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20
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n
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h
y
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sta
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d
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u
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re
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s
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s
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n
d
e
x
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d
s
th
e
e
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t
o
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ra
ti
n
g
r
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n
g
e
.
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se
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g
s
in
d
ica
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th
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t
h
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d
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d
istri
b
u
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le
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e
m
a
n
d
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u
c
h
a
s
li
g
h
ti
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g
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e
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tro
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c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
d
e
v
ice
s,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
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c
o
m
p
a
ti
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le
a
p
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li
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n
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s.
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e
m
a
in
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n
tri
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u
ti
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o
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ti
f
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g
t
h
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o
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ra
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n
d
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ra
c
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a
l
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n
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rid
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sid
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n
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l
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ti
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p
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K
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s
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o
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m
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Po
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co
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f
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Net
-
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r
o
en
er
g
y
h
o
m
e
R
esid
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tial e
f
f
icien
cy
T
h
is i
s
a
n
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p
e
n
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
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ing
A
uth
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r
:
R
ah
m
an
Azis Pr
aso
jo
E
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E
n
g
in
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in
g
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t
,
Po
litek
n
ik
Neg
e
r
i M
alan
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I
n
d
o
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esia
E
m
ail: r
ah
m
an
az
is
p
@
p
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lin
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a.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
f
f
icien
t,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
icity
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
cr
itical.
Mo
d
er
n
life
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
atio
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,
co
m
p
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tin
g
,
an
d
b
asic
lig
h
tin
g
-
d
e
p
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d
s
o
n
r
eliab
le
p
o
wer
,
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
co
n
tin
u
es
to
r
is
e.
I
n
2
0
2
3
t
h
e
U.
S.
co
n
s
u
m
ed
~4
.
0
7
t
r
illi
o
n
k
W
h
o
f
elec
tr
icity
;
h
ea
tin
g
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co
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d
o
m
in
ate
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tial
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s
e,
wh
ile
co
m
p
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tin
g
,
r
ef
r
ig
e
r
atio
n
,
v
e
n
tilatio
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,
co
o
lin
g
,
a
n
d
lig
h
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lead
in
th
e
co
m
m
er
cial
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
elec
tr
icity
d
em
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will
g
r
o
w
b
y
r
o
u
g
h
ly
3
3
–
7
5
%
b
y
2
0
5
0
[
1
]
.
Y
et
m
u
ch
o
f
to
d
ay
’
s
elec
tr
icity
s
till
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
f
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s
s
il
f
u
els.
I
n
th
e
U.
S.,
ab
o
u
t
6
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f
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g
en
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was
f
r
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ce
s
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
n
at
u
r
al
g
as
an
d
co
a
l
[
2
]
,
r
esu
ltin
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in
~4
,
8
0
7
m
illi
o
n
m
etr
ic
to
n
s
o
f
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s
,
with
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4
2
7
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I
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2252
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8
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9
2
Hyb
r
id
A
C
/DC
a
n
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C
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o
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s
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efficien
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fo
r
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e
t
-
z
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erg
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o
mes
(
Ta
u
fik
)
1459
m
illi
o
n
m
etr
ic
to
n
s
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
th
e
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
in
d
u
s
tr
y
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
tr
e
n
d
s
u
n
d
er
s
c
o
r
e
th
e
u
r
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er
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m
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itm
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ch
as th
e
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is
Ag
r
ee
m
en
t.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
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r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
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o
p
tio
n
esp
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ially
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics
(
PV)
is
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
.
PV
in
h
er
en
tly
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
,
wh
ich
is
ty
p
ically
c
o
n
v
er
ted
t
o
AC
f
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
an
d
g
r
id
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x
p
o
r
t.
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n
y
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n
tial
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ev
ices
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e.
g
.
,
L
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
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o
n
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d
lap
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p
s
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ar
e
th
em
s
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DC
,
s
o
g
r
id
AC
is
o
f
ten
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n
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ted
b
ac
k
to
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co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
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n
v
er
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es.
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win
g
PV
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g
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ated
DC
to
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er
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e
DC
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ad
s
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ir
ec
tly
ca
n
a
v
o
id
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n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
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-
AC
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DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
u
ild
in
g
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
r
e
p
o
r
t
th
at
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
u
ild
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
b
y
u
p
to
1
8
.
5
%,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
e
n
PV,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
DC
-
n
ativ
e
lo
ad
s
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
o
n
th
e
DC
s
id
e
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
DC
Ho
u
s
e
is
b
u
ilt
o
n
th
e
id
ea
th
a
t
m
o
s
t
m
o
d
er
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
d
ev
ices
n
ativ
ely
o
p
er
ate
o
n
DC
,
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
b
y
p
ass
in
g
r
ep
ea
ted
AC
/DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
r
esid
en
tial
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
D
C
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
u
ild
in
g
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es
b
et
wee
n
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
DC
-
n
ativ
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
lo
a
d
s
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
[
4
]
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
u
ild
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
u
p
to
1
8
.
5
%
[
5
]
.
B
ey
o
n
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
th
e
DC
Ho
u
s
e
is
p
ar
t
o
f
a
b
r
o
ad
er
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
i
n
w
h
ich
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
g
en
er
atio
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
DC
-
n
ativ
e
lo
ad
s
in
ter
ac
t
s
ea
m
less
ly
to
r
ed
u
ce
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es,
en
h
an
ce
r
esil
ien
ce
,
an
d
s
im
p
lif
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
wit
h
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
s
[
5
]
.
R
ec
en
t
r
ev
iews
o
f
r
esid
en
tia
l
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
f
u
r
th
er
in
d
icate
th
at
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
s
to
r
ag
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
an
d
co
s
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ar
e
ess
en
tial
i
s
s
u
es
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
r
esid
en
tial
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
[
6
]
.
An
o
th
e
r
DC
h
o
u
s
e
p
r
o
ject
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
7
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
DC
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
ca
lab
le,
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le,
a
n
d
f
l
ex
ib
le
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
o
r
r
u
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
B
y
r
ely
i
n
g
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
an
d
b
y
d
ir
ec
tl
y
s
u
p
p
ly
i
n
g
DC
lo
ad
s
,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
m
in
im
ize
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
co
s
ts
wh
ile
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
5
%
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
AC
-
b
ased
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
w
h
ile
th
e
DC
Ho
u
s
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
f
u
lly
DC
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ef
lect
t
h
e
r
ea
liti
es
o
f
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
r
esid
en
tia
l
h
o
m
es
th
at
m
u
s
t
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
b
o
th
AC
an
d
DC
lo
ad
s
.
Hy
b
r
id
AC
/DC
r
esid
en
tial
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
em
er
g
ed
as
a
p
r
ac
tical
in
te
r
m
ed
iate
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
b
etwe
en
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
h
o
m
es
an
d
f
u
lly
DC
h
o
m
es.
I
n
th
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
AC
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
co
n
tin
u
e
s
u
p
p
ly
i
n
g
h
ig
h
-
p
o
we
r
AC
ap
p
lian
c
es,
wh
ile
a
d
e
d
i
ca
ted
DC
b
u
s
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
DC
ap
p
lian
ce
s
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
PV
o
r
b
atter
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
R
ec
en
t
h
y
b
r
i
d
DC
-
AC
h
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
in
g
r
o
o
f
to
p
s
o
lar
an
d
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
o
w
th
at
a
d
ed
i
ca
ted
DC
b
u
s
ca
n
b
e
co
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
AC
b
u
s
to
s
u
p
p
ly
r
esid
en
tial
lo
ad
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
tly
[
8
]
.
Similar
ly
,
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d
AC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l,
DC
-
g
r
id
in
ter
f
ac
i
n
g
,
an
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
wh
en
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
s
to
r
a
g
e,
e
lectr
ic
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
n
ativ
e
DC
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
r
esid
en
tia
l
s
y
s
tem
s
[
9
]
.
L
o
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
DC
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
as
an
em
er
g
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
o
lar
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
DC
lo
ad
s
,
a
n
d
s
m
ar
t
-
h
o
m
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
s
elec
tio
n
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
r
em
ain
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ch
allen
g
es
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
ain
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
wh
eth
er
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es,
b
u
t
u
n
d
er
wh
at
r
esid
en
tial
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
a
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
v
er
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
AC
h
o
u
s
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
at
p
r
o
b
lem
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
h
o
u
s
e
m
o
d
els
u
n
d
er
1
2
0
V/6
0
Hz
an
d
2
3
0
V/5
0
Hz
g
r
id
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
ev
alu
ates
ef
f
icien
c
y
g
ain
s
f
r
o
m
r
e
d
u
ce
d
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es,
id
e
n
tifie
s
th
e
DC
lo
ad
r
an
g
e
w
h
er
e
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
r
e
m
ain
s
b
en
ef
icial,
an
d
q
u
an
tif
ies
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
DC
b
u
s
lin
e
lo
s
s
es
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
wer
lev
els.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
lin
k
s
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
with
p
r
ac
tical
d
esig
n
lim
its
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
DC
lo
ad
lev
el,
b
u
s
v
o
lt
ag
e,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
n
et
ze
r
o
en
e
r
g
y
h
o
m
es
(
NZ
E
H
)
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
2.
B
ACK
G
RO
UND
2
.
1
.
Net
z
er
o
ener
g
y
ho
m
es
(
NZ
E
H
)
Net
ze
r
o
e
n
er
g
y
h
o
m
es
(
NZ
E
H)
ar
e
r
esid
en
tial
h
o
m
es
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
as
m
u
ch
en
e
r
g
y
as
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
h
o
m
e
’
s
r
esid
en
ts
with
in
a
y
ea
r
.
T
h
ese
h
o
m
es
ar
e
ex
tr
em
ely
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
en
e
r
g
y
n
ee
d
[
1
1
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
NZ
E
Hs
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
with
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
ap
p
lia
n
ce
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
ts
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
ese
h
o
m
es
o
f
f
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
es,
en
ab
le
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
av
in
g
s
o
n
en
er
g
y
co
s
ts
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
way
o
f
l
iv
in
g
.
A
p
r
o
m
i
n
en
t e
x
am
p
le
is
th
e
Acto
n
Pas
s
iv
e
Ho
u
s
e
in
Ma
s
s
ac
h
u
s
etts
[
1
3
]
,
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
s
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
s
u
latio
n
,
air
tig
h
t
s
ea
ls
,
an
d
an
ef
f
icien
t
h
ea
t
p
u
m
p
f
o
r
l
o
w
-
en
er
g
y
th
er
m
al
co
m
f
o
r
t.
T
h
e
h
o
m
e
is
also
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
icien
t
a
p
p
lian
ce
s
an
d
a
PV
ar
r
ay
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
h
o
m
e
u
tili
ze
s
ef
f
icien
t
PV
o
n
its
r
o
o
f
wh
ile
tak
in
g
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
lar
g
e
win
d
o
w
s
an
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
in
s
u
latio
n
to
m
ain
tain
a
th
er
m
ally
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
liv
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
26
:
1
4
5
8
-
1
4
7
4
1460
2
.
2
.
DC
ho
us
e
co
ncept
AC
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
h
a
v
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
i
n
r
esi
d
en
tial
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
w
h
er
e
lo
s
s
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
AC
to
DC
o
cc
u
r
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
b
ec
o
m
es
ev
en
m
o
r
e
cr
u
cial
with
th
e
in
cr
e
asin
g
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
d
ev
ices
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
r
ely
o
n
DC
p
o
wer
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
lo
s
s
ca
n
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
7
% to
3
5
%
[
7
]
.
On
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
th
ese
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
l
o
s
s
es is
t
o
u
tili
ze
a
p
u
r
el
y
DC
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
.
DC
-
o
p
er
ated
h
o
m
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
alter
n
ativ
e
t
o
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
AC
r
esid
en
tial
h
o
m
es
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
NZ
E
H.
T
h
ese
D
C
h
o
m
es
ar
e
an
alter
n
ativ
e,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
,
wh
er
e
th
e
h
o
u
s
es
ar
e
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
is
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
ly
u
n
v
iab
le
f
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
AC
g
r
id
[
7
]
.
T
h
ese
h
o
m
es,
also
k
n
o
wn
as n
an
o
-
g
r
id
s
,
ar
e
en
tire
ly
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
DC
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
o
f
f
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
DC
p
o
wer
is
t
y
p
ically
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
PV
a
n
d
s
to
r
ed
i
n
a
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
B
E
SS
)
.
Sev
er
al
p
o
ten
tial
b
en
ef
its
s
u
ch
as
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es,
as
DC
lo
ad
s
ca
n
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
d
ir
ec
tly
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
esil
ien
ce
d
u
r
in
g
g
r
id
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
es.
T
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
DC
s
y
s
tem
s
i
s
ex
em
p
lifie
d
b
y
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
r
ta
b
le
PV
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
with
DC
-
f
ir
s
t
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
a
n
d
r
ap
id
ly
d
ep
lo
y
a
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
o
r
em
er
g
e
n
cy
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
[
1
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tep
s
with
a
p
u
r
e
DC
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
1
5
]
.
B
E
SS
s
ca
n
b
e
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
in
teg
r
ated
an
d
a
r
e
p
o
ten
tially
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tep
s
f
o
r
DC
lo
ad
s
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
i
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
s
y
s
tem
s
[1
6
].
Ho
wev
er
,
DC
s
y
s
tem
s
also
h
a
v
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
,
s
u
c
h
as g
r
o
u
n
d
f
au
lt c
ir
cu
it in
ter
r
u
p
ter
s
(
GFC
I
s
)
ar
e
n
o
t
wid
ely
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
DC
u
s
e,
p
ar
tly
d
u
e
to
DC
Ar
cs
b
ein
g
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
d
etec
t
in
th
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
[1
7
]
.
Oth
er
is
s
u
es,
s
u
ch
as a
lack
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
o
th
e
r
h
u
r
d
les f
o
r
p
u
r
ely
DC
s
y
s
tem
s
to
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
[1
6
].
He
n
ce
,
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
u
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
DC
b
u
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
m
p
ted
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
way
s
f
o
r
a
DC
s
m
ar
t
wall
p
lu
g
th
at
ca
n
ac
ce
p
t
v
ar
io
u
s
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
[1
5
].
An
o
th
er
d
r
awb
ac
k
is
th
at
m
an
y
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
elec
tr
ic
ap
p
lian
ce
s
r
ely
o
n
AC
p
o
wer
d
u
e
to
th
eir
lar
g
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
s
.
I
n
a
p
u
r
el
y
DC
s
y
s
tem
,
an
in
v
er
ter
will
b
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
p
o
wer
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
ese
ap
p
lian
ce
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
an
y
o
f
th
ese
DC
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ely
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
PV,
wh
ich
is
h
ea
v
ily
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
DC
h
o
u
s
e
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
u
ltip
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
m
ak
e
it
o
p
er
ate
r
eliab
ly
with
m
in
im
al
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
.
Mu
ltip
le
in
p
u
t so
u
r
ce
s
wo
u
ld
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t sin
g
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t (
MI
SO)
co
n
v
er
ter
to
a
llo
w
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
c
o
n
n
ec
t
to
a
DC
h
o
u
s
e.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
ty
p
e
ca
n
ac
c
o
m
m
o
d
ate
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
c
o
m
b
in
e
t
h
em
in
t
o
a
co
n
t
r
o
lled
s
in
g
le
DC
o
u
t
p
u
t,
m
ak
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
in
te
g
r
atin
g
PV,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
o
th
er
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
a
h
y
b
r
id
r
esid
en
tial
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
8
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
is
m
atter
in
clu
d
es
th
e
DC
Ho
u
s
e
Pro
ject
at
C
a
l
Po
ly
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
with
s
i
m
ilar
r
esear
ch
also
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
7
]
.
Oth
e
r
r
esear
ch
in
clu
d
es
th
e
DC
Nan
o
g
r
id
Ho
u
s
e
b
y
Pu
r
d
u
e
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
[
1
9
]
,
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
I
n
s
tan
tOn
in
Haw
aii,
an
d
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
o
th
er
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
jects.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
r
esid
en
tial
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
DC
Ho
u
s
e
co
n
ce
p
t is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
t
h
e
n
atu
r
al
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
PV,
b
atter
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
DC
lo
ad
s
.
R
esid
en
tial P
V
s
y
s
tem
s
n
o
r
m
ally
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
in
ter
f
ac
e
with
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
lo
ad
s
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
,
b
u
t
DC
-
s
id
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
4
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
r
esid
e
n
tial
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
L
VDC
)
s
y
s
tem
s
s
t
ill
f
ac
es
s
ev
er
al
u
n
r
eso
lv
ed
ch
allen
g
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
-
lev
el
s
elec
tio
n
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
f
au
lt
is
o
latio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
,
an
d
av
ailab
ili
ty
o
f
s
u
itab
le
DC
ap
p
lian
ce
s
an
d
d
ev
ices
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
alth
o
u
g
h
f
u
lly
DC
r
esid
en
tial
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
clea
r
ef
f
icien
cy
ad
v
a
n
tag
es,
th
eir
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
r
em
ai
n
s
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
,
r
u
r
al,
o
r
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
th
an
f
o
r
ty
p
ical
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
h
o
m
es.
W
h
ile
DC
h
o
m
es
ar
e
b
ein
g
r
esear
ch
ed
,
a
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
h
o
u
s
e
p
r
esen
ts
an
o
th
er
p
o
te
n
tial
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
NZ
E
H,
esp
ec
ially
in
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
u
r
b
a
n
s
ettin
g
s
.
2
.
3
.
H
y
brid AC/DC
h
o
us
e
W
h
ile
DC
elec
tr
icity
is
wid
e
ly
u
s
ed
in
m
an
y
d
e
v
ices
to
d
ay
,
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
t
f
o
r
m
o
f
elec
tr
icity
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
AC
.
T
h
is
ex
is
tin
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
a
k
es
AC
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
r
elativ
e
to
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
co
m
p
letely
r
ep
laci
n
g
ex
is
tin
g
AC
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
is
im
p
r
ac
tical.
Un
lik
e
f
u
lly
DC
h
o
m
es,
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/D
C
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
elec
tr
ic
lo
a
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
t
h
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
p
o
wer
a
n
d
a
s
ep
ar
ate
DC
b
u
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
p
o
wer
ed
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
o
n
h
y
b
r
i
d
AC
/
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
f
o
r
n
ea
r
ly
/n
et
-
ze
r
o
en
er
g
y
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
ws
th
at
AC
an
d
DC
s
u
b
-
g
r
id
s
ca
n
b
e
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
in
ter
f
ac
es
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
we
r
ex
c
h
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
AC
an
d
DC
s
id
es,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es
[2
0
].
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
b
asic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
AC
/DC
h
o
u
s
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Hyb
r
id
A
C
/DC
a
n
d
co
n
ve
n
tio
n
a
l A
C
h
o
u
s
e
efficien
cy
fo
r
n
e
t
-
z
ero
en
erg
y
h
o
mes
(
Ta
u
fik
)
1461
Hy
b
r
id
AC
/DC
h
o
m
es
r
eq
u
i
r
e
co
o
r
d
in
ated
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
am
o
n
g
PV
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
ly
,
AC
lo
ad
s
,
an
d
DC
lo
ad
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
ev
iews
s
h
o
w
th
at
E
MS
d
esi
g
n
is
ess
en
tia
l
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
t,
an
d
DE
R
–
s
to
r
ag
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
[
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ev
al
u
atin
g
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
h
o
m
es
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
eir
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e,
b
u
t
also
th
eir
o
p
er
at
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
lim
its
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t A
C
/DC
lo
ad
r
atio
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hy
b
r
id
AC
/DC
Ho
u
s
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t la
y
o
u
t,
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
an
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t sy
s
tem
to
co
n
tr
o
l p
o
we
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
p
p
l
y
ty
p
es
Mitig
atin
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
ac
ti
ce
o
f
co
n
v
er
tin
g
s
o
lar
p
an
el
DC
in
to
A
C
an
d
th
en
b
ac
k
to
DC
f
o
r
d
ev
ices
will
u
ltima
tely
h
elp
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
elec
tr
ical
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
h
o
u
s
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wo
u
ld
em
p
lo
y
B
E
SS
to
s
to
r
e
g
en
er
ated
en
er
g
y
wh
ile
d
em
an
d
is
lo
w,
th
u
s
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
m
e
’
s
elec
tr
icity
d
u
r
in
g
p
o
wer
o
u
ta
g
es.
R
esear
ch
er
s
in
Sh
en
zh
en
,
C
h
in
a,
ar
e
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
f
o
r
co
m
m
er
cial
b
u
ild
in
g
s
with
s
m
ar
t
in
te
r
lin
k
i
n
g
u
n
its
,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
p
lex
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
p
p
ly
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
d
lo
a
d
ty
p
es
[
19
]
.
Oth
er
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
an
d
d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
s
ize
o
f
DC
lo
ad
s
u
s
in
g
th
is
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
19
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
co
n
d
u
ct
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
b
etwe
en
h
y
b
r
i
d
AC
/DC
an
d
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
A
C
h
o
u
s
es.
T
h
e
DC
h
o
u
s
e
will n
o
t b
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
as th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
NZ
E
H
r
eq
u
ir
es th
e
h
o
u
s
e
to
b
e
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
AC
h
o
m
es
r
em
ain
m
atu
r
e
a
n
d
g
r
i
d
-
co
m
p
atib
le,
b
u
t
r
ep
e
ated
D
C
-
AC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
e
d
u
ce
s
ef
f
icien
cy
wh
en
PV,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
DC
-
n
ativ
e
lo
ad
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
F
u
lly
DC
h
o
m
es
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es,
b
u
t
th
eir
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
is
s
till
lim
ited
b
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
,
ap
p
lian
ce
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
e
x
is
tin
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Hy
b
r
i
d
AC
/DC
h
o
m
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
r
ac
tical
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
y
r
etain
in
g
t
h
e
AC
n
etwo
r
k
wh
ile
a
d
d
in
g
a
DC
b
u
s
f
o
r
s
elec
ted
DC
lo
ad
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
eir
b
en
ef
it
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
AC
/
DC
lo
ad
r
atio
,
D
C
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e,
co
n
d
u
cto
r
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
is
g
ap
m
o
tiv
ates
th
e
p
r
esen
t
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
b
etwe
en
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
a
n
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
h
o
m
es
u
n
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
g
r
id
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
p
o
wer
le
v
els,
an
d
l
o
ad
r
atio
s
.
3.
SYST
E
M
M
O
D
E
L
I
NG
AN
D
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
ev
elo
p
s
an
d
co
m
p
ar
es
d
etailed
m
o
d
els
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
r
esid
en
tial
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
to
ev
alu
ate
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
co
s
t im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
NZ
E
H.
B
o
th
m
o
d
els
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
PV
ar
r
ay
s
,
B
E
SS
,
an
d
AC
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
i
s
ten
cy
in
in
p
u
ts
wh
ile
d
if
f
e
r
in
g
in
h
o
w
lo
a
d
s
ar
e
s
u
p
p
lied
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
m
u
ltip
le
le
v
els
o
f
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
s
to
d
ef
in
e
ar
c
h
i
tectu
r
e,
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
,
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Simu
latio
n
s
wer
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
li
n
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
26
:
1
4
5
8
-
1
4
7
4
1462
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
3
.
1
.
M
o
delin
g
a
s
s
um
ptio
ns
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
f
air
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
b
o
th
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
h
o
u
s
e
m
o
d
els
wer
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
u
s
in
g
id
en
tical
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
:
th
e
AC
g
r
id
(
1
2
0
V/6
0
Hz
o
r
2
3
0
V/5
0
Hz)
,
a
r
o
o
f
to
p
PV
ar
r
ay
,
an
d
a
b
atter
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
th
e
AC
h
o
u
s
e,
all
lo
ad
s
—
wh
eth
er
in
h
er
en
tl
y
AC
o
r
DC
—
ar
e
p
o
wer
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
AC
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
b
u
s
,
with
DC
lo
ad
s
r
ec
eiv
in
g
p
o
wer
v
ia
in
d
iv
id
u
al
A
C
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
at
ea
ch
o
u
tlet.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
h
o
u
s
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
d
ed
icate
d
DC
b
u
s
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
a
MI
SO
co
n
v
er
ter
,
allo
win
g
DC
lo
ad
s
to
b
e
p
o
wer
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
o
r
b
atter
y
with
o
u
t
m
u
ltip
l
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es
[
1
8
]
.
B
o
th
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ass
u
m
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
ty
p
ical
o
f
r
esid
en
tial
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
k
ey
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
ju
s
tific
atio
n
s
ap
p
lied
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
two
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
m
ain
s
im
u
latio
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
p
r
ac
tical
r
esid
en
tial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
AC
b
u
s
es
o
f
1
2
0
V/6
0
Hz
an
d
2
3
0
V/5
0
Hz
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
two
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
r
esid
en
tial
s
u
p
p
ly
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
u
s
ed
g
lo
b
ally
.
T
h
e
4
8
V
DC
b
u
s
was
s
elec
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
L
VDC
r
esid
en
tial
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
r
ac
tical
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
etwe
en
s
af
ety
,
ap
p
lian
ce
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
lo
s
s
[
1
0
]
.
PV
an
d
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ities
wer
e
s
ca
led
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
lo
w
-
,
m
ed
iu
m
-
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
r
esid
en
tial
ca
s
es,
wh
ile
th
e
b
a
tter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
was
s
ized
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
lo
ad
f
o
r
s
ix
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
T
HD
lim
it wa
s
m
ain
tain
ed
b
elo
w
5
% f
o
llo
win
g
I
E
C
6
1
7
2
7
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
te
d
PV sy
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Hy
b
r
id
AC
/DC
h
o
u
s
e
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
h
o
u
s
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Ju
st
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
A
C
B
u
s:
1
2
0
V
6
0
H
z
a
n
d
2
3
0
V
5
0
H
z
M
o
s
t
c
o
m
mo
n
A
C
b
u
s
e
s w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e
.
D
C
B
u
s:
4
8
V
C
o
mm
o
n
LV
D
C
l
e
v
e
l
f
o
r
r
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2252
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8
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Hyb
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o
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o
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y
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u
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ar
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y
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th
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ig
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ig
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th
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a
M
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SO
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o
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atter
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r
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o
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ter
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T
h
e
ch
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n
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o
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c
o
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n
ec
ts
th
e
PV
an
d
b
atter
y
DC
in
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u
ts
,
wh
ile
th
e
AC
/D
C
co
n
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ter
f
ac
es
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ir
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tly
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th
e
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b
u
s
.
T
o
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in
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u
ts
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ee
d
th
e
MI
SO c
o
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,
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h
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e
s
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le
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u
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lis
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4
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b
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ly
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g
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h
e
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s
DC
o
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tlets
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Fig
u
r
e
3
s
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o
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e
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n
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ti
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al
AC
m
o
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el,
in
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ich
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h
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d
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atter
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p
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s
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ad
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s
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r
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ir
e
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ad
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itio
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Fig
u
r
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4
s
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o
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el,
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ich
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les
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d
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ad
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ile
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ad
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o
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8
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Fig
u
r
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3
.
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Hy
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
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2
I
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p
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Vo
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15
,
No
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3
,
Sep
tem
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20
26
:
1
4
5
8
-
1
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7
4
1464
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
s
f
o
r
b
o
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AC
an
d
DC
s
id
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e
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lcu
lated
s
ep
ar
ately
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ef
o
r
e
co
m
b
in
in
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th
em
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tain
th
e
to
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s
y
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tem
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
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r
AC
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
,
th
e
av
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e
p
o
wer
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o
m
p
u
te
d
ac
co
r
d
i
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g
to
(
2
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=
1
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(
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0
(
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(
)
=
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(
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=
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s
tan
tan
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s
AC
cu
r
r
en
t.
=
1
=
Per
io
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
f
r
eq
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e
n
cy
(
eith
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5
0
Hz
o
r
6
0
Hz)
.
B
ec
au
s
e
all
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lo
ad
s
wer
e
m
o
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eled
as
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u
r
ely
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esis
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th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
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wer
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ep
r
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ted
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n
ly
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tiv
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p
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wer
with
n
e
g
lig
ib
le
r
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ctiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Fo
r
DC
q
u
a
n
titi
es,
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
wer
was c
alcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
(
)
=
(
)
∙
(
)
(
3
)
T
h
e
DC
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
s
(
,
an
d
,
)
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
n
c
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
ea
c
h
ed
s
tead
y
s
t
ate
to
av
o
id
tr
an
s
ien
t
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
v
alu
es
wer
e
th
en
av
e
r
ag
ed
o
v
er
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
win
d
o
w
to
o
b
tain
co
n
s
is
ten
t a
n
d
co
m
p
a
r
a
b
le
p
o
wer
r
esu
lts
ac
r
o
s
s
all
lo
ad
an
d
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ef
f
icien
cy
r
ath
er
th
an
d
y
n
am
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Po
wer
v
alu
es
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
af
ter
t
h
e
in
itial
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
ettlin
g
p
er
io
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
L
o
ad
s
wer
e
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
as
ag
g
r
eg
ated
ac
tiv
e
-
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
s
,
an
d
co
n
v
e
r
ter
ef
f
icien
cies
wer
e
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
f
ix
ed
av
e
r
ag
e
v
alu
es
to
is
o
late
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
-
s
tag
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ef
f
ici
en
cy
tr
e
n
d
s
,
wh
ile
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
an
d
co
n
s
tan
t
-
p
o
wer
lo
a
d
s
,
an
d
lo
ad
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
icien
cy
r
eq
u
ir
e
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
3
.
4
.
Co
m
po
nent
m
o
delin
g
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
h
o
u
s
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
wer
e
m
o
d
eled
a
n
d
s
im
u
lated
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
l
in
k
to
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ep
r
esen
t p
o
wer
f
lo
w
an
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ef
f
ici
en
cy
.
-
PV
a
r
r
ay
an
d
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MPPT)
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
:
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
em
p
lo
y
s
a
p
er
tu
r
b
-
a
n
d
-
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
r
e
g
u
late
a
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
wer
to
b
o
th
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
n
av
er
a
g
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
9
6
%.
-
AC
/D
C
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
:
T
h
e
AC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
m
o
d
eled
as
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tifie
r
s
f
o
ll
o
wed
b
y
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
s
tep
p
in
g
d
o
wn
1
2
0
/2
3
0
V
AC
to
2
4
V
DC
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ty
p
ical
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
s
.
T
h
ese
u
n
its
r
ep
r
esen
t d
ev
ice
-
lev
el
ad
ap
te
r
s
co
m
m
o
n
ly
f
o
u
n
d
in
r
esid
en
ti
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
-
I
n
v
er
ter
:
T
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
s
tag
e,
a
u
n
ip
o
lar
PW
M
-
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
,
an
d
an
L
C
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ilter
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
in
v
e
r
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
ac
h
iev
ed
t
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
lev
els
with
in
t
h
e
I
E
C
6
1
7
2
7
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
v
alu
es
b
elo
w
5
%.
-
MI
SO
c
o
n
v
er
ter
:
T
h
e
MI
SO
co
n
v
er
ter
i
n
teg
r
ates
in
p
u
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
,
b
atter
y
,
an
d
AC
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g
r
id
s
u
p
p
ly
to
s
u
s
tain
a
r
e
g
u
lated
4
8
V
DC
b
u
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
en
a
b
les
s
ea
m
less
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
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d
e
f
f
icien
c
y
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
.
3
.
5
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n
m
o
delin
g
T
h
e
h
o
u
s
e
m
o
d
els
wer
e
test
ed
u
n
d
er
m
u
ltip
le
lo
ad
ca
s
es
(
lo
w,
m
ed
iu
m
,
an
d
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
)
,
s
im
u
latin
g
d
aily
r
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en
tial
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
ca
lcu
l
atio
n
s
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
at
ea
ch
s
tag
e,
with
lin
e
lo
s
s
es
also
m
o
d
ele
d
f
o
r
th
e
DC
b
u
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
h
o
u
s
e
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
estab
lis
h
a
b
aselin
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
MPPT
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
r
e
g
u
lates
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
th
e
DC
lin
k
.
T
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
th
en
co
n
v
er
ts
th
is
DC
p
o
wer
to
1
2
0
V
rms
,
6
0
Hz
AC
,
m
atch
in
g
g
r
id
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
cir
cu
its
m
o
d
eled
in
th
e
r
ig
h
t
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
iag
r
a
m
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
r
ef
lect
s
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
esid
en
tial
s
etu
p
in
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ich
al
l
d
ev
ices,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
in
h
er
en
t
ly
DC
ap
p
lian
ce
s
,
r
ec
eiv
e
p
o
wer
th
r
o
u
g
h
AC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/DC
h
o
u
s
e
m
o
d
el
was
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
t
o
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
i
n
teg
r
ati
n
g
a
DC
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
u
s
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
n
etwo
r
k
.
Un
lik
e
th
e
p
u
r
el
y
AC
s
y
s
tem
,
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
u
p
p
lies
DC
lo
ad
s
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
an
d
b
atter
y
,
th
er
eb
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
AC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
tag
es.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
m
ain
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
p
p
er
h
alf
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
6
in
clu
d
e
s
th
e
MP
PT
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
b
atter
y
,
an
d
in
v
er
te
r
.
T
h
e
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
is
r
eg
u
lated
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I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
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2
Hyb
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id
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n
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tio
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l A
C
h
o
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efficien
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fo
r
n
e
t
-
z
ero
en
erg
y
h
o
mes
(
Ta
u
fik
)
1465
b
y
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
ch
a
r
g
e
th
e
DC
lin
k
an
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e.
T
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
co
n
v
er
ts
DC
to
AC
p
o
wer
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
lo
a
d
s
an
d
o
p
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ates in
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
with
th
e
b
atter
y
to
m
ain
tain
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
lo
wer
h
alf
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
7
c
o
n
tain
s
th
e
AC
/DC
s
u
p
p
ly
c
o
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
MI
SO
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
MI
SO
co
n
v
er
ter
allo
ws
DC
lo
ad
s
to
b
e
p
o
wer
ed
eith
er
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV/b
atter
y
s
o
u
r
ce
o
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
AC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
en
ab
les
f
lex
ib
le
p
o
wer
r
o
u
tin
g
,
as
DC
ap
p
lian
ce
s
ca
n
d
r
aw
en
er
g
y
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
m
in
im
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es,
wh
ile
AC
lo
ad
s
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
tag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
AC
h
o
u
s
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
1
2
0
Vr
m
s
at
6
0
Hz
in
Simu
lin
k
Fig
u
r
e
6.
Up
p
er
h
al
f
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
h
o
u
s
e
m
o
d
el
in
Simu
lin
k
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
,
b
atter
y
,
an
d
in
v
er
ter
s
tag
es
Fig
u
r
e
7.
L
o
wer
h
alf
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
h
o
u
s
e
m
o
d
el
in
Simu
lin
k
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
AC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
MI
SO c
o
n
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
26
:
1
4
5
8
-
1
4
7
4
1466
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
ch
ap
ter
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
twelv
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
o
u
s
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
AC
an
d
DC
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
4
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
a
t
ic
t
esting
m
a
t
r
ix
T
o
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/D
C
h
o
u
s
e
m
o
d
els,
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
test
in
g
m
atr
ix
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
as
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
E
ac
h
h
o
u
s
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
—
lo
w
-
,
m
e
d
iu
m
-
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
—
was
s
im
u
lated
u
n
d
er
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
t
o
tal
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
v
ar
y
in
g
AC
/DC
lo
ad
r
atio
s
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t r
e
g
io
n
s
an
d
p
o
wer
ca
p
ac
ities
.
T
ab
le
2
.
L
o
ad
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
AC
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
AC
/DC
h
o
u
s
e
m
o
d
els
P
o
w
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
t
y
p
e
To
t
a
l
l
o
a
d
[
W
]
A
C
/
D
C
r
a
t
i
o
A
C
/
D
C
r
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t
i
o
A
C
/
D
C
r
a
t
i
o
A
C
/
D
C
r
a
t
i
o
A
C
/
D
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r
a
t
i
o
P
V
s
i
z
e
[W]
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a
t
t
e
r
y
si
z
e
[
W
]
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a
t
t
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r
y
si
z
e
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0
8
H
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
2
,
5
1
4
3
,
7
7
1
20
L
in
e
r
esis
tan
ce
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
c
o
u
ld
t
h
en
b
e
m
ad
e
to
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
lin
e
lo
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
h
o
m
e.
T
h
e
wir
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
co
p
p
er
s
in
g
le
-
co
r
e
1
2
AW
G
is
1
.
5
8
8
Ω
/1
0
0
0
f
t.
Usi
n
g
(
4
)
,
t
h
e
r
es
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
to
tal
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
len
g
t
h
co
u
l
d
b
e
ca
lc
u
lated
.
=
∙
1
,
000
(
4
)
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
r
esis
tan
ce
was
th
en
d
iv
id
ed
e
v
en
ly
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cir
c
u
its
,
u
n
d
er
th
e
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
ea
ch
cir
cu
it
is
th
e
s
am
e
len
g
th
.
Fro
m
ea
ch
cir
cu
it
r
esis
tan
ce
,
th
e
p
h
ase
an
d
n
e
u
tr
al
lin
e
r
esis
tan
ce
s
wer
e
th
en
p
lace
d
in
to
th
e
m
o
d
el.
I
n
1
2
0
V
rms
r
esid
en
tial
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
,
2
4
0
V
rms
o
u
tlets
ca
n
also
b
e
p
r
esen
t
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
wer
lo
ad
s
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
ic
r
an
g
es,
ele
ctr
ic
wate
r
h
ea
ter
s
,
an
d
m
o
r
e.
T
h
ese
2
4
0
V
o
u
tlets
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
s
p
lit
-
p
h
ase
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
id
an
d
ca
n
u
s
e
g
au
g
es
b
etwe
en
1
0
AW
G
an
d
4
AW
G
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
W
h
ile
2
4
0
V
is
n
o
t
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
1
2
0
V
h
o
u
s
e
m
o
d
els,
th
e
cir
cu
its
wer
e
s
till
m
o
d
eled
with
6
AW
G
wir
e
an
d
co
p
p
er
r
esis
t
an
ce
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
.
C
o
m
p
e
n
s
atin
g
f
o
r
th
e
co
p
p
e
r
r
esis
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
1
2
0
V
o
n
a
2
4
0
V
cir
cu
it
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t,
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
ct
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
eled
2
4
0
V
cir
cu
its
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
4
o
n
th
e
1
2
0
V
b
u
s
,
as sh
o
wn
.
=
(
240
)
∙
240
=
(
120
)
∙
120
240
=
1
2
120
240
=
120
→
240
2
240
=
120
2
120
(
1
2
120
)
2
240
=
120
2
120
(
5
)
120
=
240
4
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