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ma
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nesium
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Gr
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d
i
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g
s
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s
tem
Ma
g
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
Palm
s
h
ell
ch
ar
co
al
So
il r
esis
tiv
ity
So
il tr
ea
tm
en
t
T
h
is i
s
a
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o
p
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n
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c
c
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rticle
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d
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r th
e
CC B
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SA
li
c
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se
.
C
o
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r
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s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
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r
:
Fer
r
y
R
ah
m
at
Ast
ian
ta
B
u
k
it
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
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in
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Facu
lty
o
f
E
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in
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in
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,
Un
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s
itas
Su
m
ater
a
Utar
a
Me
d
an
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
f
er
r
y
b
u
k
it@
u
s
u
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Gr
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
tect
p
e
o
p
le
an
d
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
b
y
d
ir
ec
ti
n
g
s
u
r
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
lig
h
t
n
i
n
g
o
r
f
au
lts
in
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
er
eb
y
m
in
i
m
izin
g
d
am
ag
e
a
n
d
h
az
a
r
d
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
I
n
a
d
eq
u
ate
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
d
am
ag
e
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
d
is
r
u
p
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
p
o
s
e
s
af
ety
r
is
k
s
.
L
o
w
r
esis
tan
ce
,
wh
ich
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
s
o
il
ty
p
e,
elec
tr
o
d
e
ty
p
e,
d
e
p
th
,
an
d
s
o
il
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
en
s
u
r
es
e
f
f
ec
tiv
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cu
r
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e
n
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
,
th
u
s
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
d
am
ag
e
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
PUI
L
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ets
a
s
af
e
r
esis
tan
ce
lim
it
o
f
5
o
h
m
s
[
5
]
.
Dev
iatio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
r
e
q
u
ir
es
m
itig
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ef
f
o
r
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
r
d
e
p
th
o
f
elec
t
r
o
d
es
an
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
s
o
il
tr
ea
tm
en
t
with
ad
d
itiv
es
s
u
ch
as
B
en
to
n
ite,
NaCl,
Mg
SO₄,
C
u
SO₄,
C
aCl
₂,
o
r
c
ar
b
o
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
il
r
esis
t
iv
ity
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
Palm
s
h
ell
ch
ar
co
al,
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
y
r
o
ly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
0
0
°C
to
1
0
0
0
°C
,
co
n
tain
s
a
h
ig
h
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
ac
t
iv
ated
ca
r
b
o
n
with
h
y
g
r
o
s
co
p
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
at
en
h
an
ce
b
o
th
wate
r
ab
s
o
r
p
ti
o
n
an
d
s
o
il
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
m
ag
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
(
M
g
SO₄)
is
a
s
alt
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
s
o
il
tr
ea
tm
en
t
f
o
r
its
ab
ilit
y
to
r
e
d
u
ce
s
o
il
ac
id
ity
an
d
s
lo
w
elec
tr
o
d
e
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
th
ese
two
m
ater
ials
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
s
o
il r
esis
tiv
ity
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e.
I
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
is
an
ess
en
tial
p
r
o
tectiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ag
ain
s
t
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
-
d
am
ag
in
g
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
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a
s
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p
ath
f
o
r
f
a
u
lt
an
d
s
u
r
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e
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r
en
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
b
o
th
eq
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ip
m
en
t
in
teg
r
ity
an
d
p
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s
o
n
n
el
s
af
et
y
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e:
i
)
n
eu
t
r
al
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
—
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
n
eu
tr
al
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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p
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E
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N:
2252
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8
7
9
2
A
n
a
lysi
s
a
mixtu
r
es o
f b
en
to
n
i
te,
p
a
lm
ke
r
n
el
s
h
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ch
a
r
co
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n
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…
(
F
err
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R
a
h
ma
t A
s
tia
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B
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kit
)
1387
ea
r
th
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eith
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to
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p
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o
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an
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co
n
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ted
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v
ices
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
ch
em
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lar
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ely
d
ep
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co
n
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is
ten
tly
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
lo
w.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
o
f
f
au
lt
c
u
r
r
en
ts
an
d
h
elp
s
p
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e
v
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t
p
o
t
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tial
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is
e
d
u
r
in
g
a
b
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
lay
er
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
also
k
ey
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
as
it
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
h
o
w
cu
r
r
en
t
e
n
ter
s
th
e
s
o
il.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
a
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
lay
er
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ca
n
r
aise
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
as
h
ig
h
e
r
r
esis
tiv
ity
t
h
an
th
e
s
o
il.
I
ts
th
ick
n
ess
is
d
ir
ec
tly
lin
k
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
o
ten
tial,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
o
v
er
tim
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
an
d
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
is
lay
er
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
r
ef
u
l
ly
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
in
d
esig
n
in
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
s
o
il
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
le
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
o
p
e
r
atio
n
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
h
ig
h
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
h
av
e
ex
am
in
e
d
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
a
d
d
itiv
es.
On
e
f
o
cu
s
h
as
b
ee
n
o
n
ca
r
b
o
n
-
r
ich
m
ater
ials
lik
e
wo
o
d
c
h
ar
co
al,
p
alm
s
h
ell
ch
ar
co
al,
a
n
d
waste
f
r
o
m
p
al
m
k
er
n
el
o
il e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
ep
o
r
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
in
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
6
8
–
8
1
%,
th
o
u
g
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
v
ar
ies
w
ith
s
o
il
ty
p
e
an
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
etu
p
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
in
d
r
y
s
o
ils
,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
u
s
ed
ch
e
m
ical
s
alts
s
u
ch
as
m
ag
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
(
Mg
SO₄)
o
r
s
o
d
iu
m
ch
lo
r
id
e
(
NaCl).
C
o
m
b
in
ed
with
g
y
p
s
u
m
,
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
r
esis
tan
ce
b
y
u
p
t
o
9
9
%
a
n
d
a
ls
o
s
lo
w
elec
tr
o
d
e
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
B
en
to
n
ite
is
an
o
th
e
r
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
s
tu
d
ied
alter
n
ativ
e,
eith
er
p
u
r
e
o
r
m
ix
e
d
with
m
ater
ials
lik
e
ze
o
lite,
k
en
af
leaf
p
o
wd
er
,
p
alm
k
er
n
el
ca
k
e,
o
r
b
u
n
ch
ash
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
r
esis
tan
ce
b
y
6
0
–
9
7
%.
I
ts
s
u
cc
es
s
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
lay
e
r
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
,
an
d
lo
ca
l
s
o
i
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
An
aly
tical
an
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
d
r
iv
en
-
r
o
d
m
eth
o
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
il
ad
d
itiv
es,
h
av
e
l
o
n
g
b
ee
n
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
ev
al
u
ate
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
p
tim
al
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es
th
at
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
af
ety
an
d
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
tec
tio
n
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
is
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
with
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
elin
g
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
cr
itical
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
licab
le
t
o
m
u
lti
-
r
o
d
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
.
Des
p
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
th
e
o
r
etica
l
an
aly
s
is
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
th
e
lo
n
g
-
st
an
d
in
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
o
il
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
id
e
alize
d
m
o
d
el,
wh
ile
s
im
p
lify
in
g
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
,
o
f
ten
y
ield
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ac
tu
al
f
ield
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
in
h
er
e
n
tly
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
o
r
s
tr
atif
ied
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
is
g
ap
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
a
s
s
h
if
ted
f
o
cu
s
to
war
d
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
e
g
eo
m
etr
y
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
ad
d
in
g
v
er
tical
r
o
d
s
to
a
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
lo
wer
t
o
tal
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
a
m
o
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
p
o
ten
tial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
ta
l
wo
r
k
h
as
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
ed
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
m
ater
ia
l
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
at
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
v
e
r
tical
elec
tr
o
d
es with
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
ad
d
itiv
es,
s
u
ch
as f
ly
ash
,
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
o
il c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
e
x
te
n
t
to
wh
ich
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
il
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
p
o
s
ite
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ater
ials
:
b
en
to
n
ite,
p
alm
s
h
ell
ch
ar
co
al,
an
d
m
ag
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate.
Var
i
o
u
s
m
ix
tu
r
e
r
atio
s
w
er
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
e
p
t
h
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
d
e
p
th
o
n
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es.
Me
asu
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
a
f
ter
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
to
o
b
jectiv
ely
ass
ess
th
e
ac
tu
al
im
p
ac
t o
f
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
re
pa
r
a
t
io
n o
f
g
ro
un
din
g
pit
la
y
o
ut
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
lay
o
u
t
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
twen
ty
test
p
it
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
an
d
was
s
y
s
t
em
atica
lly
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
e
e
m
b
ed
m
en
t
d
e
p
th
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
il
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
m
ater
ial
(
GE
M)
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
m
atr
ix
was
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
R
o
m
an
n
u
m
er
als
(
I
–
I
V)
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
ep
th
s
(
0
.
3
,
0
.
6
,
0
.
9
an
d
1
.
1
m
)
an
d
letter
s
A
–
E
f
o
r
f
iv
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ill
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
E
ac
h
s
am
p
le
w
as
th
er
ef
o
r
e
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
a
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
d
ep
t
h
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
e
.
g
.
I
A,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lev
el
at
a
0
.
3
m
e
m
b
ed
m
en
t
d
ep
t
h
.
T
h
is
co
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
allo
wed
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
tr
ea
tm
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
s
am
p
les ex
p
o
s
ed
to
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
em
b
e
d
m
en
t
d
ep
th
an
d
m
ater
ia
l c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
o
m
ain
tain
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
all
test
p
its
wer
e
ex
ca
v
ated
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
am
e
f
ield
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
r
io
r
t
o
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
its
wer
e
o
f
c
y
lin
d
r
ical
s
h
ap
e
with
0
.
0
8
m
d
iam
eter
a
n
d
th
e
em
b
ed
m
en
t
d
ep
th
was
v
a
r
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
test
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
o
m
i
n
im
ize
elec
tr
ical
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
e
n
ad
jace
n
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
a
n
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
ea
ch
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t,
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
1
.
5
m
was
m
ain
tain
ed
b
etwe
en
a
d
jace
n
t
test
p
its
(
m
in
im
u
m
<
2
tim
es
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
e
p
th
)
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
was
to
is
o
late
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ea
c
h
v
ar
ia
b
le
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
ep
t
h
an
d
em
b
an
k
m
e
n
t
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
ally
an
d
in
co
m
b
in
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
d
to
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
w
h
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
eliab
le
b
asis
f
o
r
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
il im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
m
ater
ials
.
I
n
to
t
al,
2
0
s
am
p
les
wer
e
test
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t d
ep
th
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
3
8
6
-
1
3
9
8
1388
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
to
ass
ess
th
eir
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
d
etails
o
f
th
ese
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
is
ed
in
T
ab
les
1
a
n
d
2
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
C
o
d
e
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
N
a
t
i
v
e
S
o
i
l
(
%)
B
e
n
t
o
n
i
t
e
(
%)
M
g
S
o
4
a
n
d
P
a
l
m
K
e
r
n
e
l
S
h
e
l
l
C
h
a
r
c
o
a
l
(
%)
A
10
90
0
B
10
70
20
C
10
50
40
D
10
30
60
E
10
10
80
T
ab
le
2
.
Dep
th
v
ar
iatio
n
s
C
o
d
e
D
e
p
t
h
(
m)
D
i
a
me
t
e
r
(
m)
I
0
.
3
0
.
0
8
II
0
.
6
0
.
0
8
III
0
.
9
0
.
0
8
IV
1
.
1
0
.
0
8
2
.
2
.
L
o
w
re
s
is
t
iv
it
y
m
a
t
er
ia
l
s
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
o
d
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
i
n
v
ar
iab
l
y
lea
d
to
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
.
A
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icac
io
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
l
v
es
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
m
ater
ials
(
GE
Ms)
to
au
g
m
en
t th
e
s
o
il’s c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
it
y
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
GE
Ms a
r
e
lo
w
-
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
b
ac
k
f
ill
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
GE
Ms
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
c
o
m
p
r
is
e
b
en
to
n
ite,
p
alm
k
er
n
el
s
h
ell
c
h
ar
co
al,
an
d
m
ag
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
a
te
(
Mg
SO
₄)
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
b
ac
k
f
ill
m
ater
ia
l
s
h
o
u
ld
p
o
s
s
ess
a
r
esis
tiv
ity
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
lo
wer
th
a
n
t
h
at
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
il,
s
u
s
tain
l
o
w
r
esis
tan
ce
o
v
e
r
tim
e
with
m
in
im
al
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
,
an
d
r
em
ain
ch
em
ically
s
tab
le
with
o
u
t
r
ea
ctin
g
with
t
h
e
elec
t
r
o
d
e
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t o
f
t
h
ese
m
ater
ials
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
b
o
o
s
ts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
s
o
il'
s
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
d
ir
ec
t c
o
n
tact
with
th
e
el
ec
tr
o
d
e
[
2
2
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
in
g
lay
o
u
t
:
(
a
)
s
o
il d
ep
th
v
ar
iatio
n
an
d
(
b
)
s
am
p
le
lay
o
u
t
2
.
2
.
1
.
B
ent
o
nite
B
en
to
n
ite
is
a
n
atu
r
al
m
ater
ial
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
tili
ze
d
as
a
s
o
il
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
en
h
an
ce
r
d
u
e
to
its
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ab
s
o
r
b
an
d
r
etain
m
o
is
tu
r
e
ar
o
u
n
d
elec
tr
o
d
es.
I
ts
h
y
g
r
o
s
co
p
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
en
a
b
le
it
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
s
tab
le
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
esp
ec
ially
a
m
id
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
s
o
il
m
o
is
t
u
r
e
lev
els.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
a
t
b
en
to
n
ite
ex
h
i
b
its
lo
w
r
esis
t
an
ce
d
u
r
in
g
in
itial
test
in
g
p
h
a
s
es
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
o
f
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e,
th
er
eb
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
,
b
en
to
n
ite
is
u
s
ed
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
ex
p
lain
h
o
w
n
atu
r
al
m
ater
ial
s
with
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
h
y
g
r
o
s
co
p
ic
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
il r
esis
ti
v
ity
[
2
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
a
lysi
s
a
mixtu
r
es o
f b
en
to
n
i
te,
p
a
lm
ke
r
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
a
r
co
a
l
a
n
d
…
(
F
err
y
R
a
h
ma
t A
s
tia
n
t
a
B
u
kit
)
1389
2
.
2
.
2
.
M
a
g
nes
ium
s
ulfa
t
e
Ma
g
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
is
an
in
o
r
g
an
ic
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
o
x
y
g
en
,
s
u
lf
ate,
an
d
m
ag
n
esi
u
m
,
an
d
it
h
elp
s
th
e
s
o
il
m
ain
tain
b
alan
ce
b
y
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
f
r
o
m
ac
cu
m
u
lat
in
g
.
I
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
Mg
SO₄
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
co
p
p
er
s
atu
r
atio
n
at
th
e
el
ec
tr
o
d
e
an
d
s
lo
w
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
th
e
s
o
il
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
[
2
4
]
.
Am
o
n
g
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
s
a
lt
-
b
ased
ad
d
itiv
es,
m
ag
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
least
co
r
r
o
s
iv
e,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
s
af
er
o
p
tio
n
th
an
s
o
d
iu
m
ch
lo
r
id
e
o
r
co
p
p
er
s
u
lf
ate.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
is
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
h
elp
s
p
r
ev
e
n
t
ice
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
an
d
lo
wer
s
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
0
]
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
P
a
lm
k
er
nel sh
ell
cha
rc
o
a
l
Palm
k
er
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
ar
co
al
is
a
s
o
lid
ca
r
b
o
n
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
y
r
o
ly
s
is
,
a
h
ig
h
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
o
u
t
o
x
y
g
e
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
lig
n
o
ce
llu
l
o
s
ic
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
h
ells
in
to
a
p
o
r
o
u
s
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
r
m
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
ab
ilit
y
to
ab
s
o
r
b
an
d
r
etain
wate
r
an
d
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
io
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
ab
u
n
d
a
n
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
p
o
r
es
h
el
p
s
m
ain
tain
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
an
d
cr
ea
tes
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
at
h
way
s
th
at
allo
w
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
to
f
lo
w
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e,
m
ak
in
g
it
h
i
g
h
ly
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
its
h
y
g
r
o
s
co
p
ic
an
d
ch
em
ical
ly
s
tab
le
n
atu
r
e
en
a
b
les
it
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
well
ac
r
o
s
s
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
ts
h
ig
h
f
ix
ed
-
ca
r
b
o
n
c
o
n
ten
t
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
to
c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
m
ak
e
it
m
o
r
e
d
u
r
ab
le
th
an
o
th
e
r
o
r
g
an
ic
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
ad
d
i
n
g
p
alm
k
er
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
a
r
co
al
to
th
e
s
o
il
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
esis
tiv
i
ty
b
u
t
also
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
th
e
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
as a
wh
o
le
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
2
.
3
.
Desig
n o
f
ba
c
k
f
ill
m
a
t
er
ia
l
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
esig
n
f
o
r
b
ac
k
f
ill
m
ater
ial
p
lace
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
s
o
il
at
v
ar
y
in
g
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
was
ad
ju
s
ted
to
f
ill
th
e
v
o
id
with
ad
d
itiv
e
m
ate
r
ials
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
e
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
o
il
d
ep
th
o
n
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
a
b
e
n
to
n
ite
-
m
ag
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
-
p
alm
k
er
n
el
s
h
ell
c
h
ar
co
al
m
ix
tu
r
e
.
Var
iatio
n
s
in
b
o
th
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
d
ep
th
we
r
e
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
aim
was
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
b
est
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
th
r
ee
m
ater
ial
s
at
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
il
d
e
p
th
s
in
a
m
o
is
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
b
el
o
w
s
h
o
ws th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
.
T
h
e
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
test
h
o
les
wer
e
b
ac
k
f
illed
with
b
ac
k
f
ill
m
ater
ials
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
b
en
to
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ite,
p
alm
k
er
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
ar
co
al,
an
d
m
a
g
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
(
Mg
SO
₄)
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
m
ix
i
n
g
t
h
ese
th
r
ee
m
ater
ials
an
d
d
is
s
o
lv
in
g
th
em
in
wate
r
in
a
s
in
g
le
co
n
tain
e
r
,
u
s
in
g
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
e
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
r
atio
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
m
ix
tu
r
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
p
lace
m
en
t
in
to
th
e
test
h
o
l
es.
E
ac
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
ar
iati
o
n
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
m
ater
i
al
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
at
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
il
d
ep
th
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
m
ix
in
g
,
th
e
m
ater
ials
wer
e
in
cr
em
en
t
ally
p
o
u
r
e
d
in
to
th
e
h
o
les
an
d
co
m
p
ac
ted
to
elim
in
ate
air
p
o
ck
ets
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
ix
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
m
ater
ials
(
G
E
Ms
)
em
p
lo
y
e
d
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
with
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
elib
er
ately
d
esig
n
ed
to
clo
s
ely
m
im
ic
r
e
al
f
ield
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
r
esu
lts
ac
c
u
r
ately
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
ac
tu
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Af
ter
th
e
s
am
p
les we
r
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
in
s
tal
led
an
d
s
tab
ilized
,
r
esis
tan
ce
m
e
asu
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
o
in
t
m
eth
o
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ea
ch
m
ater
ial
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
o
il r
esis
tiv
ity
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
in
g
p
it
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
GE
Ms d
is
s
o
lv
ed
in
wate
r
3.
F
I
E
L
D
M
E
AS
URE
M
E
NT
3
.
1
.
G
ro
un
d
re
s
is
t
a
nce
t
esti
ng
A
r
o
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
was
d
r
i
v
en
v
er
tically
(
th
e
d
r
i
v
en
-
r
o
d
m
e
th
o
d
)
in
to
t
h
e
s
o
il,
an
d
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
o
in
t m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
1
.
2
m
in
l
en
g
th
an
d
1
6
m
m
in
d
iam
eter
an
d
c
o
m
p
lied
with
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
elec
tr
ical
in
s
tallatio
n
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
3
-
p
o
in
t
m
eth
o
d
,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
“
f
all
o
f
p
o
te
n
tial”
m
eth
o
d
,
i
n
v
o
lv
es
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
elec
tr
o
d
e
(
ea
r
th
elec
tr
o
d
e
)
an
d
two
ad
d
itio
n
al
test
elec
tr
o
d
es
th
at
ar
e
elec
tr
ically
in
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
t,
u
s
u
ally
lab
eled
P
(
p
o
ten
tia
l)
an
d
C
(
c
u
r
r
en
t)
.
T
h
ese
test
elec
tr
o
d
es
d
o
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
n
ee
d
to
h
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
o
il
co
n
d
u
ctiv
it
y
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u
t
th
e
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
P
a
l
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K
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r
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l
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h
e
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B
e
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o
n
i
t
e
M
g
S
O
4
G
r
o
u
n
d
P
i
t
G
E
Ms
d
i
s
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o
l
v
e
d
i
n
w
a
t
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
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p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
3
8
6
-
1
3
9
8
1390
elec
tr
ically
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
b
ein
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
[
3
0
]
.
E
ac
h
elec
tr
o
d
e'
s
ea
r
th
r
esis
tan
ce
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
aily
u
s
in
g
a
Ky
o
r
its
u
Mo
d
e
l
4
1
0
5
A
d
ig
ital
ea
r
th
r
esis
tan
ce
m
eter
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
r
ee
s
ep
ar
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
test
p
it
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es.
E
ac
h
test
p
it wa
s
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
th
en
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
in
tab
u
lar
f
o
r
m
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
an
aly
ze
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
s
ite'
s
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
esis
tan
ce
is
th
en
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
s
o
il r
esis
tiv
ity
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
[3
0
]
.
Fo
r
ev
e
r
y
r
o
d
len
g
th
(
L
)
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
)
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
ap
p
ar
en
t
r
esis
tiv
ity
(
ρ
)
.
Plo
ttin
g
ρ
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
ep
th
(
L
)
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
s
o
il r
esis
tiv
ity
ch
an
g
es with
d
ep
th
.
=
2
[
ln
(
4
)
−
1
]
(
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
test
in
g
3
.
2
.
So
il
m
o
is
t
ure
m
ea
s
ure
m
ent
So
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
.
An
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
d
im
in
is
h
es
r
esis
tiv
ity
,
as
wate
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
m
e
d
iu
m
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
m
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
s
o
il
p
ar
ticles,
u
p
to
a
s
atu
r
atio
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
wh
e
r
e
f
u
r
th
er
wate
r
ad
d
itio
n
y
ield
s
m
in
im
a
l
ef
f
ec
t
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
elec
t
r
o
d
e
—
p
o
ten
tially
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
h
y
g
r
o
s
co
p
ic
m
ater
ials
s
u
ch
a
s
b
en
to
n
ite,
p
alm
k
er
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
ar
co
al,
o
r
m
ag
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
—
co
n
s
titu
tes
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
i
l r
esis
tiv
ity
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
[2
1
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
m
o
is
tu
r
e
m
et
er
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
r
eliab
le
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
m
ater
ial
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
s
o
il c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
as i
llu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
So
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
test
u
s
in
g
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
o
in
t
m
eth
o
d
was
co
n
d
u
cted
at
a
lo
c
atio
n
with
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
s
o
il
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Ad
d
itiv
e
m
ater
ials
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
e
p
t
h
v
ar
iatio
n
o
n
n
ativ
e
s
o
il,
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w
ell
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e
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lu
en
ce
o
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ad
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i
n
g
a
d
d
itiv
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at
d
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f
e
r
e
n
t
d
ep
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s
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h
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e
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l
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esis
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ce
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alu
e
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ac
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with
I
n
d
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ar
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s
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,
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ec
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h
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test
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e
th
en
an
aly
ze
d
to
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ess
th
e
ex
p
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im
en
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s
o
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T
h
e
m
ea
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u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
is
ed
in
T
ab
l
e
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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p
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wer
E
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I
SS
N:
2252
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8
7
9
2
A
n
a
lysi
s
a
mixtu
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es o
f b
en
to
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i
te,
p
a
lm
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r
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(
F
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a
h
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t A
s
tia
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t
a
B
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kit
)
1391
T
ab
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3
.
Me
asu
r
e
d
n
ativ
e
s
o
il
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esis
tan
ce
at
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ep
th
s
N
o
.
S
a
mp
l
e
D
e
p
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(
m)
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a
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l
e
D
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(
m)
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st
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n
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1
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3
3
1
3
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7
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3
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3
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I
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I
B
-
7
0
.
6
2
9
0
I
V
B
-
17
1
.
1
1
8
6
I
I
C
-
8
0
.
6
2
9
6
I
V
C
-
18
1
.
1
1
8
7
.
7
IID
-
9
0
.
6
2
9
1
.
7
I
V
D
-
19
1
.
1
1
8
5
.
7
I
I
E
-
10
0
.
6
2
8
9
.
7
I
V
E
-
20
1
.
1
1
8
6
.
3
T
ests
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
n
atu
r
al
s
o
il
in
d
icate
d
th
at
r
esis
tan
ce
d
i
m
in
is
h
ed
with
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
ep
th
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ce
r
esis
tan
ce
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
a
d
d
itiv
e
s
in
to
th
e
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es
wer
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
s
o
il
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
with
o
u
t
ch
em
ical
ad
d
itiv
es,
th
er
eb
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
e
d
af
ter
ad
d
itiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
I
n
th
is
m
an
n
er
,
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
ep
th
a
n
d
a
d
d
itiv
es
o
n
s
o
il r
esis
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
.
4
.
1
.
So
il
re
s
is
t
a
nce
wit
h a
dd
it
iv
e
m
ix
t
ures a
t
depth
v
a
ria
t
io
ns
T
h
is
r
esis
tan
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es
u
s
in
g
(
%)
n
ativ
e
s
o
il
+
b
en
to
n
ite
+
p
alm
k
er
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
ar
c
o
al
+
m
ag
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
(
Mg
SO₄)
at
ea
ch
d
ep
th
with
v
ar
y
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
en
ab
les
th
e
esti
m
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
s
o
il
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
is
ed
in
th
e
tab
le
b
elo
w,
an
d
t
h
e
lo
west
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
was
o
b
tain
ed
in
s
am
p
le
I
E
-
5
with
a
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
1
0
%
n
ativ
e
s
o
il
+
1
0
%
b
en
to
n
ite
+
8
0
%
p
alm
k
er
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
ar
co
a
l
&
Mg
SO₄
.
Sam
p
le
E
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
h
o
wed
th
e
lo
we
s
t
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
at
ev
er
y
d
e
p
th
,
with
a
s
tead
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
r
esis
tan
ce
as
th
e
d
ep
th
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
th
en
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
s
o
il r
esis
tiv
ity
b
y
a
p
p
ly
in
g
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
all
test
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
les 4
-
7.
T
ab
le
4
.
Ad
d
itiv
e
m
ix
tu
r
es a
t
0
.
3
m
d
ep
th
S
a
mp
l
e
F
i
r
st
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
c
e
(
Ω
)
S
o
i
l
r
e
s
i
st
i
v
i
t
y
(
Ω
-
m)
La
st
r
e
si
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
Ω
)
S
o
i
l
r
e
s
i
st
i
v
i
t
y
(
Ω
-
m)
IA
-
1
3
1
3
.
7
1
4
7
.
3
6
1
1
9
.
9
5
6
.
3
1
IB
-
2
3
1
2
.
3
1
4
6
.
7
2
8
7
.
1
4
0
.
9
3
IC
-
3
3
1
3
.
3
1
4
7
.
1
9
8
1
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9
3
8
.
4
6
ID
-
4
3
1
1
.
7
1
4
6
.
4
1
7
3
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9
3
4
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7
4
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-
5
3
1
1
.
7
1
4
6
.
4
1
6
7
.
5
3
1
.
7
0
T
ab
le
5
.
Ad
d
itiv
e
m
ix
tu
r
es a
t
0
.
6
m
d
ep
th
S
a
mp
l
e
F
i
r
st
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
c
e
(
Ω
)
S
o
i
l
r
e
s
i
st
i
v
i
t
y
(
Ω
-
m)
La
st
r
e
si
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
Ω
)
S
o
i
l
r
e
s
i
st
i
v
i
t
y
(
Ω
-
m)
IIA
-
6
2
9
0
.
3
1
3
6
.
3
8
1
0
4
.
0
4
8
.
8
5
I
I
B
-
7
2
9
0
.
0
1
3
6
.
2
3
7
0
.
6
3
3
.
1
8
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I
C
-
8
2
9
6
.
0
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3
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0
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9
6
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1
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I
E
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8
9
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7
1
3
6
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0
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3
2
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.
9
0
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ab
le
6
.
Ad
d
itiv
e
m
ix
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r
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t
0
.
9
m
d
ep
th
S
a
mp
l
e
F
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r
st
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s
i
st
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n
c
e
(
Ω
)
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l
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s
i
st
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v
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t
y
(
Ω
-
m)
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st
r
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s
t
a
n
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e
(
Ω
)
S
o
i
l
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s
i
st
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v
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t
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(
Ω
-
m)
IIIA
-
11
2
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3
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5
0
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4
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ab
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7
.
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itiv
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m
ix
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r
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1
.
1
m
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th
S
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e
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Ω
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l
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t
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(
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m)
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(
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l
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t
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V
A
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8
6
.
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V
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2
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2
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
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7
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t J Ap
p
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l.
1
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tem
b
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1392
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
t
ab
le
o
f
ad
d
itiv
e
m
i
x
tu
r
es
at
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ep
th
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
itial
s
o
il
r
esis
ta
n
ce
an
d
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
p
alm
k
e
r
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
ar
c
o
al
an
d
Mg
SO₄
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
im
in
is
h
es
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
at
th
e
ev
alu
ated
tr
ea
tm
en
t
was
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
r
ed
u
cin
g
b
o
th
s
o
il
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
r
esis
tiv
it
y
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
is
p
ar
ity
b
etwe
en
th
e
“
in
itial”
a
n
d
“p
o
s
t
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
”
cu
r
v
es.
T
h
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
d
ata
also
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
n
ativ
e
s
o
il
at
th
e
test
s
ite
wa
s
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
,
with
d
ee
p
e
r
lay
er
s
ex
h
ib
itin
g
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
lik
ely
r
ef
lects
an
escalatio
n
in
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t
with
d
ep
th
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
with
in
ea
ch
d
ep
th
ca
te
g
o
r
y
,
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
iv
ely
f
r
o
m
s
am
p
le
A
to
E
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
p
o
ten
tial
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
r
ad
d
itiv
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
lo
west
r
esis
tan
ce
was
attain
ed
u
n
d
er
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
ar
a
m
ete
r
s
:
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
to
th
e
d
ee
p
est
s
o
il
lay
er
in
g
r
o
u
p
I
V
(
1
.
1
m
)
an
d
p
er
m
itti
n
g
t
h
e
lo
n
g
est
r
ea
ctio
n
p
er
io
d
in
Sam
p
le
E
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
am
p
le
I
B
-
2
,
with
a
2
0
%
m
ix
tu
r
e
,
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
a
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
8
7
.
1
Ω
,
wh
er
ea
s
s
am
p
le
I
E
-
5
,
with
an
8
0
% m
i
x
tu
r
e,
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
ec
r
e
ased
to
6
7
.
5
Ω
.
T
h
is
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates a
n
in
v
er
s
e
tr
en
d
: a
s
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
ad
d
itiv
es in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
s
o
il r
esis
tan
ce
with
ad
d
itiv
e
m
ix
tu
r
es a
t d
ep
th
v
ar
iatio
n
s
4
.
2
.
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
o
f
depth
a
nd
co
ncent
ra
t
io
n in so
il ba
c
k
f
ill m
ix
t
ures
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
t
h
e
d
ata
in
d
icate
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
ep
th
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
av
er
ag
e
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
f
in
al
r
esis
tan
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
8
6
.
1
Ω
at
a
d
e
p
th
o
f
0
.
3
m
to
7
1
.
4
Ω
at
0
.
6
m
,
5
8
.
3
Ω
at
0
.
9
m
,
an
d
5
3
.
0
Ω
at
1
.
1
m
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
is
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t
with
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
s
tr
atif
ied
s
o
il,
wh
er
e
d
ee
p
er
lay
er
s
ten
d
to
ex
h
ib
it
h
ig
h
e
r
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t,
g
r
ea
ter
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
io
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Fo
r
all
d
ep
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
s
am
p
les
with
h
ig
h
er
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
lev
els
ex
h
ib
it
lo
wer
r
esis
tan
ce
th
an
th
o
s
e
with
lo
wer
lev
els.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
b
en
to
n
ite,
p
alm
s
h
ell
ch
a
r
co
al,
an
d
m
ag
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
(
Mg
SO₄)
im
p
r
o
v
es
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
b
y
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
m
o
is
tu
r
e
r
eten
tio
n
a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
io
n
s
p
a
r
ticip
atin
g
i
n
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
es
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
m
o
is
tu
r
e
r
eten
tio
n
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
io
n
s
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
en
h
a
n
cin
g
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
t
o
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
r
elativ
e
ef
f
icien
cy
f
ac
to
r
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
(
2
)
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
W
h
er
e
0
is
th
e
in
itial
r
esi
s
tan
ce
o
r
r
esis
tiv
ity
b
ef
o
r
e
tr
e
atm
en
t,
an
d
1
is
th
e
v
alu
e
af
ter
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
tly
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
elativ
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
itial c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
=
1
−
1
0
(
2
)
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
av
er
ag
e
ef
f
icien
cy
f
ac
to
r
v
alu
es
f
o
r
a
ll
m
ix
tu
r
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
at
ea
ch
d
ep
th
,
wh
er
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
f
ac
to
r
(
)
f
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
(
)
an
d
s
o
il
r
esis
t
i
v
ity
(
)
r
an
g
es
b
etwe
en
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
1
–
7
6
%
at
all
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
ep
th
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
ad
d
itiv
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
h
ig
h
an
d
r
elativ
ely
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
r
ed
u
ctio
n
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
t
h
e
in
itial
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
at
a
d
ep
th
o
f
0
.
6
m
,
≈
75
.
50%
≈
75
.
50%
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
e
p
r
e
s
en
ce
o
f
an
o
p
tim
u
m
d
ep
th
at
wh
ich
th
e
c
h
em
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
s
o
il
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
m
ix
t
u
r
e.
T
h
e
n
e
ar
ly
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
tr
en
d
s
o
f
η
R
an
d
η
ρ
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
elec
tr
o
d
e
r
esis
tan
ce
is
p
r
i
m
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
in
th
e
v
icin
ity
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
a
lysi
s
a
mixtu
r
es o
f b
en
to
n
i
te,
p
a
lm
ke
r
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
a
r
co
a
l
a
n
d
…
(
F
err
y
R
a
h
ma
t A
s
tia
n
t
a
B
u
kit
)
1393
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
ea
n
ef
f
icien
cy
f
ac
t
o
r
v
alu
es
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
ep
th
s
at
ea
c
h
m
ix
tu
r
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
elev
ated
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
f
ac
t
o
r
s
(
ηR
a
n
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ηρ
)
f
r
o
m
ap
p
r
o
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im
ately
6
4
.
9
%
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ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
7
.
4
%,
th
e
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eb
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
h
ig
h
er
ad
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itiv
e
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n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
ηR
a
n
d
ηρ
at
ea
c
h
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
le
v
el
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
elec
tr
o
d
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
cc
u
r
s
co
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
with
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
ity
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
p
latea
u
in
g
tr
en
d
at
e
lev
ated
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
s
u
g
g
ests
a
p
r
ac
tical
th
r
esh
o
ld
b
ey
o
n
d
wh
ich
a
d
d
itio
n
al
in
cr
em
en
ts
r
esu
lt in
d
im
in
is
h
i
n
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
ef
f
icien
cy
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
f
ac
to
r
s
(
η
R
an
d
η
ρ
)
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t e
lectr
o
d
e
d
ep
th
s
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lev
els:
(
a)
ef
f
ec
t o
f
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
ep
th
an
d
(
b
)
ef
f
ec
t o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lev
el
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
am
p
le
E
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
t
h
e
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
its
th
r
ee
co
n
s
titu
en
t
m
ater
ials
.
B
en
to
n
ite
ac
ts
a
s
a
h
y
g
r
o
s
co
p
ic
m
ed
iu
m
,
ab
s
o
r
b
i
n
g
an
d
r
etain
i
n
g
wate
r
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
to
m
ain
tain
s
tab
le
s
o
il
m
o
is
tu
r
e
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
t
r
ap
id
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
s
o
il
r
e
s
i
s
tiv
ity
u
n
d
er
d
r
y
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Palm
k
er
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
ar
c
o
al
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
o
r
o
u
s
ca
r
b
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
with
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
icr
o
p
o
r
es
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
m
o
is
tu
r
e
r
eten
tio
n
wh
ile
f
o
r
m
in
g
elec
tr
ically
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
a
th
way
s
with
in
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
o
il.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Mg
SO
4
d
is
s
o
lv
es
in
to
Mg
2+
a
n
d
SO
4
2
−
io
n
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
io
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
ele
ctr
ical
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
s
o
il e
lectr
o
ly
te.
T
h
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
ese
t
h
r
ee
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
cr
e
ates
a
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
ef
f
ec
t
r
ath
e
r
th
an
an
ad
d
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
B
en
to
n
ite
r
etain
s
t
h
e
m
o
is
tu
r
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
i
o
n
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
,
c
h
ar
co
al
en
h
an
ce
s
elec
tr
o
n
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
ca
r
b
o
n
n
e
two
r
k
,
an
d
M
g
SO
4
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
s
u
p
p
lies
m
o
b
ile
io
n
s
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
f
iller
ex
h
i
b
its
lo
wer
r
esis
tiv
ity
an
d
b
etter
elec
tr
ical
s
tab
ilit
y
th
an
eith
er
m
ater
ial
alo
n
e.
4
.
3
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
o
f
g
ro
un
din
g
re
s
is
t
a
nce
u
s
ing
m
ultipl
e
ro
d e
lect
ro
des
I
n
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a
s
in
g
le
r
o
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
o
f
ten
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
o
b
tain
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
af
ety
r
esis
tan
ce
;
th
u
s
,
m
u
ltip
le
r
o
d
s
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
i
n
s
talled
in
p
ar
allel.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
o
r
etica
l
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
to
tal
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
a
b
u
n
d
l
e
o
f
r
o
d
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
lin
ea
r
ly
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
o
d
s
d
u
e
to
m
u
tu
al
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
,
o
r
m
u
tu
al
r
esis
tan
ce
,
b
etwe
en
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es.
T
h
is
g
iv
es
r
is
e
to
a
lar
g
e
d
im
in
is
h
in
g
r
etu
r
n
s
ef
f
ec
t.
I
f
all
th
e
r
o
d
s
ar
e
in
t
h
e
s
am
e
s
m
all
s
p
ac
e,
ea
ch
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
o
d
m
ak
es
less
o
f
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
t
h
an
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
o
n
e.
Su
ch
b
eh
a
v
io
r
h
as b
ee
n
m
u
ch
co
m
m
e
n
ted
u
p
o
n
in
th
e
s
ch
o
la
r
ly
liter
atu
r
e.
Pre
v
io
u
s
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
r
ev
ea
led
two
p
r
in
cip
al
tr
en
d
s
.
Firstl
y
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
b
u
r
ial
d
ep
th
o
f
th
e
r
o
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
g
en
er
all
y
r
esu
lted
in
lo
wer
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es,
s
ig
n
if
y
in
g
th
at
d
ee
p
er
in
s
tallatio
n
s
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
s
o
il
lay
er
s
with
h
ig
h
e
r
m
o
i
s
tu
r
e
c
o
n
ten
t
an
d
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
eo
u
s
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
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Seco
n
d
ly
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t
h
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licatio
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o
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s
o
il
tr
ea
tm
en
t
u
tili
zin
g
a
m
ix
t
u
r
e
o
f
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alm
s
h
ell
ch
ar
c
o
al,
b
en
to
n
i
te,
an
d
m
ag
n
esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
(
Mg
SO₄)
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
ed
u
cti
o
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in
r
esis
tan
ce
ac
r
o
s
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ll
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n
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itio
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,
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th
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t o
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tim
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e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
m
ix
tu
r
e
lev
el
E
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t n
o
ta
b
le
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
wer
e
o
b
s
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d
e
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th
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icatin
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at
at
th
ese
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ep
th
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h
e
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m
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in
ed
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
ad
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itiv
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
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en
h
a
n
ce
d
m
o
is
tu
r
e
r
ete
n
tio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
io
n
av
ailab
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an
d
b
etter
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n
tact
co
n
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itio
n
s
ar
o
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n
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t
h
e
elec
tr
o
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e
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ar
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m
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s
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ef
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ec
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tili
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d
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I
n
th
e
p
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t
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d
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ese
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in
d
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s
a
r
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r
th
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e
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th
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o
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g
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alu
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g
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ltip
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h
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ex
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tifie
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p
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r
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with
in
a
m
u
lti
-
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o
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e
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r
a
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em
en
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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Vo
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3
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Sep
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er
20
2
6
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3
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6
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1
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1394
Fig
u
r
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(
a
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d
e
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ates
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g
r
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Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
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illu
s
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ates
th
at
at
a
d
ep
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h
o
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6
m
eter
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,
t
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r
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esis
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o
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ely
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at
0
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ig
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ar
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allel
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in
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r
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tal
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r
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in
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th
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ca
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b
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attain
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en
tatio
n
o
f
a
m
u
lti
-
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tr
o
d
e
s
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s
tem
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(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
:
(
a)
at
0
.
3
m
an
d
(
b
)
0
.
6
m
d
ep
th
with
a
p
ar
allel
r
o
d
c
o
n
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ig
u
r
atio
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4
.
4
.
O
pti
m
um
v
a
lues
o
f
g
r
o
un
d r
esi
s
t
a
nce
Me
asu
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
d
if
f
er
en
t
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
ep
th
,
s
o
il
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
d
o
u
b
le
-
r
o
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
m
ix
tu
r
e
(
l
ev
el
E
)
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
s
o
il
p
r
o
p
er
ties
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ch
a
n
g
ed
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
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as
b
ee
n
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cr
ea
s
ed
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ich
ca
u
s
ed
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ig
n
if
ican
t
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ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
esis
tan
ce
in
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
n
ativ
e
s
o
il.
B
u
t
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
alu
es
ar
e
s
till
b
elo
w
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ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Fo
r
s
af
ety
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
PUI
L
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
5
Ω
o
r
less
[
5
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
NE
C
r
eq
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ir
es th
e
r
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tan
ce
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ea
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th
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o
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a
s
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d
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e
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o
t
b
e
m
o
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2
5
Ω
;
if
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e
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ce
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o
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th
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2
5
Ω
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at
least
o
n
e
m
o
r
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g
r
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n
d
in
g
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tr
o
d
e
(
s
u
ch
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
r
o
d
)
s
h
all
b
e
in
s
talled
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
is
to
b
e
p
r
ac
tical
to
f
ield
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
with
o
u
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
lex
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
al
an
aly
s
is
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
f
u
r
th
er
ass
ess
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
an
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
4.
4
.
1.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
ex
perim
ent
a
l da
t
a
o
f
depth
a
nd
co
ncent
ra
t
io
n v
a
ria
t
io
ns
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
lo
west
r
esi
s
tan
ce
was
o
b
tain
ed
at
a
d
ep
th
o
f
1
.
1
m
with
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
5
3
Ω
.
T
h
is
is
a
b
ig
d
r
o
p
b
u
t
n
o
t
th
e
5
Ω
s
tan
d
ar
d
n
ee
d
ed
.
Hen
ce
,
a
f
u
r
th
er
an
al
y
s
is
wa
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
o
n
th
e
m
e
an
d
ep
th
an
d
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
d
a
ta.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
an
aly
s
i
s
is
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
d
ep
th
at
wh
ich
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
th
e
5
Ω
tar
g
et
v
alu
e
[
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
ele
ctr
o
d
e
b
u
r
ial
d
ep
th
n
ee
d
ed
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
5
Ω
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
.
2
3
m
.
T
h
e
d
e
p
th
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
NE
C
lim
it o
f
2
5
Ω
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
ely
2
.
1
0
m
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
u
s
ed
in
s
am
p
le
E
was
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
ep
t
h
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
am
p
le
E
was
ad
o
p
ted
as
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
an
aly
s
is
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
-
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tr
en
d
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
d
ep
th
o
r
elec
tr
o
d
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es
o
f
5
Ω
an
d
2
5
Ω
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at,
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
e
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
-
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tr
en
d
o
b
s
er
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f
o
r
s
am
p
le
E
,
t
h
e
d
ep
th
at
wh
ich
th
e
u
n
tr
ea
te
d
s
o
il
(
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o
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t
ad
d
itiv
e
m
ater
i
als)
is
p
r
ed
icted
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r
ea
ch
ab
o
u
t
5
Ω
is
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
2
.
2
3
m
,
r
esis
tan
ce
r
ed
u
ctio
n
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en
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
s
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le
E
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ep
th
o
f
ap
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r
o
x
im
ately
2
.
2
3
m
is
th
e
p
o
in
t a
t w
h
ich
th
e
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n
tr
ea
ted
s
o
il (
with
o
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t a
d
d
itiv
e
m
ater
ials
)
i
s
p
r
ed
icted
to
r
ea
c
h
ab
o
u
t
5
Ω
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
d
e
p
th
,
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
en
to
n
ite
–
p
alm
s
h
ell
ch
ar
co
al
–
Mg
SO₄
m
ix
tu
r
e
in
s
am
p
le
E
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
r
esis
tan
c
e
to
ar
o
u
n
d
1
.
5
Ω
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t in
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
n
at
iv
e
s
o
il c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
a
lysi
s
a
mixtu
r
es o
f b
en
to
n
i
te,
p
a
lm
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s
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(
F
err
y
R
a
h
ma
t A
s
tia
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)
1395
(
a)
(
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Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Pre
d
ictio
n
o
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e
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e
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d
e
p
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er
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if
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er
e
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t c
o
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itio
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: (
a)
f
o
r
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b
)
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5
Ω
in
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4.
4
.
2
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
ex
perim
ent
a
l da
t
a
us
ing
m
ultiple r
o
ds
Gr
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
r
esis
tan
ce
v
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
e
r
o
d
s
is
n
o
t
lin
e
ar
.
R
ath
er
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
d
im
in
is
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i
n
g
r
etu
r
n
s
with
th
e
ad
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itio
n
o
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ea
ch
r
o
d
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
m
u
tu
al
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esis
tan
ce
,
wh
ich
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tates
th
at
wh
en
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tr
o
d
es
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e
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ch
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e
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en
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is
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ib
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tio
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f
ield
s
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ter
ac
t
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ch
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d
th
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esis
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ed
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ctio
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tiv
e
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h
th
e
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n
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ea
s
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n
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m
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er
o
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o
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
es
1
0
(
a)
an
d
10
(
b
)
d
e
p
ict
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
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f
ad
d
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g
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tr
o
d
es o
n
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e
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o
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p
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E
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,
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im
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is
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in
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.
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h
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m
ax
im
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m
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esis
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ed
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ctio
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ac
h
iev
e
d
with
u
p
to
ab
o
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t
f
iv
e
r
o
d
elec
tr
o
d
es,
an
d
th
e
n
t
h
e
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esis
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ce
co
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tin
u
es
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ec
r
ea
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e,
b
u
t
t
h
e
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c
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e
m
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im
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r
o
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e
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ts
g
r
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d
u
all
y
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im
in
is
h
an
d
ten
d
to
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
s
atu
r
atio
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p
o
i
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t.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
Par
allel
r
o
d
s
:
(
a)
at
d
ep
th
0
.
3
m
a
n
d
(
b
)
at
d
ep
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0
.
6
m
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
ir
ically
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
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o
f
b
en
to
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ite,
p
alm
k
er
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el
s
h
ell
ch
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an
d
m
ag
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esiu
m
s
u
lf
ate
(
Mg
SO
₄)
s
er
v
es
as
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f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
i
l
en
h
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ce
m
en
t
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
r
ed
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cin
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
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esis
tan
ce
in
s
o
ils
with
h
ig
h
r
esis
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
elec
tr
o
d
e
em
b
ed
m
e
n
t
d
ep
th
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
im
in
is
h
ed
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
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esis
tan
ce
an
d
ap
p
ar
en
t
s
o
il
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esis
tiv
ity
,
wh
ile
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
iller
m
ater
ial
f
u
r
th
er
am
p
lifie
d
th
is
ef
f
ec
t.
Am
o
n
g
all
test
ed
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
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a
m
ix
tu
r
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co
m
p
r
is
i
n
g
1
0
%
n
ativ
e
s
o
il,
1
0
%
b
en
to
n
ite,
a
n
d
8
0
%
p
alm
k
er
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
ar
co
al
–
M
g
SO
₄
(
Sam
p
le
E
)
ac
h
iev
ed
o
p
tim
al
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
av
e
r
ag
e
r
e
d
u
c
tio
n
in
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
7
7
.
4
%
r
elativ
e
to
u
n
tr
ea
te
d
s
o
il.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
m
ec
h
an
is
m
—
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
b
en
t
o
n
i
te
-
m
ed
iated
m
o
is
tu
r
e
r
eten
tio
n
,
p
alm
k
er
n
el
s
h
ell
ch
ar
co
al'
s
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
ath
way
,
an
d
th
e
en
h
an
ce
d
i
o
n
ic
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
Mg
SO₄
—
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
r
o
v
es
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
d
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.