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3
,
Sep
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b
er
20
26
:
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1
4
7
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1
5
6
1148
r
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r
ate
d
s
y
s
tem
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l,
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
an
d
AI
-
b
ased
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
m
itig
atio
n
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
tu
n
i
n
g
,
b
u
t th
ey
o
f
ten
f
u
n
ctio
n
alo
n
e
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
b
ein
g
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
with
th
r
ee
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
es:
i
)
to
en
s
u
r
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
b
alan
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ii)
t
o
en
a
b
le
r
ap
i
d
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
class
if
icatio
n
u
n
d
er
n
o
is
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
n
d
iii)
to
allo
w
in
tellig
en
t,
co
o
r
d
in
a
ted
en
er
g
y
d
is
p
atch
am
o
n
g
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
f
a
u
lt
r
esil
ien
ce
s
ets.
Pro
p
o
s
e
an
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
to
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
b
y
co
o
r
d
in
atin
g
STAT
C
OM
o
p
er
atio
n
,
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
s
tab
ilit
y
in
tellig
en
ce
s
ets.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
c
lu
d
es
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
b
etter
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
f
o
r
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
,
m
u
lti
-
ag
en
t
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
if
ies
th
ese
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
to
a
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
tech
n
iq
u
e
g
o
es
b
e
y
o
n
d
in
cr
em
en
tal
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
to
cr
ea
te
a
co
h
e
r
en
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
s
with
h
ig
h
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
en
etr
atio
n
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
co
n
tr
o
l,
p
r
o
tec
tio
n
,
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
e
v
e
r
y
f
ir
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le
[
1
]
,
b
u
ild
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
b
y
a
p
p
ly
i
n
g
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tim
ized
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
to
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
in
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
g
r
ea
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
s
tu
d
i
es lik
e
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
ex
ten
d
ed
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ies m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
in
to
h
y
b
r
id
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
wh
er
e
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
es
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
an
d
b
atter
y
-
in
teg
r
ated
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
ea
r
ly
clu
s
ter
o
f
wo
r
k
u
n
d
e
r
lin
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
o
p
er
atio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
with
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
s
tep
p
in
g
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
to
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
e
u
r
al
an
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
lo
ad
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
an
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
m
itig
atio
n
in
win
d
an
d
win
d
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
.
As
th
e
tim
elin
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
,
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
s
,
in
tellig
en
t
MPPT
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
,
an
d
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
is
tic
tu
n
ed
p
o
wer
co
n
d
itio
n
er
s
f
o
r
d
iv
er
s
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
in
d
icativ
e
o
f
th
e
ea
r
ly
r
ea
lizatio
n
th
at
c
o
n
tr
o
l
in
tellig
en
ce
h
as
to
b
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
v
er
y
d
ee
p
ly
in
to
co
n
v
er
ter
-
le
v
el
ar
ch
it
ec
tu
r
es
f
o
r
h
o
lis
tic
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
ets.
T
h
e
m
id
d
le
p
h
ase
o
f
th
is
liter
atu
r
e,
g
o
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
[
1
1
]
-
[
2
5
]
,
m
o
v
es
to
war
d
d
esig
n
s
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
b
ec
o
m
e
ev
er
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
i
n
[
1
1
]
ad
d
r
ess
es
co
o
r
d
in
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
led
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
wh
ile
[
1
2
]
em
p
lo
y
s
d
ee
p
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
els,
lik
e
R
E
R
NN
-
SC
SO,
f
o
r
m
icr
o
g
r
id
-
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
C
o
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
ta
r
g
ete
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
s
tu
d
ies
lik
e
[
1
3
]
u
s
e
g
r
ey
wo
lf
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
a
d
ap
tatio
n
o
f
a
STAT
C
OM
wh
ile
[
1
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
o
n
e
-
c
y
cle
co
n
tr
o
l
b
ased
o
n
PV
-
MPPT
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
g
r
id
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
je
ctio
n
.
I
n
[
1
5
]
an
d
[
1
6
]
,
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
in
teg
r
ate
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tu
n
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
with
STAT
C
OM
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
r
id
e
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
wh
ile
[
1
7
]
tak
es
th
is
f
o
r
war
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
T
y
p
e
I
I
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
[
1
8
]
an
d
[
1
9
]
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
D
-
STAT
C
OM
an
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
to
e
n
h
an
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
q
u
ality
at
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els,
wh
ile
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
5
]
d
is
cu
s
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
,
STAT
C
OM
lo
ca
lizatio
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
g
r
i
d
f
o
r
m
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ls
,
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
wit
h
s
u
p
er
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
d
ev
ices,
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
lace
m
e
n
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
co
n
g
esti
o
n
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
ets.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
is
tim
e
s
p
an
,
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
p
lace
m
en
t,
tu
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices
d
ictate
s
tab
ilit
y
m
ar
g
in
s
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
g
r
id
s
was st
r
o
n
g
ly
co
n
s
o
lid
ated
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
ter
ativ
ely
,
th
e
later
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
s
u
ch
as
[
2
6
]
d
escr
ib
es
b
io
-
i
n
s
p
ir
ed
h
y
b
r
id
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
lace
m
e
n
t
an
d
s
izin
g
o
f
D
-
STAT
C
OM
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
,
h
o
wev
er
,
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
in
r
elatio
n
to
[
2
7
]
th
at
d
escr
ib
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
atio
n
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
STAT
C
OM
to
ef
f
ec
tu
ate
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t.
All
o
f
th
ese
wo
r
k
s
r
e
f
lect
m
atu
r
ity
in
th
e
f
ield
wh
er
e
h
y
b
r
id
in
tellig
en
ce
-
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
a
n
aly
t
ics,
ad
ap
tiv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
-
ar
e
n
o
l
o
n
g
er
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
b
u
t
r
ath
er
s
et
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
d
esi
g
n
.
Ov
er
all,
th
ese
tr
e
n
d
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
h
o
w
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
co
h
e
r
en
t
s
tr
id
es
f
o
r
war
d
f
r
o
m
is
o
lated
c
o
n
tr
o
l
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
to
ex
ten
s
iv
e,
a
d
ap
tab
le,
an
d
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ated
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
ar
ch
itectu
r
es.
Su
ch
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
r
e
f
lectiv
e
o
f
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
with
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
ies,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
ch
allen
g
e
h
as
m
o
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
aster
-
f
ac
ilit
ated
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
u
n
d
er
s
tab
le
f
lo
w
to
s
ea
m
less
,
s
tab
le,
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
in
to
co
m
p
lex
elec
tr
ic
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
As
in
d
icate
d
h
er
ei
n
,
all
lead
to
a
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
e
m
is
e
f
o
r
an
y
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
th
a
t
s
ee
k
s
to
p
u
s
h
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
i
n
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Desig
n
o
f a
n
iter
a
tive
A
I
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
S
TATC
OM
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
erg
y
…
(
B
h
i
s
h
a
n
Wa
d
h
a
i
)
1149
en
er
g
y
co
n
tr
o
l.
Dir
ec
t
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
with
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
an
in
teg
r
ated
AI
-
STAT
C
OM
m
o
d
el
th
er
e
b
y
s
tan
d
s
p
r
o
u
d
ly
-
o
n
th
e
s
h
o
u
ld
er
s
o
f
d
e
ca
d
es o
f
m
eth
o
d
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
t in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
So
lar
ce
lls
,
win
d
,
an
d
f
u
el
ce
ll
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
d
is
tr
i
b
u
ted
h
y
b
r
id
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
(
HR
E
S)
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
id
c
o
n
n
e
ctiv
ity
v
ia
a
STAT
C
OM
,
wh
ich
is
f
o
r
tifie
d
b
y
a
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
ed
AI
ap
p
ar
atu
s
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
t
o
d
eliv
er
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
ally
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
tr
o
l,
as
well
as
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
a
n
d
f
au
lt
r
esil
ien
ce
,
all
u
n
d
er
d
i
v
er
s
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
p
tim
izes
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
th
e
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
m
ix
ed
-
g
en
e
r
atin
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
STAT
C
OM
,
an
d
s
o
o
n
ad
v
an
ce
d
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
W
ith
in
th
e
s
ch
em
e,
f
iv
e
n
ew
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
an
aly
s
is
-
HDRL
-
S
C
,
HE
MD
-
DAE
,
MA
C
-
DP
SC
,
G
W
O
-
M
PC
V
S,
an
d
SNN
-
T
SP
-
will
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
to
wo
r
k
in
a
tig
h
tly
c
o
u
p
led
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
co
h
er
e
n
t
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
f
lo
ws.
I
n
itially
,
as
p
er
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
ea
ch
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
elec
tr
ical
d
y
n
am
ics ca
p
tu
r
e
th
eir
o
wn
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Fo
r
a
win
d
tu
r
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in
e
,
th
e
ae
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
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o
wer
ex
tr
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n
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g
iv
en
in
(
1
)
.
(
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=
(
1
2
)
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,
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(
1
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h
er
e
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air
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e
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s
ity
,
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is
r
o
to
r
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wep
t
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e
p
o
wer
co
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f
icie
n
t
d
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e
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d
en
t
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n
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s
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ee
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r
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λ
an
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itch
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g
le
β
,
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d
v
w
(
t)
is
th
e
i
n
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
et
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mo
d
el
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
g
e
n
er
ato
r
to
r
q
u
e
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
(
2
)
,
with
ω
r
(
t)
b
ein
g
th
e
r
o
to
r
s
p
e
ed
.
Fo
r
th
e
PV a
r
r
ay
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t is d
escr
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ed
u
s
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g
th
e
s
in
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le
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i
o
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m
o
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el
as sh
o
wn
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(
3
)
.
(
)
=
(
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(
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(
2
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(
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ℎ
(
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−
0
[
(
(
)
+
(
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)
−
1
]
−
(
)
+
(
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ℎ
(
3
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W
h
er
e
I
p
h
is
th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t,
I0
is
th
e
d
io
d
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t,
V
p
v
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v
o
ltag
e,
Rs
an
d
R
s
h
ar
e
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er
ies
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s
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esis
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ce
s
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n
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th
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id
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lity
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ac
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r
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an
d
Vt
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e
th
er
m
al
v
o
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e
in
p
r
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ce
s
s
.
I
ter
ativ
ely
,
Nex
t,
as
p
er
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t is m
o
d
eled
as (
4
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
26
:
1
1
4
7
-
1
1
5
6
1150
(
)
=
0
−
(
)
−
ℎ
(
)
−
(
)
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
E0
is
th
e
Ne
r
n
s
t
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
ηa
ct,
ηo
h
m
,
an
d
ηco
n
c
r
e
p
r
esen
t
ac
ti
v
atio
n
,
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h
m
ic,
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
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lo
s
s
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
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f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
co
llectiv
e
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
all
s
o
u
r
ce
s
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ter
f
ac
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
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tr
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n
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e
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ter
s
.
T
h
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
wer
at
t
h
e
p
o
i
n
t o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
co
u
p
lin
g
(
PC
C
)
is
g
iv
en
in
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
.
(
)
=
(
3
2
)
[
(
)
(
)
+
(
)
(
)
]
(
5
)
(
)
=
(
3
2
)
[
(
)
(
)
−
(
)
(
)
]
(
6
)
W
h
er
e,
vd
an
d
vq
ar
e
th
e
d
-
q
a
x
is
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
an
d
id
an
d
iq
ar
e
th
e
d
-
q
ax
is
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Ov
e
r
all
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Desig
n
o
f a
n
iter
a
tive
A
I
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
S
TATC
OM
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
erg
y
…
(
B
h
i
s
h
a
n
Wa
d
h
a
i
)
1151
T
h
e
STAT
C
OM
,
m
o
d
eled
as
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
(
V
SC
)
.
I
t
in
jects
r
ea
ctiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
(
)
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
HDRL
-
SC
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
m
in
im
ize
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
as
(
7
)
.
(
)
=
∗
[
−
(
)
+
(
)
]
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
Qn
et
is
n
et
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
C
eq
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
an
d
K
d
r
(
Δ
V
)
is
th
e
HDRL
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o
p
tim
ized
d
am
p
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
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n
ΔV
in
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r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
HDRL
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
licy
πθ
(
s
)
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ax
im
izes
th
e
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m
u
lativ
e
r
ewa
r
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
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8
)
.
(
)
=
{
}
[
{
=
0
}
∞
]
(
8
)
W
h
er
e
rk
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
en
alize
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t,
s
ettlin
g
tim
e,
an
d
T
HD,
wh
ile
r
ewa
r
d
in
g
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
MA
C
-
DPSC
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
alan
ce
s
s
o
u
r
ce
o
u
tp
u
t
s
b
ased
o
n
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
d
y
n
am
ic
s
as
(
9
)
.
̇
(
)
=
−
{
∈
}
(
(
)
−
(
)
)
+
(
)
(
9
)
W
h
er
e
P
i(
t)
is
th
e
lo
ca
l
p
o
wer
s
etp
o
in
t,
a
ij
is
th
e
co
u
p
lin
g
weig
h
t,
an
d
b
i(
t)
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
S
OC
lim
it
s
an
d
f
u
el
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
h
e
GW
O
-
MPC
m
o
d
u
le
o
p
tim
izes
th
e
STAT
C
OM
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
t
r
a
jecto
r
y
(
VR
T
)
b
y
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
i
d
e
n
tity
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
in
(
1
0
)
.
=
min
(
)
{
=
0
}
{
}
[
(
(
+
)
−
(
+
)
)
2
+
2
(
+
)
]
(
1
0
)
S
u
b
ject
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
ed
in
(
1
1
)
.
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
(
1
1
)
W
h
er
e
u
(
t)
is
STAT
C
OM
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t
an
d
A
,
B
ar
e
s
y
s
tem
m
atr
ices.
T
h
e
SNN
-
T
SP
p
r
ed
icts
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ik
in
g
n
eu
r
o
n
m
em
b
r
an
e
p
o
ten
tial d
y
n
am
ics
as
(
1
2
)
.
(
)
=
−
(
)
+
(
)
+
(
,
(
)
)
(
1
2
)
W
h
er
e,
Ui(
t)
is
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
p
o
ten
tial,
wij
is
s
y
n
ap
tic
weig
h
t,
S
j(
t)
is
s
p
ik
e
i
n
p
u
t,
a
n
d
I
ex
t,
i(
t)
is
ex
ter
n
al
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ets.
Stab
ilit
y
s
tatu
s
is
class
if
ied
b
ased
o
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
cr
o
s
s
in
g
s
with
in
a
p
r
e
d
ef
in
e
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
h
o
r
iz
o
n
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
teg
r
at
ed
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lete
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
-
o
p
tim
ized
,
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
-
r
esil
ien
t g
r
i
d
v
o
lta
g
e
p
r
o
f
ile
as
(
1
3
)
.
(
)
=
[
(
)
,
(
)
,
(
)
,
(
)
,
(
)
,
ℎ
(
)
]
(
1
3
)
W
h
er
e,
f
AI
(
⋅
)
is
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
ap
p
in
g
r
ea
lized
b
y
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
ated
ac
tio
n
o
f
HDRL
-
SC
,
HE
MD
-
DAE
,
MA
C
-
DPSC
,
G
W
O
-
MP
C
VS,
an
d
SNN
-
T
SP
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
r
em
ain
s
with
in
±
2
%,
T
HD
b
elo
w
2
%,
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
laten
cy
with
in
7
m
s
,
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ab
o
v
e
9
8
%,
th
u
s
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
tar
g
eted
o
p
er
atio
n
al
o
b
jecti
v
es
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lev
els
o
f
p
en
etr
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
en
ewa
b
les an
d
g
r
id
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
te
g
r
ated
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
(
HR
E
S)
was
to
cr
ea
te
r
ea
lis
tic
o
p
er
atin
g
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
b
y
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
win
d
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
,
an
d
f
u
el
c
ell
(
FC
)
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
with
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
id
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
an
AI
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
tatic
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
STAT
C
OM
)
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
u
s
in
g
a
f
ix
ed
-
s
tep
d
is
cr
ete
s
o
lv
er
,
to
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
em
u
late
a
n
y
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
s
witch
in
g
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
win
d
g
en
er
atio
n
m
o
d
u
le
was sized
with
a
r
ated
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
1
.
5
MW
an
d
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
i
c
an
d
d
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iv
e
-
tr
ain
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
co
m
p
atib
le
with
a
co
m
m
er
cial
v
ar
iab
le
-
s
p
ee
d
tu
r
b
in
e.
Sam
p
le
win
d
s
p
ee
d
d
ata
wer
e
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
5
m
/s
to
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4
m
/s
an
d
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
i
n
ten
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ities
o
f
0
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0
8
u
n
d
er
th
e
p
r
em
is
e
o
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ep
licatin
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r
e
alis
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m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
PV
ar
r
ay
was
m
o
d
eled
f
o
r
a
n
o
m
in
al
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
5
0
0
k
W
,
u
n
d
er
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
W
/m
²
to
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
²
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Sep
tem
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er
20
26
:
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p
r
o
f
iles
r
a
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g
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r
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h
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tack
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ch
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ter
ized
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y
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ile
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atin
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er
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lated
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r
ess
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e
o
f
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ar
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n
th
e
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ce
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s
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h
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was
m
o
d
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s
tiff
at
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k
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with
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s
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o
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t
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cir
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it
r
atio
o
f
1
5
,
f
r
o
m
wh
ich
m
ix
ed
d
y
n
a
m
ic
lo
a
d
s
v
ar
y
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
.
2
MW
to
2
.
5
MW
s
h
all
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ev
al
u
ate
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
STAT
C
OM
was
r
ated
at
±
5
0
0
k
VAr
with
a
5
k
Hz
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
an
d
it
was
in
ter
f
ac
e
d
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
u
p
lin
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
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a
v
in
g
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ctan
ce
o
f
0
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0
5
p
u
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
r
an
at
1
0
0
µs in
ter
v
als to
f
u
lf
ill th
e
laten
cy
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
AI
-
b
a
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
in
te
g
r
ated
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
in
teg
r
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
d
esig
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
n
s
is
ten
t
co
u
p
li
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
is
k
e
p
t
wi
th
in
±
2
%
d
esp
ite
win
d
f
l
u
ctu
a
tio
n
,
s
o
lar
s
h
ad
in
g
,
an
d
f
u
el
ce
ll
r
estrictio
n
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ex
h
ib
it
±
3
.
5
%
to
±
5
%
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
c
o
m
p
licate
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
Hier
ar
ch
ical
le
ar
n
in
g
-
b
ased
STAT
C
OM
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ca
n
ch
an
g
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
g
r
id
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
an
ticip
ated
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Po
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
im
ilar
ly
.
Hig
h
d
em
an
d
v
a
r
iatio
n
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
o
v
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
e
v
en
ts
lo
wer
o
v
er
all
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
t
co
m
m
o
n
c
o
u
p
lin
g
to
1
.
8
–
1
.
9
%,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
elo
w
g
r
id
-
c
o
d
e
lim
its
.
I
n
id
e
n
tical
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
s
lig
h
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
3
.
5
%
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
in
d
icatin
g
p
o
o
r
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
awa
r
en
ess
in
th
eir
c
o
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic.
Dir
ec
tly
a
d
d
in
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
en
s
itiv
e
tar
g
ets in
to
STAT
C
OM
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
la
y
er
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
u
tili
ty
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
'
s
f
au
lt
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
its
n
o
n
-
tr
iv
ial
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
.
Sin
g
le
-
lin
e,
d
o
u
b
le
-
lin
e
,
an
d
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
laten
cy
is
r
ed
u
c
ed
to
6
–
7
m
s
f
o
r
f
aster
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
an
d
lo
wer
g
r
id
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
class
if
icatio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
all
f
au
lt
ca
teg
o
r
ies
was
ab
o
v
e
9
8
%,
ex
c
ee
d
in
g
co
m
p
ar
a
b
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
b
y
s
ev
er
al
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
ese
g
ain
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
in
ce
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
l
s
ig
n
al
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
m
is
class
if
y
tr
an
s
ito
r
y
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
i
n
n
o
is
y
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
r
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
s
h
o
w
th
e
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
e'
s
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
.
C
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
in
s
tab
ilit
y
b
ef
o
r
e
it o
cc
u
r
s
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
with
a
s
tab
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
9
9
%
in
s
ev
er
e
f
a
u
lt
r
ec
o
v
er
y
an
d
g
en
e
r
atio
n
lo
s
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
W
ith
litt
le
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
t
,
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
t
im
e
s
a
r
e
0
.
6
–
0
.
7
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
f
as
te
r
t
h
a
n
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
.
S
t
a
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
v
e
a
l
s
t
h
es
e
g
a
i
n
s
a
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
a
c
r
o
s
s
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
m
i
n
i
m
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
i
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
R
es
u
l
ts
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
s
t
a
ti
s
ti
c
a
ll
y
,
n
o
t
g
r
a
d
u
a
l
l
y
.
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
,
f
a
u
lt
r
e
s
i
li
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
s
ta
b
i
l
it
y
p
r
e
d
i
c
ti
o
n
y
i
e
l
d
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
-
l
e
v
e
l
b
e
n
e
f
i
ts
t
h
at
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
a
c
h
ie
v
e
d
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
a
n
e
x
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
-
in
teg
r
ated
g
r
id
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
PV,
win
d
,
an
d
PC
C
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
d
u
r
in
g
a
0
.
0
8
–
0
.
1
2
s
g
r
id
f
au
lt.
C
o
n
v
er
ter
-
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ter
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ted
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m
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o
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d
f
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d
u
ce
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im
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d
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ce
ch
a
n
g
es
in
cr
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e
PC
C
c
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r
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n
t
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et
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es
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h
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in
c
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s
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t
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3
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Dis
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T
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ates
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m
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tio
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f
au
lt
r
esp
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n
s
e,
a
n
d
s
tab
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p
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ed
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C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
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a
n
aly
s
is
h
ig
h
lig
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ts
th
o
s
e
ar
ch
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l
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ce
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e
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ated
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o
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tio
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ar
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.
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h
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ap
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tem
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tellig
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ield
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e
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y
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tem
im
p
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e
n
t
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th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
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h
e
p
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o
p
o
s
ed
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ch
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r
e
in
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r
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s
es
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en
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le
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g
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ir
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s
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,
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aste
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o
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n
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l
o
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h
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s
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ess
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d
m
ax
im
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le
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r
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tili
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tio
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.
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h
is
m
ak
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th
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iq
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e
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g
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o
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g
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m
ar
t
g
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s
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d
m
icr
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g
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id
s
f
ac
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g
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cr
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ed
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n
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v
o
latilit
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e
p
r
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c
ess
.
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h
e
in
teg
r
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
ch
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r
e
is
f
lex
ib
l
e
an
d
r
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u
n
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er
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,
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u
t
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e
d
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o
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en
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s
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ld
co
n
s
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er
p
r
ac
ticalities
.
Hig
h
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f
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u
en
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y
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ata
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llectio
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ir
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e
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m
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s
in
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e,
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ich
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air
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en
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ter
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m
o
d
el
ad
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eq
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ir
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p
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ates.
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h
e
m
u
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e
d
AI
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
c
r
ea
s
es
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b
u
t
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s
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m
p
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al
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em
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e
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tim
e
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s
.
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h
e
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tem
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ed
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as
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ce
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u
t
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m
e
lim
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ch
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th
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ll
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ir
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ig
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f
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ata
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th
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ig
h
t
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e
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elian
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m
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s
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ile
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o
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ap
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g
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lated
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atter
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ased
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ay
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a
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f
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h
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ap
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'
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ir
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m
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F
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[
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o
.
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