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1253
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Adv
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ha
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stem w
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ca
sca
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co
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Acc
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Th
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as
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s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
As
E
V
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[
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1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
25
3
-
1
26
3
1254
Ho
wev
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Vien
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tifie
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f
ac
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Alter
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itiv
ity
to
n
o
is
e
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
Similar
ly
,
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ler
s
(
SMC
)
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
o
n
g
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
f
ast
d
y
n
am
ics
b
u
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
ch
atter
i
n
g
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
witch
in
g
s
tr
ess
,
E
MI
is
s
u
es,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
(
FLC)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
t
o
h
an
d
le
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ities
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
7
]
,
y
et
th
e
y
d
e
p
en
d
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
ex
p
er
t
-
d
e
f
in
e
d
r
u
le
b
ases
,
lim
itin
g
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
t
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
o
v
el
wir
eless
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
an
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
th
r
ee
-
s
tag
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ec
tifie
r
an
d
a
ca
s
ca
d
ed
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
C
FC
)
.
T
h
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
in
tu
n
in
g
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
p
ar
am
eter
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
av
o
id
s
r
elian
ce
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
m
o
n
o
lith
ic
f
u
zz
y
r
u
le
b
ase.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
in
co
r
p
o
r
at
es
a
Vien
n
a
r
ec
tifie
r
f
o
r
AC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
,
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
in
v
e
r
ter
f
o
r
DC
–
AC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wir
eless
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
,
an
d
a
n
is
o
latio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
f
o
r
s
af
ety
a
n
d
g
alv
an
ic
s
ep
ar
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ec
tifie
r
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
e
aim
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
a
ll
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
m
in
im
izin
g
r
ec
tific
atio
n
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
d
is
tin
ct
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
lies
in
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
s
tag
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ec
t
if
ier
with
a
C
F
C
s
p
ec
if
ically
ta
ilo
r
ed
f
o
r
wir
eless
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
.
Un
lik
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ca
s
ca
d
ed
f
u
zz
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
ep
ar
ates
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
t
ask
s
in
to
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical
lo
o
p
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
T
HD,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ag
ain
s
t
s
y
s
tem
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ities
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
u
s
e
o
f
a
Vien
n
a
r
ec
ti
f
ier
,
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
in
v
er
ter
,
a
n
d
is
o
latio
n
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
wit
h
i
n
a
u
n
if
ied
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
u
n
iq
u
el
y
o
p
tim
ized
p
ath
way
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
AC
–
DC
–
AC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
-
lev
e
l
s
y
n
er
g
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiates
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
f
r
o
m
ex
is
tin
g
W
PT
-
b
ased
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
as
f
o
llo
ws:
Sectio
n
2
ex
p
lain
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
,
an
d
Secti
o
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
w
o
r
k
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
wo
r
k
in
clu
d
es
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
a
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l p
o
wer
f
lo
w
f
o
r
V
2
G
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
,
an
d
ex
p
l
o
r
in
g
AI
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
p
r
ac
tical
o
p
er
at
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SYS
T
E
M
D
E
S
CRIPT
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
ter
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
wh
er
e
th
e
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
an
in
t
eg
r
ated
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
en
e
r
g
y
-
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ch
ain
.
T
h
e
Vien
n
a
r
ec
tifie
r
f
ir
s
t
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
g
r
id
AC
s
u
p
p
ly
in
to
a
r
e
g
u
lated
DC
lin
k
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
e
s
as
th
e
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
i
n
v
e
r
ter
g
en
er
ates a
n
AC
wav
e
f
o
r
m
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
wir
eless
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
is
o
latio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
wh
i
ch
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
s
tag
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ec
tifie
r
th
e
n
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
a
s
tab
le
DC
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
c
o
o
r
d
in
ated
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
a
n
d
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
en
s
u
r
es
p
r
ec
is
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
tag
es,
en
ab
lin
g
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
d
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
em
p
lo
y
s
a
s
er
ies
–
s
er
ies
(
SS
)
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
ir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
E
Vs
u
s
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
d
va
n
ce
d
w
ir
eles
s
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
ystem
w
ith
ca
s
ca
d
ed
fu
z
z
y
co
n
tr
o
l
…
(
N
a
ve
e
n
a
S
a
n
d
h
a
d
i
)
1255
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SYS
T
E
M
M
O
DE
L
L
I
NG
3
.
1
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
Vienna
re
ct
if
ier
T
h
e
Vien
n
a
r
ec
tifie
r
is
em
p
l
o
y
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
to
co
n
v
er
t
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
g
r
id
AC
v
o
l
tag
e
in
to
a
r
eg
u
lated
DC
o
u
tp
u
t.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ix
d
io
d
es
an
d
a
s
in
g
le
ac
tiv
e
s
witch
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
to
m
ain
tain
b
alan
ce
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
ath
s
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
ea
ch
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
e
v
ice,
as
ev
e
r
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
o
n
ly
h
al
f
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
r
ated
d
e
v
ices
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
an
d
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
etailed
m
at
h
em
ati
ca
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
Vien
n
a
r
ec
tif
ier
.
T
h
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
o
f
t
h
e
ac
tiv
e
s
witch
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
its
s
witch
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
an
d
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
o
p
er
atin
g
ca
s
es
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tate
an
d
p
o
lar
ity
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Vien
n
a
r
ec
tifie
r
cir
c
u
it
i.
Mo
d
e
1
:
W
h
en
th
e
ac
tiv
e
s
witch
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
is
d
ir
ec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
witch
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
.
D
u
r
in
g
t
h
is
in
ter
v
al,
th
e
d
io
d
e
p
ath
s
ar
e
b
lo
ck
e
d
,
an
d
n
o
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t sh
ap
in
g
an
d
b
o
o
s
t o
p
er
atio
n
.
=
(
1
)
1
1
+
1
+
2
=
0
(
2
)
2
2
+
1
+
2
=
0
(
3
)
ii.
Mo
d
e
2
:
W
h
en
th
e
s
witch
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
an
d
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
is
p
o
s
itiv
e,
th
e
u
p
p
er
d
io
d
e
co
n
d
u
cts
,
allo
win
g
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
to
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
its
s
t
o
r
ed
en
er
g
y
in
to
th
e
u
p
p
er
DC
-
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
1
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
1
is
ch
ar
g
ed
,
an
d
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t d
ec
r
e
ases
wh
ile
d
eliv
er
in
g
en
er
g
y
t
o
th
e
DC
b
u
s
.
=
+
1
(
4
)
=
1
1
+
1
+
2
(
5
)
2
2
+
1
+
2
=
0
(
6
)
iii.
Mo
d
e
3
:
Fo
r
a
n
eg
ativ
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
with
th
e
s
witch
o
f
f
,
th
e
lo
wer
d
io
d
e
p
ath
b
ec
o
m
es
f
o
r
w
ar
d
-
b
iased
,
d
ir
ec
tin
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
to
th
e
lo
w
er
DC
-
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
2
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
2
is
ch
ar
g
ed
,
an
d
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
r
elea
s
es
en
er
g
y
s
y
m
m
etr
ically
to
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
h
alf
-
c
y
cle.
=
−
2
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
25
3
-
1
26
3
1256
=
−
2
2
−
1
+
2
(
8
)
1
1
+
1
+
2
=
0
(
9
)
Usi
n
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
n
d
s
ig
n
o
f
,
th
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
elatio
n
s
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
=
1
[
+
(
−
1
)
(
1
+
(
)
2
1
−
1
−
(
)
2
2
)
]
(
1
0
)
1
=
1
1
[
1
+
(
)
2
(
1
−
)
−
1
+
2
]
(
1
1
)
2
=
1
1
[
1
−
(
)
2
(
1
−
)
−
1
+
2
]
(
1
2
)
So
lv
in
g
(
1
0
)
-
(
1
2
)
y
ield
s
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
Vien
n
a
r
ec
tifie
r
.
T
h
e
s
ele
cted
s
tate
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
to
f
a
cilitate
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
esi
g
n
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
is
r
eg
u
lated
u
s
in
g
a
ca
s
c
ad
ed
FLC,
wh
ich
m
ain
tain
s
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
atten
u
ates
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics.
Un
d
er
t
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
ac
h
iev
es
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
o
p
er
atio
n
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
3
.
2
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
ca
s
ca
ded f
uzzy
lo
g
ic
co
ntr
o
ller
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
Vien
n
a
r
ec
tifie
r
a
r
e
r
e
g
u
lated
u
s
in
g
a
C
FC
to
ac
h
iev
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
wi
r
eless
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
C
ascad
e
co
n
tr
o
l
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
wh
en
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
t
r
o
l
lo
o
p
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
s
tr
o
n
g
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ities
th
at
lim
it
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
B
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
to
two
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
f
u
zz
y
lo
o
p
s
,
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
ar
e
m
itig
ated
an
d
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
.
I
n
t
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
th
e
o
u
te
r
lo
o
p
en
co
d
es
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
co
n
tr
o
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
g
e
n
er
ates
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
als,
wh
ile
th
e
in
n
er
lo
o
p
m
an
ag
es
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
n
d
ex
ec
u
tes
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
en
h
an
ce
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
en
s
u
r
es su
p
er
io
r
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
FC
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
r
eg
u
lati
o
n
s
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
in
th
e
o
u
ter
lo
o
p
.
T
h
ese
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
(
1
3
)
.
∶
1
2
ℎ
=
(
1
3
)
T
h
e
v
ar
ia
b
les
,
,
1
,
an
d
2
ar
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
f
u
zz
y
s
ets)
s
p
ec
if
ied
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
ea
lm
s
o
f
d
is
s
er
tatio
n
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
er
r
o
r
a
n
d
er
r
o
r
,
is
th
e
(
co
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
le)
o
u
t
p
u
t.
B
K
is
n
u
m
e
r
ical
v
alu
e
o
f
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ℎ
r
u
le
(
=
1
,
2
,
…
).
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
tin
g
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
lev
el
o
f
ev
e
r
y
co
n
tr
o
l r
u
le
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
elo
w
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
i
n
n
er
an
d
o
u
ter
lo
o
p
s
.
:
1
=
{
1
(
)
.
1
(
)
}
(
1
4
)
:
2
=
{
1
(
)
.
1
(
)
}
(
1
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
d
va
n
ce
d
w
ir
eles
s
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
ystem
w
ith
ca
s
ca
d
ed
fu
z
z
y
co
n
tr
o
l
…
(
N
a
ve
e
n
a
S
a
n
d
h
a
d
i
)
1257
E
ac
h
lo
o
p
s
'
in
f
er
r
ed
v
alu
es o
f
co
n
tr
o
l a
r
e
estab
lis
h
ed
as
(
1
6
)
an
d
(
1
7
)
.
1
∗
=
∑
1
=
1
∑
1
=
1
(
1
6
)
2
∗
=
∑
2
=
1
∑
2
=
1
(
1
7
)
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ce
r
tain
s
ca
lin
g
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
:
(
)
=
∗
(
)
1
(
1
8
)
:
(
)
=
∗
(
)
2
(
1
9
)
T
h
e
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
e
p
r
esen
t th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
an
d
ar
e
d
ef
in
e
d
as:
(
−
3
)
,
(
−
2
)
,
(
−
1
)
,
(
0
)
,
(
1
)
,
(
2
)
,
(
3
)
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
is
t
y
p
e
h
a
v
e
in
itial v
alu
es
1
,
2
,
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
F
ig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
in
p
u
t
an
d
∆
.
I
n
th
e
in
n
er
lo
o
p
,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
s
es th
e
o
u
ter
lo
o
p
f
u
zz
y
co
n
t
r
o
ller
as its
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
alu
e.
B
ased
o
n
o
u
ter
lo
o
p
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f
in
n
er
lo
o
p
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
ti
f
ier
in
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
co
n
tr
o
l
h
as
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
win
g
to
th
e
C
FC
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Me
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
∆
3
.
3
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
hy
s
t
er
esis
curr
ent
co
ntr
o
ller
T
h
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
r
e
g
u
latin
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
Vien
n
a
r
ec
tifie
r
in
wir
eless
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
t
m
ain
tain
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
with
in
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
h
y
s
ter
esis
b
an
d
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
p
r
ec
is
e
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
r
ef
e
r
e
n
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
with
i
n
th
is
b
a
n
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
witch
in
g
s
tate
o
f
th
e
r
e
ctif
ier
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
e
n
h
an
ce
s
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
(
E
MC)
an
d
m
in
im
izes
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
wh
ich
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
E
Vs.
B
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
le
an
d
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
cu
r
r
en
t,
t
h
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
co
n
tr
o
ller
im
p
r
o
v
es
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
lo
n
g
ev
ity
o
f
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[
NS]
,
u
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le
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est.
RE
F
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R
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NC
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[
1
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H
.
K
.
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2
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4
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[
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