d
to
u
n
d
er
esti
m
atio
n
o
r
m
is
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
w
h
en
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
a
m
o
r
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
m
o
d
el
,
wh
ich
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
wav
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
,
atten
u
atio
n
,
an
d
r
eso
n
an
c
e
ef
f
ec
ts
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
cisely
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
em
p
h
asize
th
at
m
u
ltip
le
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
in
th
e
VC
U
ca
n
s
ev
e
r
ely
im
p
ac
t
in
s
u
latio
n
life
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
r
ein
f
o
r
ci
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ac
c
u
r
ate
ca
b
le
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
tr
an
s
ien
t
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
MV
m
o
to
r
s
witch
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Re
-
s
tr
ik
e
o
n
VC
U
T
R
V
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
with
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
c
ab
le
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
No
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
o
n
VC
U
T
R
V
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
with
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
c
ab
le
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
a
V
C
U
d
u
e
to
T
R
V
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ca
b
le
r
e
p
r
esen
t
atio
n
.
T
h
e
x
-
a
x
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
tim
e
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
y
-
ax
is
in
d
icate
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
(
in
co
u
n
t
s
)
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
:
C
o
u
n
t_
A
(
b
lu
e)
,
C
o
u
n
t_
B
(
g
r
ee
n
)
,
an
d
C
o
u
n
t_
C
(
r
e
d
)
.
I
n
itially
,
f
r
o
m
0
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tely
0
.
1
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
n
o
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
af
ter
th
e
s
witch
in
g
ev
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
e
y
o
n
d
0
.
1
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
a
r
ap
i
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
p
h
ases
A
an
d
B
,
f
o
llo
wed
clo
s
ely
b
y
p
h
ase
C
.
T
h
e
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
co
u
n
ts
r
is
e
s
h
ar
p
ly
,
p
ea
k
i
n
g
at
ar
o
u
n
d
2
,
0
0
0
co
u
n
ts
,
s
h
o
win
g
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
ess
an
d
in
s
u
latio
n
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
e
v
en
ts
with
in
th
e
v
ac
u
u
m
co
n
tact
o
r
.
T
h
e
o
s
cillato
r
y
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
b
ey
o
n
d
0
.
1
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
s
u
g
g
ests
in
s
tab
ilit
y
in
T
R
V
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
,
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
lectio
n
s
a
n
d
th
e
in
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
v
ac
u
u
m
co
n
tacto
r
to
f
u
lly
e
x
tin
g
u
i
s
h
th
e
ar
c
u
p
o
n
d
e
-
en
er
g
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ca
b
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
ien
t
e
f
f
ec
ts
ac
cu
r
at
ely
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
lea
d
to
u
n
d
er
esti
m
atio
n
o
r
m
is
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
w
h
en
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
a
m
o
r
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
m
o
d
el
,
wh
ich
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
wav
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
,
atten
u
atio
n
,
an
d
r
eso
n
an
c
e
ef
f
ec
ts
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
cisely
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
em
p
h
asize
th
at
m
u
ltip
le
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
in
th
e
VC
U
ca
n
s
ev
e
r
ely
im
p
ac
t
in
s
u
latio
n
life
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
r
ein
f
o
r
ci
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ac
c
u
r
ate
ca
b
le
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
tr
an
s
ien
t
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
MV
m
o
to
r
s
witch
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
23
3
-
1
24
2
1238
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Switch
in
g
o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
es a
t m
o
to
r
ter
m
i
n
al
with
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S O
F
SWI
T
CH
I
N
G
T
RANS
I
E
N
T
O
VE
R
VO
L
T
AG
E
S W
I
T
H
F
DP
CA
B
L
E
M
O
DE
L
Fig
u
r
e
7
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
b
eh
av
io
r
at
th
e
VC
U
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
e
-
e
n
er
g
izatio
n
o
f
a
MV
m
o
to
r
wh
ile
s
tar
tin
g
with
a
ch
o
p
p
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
0
.
5
A.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
T
R
V
an
d
d
iel
ec
tr
ic
s
tr
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
ases
,
with
th
e
x
-
a
x
is
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
tim
e
(
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
an
d
th
e
y
-
ax
is
s
h
o
win
g
v
o
ltag
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
(
in
k
V)
.
Fro
m
th
e
g
r
ap
h
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
s
witch
in
g
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
is
r
elativ
ely
lo
w,
in
d
icatin
g
a
well
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
r
es
p
o
n
s
e.
T
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
ess
cu
r
v
es
(
m
ar
k
ed
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
c
o
lo
r
s
)
ex
h
i
b
it
m
in
im
al
ab
r
u
p
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
s
u
latio
n
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
T
R
V
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
ases
in
itially
s
h
o
w
s
m
all
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
b
u
t
th
e
y
g
r
ad
u
ally
s
tab
ilize
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
f
ewe
r
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
(
<7
0
c
o
u
n
ts
)
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
m
i
n
im
al
r
ep
etitiv
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
s
with
in
th
e
v
ac
u
u
m
co
n
tacto
r
,
wh
ich
is
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
m
o
t
o
r
in
s
u
latio
n
lo
n
g
ev
it
y
.
On
e
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
tr
an
s
ien
t
b
eh
av
io
r
is
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
FDP
ca
b
le
m
o
d
elin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
with
th
e
ca
b
le
s
h
ield
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
o
n
ly
at
th
e
m
o
to
r
ter
m
i
n
al.
T
h
e
FDP
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
wav
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
,
atten
u
atio
n
,
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
s
im
p
ler
m
o
d
els lik
e
th
e
Pi
-
m
o
d
el,
lead
in
g
to
a
m
o
r
e
r
ea
l
is
tic
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t o
f
tr
an
s
ien
t
v
o
ltag
es.
Als
o
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
ca
b
le
s
h
ield
o
n
ly
at
th
e
m
o
to
r
te
r
m
in
al
h
elp
s
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
cir
c
u
latin
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
u
n
wan
te
d
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
ef
f
ec
ts
,
th
er
e
b
y
lim
itin
g
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
lific
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Re
-
s
tr
ik
e
o
n
VC
U
T
R
V
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
with
FDP
m
o
d
el
c
ab
le
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
ac
cu
r
ate
ca
b
le
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
m
ed
iu
m
-
v
o
ltag
e
(
MV
)
m
o
to
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
FDP
m
o
d
eli
n
g
a
n
d
s
in
g
le
-
en
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ca
b
le
s
h
ield
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
s
witch
in
g
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
o
f
r
estrik
es.
As
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
in
s
u
latio
n
r
eliab
il
ity
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
p
er
p
h
ase
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
e
-
e
n
er
g
izatio
n
o
f
a
m
ed
iu
m
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
x
-
a
x
is
d
e
n
o
tes
tim
e
(
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
,
wh
il
e
th
e
y
-
ax
is
in
d
icate
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
ea
c
h
p
h
ase.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
c
o
lo
r
s
:
C
o
u
n
t_
A
(
b
lu
e)
,
C
o
u
n
t_
B
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
mp
a
ct
o
f p
o
w
er c
a
b
le
mo
d
elli
n
g
o
n
s
w
itch
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t o
ve
r
vo
lta
g
e
a
n
a
lysi
s
…
(
A
.
N
is
a
r
B
a
s
h
a
)
1239
(
g
r
ee
n
)
,
an
d
C
o
u
n
t
_
C
(
r
ed
)
.
Fro
m
th
e
g
r
ap
h
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
b
eg
in
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
1
2
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
v
er
tim
e.
Ph
ase
A
(
b
lu
e)
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es,
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
af
ter
0
.
1
3
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
r
ea
c
h
in
g
a
r
o
u
n
d
8
0
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es.
Ph
ase
C
(
r
ed
)
f
o
llo
ws
with
a
m
o
r
e
g
r
ad
u
al
r
is
e,
s
tab
ilizin
g
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
0
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es,
wh
ile
Ph
ase
B
(
g
r
ee
n
)
h
a
s
th
e
lo
west
co
u
n
t,
r
em
ain
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
2
0
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
tep
-
lik
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
in
d
icate
s
s
eq
u
en
tial
d
ielec
tr
ic
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
s
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
th
e
VC
U,
wh
ich
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
ch
o
p
p
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
T
R
V
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
in
Ph
ase
A
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
i
s
p
h
ase
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
th
e
h
ig
h
est
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tr
ess
,
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
d
u
e
to
asy
m
m
etr
ical
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
r
an
u
n
ev
en
ch
o
p
p
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
e
v
en
t.
T
h
e
lo
we
r
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
co
u
n
t in
Ph
ases
B
an
d
C
im
p
lies
th
at
th
ese
p
h
ases
ex
p
er
ien
ce
r
elativ
ely
less
s
ev
er
e
tr
an
s
ien
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
atter
n
s
u
g
g
ests
t
h
at
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
o
cc
u
r
in
a
p
h
ased
m
an
n
er
,
r
ath
er
t
h
an
s
im
u
lt
an
eo
u
s
ly
ac
r
o
s
s
all
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
,
wh
ich
alig
n
s
with
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
v
ac
u
u
m
c
o
n
tacto
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
m
o
t
o
r
s
witch
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
g
r
ap
h
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tu
d
i
es
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
p
er
ca
b
le
m
o
d
elin
g
,
o
p
tim
ized
s
witch
in
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
cir
cu
its
o
r
s
u
r
g
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
o
r
s
,
to
m
in
im
ize
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es a
n
d
p
r
o
tect
th
e
m
o
to
r
’
s
i
n
s
u
latio
n
f
r
o
m
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tr
ess
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
tr
av
eli
n
g
wav
e
o
f
s
witch
in
g
o
v
er
v
o
l
tag
e
at
th
e
m
o
to
r
ter
m
in
al
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
e
-
en
er
g
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
x
-
ax
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
tim
e,
wh
il
e
th
e
y
-
ax
is
d
en
o
tes
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
(
in
k
V)
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
d
is
p
lay
s
o
s
cillato
r
y
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
ien
ts
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
in
th
e
m
o
to
r
ter
m
i
n
al,
id
e
n
tifie
d
as
s
witch
in
g
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
ev
e
n
ts
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
a
c
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
u
d
d
en
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
th
e
VC
U.
T
h
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
s
ee
n
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
in
d
icate
m
u
ltip
le
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
t
h
at
tak
e
p
lace
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
o
lo
r
ed
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
s
u
g
g
est
T
R
V
ef
f
ec
ts
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
h
ases
.
T
h
ese
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
ar
e
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
e
twee
n
th
e
m
o
to
r
win
d
in
g
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
ca
b
le
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
v
ac
u
u
m
co
n
tacto
r
.
T
h
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
an
d
s
p
ik
es
s
ee
n
in
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
a
r
e
ty
p
ical
o
f
tr
av
elin
g
wav
es th
at
r
e
f
lect
an
d
p
r
o
p
ag
ate
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
o
t
o
r
an
d
th
e
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ice.
Fig
u
r
e
8.
No
o
f
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es o
n
VC
U
T
R
V
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
with
FD
P m
o
d
el
ca
b
le
Fig
u
r
e
9.
Switch
in
g
o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
es a
t m
o
to
r
ter
m
i
n
al
with
FDP m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
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Desp
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th
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h
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p
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ca
b
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m
o
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d
g
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itig
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e
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v
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es,
r
ed
u
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g
th
e
r
is
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o
f
in
s
u
latio
n
f
ailu
r
e.
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wev
er
,
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
n
d
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
t
h
ese
o
s
cillat
io
n
s
,
f
u
r
th
er
m
ea
s
u
r
es su
ch
as R
C
s
n
u
b
b
er
s
,
s
u
r
g
e
ar
r
ester
s
,
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
m
ay
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
r
ess
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l m
ar
k
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el
r
esu
lted
in
p
ea
k
s
witch
in
g
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
es
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
2
0
k
V
with
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
co
u
n
ts
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
2
0
0
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
ev
er
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
ess
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
FDP
m
o
d
el
lim
ited
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
es
with
in
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
B
SL
o
f
1
2
k
V
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
co
u
n
ts
b
elo
w
8
0
.
An
a
b
latio
n
s
tu
d
y
v
alid
ate
d
th
at
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
w
ith
th
e
FDP
m
o
d
el
wer
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
u
e
to
it
s
ab
ilit
y
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
wav
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
B
o
th
q
u
alitati
v
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
es
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
FDP
m
o
d
el
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
tag
e
in
tr
an
s
ien
t
p
r
e
d
i
ctio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wo
r
k
q
u
an
titativ
ely
ass
ess
e
s
th
e
q
u
an
tity
an
d
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
es
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
y
s
tem
an
d
m
o
d
ellin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
d
escr
ib
e
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
ts
q
u
alitativ
ely
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
in
q
u
an
tifia
b
le
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
s
tr
ess
r
ath
er
th
an
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
co
m
p
a
r
es
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
ellin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
q
u
a
n
tifie
s
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
witch
in
g
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
s
ev
e
r
ity
,
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
s
u
latio
n
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
in
co
n
tr
ast
t
o
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
tr
ea
t
ca
b
le
m
o
d
e
llin
g
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
s
o
lid
f
o
u
n
d
atio
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f
o
r
ca
b
le
s
y
s
tem
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lan
n
i
n
g
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
b
y
b
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
g
a
p
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etwe
en
ele
ctr
o
m
ag
n
etic
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
im
u
la
tio
n
s
an
d
u
s
ef
u
l
d
esig
n
g
u
id
e
lin
es
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
in
s
u
latio
n
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
with
r
e
-
s
tr
ik
e
s
tatis
t
ics.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
s
witch
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
: Pi
-
m
o
d
el
v
s
.
FDP
m
o
d
el
M
e
t
r
i
c
N
o
mi
n
a
l
P
i
c
a
b
l
e
m
o
d
e
l
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
(
F
D
P
)
c
a
b
l
e
mo
d
e
l
P
e
a
k
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
o
v
e
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v
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l
t
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g
e
Ex
c
e
e
d
s
2
0
k
V
,
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
a
b
o
v
e
m
o
t
o
r
B
S
L
(
1
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k
V
)
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mi
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
1
0
–
1
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k
V
,
b
e
l
o
w
mo
t
o
r
B
S
L
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
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t
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m
e
Ex
t
r
e
me
l
y
st
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p
r
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s
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d
u
e
t
o
l
u
m
p
e
d
p
a
r
a
met
e
r
s,
a
mp
l
i
f
y
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
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n
c
y
o
sci
l
l
a
t
i
o
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s
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
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d
r
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se
t
i
me
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t
h
n
a
t
u
r
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l
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t
t
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u
a
t
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d
d
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s
p
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r
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o
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Re
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st
r
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k
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c
o
u
n
t
s
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
r
e
-
st
r
i
k
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
>
1
7
0
0
–
2
0
0
0
c
o
u
n
t
s
p
e
r
p
h
a
se)
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i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
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r
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d
u
c
e
d
r
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-
s
t
r
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e
s
(
<
7
0
–
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o
u
n
t
s
p
e
r
p
h
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s
e
)
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V
se
v
e
r
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t
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H
i
g
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t
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t
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t
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t
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s ma
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n
t
a
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d
w
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v
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l
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t
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f
f
e
c
t
s
P
o
o
r
l
y
r
e
p
r
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se
n
t
e
d
;
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
s e
x
a
g
g
e
r
a
t
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d
o
r
mi
si
n
t
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p
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c
c
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r
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p
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d
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d
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r
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f
l
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c
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
r
e
so
n
a
n
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e
S
u
i
t
a
b
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l
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t
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o
r
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n
s
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l
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t
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o
r
d
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n
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t
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o
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M
a
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e
a
d
t
o
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v
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d
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g
n
o
r
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c
t
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t
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c
t
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e
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D
i
r
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c
t
l
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u
p
p
o
r
t
s
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n
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me
d
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l
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o
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O
v
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r
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t
r
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t
p
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d
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c
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a
c
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r
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Li
mi
t
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d
f
o
r
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g
h
-
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H
i
g
h
a
c
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r
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c
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a
c
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ss w
i
d
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
sp
e
c
t
r
u
m
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
o
wer
ca
b
le
m
o
d
elin
g
o
n
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tn
ess
o
f
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
s
tu
d
ies.
Ho
w
p
o
wer
ca
b
les
ar
e
m
o
d
eled
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
ca
n
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
w
h
ich
in
tu
r
n
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
in
s
u
latio
n
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
Fo
r
lo
n
g
er
p
o
wer
ca
b
les,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
l
y
ad
v
o
ca
tes
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
FDP
m
o
d
el
r
ath
er
th
a
n
class
ical
lu
m
p
ed
p
ar
a
m
eter
m
o
d
els
s
u
ch
as
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
Pi
-
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
FD
P
m
o
d
el
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
in
d
u
ctan
c
e,
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
ca
b
le,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
r
ea
lis
tic
m
o
d
el
o
f
its
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
B
y
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
e
PI
m
o
d
el
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
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