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e
ex
ce
ed
s
6
,
0
0
0
W
h
/m
²,
an
d
th
e
r
eg
io
n
b
en
e
f
its
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
3
,
0
0
0
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
s
u
n
s
h
in
e
p
er
y
ea
r
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ev
al
u
ates
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
th
r
ee
k
ey
clim
atic
v
ar
iab
les
o
n
a
m
o
n
th
l
y
b
asis
:
in
s
o
latio
n
,
av
er
ag
e
d
aily
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
o
f
f
er
s
cr
itical
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
s
ea
s
o
n
al
clim
ate
v
ar
iatio
n
s
an
d
t
h
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
Gh
ar
d
aïa
r
eg
i
o
n
.
Ultim
ately
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
d
ee
p
en
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
ep
l
o
y
in
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
in
d
eser
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
an
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
o
p
tim
ized
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
lo
ca
l
e
n
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
2.
P
V
T
WO
-
DIOD
E
M
O
D
E
L
T
h
e
two
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
u
n
d
er
lo
w
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
a
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
two
d
io
d
es
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
[
5
]
,
an
d
s
er
ies
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
s
m
o
d
elin
g
o
h
m
ic
a
n
d
leak
ag
e
lo
s
s
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
th
an
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el,
it
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
–
v
o
ltag
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
6
]
,
[
7
].
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
wo
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll [
5
]
B
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
Kir
ch
h
o
f
f
’
s
laws
to
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll,
th
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
eq
u
atio
n
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
is
o
b
tain
ed
:
I
=
I
ph
−
I
d1
−
I
d2
−
I
sh
(
1
)
W
h
er
e:
I
: is th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t o
f
th
e
c
ell.
I
ph
: is th
e
p
h
o
to
-
g
en
er
ate
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
I
d1
an
d
I
d
2
:
ar
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
io
d
es D1
a
n
d
D2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
sh
:
is
th
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
h
u
n
t r
esis
tan
ce
R
sh
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
two
d
io
d
es a
r
e
g
i
v
en
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
[
8
]
:
I
d1
=
I
s1
[
e
x
p
(
V
+
R
s
∗
I
A
1
∗
N
s
∗
V
t
)
−
1
]
(
2
)
I
d2
=
I
s2
[
e
x
p
(
V
+
R
s
∗
I
A
2
∗
N
s
∗
V
t
)
−
1
]
(
3
)
1
=
0
1
(
)
3
∗
(
(
∗
∗
)
∗
(
1
−
1
)
)
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystem
u
n
d
er rea
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
…
(
F
a
tima
F
a
li
l
)
1411
2
=
0
2
(
)
3
∗
(
(
∗
∗
)
∗
(
1
−
1
)
)
(
5
)
a
n
d
th
e
s
h
u
n
t c
u
r
r
en
t is
as (
6
)
.
I
sh
=
V
+
R
s
∗
I
R
sh
(
6
)
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
all
th
ese
ex
p
r
es
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
co
m
p
lete
cu
r
r
en
t e
q
u
atio
n
is
o
b
tain
ed
as (
7
)
.
I
=
I
ph
−
I
s1
[
e
x
p
(
q
(
V
+
R
s
∗
I
)
A
1
∗
N
s
∗
K
∗
T
)
−
1
]
−
I
s2
[
e
xp
(
q
(
V
+
R
s
∗
I
)
A
2
∗
N
s
∗
K
∗
T
)
−
1
]
−
V
+
R
s
∗
I
R
sh
(
7
)
A
₁
: is th
e
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t d
io
d
e,
r
elate
d
to
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t d
en
s
ities
.
A
₂
: is th
e
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
io
d
e,
r
elate
d
to
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
.
3.
P
ARAM
E
T
E
R
E
ST
I
M
AT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
two
-
d
io
d
e
PV
m
o
d
el
r
elies
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
its
s
ev
en
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
:
I
ph
,
I
s1
,
I
s2
,
R
s
,
R
p
,
A
1
,
a
n
d
A
2
.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
a
n
aly
tically
,
R
s
a
n
d
R
p
ar
e
t
y
p
ically
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
an
aly
tical,
n
u
m
er
ical,
o
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
I
–
V
an
d
P
–
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t (
MPP)
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
3
.
1
.
P
ho
t
o
-
g
ener
a
t
ed
curr
ent
I
ph
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
-
g
en
er
ate
d
cu
r
r
en
t
v
ar
ies
with
th
e
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
G
an
d
th
e
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
T
c
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
f
r
o
m
its
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
alu
e
I
p
h
_
r
e
f
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
a
r
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
STC),
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
elatio
n
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
:
I
ph
=
G
G
r
ef
(
I
p
h
r
ef
+
μ
sc
∆
T
)
(
8
)
-
I
p
h
: Ph
o
to
-
g
en
e
r
ated
cu
r
r
en
t u
n
d
er
STC.
-
G:
I
r
r
ad
ian
ce
(
W
/m
²)
.
-
Gr
ef
: I
r
r
ad
ia
n
ce
at
STC =
1
0
0
0
W
/m
².
-
Δ
T
=
T
c
–
T
c_
r
e
f
-
T
c_
r
ef
: Cell tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
ST
C
=
2
5
°C
+
2
7
3
=
2
9
8
K.
-
μ
s
c:
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
c
u
it c
u
r
r
e
n
t (
A/
K)
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
.
3
.
2
.
Sa
t
ura
t
io
n c
urre
nts
I
s1
a
nd
I
s2
T
h
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
f
th
e
d
io
d
es,
I
s
1
an
d
I
s
2
,
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
th
e
p
-
n
ju
n
ctio
n
s
in
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
lig
h
t
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
o
p
er
ati
n
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
Sh
o
c
k
l
ey
’
s
ex
p
o
n
en
tial la
w
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
1
=
01
=
0
1
(
)
3
∗
(
(
∗
∗
)
∗
(
1
−
1
)
)
2
=
02
=
0
2
(
)
3
∗
(
(
∗
∗
)
∗
(
1
−
1
)
)
(
9
)
:
B
an
d
g
ap
en
e
r
g
y
o
f
th
e
ce
ll,
a
n
d
0
1
=
[
(
∗
1
∗
∗
∗
)
−
1
]
,
0
2
=
[
(
∗
2
∗
∗
∗
)
−
1
]
(
1
0
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
d
etailed
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
I
0ref
an
d
I
s
i
n
MA
T
L
AB
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
4
0
9
-
1
4
2
1
1412
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Simu
lin
k
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
el
p
a
r
am
e
ter
s
: (
a)
d
etailed
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
o
f
01
r
e
f
an
d
(
b
)
d
etailed
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
P
V
M
O
DUL
E
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
m
o
d
el
was
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
i
n
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
,
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
er
iv
ed
an
aly
tical
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
PW
X
5
0
0
m
o
d
u
le
was
u
s
ed
as
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
.
I
ts
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
u
n
d
er
STC
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
,
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
a
n
d
two
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
[
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
two
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
in
Simu
lin
k
f
o
r
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
–
v
o
ltag
e
(
I
–
V)
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
d
io
d
e
an
d
two
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
els.
At
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
em
ain
s
clo
s
e
to
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
ci
r
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
I
s
c
,
t
h
en
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
ze
r
o
at
t
h
e
o
p
en
-
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
Vo
c.
T
h
e
two
-
d
i
o
d
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
icts
a
s
lig
h
tly
l
o
wer
Vo
c
d
u
e
to
its
im
p
r
o
v
ed
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
in
ter
n
al
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
wer
–
v
o
ltag
e
(
P
–
V)
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
v
o
ltag
e,
r
e
ac
h
es
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
at
th
e
MP
P,
an
d
th
en
d
r
o
p
s
to
ze
r
o
at
Vo
c.
T
h
e
two
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
MPP,
w
h
ich
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystem
u
n
d
er rea
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
…
(
F
a
tima
F
a
li
l
)
1413
T
ab
le
1
.
E
lectr
ical
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
PW
X
5
0
0
m
o
d
u
le
[
1
4
]
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s f
o
r
t
h
e
si
n
g
l
e
-
d
i
o
d
e
m
o
d
e
l
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s f
o
r
t
h
e
t
w
o
-
d
i
o
d
e
m
o
d
e
l
m
a
x
4
9
W
4
9
W
m
a
x
2
.
8
8
A
2
.
8
8
A
m
a
x
1
7
V
1
7
V
3
.
1
1
A
3
.
1
1
A
2
1
.
8
V
2
1
.
8
V
0
.
5
5
Ω
0
.
3
Ω
ℎ
1
0
0
0
Ω
2
0
0
Ω
1
1
.
3
1
2
-
1
.
2
1
4
.
1
1
6
*
1
0
-
8
A
1
.
7
8
2
*
1
0
-
10
A
2
-
9
.
0
7
5
*
1
0
-
9
A
4
5
°
C
4
5
°
C
1
.
3
*
1
0
-
3
(/
°
K)
1
.
3
*
1
0
-
3
(/
°
K)
1
.
1
2
1
.
1
2
36
36
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Deta
iled
two
-
d
io
d
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
m
o
d
el
in
MA
T
L
A
B
/Si
m
u
lin
k
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
PV c
ell
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs f
o
r
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
d
io
d
e
a
n
d
tw
o
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
els:
(
a)
P
–
V
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
an
d
(
b
)
I
–
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
4
0
9
-
1
4
2
1
1414
5.
SE
R
I
E
S
–
P
AR
AL
L
E
L
T
WO
-
DIOD
E
P
V
M
O
D
E
L
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
is
r
elati
v
ely
lo
w
(
ty
p
ically
less
th
a
n
2
W
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
5
V)
.
T
o
o
b
t
ain
p
r
ac
tical
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
w
er
lev
els,
ce
lls
ar
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
e
cted
in
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
to
f
o
r
m
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltai
c
m
o
d
u
le
[
8
]
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
[
1
5
]
.
Ser
ies
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
t
o
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
er
ea
s
p
ar
all
el
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t.
M
u
ltip
le
m
o
d
u
les
ca
n
th
en
b
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
i
n
s
er
ies
an
d
/o
r
p
a
r
allel
to
f
o
r
m
a
PV
ar
r
a
y
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
d
e
liv
er
in
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
].
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ser
ies
–
p
ar
allel
(
Ns a
n
d
Np
)
two
-
d
io
d
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
l
es [
1
5
]
R
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
o
d
u
les
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel,
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
a
ted
b
y
th
is
m
o
d
el
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
1
)
.
I
′
=
I
ph
′
−
I
d
1
′
−
I
d
2
′
−
I
sh
′
(
1
1
)
W
ith
:
I
ph
′
=
N
p
I
ph
,
I
d
′
=
N
p
I
d
(
1
2
)
I
sh
′
=
V
′
+
R
s
′
∗
I
′
R
sh
′
An
d
R
s
′
=
N
s
N
p
R
s
,
R
sh
′
=
N
s
N
p
R
sh
(
1
3
)
T
h
e
f
in
al
eq
u
atio
n
is
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
:
I
′
=
N
p
I
ph
−
N
p
I
s
1
[
e
(
q
(
V
′
+
N
s
N
p
R
s
∗
I
′
)
A
1
∗
N
s
∗
K
∗
T
)
−
1
]
−
N
p
I
s
2
[
e
(
q
(
V
′
+
N
s
N
p
R
s
∗
I
′
)
A
2
∗
N
s
∗
K
∗
T
)
−
1
]
−
V
′
N
p
N
s
+
R
s
∗
I
′
R
sh
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
two
-
d
i
o
d
e
PV
ar
r
ay
m
o
d
el
in
MA
T
L
A
B
/Si
m
u
lin
k
,
u
s
ed
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
elec
tr
ical
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
g
e
n
er
ato
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
illu
s
tr
ates th
at
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it c
u
r
r
en
t in
cr
ea
s
es p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ar
allel
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
ce
lls
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
es with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
ce
lls
,
lead
in
g
to
an
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
a
ll
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
g
en
er
at
o
r
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
ev
alu
ates
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
p
a
r
tial sh
ad
in
g
o
n
th
e
PV a
r
r
ay
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t p
a
r
tial sh
ad
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
–
C
ase
1
: N
o
s
h
ad
ed
PV m
o
d
u
le
(
f
u
ll ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
o
n
s
o
lar
PV a
r
r
ay
)
: 1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
.
–
C
ase
2
:
On
e
s
h
ad
e
d
m
o
d
u
le
(
r
ec
eiv
es
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
8
0
0
W
/m
2
)
,
o
th
er
s
r
ec
ei
v
e
f
u
l
l
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
.
–
C
ase
3
:
T
wo
s
h
ad
ed
m
o
d
u
les
(
r
ec
eiv
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
8
0
0
an
d
6
0
0
W
/m
2
)
,
o
th
er
s
r
ec
eiv
e
f
u
ll
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
.
–
C
ase
4
:
T
h
r
ee
s
h
ad
ed
m
o
d
u
le
s
(
r
ec
eiv
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
8
0
0
,
6
0
0
an
d
2
0
0
W
/m
2
)
,
with
th
e
o
th
er
s
r
ec
eiv
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystem
u
n
d
er rea
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
…
(
F
a
tima
F
a
li
l
)
1415
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
wo
-
d
io
d
e
PV m
o
d
e
l in
s
er
ies
–
p
ar
allel
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
(
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
)
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
two
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
:
(
a)
I
–
V
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
(
b
)
P
–
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
ar
r
ay
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tia
l
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ical
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
p
o
we
r
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
.
Un
d
e
r
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
i
n
g
,
m
u
ltip
le
lo
ca
l
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
ts
m
ay
ap
p
ea
r
,
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
e
PV sy
s
tem
m
o
r
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
t
o
o
p
e
r
ate
a
t its
g
lo
b
al
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
MPP
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
p
an
el,
as
it
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
at
wh
ich
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
cy
is
ac
h
iev
ed
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
s
in
ce
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
–
v
o
ltag
e
(
I
–
V)
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e
a
n
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
th
e
MPP
v
ar
i
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
i
s
an
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
an
y
PV
in
s
tallat
io
n
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
lar
g
e
PV
ar
r
ay
s
,
it
i
s
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
all
p
an
els
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
m
o
d
u
les
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lev
els
o
f
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
d
u
e
t
o
d
u
s
t,
clo
u
d
s
,
tr
e
es,
o
r
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
k
n
o
w
n
as
p
a
r
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
,
l
ea
d
s
to
co
m
p
lex
I
–
V
a
n
d
p
o
wer
–
v
o
ltag
e
(
P
–
V)
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
o
f
ten
ch
ar
ac
te
r
ized
b
y
m
u
ltip
le
p
o
wer
p
ea
k
s
[
2
3
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
lo
ca
l
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
ts
m
ay
ap
p
ea
r
in
a
d
d
itio
n
to
th
e
g
lo
b
al
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
lo
ca
l
an
d
g
lo
b
a
l
m
ax
im
a
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
p
ar
tial
s
h
a
d
in
g
e
f
f
ec
ts
is
ess
en
tial
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Acc
u
r
ate
an
aly
s
is
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
eq
u
i
r
es a
r
eliab
le
elec
tr
ical
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
P
V
ce
ll [
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
4
0
9
-
1
4
2
1
1416
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Simu
latio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
o
lar
PV a
r
r
ay
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial sh
ad
in
g
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
I
–
V
an
d
P
–
V
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
a
PV a
r
r
ay
u
n
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
en
t p
a
r
tial sh
ad
in
g
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
: (
a)
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
(
b
)
lig
h
t p
ar
tial sh
a
d
in
g
,
(
c
)
m
o
d
er
ate
p
a
r
tial sh
ad
in
g
,
an
d
(
d
)
s
ev
er
e
p
a
r
tial sh
ad
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f a
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystem
u
n
d
er rea
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
…
(
F
a
tima
F
a
li
l
)
1417
6.
P
V
SYST
E
M
P
E
RF
O
R
M
A
NCE UND
E
R
R
E
A
L
CO
ND
I
T
I
O
N
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
Gh
a
r
d
aïa
r
eg
io
n
as
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
Sah
ar
an
a
r
ea
h
as
a
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
.
8
k
W
h
/m
²/d
a
y
,
with
an
n
u
al
g
lo
b
al
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
ex
ce
ed
i
n
g
6
0
0
0
W
h
/m
²
an
d
m
o
r
e
th
an
3
0
0
0
s
u
n
s
h
in
e
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
y
ea
r
.
6
.
1
.
Clima
t
o
lo
g
y
o
f
G
ha
rda
ï
a
T
h
e
Gh
ar
d
aïa
r
eg
i
o
n
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
ty
p
ical
Sah
ar
an
clim
ate,
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
er
m
al
am
p
litu
d
e
b
etwe
en
d
ay
an
d
n
ig
h
t,
as
well
as
b
et
wee
n
s
u
m
m
er
a
n
d
win
te
r
.
T
h
e
ar
ea
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
ex
tr
em
ely
lo
w
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
e
v
ap
o
r
atio
n
r
ates,
wh
ich
lead
to
th
e
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
o
f
v
e
g
etativ
e
co
v
er
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
en
h
an
ce
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ev
en
li
g
h
t
win
d
s
,
m
ak
in
g
ae
o
lian
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
f
lu
en
tial.
T
h
e
clim
atic
v
a
r
iab
les
an
aly
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
e
p
r
ec
i
p
itatio
n
,
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
,
s
o
lar
r
a
d
ia
tio
n
(
in
s
o
latio
n
)
,
a
n
d
ev
ap
o
tr
an
s
p
ir
atio
n
o
v
e
r
th
e
p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
3
to
2
0
1
3
,
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
Natio
n
al
Of
f
ice
o
f
Me
teo
r
o
lo
g
y
–
Gh
ar
d
aïa
(
O.
N.
M.
,
2
0
1
3
)
.
6
.
2
.
Num
er
ic
a
l e
v
a
lua
t
io
n
T
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
ev
ap
o
tr
an
s
p
ir
atio
n
(
E
T
o
)
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
Gh
ar
d
aïa
s
tatio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
Natio
n
al
Of
f
ice
o
f
Me
teo
r
o
lo
g
y
(
O.
N.
M.
Gh
ar
d
aïa,
2
0
1
3
)
.
T
h
is
s
tatio
n
was selec
ted
d
u
e
to
th
e
av
aila
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
clim
atic
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
s
im
p
lify
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
e
Gh
ar
d
aïa
r
eg
io
n
is
lo
ca
ted
at
an
altitu
d
e
o
f
4
6
4
m
et
er
s
,
with
a
latitu
d
e
o
f
3
2
°2
3
′
N
an
d
a
lo
n
g
itu
d
e
o
f
3
°4
6
′
E
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
th
ly
clim
atic
p
ar
am
eter
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
co
m
p
u
te
d
v
alu
es o
f
E
T
o
ar
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Mo
n
th
ly
clim
atic
d
at
a
an
d
r
e
f
er
en
ce
e
v
ap
o
tr
a
n
s
p
ir
a
tio
n
(
E
T
o
)
f
o
r
th
e
Gh
ar
d
aïa
r
e
g
io
n
(
2
0
0
3
–
2
0
1
2
a
v
er
ag
e
)
M
o
n
t
h
M
i
n
t
e
m
p
(
°
C
)
M
a
x
t
e
m
p
(
°
C
)
H
u
mi
d
i
t
y
(
%)
W
i
n
d
(
m
/
s)
S
u
n
s
h
i
n
e
(
h
/
d
a
y
)
S
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
M
J/
m²
/
d
a
y
)
ETo
(
mm
/
d
a
y
)
Jan
u
a
r
y
6
.
1
1
7
.
4
56
3
.
9
8
.
1
1
3
.
0
2
.
9
2
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
7
.
4
1
8
.
9
45
3
.
8
8
.
9
1
6
.
2
3
.
8
4
M
a
r
c
h
1
0
.
9
2
4
.
4
38
3
.
1
9
.
0
1
9
.
4
5
.
0
A
p
r
i
l
1
4
.
9
2
8
.
6
34
4
.
1
9
.
9
2
3
.
2
7
.
1
7
M
a
y
1
8
.
6
3
3
.
1
29
3
.
7
1
0
.
7
2
5
.
7
8
.
4
Ju
n
e
2
4
.
3
3
8
.
3
25
3
.
2
1
1
.
2
2
6
.
8
9
.
2
8
Ju
l
y
2
7
.
3
4
2
.
1
21
2
.
4
1
0
.
9
2
6
.
0
8
.
8
5
A
u
g
u
st
2
7
.
5
4
1
.
1
26
2
.
2
1
0
.
4
2
4
.
2
8
.
0
9
S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r
2
2
.
6
3
5
.
8
37
2
.
4
9
.
0
2
0
.
1
6
.
6
2
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
1
7
.
9
2
8
.
4
44
2
.
4
8
.
2
1
6
.
2
4
.
7
2
N
o
v
e
mb
e
r
1
1
.
4
2
2
.
9
48
2
.
6
8
.
3
1
3
.
6
3
.
4
9
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
7
.
1
1
7
.
9
55
2
.
2
7
.
5
1
1
.
6
2
.
2
9
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
1
6
.
3
2
9
.
1
38
3
.
0
9
.
3
1
9
.
7
5
.
8
9
T
h
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
b
etwe
en
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
ev
a
p
o
tr
a
n
s
p
ir
a
tio
n
is
r
=
0
.
9
8
8
.
A
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
was p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
q
u
a
n
tify
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
c
lim
atic
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
ev
a
p
o
tr
a
n
s
p
ir
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
a
v
e
r
y
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
m
o
n
th
ly
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
ev
ap
o
tr
an
s
p
ir
atio
n
,
with
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
r
=
0
.
9
8
8
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
r
o
le
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
in
ev
ap
o
tr
a
n
s
p
ir
atio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
es
u
n
d
er
th
e
ar
id
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
Gh
ar
d
aïa
r
eg
i
o
n
.
6
.
3
.
Ana
ly
s
is
a
nd
inte
rpre
t
a
t
io
n o
f
t
he
curv
es
6
.
3
.
1
.
Su
ns
hi
ne
du
ra
t
io
n a
na
ly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
aily
s
o
la
r
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
p
r
o
f
iles
f
o
r
J
an
u
ar
y
,
Ma
r
ch
,
an
d
J
u
n
e.
All
cu
r
v
e
s
f
o
llo
w
a
ty
p
ical
b
ell
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
atter
n
,
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
ea
k
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
an
d
d
ay
lig
h
t
d
u
r
atio
n
f
r
o
m
win
ter
to
s
u
m
m
er
.
J
u
n
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
lo
n
g
est
s
u
n
s
h
in
e
d
u
r
atio
n
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
o
p
tim
al
PV
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
J
an
u
ar
y
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
r
em
ain
s
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
y
ea
r
-
r
o
u
n
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
ar
i
atio
n
s
in
s
u
n
s
h
in
e
d
u
r
atio
n
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltai
c
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
r
ed
ictin
g
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
n
d
p
lan
n
in
g
h
y
b
r
i
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
eg
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
Gh
ar
d
aïa,
wh
er
e
s
o
lar
r
eso
u
r
c
es a
r
e
ab
u
n
d
an
t b
u
t v
ar
y
s
ea
s
o
n
ally
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
4
0
9
-
1
4
2
1
1418
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Daily
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
f
o
r
th
e
Gh
ar
d
aïa
r
eg
io
n
6
.
3
.
2
.
Da
ily
t
e
m
pera
t
ure
a
na
ly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
iu
r
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
in
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
J
an
u
ar
y
,
Ma
r
ch
,
an
d
J
u
n
e.
A
clea
r
s
ea
s
o
n
al
tr
e
n
d
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
:
–
J
an
u
ar
y
:
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
r
em
ain
r
elativ
ely
lo
w,
with
a
p
ea
k
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
1
7
-
1
8
°C
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
af
ter
n
o
o
n
.
–
Ma
r
ch
:
a
m
o
d
er
ate
in
cr
ea
s
e
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
with
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es r
ea
ch
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
4
°C
.
–
J
u
n
e
:
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
es
s
h
ar
p
ly
,
p
ea
k
in
g
n
ea
r
3
8
°C
,
r
ef
lectin
g
ty
p
ical
s
u
m
m
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
ar
id
r
eg
io
n
s
.
I
n
all
ca
s
es,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
o
llo
ws a
p
ar
ab
o
lic
tr
en
d
: it
r
is
es st
ea
d
ily
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
n
in
g
,
p
ea
k
s
ar
o
u
n
d
m
id
d
ay
to
ea
r
ly
af
ter
n
o
o
n
,
a
n
d
th
en
d
ec
l
in
es
to
war
d
s
th
e
ev
en
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
h
av
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
les.
Hig
h
er
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
ty
p
ically
lead
to
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
PV sy
s
tem
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Daily
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
th
e
Gh
ar
d
aïa
r
e
g
io
n
u
n
d
er
MA
T
L
AB
6
.
3
.
3
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
po
wer
g
e
nera
t
io
n c
urv
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
h
o
u
r
ly
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
f
o
r
J
an
u
ar
y
,
Ma
r
c
h
,
an
d
J
u
n
e.
Po
wer
p
ea
k
s
in
c
r
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
2
5
W
in
J
an
u
ar
y
to
4
2
W
in
J
u
n
e,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
s
o
lar
p
ath
.
Min
o
r
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
p
atter
n
ar
e
d
u
e
to
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
ef
f
ec
ts
,
b
u
t
o
v
er
all
o
u
tp
u
t
is
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
cu
r
v
e
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
s
izin
g
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
also
h
elp
s
in
esti
m
atin
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
r
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
lo
w
-
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
p
er
i
o
d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.