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Appl
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3
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20
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1
22
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I
SS
N:
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1
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1
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.
v
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5
.
i
3
.
pp
1
2
1
2
-
1
22
2
1212
J
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ttp
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d
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b
le
e
n
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y
,
with
p
h
o
t
o
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o
lt
a
ics
(P
V)
b
e
in
g
a
lea
d
i
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g
o
p
t
io
n
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
P
V
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
ften
d
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li
n
e
s
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e
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e
lev
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ted
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e
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p
e
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a
n
d
su
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c
e
so
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li
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g
,
e
sp
e
c
ially
i
n
tr
o
p
ica
l
c
li
m
a
tes
,
lea
d
in
g
t
o
re
d
u
c
e
d
e
ffi
c
ien
c
y
.
T
o
a
d
d
re
ss
th
is,
c
o
a
ti
n
g
m
a
teria
ls
with
d
u
a
l
f
u
n
c
t
io
n
a
li
ti
e
s
o
f
p
a
s
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o
o
li
n
g
a
n
d
se
lf
-
c
lea
n
in
g
a
re
h
ig
h
l
y
d
e
sira
b
le
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
in
v
e
stig
a
te
s
b
a
n
a
n
a
lea
f
wa
x
a
s
a
n
a
tu
ra
l
c
o
a
ti
n
g
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
P
V
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
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e
wa
x
wa
s
e
x
trac
ted
u
sin
g
n
-
h
e
x
a
n
e
,
a
p
p
li
e
d
v
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sp
ra
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-
c
o
a
ti
n
g
,
a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
e
d
th
ro
u
g
h
li
g
h
t
tran
sm
it
tan
c
e
tes
ts,
sc
a
n
n
in
g
e
lec
tro
n
m
icro
sc
o
p
e
(
S
EM
)
ima
g
i
n
g
,
wa
ter
c
o
n
tac
t
a
n
g
l
e
(W
CA),
a
d
h
e
sio
n
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
a
n
d
fiel
d
tri
a
ls
o
n
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
.
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e
wa
x
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
a
n
a
v
e
ra
g
e
WCA
o
f
1
2
7
°,
wi
th
a
m
icro
c
ry
sta
ll
in
e
stru
c
tu
re
su
p
p
o
rti
n
g
h
y
d
ro
p
h
o
b
ic
a
n
d
se
lf
-
c
lea
n
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s.
F
ield
imp
lem
e
n
tati
o
n
sh
o
we
d
t
h
a
t
a
9
μm
wa
x
lay
e
r
re
d
u
c
e
d
th
e
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m
o
d
u
le
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
b
y
a
p
p
ro
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tely
5
°C
a
n
d
i
n
c
re
a
se
d
o
u
t
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u
t
p
o
we
r
b
y
1
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–
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u
n
d
e
r
h
ig
h
so
lar
irrad
ian
c
e
(G
≈1
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0
0
W/
m
²
).
Th
e
c
o
o
li
n
g
e
ffe
c
t
p
ro
v
e
d
m
o
re
si
g
n
if
ica
n
t
th
a
n
tran
sm
issio
n
l
o
ss
e
s,
c
o
n
firmi
n
g
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
o
f
b
a
n
a
n
a
lea
f
wa
x
a
s
a
n
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
tro
p
ica
l
P
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c
o
a
ti
n
g
.
Ne
v
e
rth
e
les
s,
fu
rth
e
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stu
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ies
a
re
re
q
u
ired
t
o
o
p
ti
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ize
th
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stre
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g
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n
a
d
h
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sio
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th
r
o
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g
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h
y
b
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fo
rm
u
latio
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s,
a
n
d
in
teg
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th
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m
a
teria
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in
to
a
d
v
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n
c
e
d
o
p
to
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tro
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o
a
ti
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g
s
fo
r
s
u
sta
in
a
b
le
e
fficie
n
c
y
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
an
an
a
leaf
wax
Hy
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
ic
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ef
f
icien
c
y
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
m
itig
atio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
ef
d
in
al
Naz
ir
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
e
r
s
itas
An
d
alas
Dr
.
Mo
h
am
m
a
d
Hatta
Stre
et,
Pad
an
g
2
5
1
6
3
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
r
ef
d
in
aln
az
ir
@
y
ah
o
o
.
c
o
.
id
,
r
e
f
d
in
aln
az
ir
@
en
g
.
u
n
an
d
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
So
lar
en
er
g
y
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
ab
u
n
d
a
n
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
an
d
its
lo
wer
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
t
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ly
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ef
f
icien
c
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
[
4
]
;
h
o
wev
er
,
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
s
till
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
5
]
.
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
c
h
allen
g
es
is
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
PV
p
a
n
el
ef
f
icie
n
cy
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
h
ig
h
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
[
6
]
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
ici
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o
f
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
as
o
p
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atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
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m
o
d
u
les
ca
n
d
r
o
p
f
r
o
m
ap
p
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x
im
ately
1
2
%
to
o
n
l
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2
–
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w
h
en
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
es
ab
o
v
e
5
5
–
5
8
°C
[
1
]
,
[
6]
,
[7
]
.
T
h
is
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
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in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
an
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tem
p
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g
en
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in
p
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f
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0
.
3
–
0
.
6
%
p
er
d
eg
r
ee
C
elsi
u
s
[
1
]
,
[
8
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
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E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
a
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a
n
a
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f wa
x
p
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ma
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co
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… (
A
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1213
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
o
ilin
g
ca
u
s
ed
b
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d
u
s
t,
d
ir
t,
an
d
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th
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p
ar
ticu
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g
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if
ican
tly
r
ed
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ce
s
lig
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ab
s
o
r
p
tio
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[
9
]
.
Du
s
t
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m
u
latio
n
o
n
s
o
lar
p
an
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ca
n
d
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if
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ly
[1
0
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[1
2
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.
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n
d
r
y
a
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d
d
u
s
ty
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e
g
io
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s
,
p
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h
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d
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[
1
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,
[
10
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
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tl
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,
h
ig
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is
tically
to
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b
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t
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im
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d
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wo
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ld
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s
[1
2
]
.
V
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s
u
r
f
a
ce
t
e
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
b
y
u
p
t
o
1
0
–
2
0
°C
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
b
y
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
[
2
]
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
i
c
a
n
d
s
u
p
e
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
i
c
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
c
o
a
t
i
n
g
s
(
s
el
f
-
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
c
o
a
t
i
n
g
s
)
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
t
o
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
d
u
s
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
P
V
c
o
v
e
r
g
l
ass
[1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
].
Nev
er
th
eless
,
m
an
y
o
f
th
ese
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
n
l
y
a
s
in
g
le
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
co
o
lin
g
co
atin
g
s
g
en
er
ally
d
o
n
o
t
m
itig
ate
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
wh
ile
r
ad
iativ
e
-
co
o
lin
g
lay
e
r
s
ar
e
n
o
t
in
h
er
en
tly
s
elf
-
clea
n
in
g
[
2
]
.
Similar
ly
,
s
u
p
e
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
ic
c
o
atin
g
s
ar
e
ty
p
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
d
u
s
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
wate
r
r
ep
ellen
cy
b
u
t
d
o
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
o
lin
g
ef
f
ec
t
[1
3
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
m
o
s
t
m
u
l
tifu
n
ctio
n
al
co
atin
g
s
tu
d
ies
s
till
r
ely
o
n
s
y
n
th
etic
m
ater
ials
(
s
u
ch
as
s
ilico
n
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles,
f
lu
o
r
o
s
ilan
es,
o
r
titan
iu
m
d
io
x
id
e)
,
wh
ich
ar
e
o
f
ten
tr
an
s
lu
ce
n
t
o
r
o
p
aq
u
e
an
d
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
n
o
t
o
p
ti
m
al
f
o
r
all
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
].
I
n
tr
o
p
ical
r
e
g
io
n
s
i
n
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
,
d
etailed
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
PV
p
a
n
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
co
atin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
r
em
ain
lim
ited
[1
5
]
.
As
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
o
ilin
g
in
h
u
m
i
d
tr
o
p
ical
clim
ates
ar
e
s
till
s
ca
r
ce
.
T
h
is
is
d
esp
ite
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
tr
o
p
ica
l
clim
ates
p
r
esen
t
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
h
ig
h
h
u
m
i
d
ity
,
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
ic
p
o
llu
tio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
r
esear
c
h
g
ap
ex
is
ts
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
c
o
atin
g
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
r
m
al
an
d
s
o
ilin
g
is
s
u
es,
esp
ec
ially
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
n
atu
r
a
l m
ater
ials
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
o
v
el
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
as
a
m
u
ltifu
n
ctio
n
al
n
atu
r
al
co
atin
g
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els.
B
an
an
a
leaf
wax
ex
h
ib
its
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
with
a
wate
r
co
n
tact
an
g
le
(
W
C
A)
o
f
1
1
0
°
–
130
°
[1
6
],
s
im
ilar
to
th
o
s
e
o
f
n
atu
r
al
wax
f
o
u
n
d
o
n
lo
tu
s
leav
es,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
s
t
ad
h
esio
n
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
elf
-
clea
n
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
wh
en
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
r
ain
wate
r
[1
7
]
.
B
an
an
a
leaf
wa
x
ca
n
also
r
ef
lect
6
0
–
8
0
%
o
f
in
f
r
ar
ed
r
ay
s
[1
8
]
.
Fr
o
m
an
ec
o
lo
g
ical
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
is
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
ab
le
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
o
b
t
ain
ed
f
r
o
m
a
b
u
n
d
an
t
ag
r
icu
lt
u
r
al
waste
in
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
p
er
ties
m
ak
e
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
m
u
ltifu
n
ctio
n
al
co
atin
g
ca
n
d
i
d
ate
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
o
ilin
g
an
d
th
er
m
al
is
s
u
es in
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
e
y
o
n
d
i
ts
s
el
f
-
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
ca
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
t
h
e
w
a
x
c
o
a
ti
n
g
i
s
a
ls
o
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
PV
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
cy
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
.
W
a
x
-
c
o
a
te
d
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
ll
y
h
a
v
e
l
o
w
th
e
r
m
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
a
n
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
a
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
f
r
a
r
e
d
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
h
e
a
t
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
T
h
is
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
h
a
s
r
a
r
e
l
y
b
e
e
n
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
l
i
te
r
a
t
u
r
e
;
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
s
e
v
e
r
al
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
h
av
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
ia
ls
a
n
d
s
el
f
-
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
c
o
a
t
i
n
g
s
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
el
y
,
o
n
l
y
a
f
e
w
h
a
v
e
s
u
c
c
es
s
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
b
o
t
h
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
b
i
o
-
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
[1
0
]
,
[
1
4
].
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
o
v
el
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
lo
ca
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
b
an
an
a
leav
es)
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
d
u
al
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
PV
c
o
atin
g
th
at
s
im
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly
r
e
d
u
ce
s
p
an
el
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
o
ilin
g
.
T
h
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
a
n
tag
es
an
d
o
r
ig
in
ality
o
f
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
lie
in
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
r
ea
d
ily
av
ailab
le,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tall
y
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
n
atu
r
al
m
ater
ials
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
y
n
th
etic
alter
n
ativ
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
b
an
an
a
lea
f
wax
co
atin
g
s
a
r
e
ex
p
ec
ted
t
o
r
e
p
r
esen
t
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
tr
o
p
ical
clim
ates.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
m
eth
o
d
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
l
o
wch
ar
t
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
m
ater
ial
was
p
r
ep
ar
ed
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
wax
e
x
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
b
a
n
an
a
leav
es.
T
h
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
an
with
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
clea
n
b
a
n
an
a
leav
es,
cu
ttin
g
th
em
in
t
o
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
×
3
cm
2
p
iece
s
,
an
d
th
en
d
r
y
in
g
th
em
.
W
ax
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
a
m
ac
er
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
1
liter
o
f
n
-
h
ex
a
n
e
s
o
lv
en
t
p
er
1
0
0
g
o
f
d
r
ied
b
an
a
n
a
leav
es,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
f
iltra
tio
n
an
d
p
u
r
i
f
icatio
n
to
y
ield
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
n
-
h
ex
a
n
e
with
a
s
o
lid
wax
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
5
%
–
1
0
wt%
[
1
9
]
.
Af
ter
th
e
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
s
o
l
u
tio
n
was
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ex
t
r
ac
ted
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
to
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
was
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
test
s
am
p
les
f
o
r
m
ater
ial
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
co
atin
g
th
e
wax
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
n
a
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
s
lid
e
u
s
in
g
a
s
p
r
ay
-
c
o
atin
g
m
eth
o
d
,
k
n
o
wn
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
in
f
ilm
s
with
co
n
tr
o
lled
th
ic
k
n
ess
an
d
u
n
if
o
r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
atin
g
t
h
ick
n
ess
was
v
ar
ied
with
in
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tely
3
,
5
,
7
,
9
,
1
1
,
an
d
1
3
μ
m
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
n
th
e
m
ater
ial'
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es.
Sp
r
ay
-
co
atin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
also
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
o
p
t
o
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
o
atin
g
r
esear
ch
d
u
e
to
th
eir
f
ilm
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
[
2
0
]
.
A
s
er
ies
o
f
test
s
wer
e
th
en
co
n
d
u
cted
to
an
al
y
ze
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
2
1
2
-
1
22
2
1214
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
,
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
icit
y
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
a
n
d
wax
a
d
h
esio
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
A
co
atin
g
with
a
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
9
0
% wa
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
f
u
ll
-
s
ca
le
f
ield
t
esti
n
g
.
T
r
an
s
m
ittan
ce
was
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
th
at
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
p
en
etr
ated
t
h
e
wax
la
y
er
o
n
t
h
e
g
lass
test
s
am
p
le
with
th
e
in
cid
en
t
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
,
u
s
in
g
a
s
o
lar
m
eter
.
T
h
is
tr
a
n
s
m
ittan
ce
v
al
u
e
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
lig
h
t
th
at
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
wax
lay
e
r
with
o
u
t
b
ein
g
a
b
s
o
r
b
ed
o
r
r
ef
lecte
d
,
m
ak
in
g
it
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
in
d
ica
to
r
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
m
ater
ial'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
as
a
co
atin
g
.
Hig
h
e
r
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
allo
ws m
o
r
e
in
co
m
in
g
lig
h
t to
r
ea
ch
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
el
s
u
r
f
ac
e
[
2
1
]
.
SEM
an
aly
s
is
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
wax
lay
er
’
s
m
ic
r
o
m
eter
-
s
ca
le
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
,
r
ev
ea
li
n
g
p
r
o
tr
u
s
io
n
s
,
p
o
r
es
,
an
d
tex
tu
r
es
th
at
d
ef
in
e
its
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
icity
is
k
ey
,
as
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
h
ap
e
a
n
d
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
af
f
ec
t
wate
r
-
r
e
p
ellen
t
ab
ilit
y
.
Hig
h
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
icity
en
ab
les
s
elf
-
clea
n
in
g
,
with
d
ir
t
r
em
o
v
ed
b
y
r
o
llin
g
d
r
o
p
lets
.
T
h
u
s
,
SEM
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
o
th
v
is
u
al
e
v
id
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
wax
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
its
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
p
r
ac
tical
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
2
]
.
Hy
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
icity
test
in
g
was p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
W
C
A
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
r
o
p
let
g
o
n
io
m
et
r
y
m
eth
o
d
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
e
I
m
ag
eJ
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
q
u
an
titativ
ely
d
eter
m
in
es
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e'
s
wate
r
-
r
ep
ellen
t
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
t
ed
W
C
A
v
alu
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
9
0
°
(
>9
0
°),
i
n
d
ic
atin
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e'
s
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
icity
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
s
elf
-
clea
n
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
as
r
o
llin
g
wate
r
d
r
o
p
lets
ea
s
ily
p
ick
u
p
an
d
ca
r
r
y
awa
y
d
u
s
t p
ar
ticles,
m
itig
atin
g
p
ar
ticu
late
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
in
f
r
ar
e
d
(
I
R
)
tr
an
s
m
ittan
c
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
in
th
e
7
0
0
-
1
1
0
0
n
m
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
illu
m
in
an
ce
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
p
a
s
s
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
wax
lay
er
o
n
th
e
g
lass
o
f
th
e
test
s
am
p
le
to
th
e
illu
m
in
an
ce
o
f
th
e
in
cid
en
t
lig
h
t,
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
T
SL2
5
9
1
lu
x
s
en
s
o
r
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
an
in
d
icatio
n
o
f
h
o
w
m
u
ch
I
R
illu
m
in
atio
n
ca
n
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
wax
lay
er
.
T
h
is
I
R
illu
m
in
atio
n
th
at
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
ir
ec
tl
y
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
s
ilico
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
I
R
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
lev
el
is
a
cr
u
cial
p
ar
am
eter
i
n
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
wax
lay
er
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
in
PV m
o
d
u
les.
Ad
h
esio
n
is
a
cr
itical
p
ar
a
m
eter
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
atin
g
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
u
n
d
e
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Me
asu
r
em
en
ts
ar
e
m
a
d
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
Pu
ll
-
Of
f
Ad
h
esio
n
T
est
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ec
is
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata
o
n
a
d
h
esio
n
s
tr
en
g
th
.
Str
o
n
g
a
d
h
esio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
o
a
tin
g
an
d
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
is
a
p
r
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
f
o
r
co
atin
g
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
f
lo
wc
h
ar
t f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
b
an
an
a
leaf
wa
x
as a
d
u
al
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
PV c
o
atin
g
m
ater
ial
T
h
e
f
ield
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
h
a
s
e
is
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
as
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
wax
lay
er
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
es
two
PV
m
o
d
u
les
in
s
talled
s
id
e
b
y
s
id
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
b
o
th
m
o
d
u
les
ex
p
er
ien
ce
id
en
tical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
O
n
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
was
co
ated
with
a
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
w
as
lef
t
in
it
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
n
d
itio
n
(
with
o
u
t
th
e
wax
co
atin
g
)
to
s
er
v
e
as
a
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
u
le.
B
o
th
m
o
d
u
les
wer
e
th
en
in
s
talled
in
th
e
s
am
e
lo
ca
t
io
n
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
test
in
g
.
T
o
au
to
m
atica
lly
a
n
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
co
llect
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ata,
an
Ar
d
u
in
o
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
was
in
s
talled
with
s
ev
en
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
test
s
ch
em
atic
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
u
s
ed
in
clu
d
ed
:
two
R
T
D
P
T
1
0
0
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
two
I
NA2
2
6
v
o
ltag
e/cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
o
n
ea
ch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
a
n
a
n
a
lea
f wa
x
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
s
a
co
a
tin
g
ma
teri
a
l to
r
ed
u
ce
fo
u
lin
g
a
n
d
h
ea
t fo
r
… (
A
n
d
i P
a
w
a
w
o
i
)
1215
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
o
n
e
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
(
DS1
8
B
2
0
)
,
o
n
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
s
en
s
o
r
(
S
E
M2
2
8
A)
,
an
d
o
n
e
in
f
r
ar
ed
lig
h
t
s
en
s
o
r
(
T
SL2
5
9
1
)
.
T
h
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
an
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
PV
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
A
u
to
m
atio
n
o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
is
k
ey
to
m
in
im
izin
g
h
u
m
an
e
r
r
o
r
an
d
e
n
ab
lin
g
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
B
ef
o
r
e
test
in
g
b
eg
in
s
,
all
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
ca
lib
r
ated
ag
ain
s
t stan
d
ar
d
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
co
llected
d
ata.
T
h
is
ca
lib
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
g
e
n
er
atin
g
a
cu
r
v
e
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
(
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
)
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
d
ata.
T
h
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
c
u
r
v
e
is
u
s
ed
as
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
s
.
Af
ter
ca
lib
r
atio
n
,
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
,
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
m
o
d
u
les.
Data
co
llectio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
ten
s
iv
ely
,
with
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
o
n
e
d
ata
p
o
in
t
ev
e
r
y
3
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
f
o
r
3
0
d
ay
s
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
o
v
er
a
l
o
n
g
p
e
r
io
d
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
v
er
y
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
an
el'
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
v
ar
iati
o
n
s
in
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
test
in
g
s
etu
p
an
d
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
les,
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
R
T
D
P
T
1
0
0
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
with
MA
X3
1
8
6
5
ad
a
p
ter
s
an
d
I
N
A2
2
6
cu
r
r
en
t m
o
n
ito
r
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Wa
x
ex
t
r
a
ct
io
n f
r
o
m
ba
na
na
lea
v
es
B
an
an
a
leaf
wax
ex
tr
ac
t
is
o
b
t
ain
ed
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
an
n
-
h
ex
a
n
e
s
o
lv
en
t
-
b
ased
wax
s
o
lu
tio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
th
at
allo
ws
ap
p
licatio
n
as
a
s
o
lv
en
t
-
b
ase
d
co
atin
g
.
T
h
is
liq
u
id
p
h
ase
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
s
p
r
ay
-
b
a
s
ed
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ic
h
is
k
n
o
wn
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
th
in
lay
er
o
n
g
lass
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
an
d
PV
m
o
d
u
les.
W
ith
th
is
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e,
m
ater
ial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
well
co
n
tr
o
lled
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
f
ilm
th
at
is
o
p
tically
s
tab
le
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
p
tim
ally
as a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
lay
er
an
d
th
er
m
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l
.
3
.
2
.
T
ra
ns
m
it
t
a
nce
o
f
s
o
la
r
i
rr
a
dia
t
io
n o
n ba
na
na
lea
f
w
a
x
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
G)
tr
a
n
s
m
ittan
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
test
o
f
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
co
atin
g
o
n
g
lass
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
p
lacin
g
a
lay
e
r
o
f
b
an
an
a
leaf
wa
x
o
n
a
th
i
n
g
lass
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
was
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
lig
h
t
th
a
t
p
en
etr
ates
th
e
wax
to
th
e
in
ci
d
en
t
lig
h
t.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
wax
th
ick
n
ess
.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
ittan
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
es b
y
1
.
3
6
% f
o
r
ev
er
y
1
µm
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
lay
e
r
th
ic
k
n
ess
.
W
ax
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
ick
n
ess
,
an
d
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
o
lin
g
ef
f
ec
t
is
d
o
m
in
an
t
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es
s
til
l
o
cc
u
r
at
lo
w
lig
h
t
in
te
n
s
ities
.
T
h
is
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
in
d
icate
s
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
wa
x
th
ick
n
ess
d
o
es
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
wax
lay
er
th
ick
n
ess
th
at
b
alan
ce
s
th
e
co
o
lin
g
-
in
d
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
g
ai
n
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
r
e
d
u
ce
d
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
,
th
er
e
b
y
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
o
v
er
all
p
o
we
r
o
u
t
p
u
t.
3
.
3
.
T
ra
ns
m
it
t
a
nce
I
R
illu
m
ina
nce
o
n ba
na
na
lea
f
wa
x
An
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
i
n
f
r
ar
e
d
(
I
R
)
illu
m
in
atio
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
g
r
a
p
h
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
th
e
b
an
a
n
a
leaf
wax
lay
e
r
h
as
a
clea
r
ab
il
ity
to
b
l
o
ck
I
R
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
s
ilico
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
I
R
r
ad
iatio
n
ca
r
r
ies
h
ea
t
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1
2
1
2
-
1
22
2
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tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
ce
lls
.
B
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
I
R
r
ad
iatio
n
,
th
e
wax
lay
er
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
m
in
im
ize
h
ea
t a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
h
elp
m
ain
tain
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
PV so
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
an
in
v
er
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
lay
er
th
ick
n
ess
an
d
I
R
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
:
t
h
e
th
ick
er
th
e
wax
lay
er
,
th
e
less
I
R
r
a
y
s
ca
n
p
en
etr
ate
it.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
lay
er
th
ick
n
ess
f
r
o
m
3
µm
to
1
3
µm
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
I
R
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
2
.
5
%
to
5
9
.
0
%.
T
h
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
ir
ec
tly
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
lay
er
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
b
lo
ck
in
g
(
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
o
r
r
ef
lectin
g
)
I
R
r
ay
s
in
c
r
ea
s
es with
th
ick
n
ess
.
Qu
an
titativ
ely
,
th
is
wax
lay
er
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ac
h
iev
in
g
I
R
b
lo
ck
ad
e
lev
els
b
etwe
en
3
7
.
5
%
a
n
d
4
1
.
0
%.
T
h
is
ab
ilit
y
to
b
lo
ck
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
4
0
%
o
f
in
f
r
ar
ed
h
ea
t
m
ak
es
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
a
p
o
ten
tial
m
ater
ial
t
o
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
t
h
er
m
al
f
ilter
lay
er
in
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els.
B
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
ea
t
r
ea
c
h
in
g
th
e
s
ilico
n
PV
ce
ll,
th
is
lay
er
ca
n
h
elp
k
ee
p
th
e
ce
ll's
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
lo
wer
,
th
er
eb
y
m
ain
tain
in
g
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
elec
tr
ical
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
3
.
4
.
B
a
na
na
lea
f
wa
x
a
dh
esi
o
n
T
ests
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
ad
h
esio
n
o
f
b
an
a
n
a
leaf
wax
to
th
e
g
lass
s
am
p
le
is
r
elativ
ely
s
tab
le
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
8
0
–
2
0
0
k
Pa
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
A
m
ar
g
in
al
b
u
t
d
is
ce
r
n
ib
le
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
tr
en
d
as
th
e
co
atin
g
th
ick
n
ess
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
3
to
1
3
µm
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
u
n
e
v
en
v
o
lu
m
etr
ic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
in
te
r
n
al
s
h
ea
r
s
tr
ess
an
d
lo
ca
lized
co
h
esiv
e
d
ef
ec
ts
i
n
th
e
th
ick
er
co
atin
g
s
,
wh
ich
co
llectiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
in
ter
f
ac
ial
co
n
tact
ar
ea
.
Ma
th
em
atica
lly
,
th
e
ad
h
esio
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
σ
a
=
F/A,
f
o
r
ce
F
(
N)
p
er
u
n
it
ar
ea
A
(
m
2
)
.
T
h
e
ad
h
esio
n
v
alu
e
o
b
tain
e
d
i
s
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
PV
m
o
d
u
le
co
atin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
as
lo
n
g
as
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
is
k
e
p
t
th
in
to
m
ain
tain
o
p
tim
al
o
p
tical
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
h
o
wev
er
,
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
r
e
in
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t is n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
a
n
an
a
leaf
wax
ex
h
ib
its
ad
eq
u
ate
ad
h
esio
n
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
8
0
–
2
0
0
k
P
a
o
n
g
lass
s
u
b
s
tr
ates,
th
e
s
o
f
t
an
d
ea
s
il
y
p
ee
led
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
wax
p
o
s
es
a
ch
allen
g
e
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
t
er
m
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
o
u
td
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Po
ly
m
er
m
atr
ix
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
co
atin
g
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
b
y
m
ix
in
g
b
a
n
an
a
leaf
wax
in
to
an
in
er
t
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
p
o
ly
m
e
r
m
atr
ix
,
s
u
ch
as
p
o
ly
d
im
eth
y
ls
ilo
x
an
e
(
PDMS)
o
r
p
o
ly
u
r
eth
an
e,
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
h
ar
d
n
ess
,
ab
r
asio
n
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
a
d
h
esio
n
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
ic
an
d
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
Su
b
s
tr
ate
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
is
also
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
g
lass
s
u
r
f
ac
e
(
e.
g
.
,
p
lasma
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
r
u
ltr
ath
in
p
r
im
er
lay
er
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
)
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
a
d
h
esio
n
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
wax
an
d
th
e
g
lass
.
3
.
5
.
Co
a
t
ing
co
nt
a
ct
a
ng
le
t
esting
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
W
C
A
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
o
n
b
an
a
n
a
leaf
wax
co
a
tin
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
av
er
ag
e
co
n
tact
an
g
le
o
f
s
ix
test
s
am
p
les
r
ea
ch
ed
1
2
7
°.
T
h
e
co
n
tact
an
g
le
o
f
o
n
e
s
am
p
le
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
ith
th
is
v
alu
e,
it
i
s
g
en
er
ally
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
a
h
y
d
r
o
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h
o
b
ic
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
is
ch
a
r
a
cter
is
tic
in
d
icate
s
th
at
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
co
atin
g
s
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
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to
p
r
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d
u
ce
a
s
elf
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clea
n
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g
ef
f
ec
t
th
r
o
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g
h
th
e
r
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llin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
wate
r
d
r
o
p
lets
ca
r
r
y
in
g
d
ir
t
p
ar
ticles
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
.
A
s
im
ilar
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
o
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n
atu
r
al
wa
x
-
b
ased
b
io
m
im
etic
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
wh
er
e
co
n
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an
g
le
s
ab
o
v
e
1
2
0
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h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
p
tical
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
elf
-
clea
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies [
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
: (
a)
e
x
tr
ac
te
d
wax
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
n
n
-
h
ex
an
e
an
d
(
b
)
s
o
lar
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
(
G)
,
n
ea
r
-
in
f
r
a
r
e
d
(
NI
R
)
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
,
an
d
p
u
ll
-
o
f
f
ad
h
esio
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
as f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
o
f
co
atin
g
th
ick
n
ess
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I
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t J Ap
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l Po
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n
g
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SS
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2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
a
n
a
n
a
lea
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x
p
erfo
r
ma
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s
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teri
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ce
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n
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A
n
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i P
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a
w
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1217
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
ettin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
wate
r
co
n
tact
an
g
le
(
W
C
A)
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t o
n
th
e
s
p
r
a
y
-
co
a
ted
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
lay
e
r
3
.
6
.
M
icro
s
t
ruct
ura
l m
o
rpho
lo
g
y
o
f
t
he
ba
na
na
lea
f
wa
x
co
a
t
ing
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
s
u
s
in
g
a
Scan
n
in
g
E
lectr
o
n
Mic
r
o
s
co
p
e
(
SEM
)
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
b
a
n
an
a
leaf
wax
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
m
icr
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
f
o
r
m
s
p
latelet
-
s
h
ap
ed
an
d
tab
u
l
ar
ag
g
r
eg
ates
with
r
an
d
o
m
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
,
as
s
ee
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
is
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
y
th
at
is
r
o
u
g
h
at
t
h
e
m
icr
o
-
t
o
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le,
with
a
d
en
s
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
o
v
e
r
lap
p
i
n
g
wax
cr
y
s
tals
.
T
h
is
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
tex
tu
r
e
cr
ea
tes
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
air
p
o
ck
ets with
in
th
e
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
to
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
t
h
at
co
v
er
s
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
u
r
f
ac
e
.
T
h
is
m
icr
o
-
an
d
n
a
n
o
-
s
ca
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
p
la
y
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
i
n
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
W
C
A.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
C
ass
ie
–
B
ax
ter
m
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d
el,
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
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tr
in
s
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h
o
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ic
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r
o
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ties
with
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icr
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an
d
n
a
n
o
-
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
tr
ap
s
air
b
etwe
en
its
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
allo
win
g
wate
r
d
r
o
p
lets
to
o
n
ly
p
ar
tially
co
n
tact
th
e
leaf
.
As
a
r
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lt,
th
e
ad
h
es
iv
e
f
o
r
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
wate
r
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
v
e
r
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s
m
all,
a
n
d
th
e
d
r
o
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lets
ten
d
to
f
o
r
m
n
ea
r
ly
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er
f
ec
t
s
p
h
er
e
s
.
T
h
is
ex
p
lain
s
wh
y
b
an
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a
leaf
wax
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
a
W
C
A
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
1
2
7
°,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
ig
h
a
n
d
i
n
d
icate
s
s
tr
o
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h
y
d
r
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p
h
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b
icity
.
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r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
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o
m
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en
e
o
u
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
wax
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s
t
als
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
"self
-
clea
n
i
n
g
"
ef
f
ec
t,
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
lo
tu
s
ef
f
ec
t.
W
a
ter
d
r
o
p
lets
r
o
llin
g
o
v
er
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ea
s
ily
d
etac
h
b
u
t
also
ca
r
r
y
awa
y
d
ir
t
p
ar
ticles,
th
u
s
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
leaf
s
u
r
f
ac
e
clea
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
m
icr
o
cr
y
s
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e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
b
an
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a
leaf
wax
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t
o
n
ly
d
eter
m
in
es
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
icity
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
ec
o
lo
g
ic
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b
en
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b
y
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r
o
tectin
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ag
ai
n
s
t
ex
ce
s
s
m
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is
tu
r
e
an
d
th
e
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
p
ar
ticles.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
SEM
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
ex
tr
em
e
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
icity
o
f
b
an
an
a
leav
es
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
th
e
co
m
b
in
ati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
tr
i
n
s
ically
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
ic
c
h
em
ical
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
cu
ticu
lar
wax
an
d
its
m
icr
o
-
an
d
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
h
is
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
co
m
b
in
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
wate
r
co
n
tact
an
g
le
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
2
7
°,
th
er
eb
y
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
le
af
'
s
wate
r
-
r
ep
ellen
t
p
r
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p
er
tie
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
wax
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
as
a
k
e
y
f
ac
t
o
r
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
b
i
o
m
im
etic
s
u
r
f
ac
es
f
o
r
wate
r
-
r
ep
ellen
t a
n
d
s
elf
-
clea
n
in
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Su
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
an
d
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
b
an
a
n
a
leaf
wax
c
o
atin
g
: SE
M
m
icr
o
g
r
a
p
h
s
at
(
a)
1
0
-
μ
m
s
ca
le
an
d
(
b
)
4
-
μ
m
s
ca
le
3
.
7
.
T
herm
a
l per
f
o
rm
a
nce
a
nd
P
V
m
o
du
le
t
em
pera
t
ure
m
it
ig
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ield
test
o
f
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
o
f
th
e
test
PV
m
o
d
u
le
t
o
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
co
ated
wit
h
9
µm
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
PV
m
o
d
u
le
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
.
T
h
e
g
r
ee
n
cu
r
v
e
(
a
m
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e)
s
h
o
ws
a
lin
ea
r
in
c
r
ea
s
e
with
a
lo
w
s
lo
p
e.
T
h
e
a
m
b
ien
t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
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n
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p
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g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
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3
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Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
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1
2
1
2
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1
22
2
1218
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
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o
m
a
tem
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atu
r
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to
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o
lar
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at
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w
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iatio
n
to
~3
8
°C
at
h
ig
h
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
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~1
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0
0
W
/m
²)
.
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h
e
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e
d
c
u
r
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e
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s
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d
ar
d
P
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s
h
o
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th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
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cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
tem
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er
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r
e
o
f
th
e
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ar
d
m
o
d
u
le
to
6
0
.
5
±
2
.
1
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at
1
2
0
0
W
/m
²
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
y
ello
w
cu
r
v
e
(
PV
m
o
d
u
le
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ated
with
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
)
s
h
o
ws
a
lo
wer
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
an
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
PV,
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
5
5
.
3
±
1
.
9
°C
at
1
2
0
0
W
/m
²
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
(
T
m
)
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
th
er
m
al
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
with
t
h
e
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ie
n
t
tem
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er
atu
r
e
(
T
α
)
,
t
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
(
G
)
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
h
ea
t
tr
a
n
s
f
er
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
h
c
)
,
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
T
m
)
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
t
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
(
1
)
.
≈
+
1
−
(
)
ℎ
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
T
m
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
am
b
ien
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
G
d
ef
in
es
th
e
to
tal
in
cid
en
t
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
W
/m
²)
,
h
c
_
is
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
co
n
v
ec
tiv
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
co
e
f
f
icien
t
(
W
/m
²·
K)
,
an
d
(T
m
)
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t e
lectr
i
ca
l c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
s
o
lar
ce
ll
.
PV
m
o
d
u
les
co
ated
with
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
o
p
er
ate
at
lo
wer
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
th
an
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
o
d
u
les
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
atin
g
’
s
o
p
tical
a
n
d
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
ic
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ca
n
r
ef
lec
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
in
f
r
ar
ed
r
a
n
g
e
th
at
ca
u
s
es
h
ea
tin
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
co
atin
g
en
h
an
ce
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
em
is
s
iv
ity
,
allo
win
g
h
ea
t
to
d
is
s
ip
ate
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
ex
ce
s
s
r
ad
ian
t
en
e
r
g
y
n
o
t
co
n
v
er
ted
i
n
to
elec
tr
icity
is
r
elea
s
ed
f
aster
in
to
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
in
s
tead
o
f
b
ein
g
s
to
r
ed
as
h
ea
t
in
th
e
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
a
g
e
n
tler
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
r
is
e
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
c
o
ated
m
o
d
u
le
co
o
ler
th
a
n
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
n
e.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
lo
wer
s
e
f
f
icien
cy
lo
s
s
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
PV
p
o
wer
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
b
a
n
an
a
leaf
wax
co
atin
g
im
p
r
o
v
es
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
h
elp
s
m
ain
tain
h
i
g
h
er
ef
f
icie
n
cy
u
n
d
er
s
tr
o
n
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
s
im
p
le
y
et
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
h
an
ce
PV sy
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
tr
o
p
ical
r
e
g
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
n
a
n
a
leaf
wa
x
co
atin
g
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
wh
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
ec
en
t liter
atu
r
e:
W
h
ile
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
u
p
e
r
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
ic
c
o
atin
g
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
y
I
n
g
o
le
et
a
l
.
[1
3
]
ar
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
s
elf
-
clea
n
in
g
,
th
ey
ty
p
ically
do
n
o
t
o
f
f
e
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
o
lin
g
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
u
al
f
u
n
cti
o
n
:
h
ig
h
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
icity
(
W
C
A
1
2
7
°)
an
d
a
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
co
o
lin
g
ef
f
ec
t
(
≈
5
°C
)
.
Kar
g
a
r
an
et
a
l.
[
2
]
r
ev
iewe
d
v
ar
io
u
s
c
o
o
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
r
e
d
u
cin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
b
y
10
–
20
°C
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
ese
o
f
t
en
r
eq
u
ir
e
c
o
m
p
lex
s
etu
p
s
o
r
ac
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
is
b
io
-
b
ased
co
atin
g
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
im
p
le
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
,
d
esp
ite
a
m
o
r
e
m
o
d
e
r
ate
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
(
≈
5
°C
)
is
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
u
f
f
icien
t to
m
itig
ate
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
tr
o
p
ical
clim
ates.
3
.
8
.
I
nfluence
ba
na
na
lea
f
w
a
x
co
a
t
ing
o
n
P
V
m
o
du
le
o
utput
po
wer
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
f
ield
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
co
ated
with
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
ex
h
i
b
its
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
u
n
d
er
m
ed
i
u
m
t
o
h
i
g
h
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
wh
ile
a
m
o
d
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
e
n
alty
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
u
n
d
er
lo
w
-
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
d
u
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
p
tical
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
.
At
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
lev
els
ex
ce
ed
in
g
ly
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
ely
5
0
0
W
·
m
⁻²,
th
e
th
e
r
m
al
m
itig
atio
n
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
9
-
µm
wax
lay
er
o
u
tweig
h
s
th
e
m
in
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lo
s
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
co
ated
m
o
d
u
le
d
eliv
er
s
an
av
er
ag
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
f
a
b
o
u
t
1
3
.
3
%
with
in
th
e
5
0
0
–
8
0
0
W
·
m
⁻²
r
an
g
e
an
d
u
p
to
1
9
.
9
–
2
0
.
5
%
at
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
lev
els
ab
o
v
e
8
0
0
W
·
m
⁻²
(
≥
1
0
0
0
W
·
m
⁻²)
,
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
u
n
co
ated
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
ar
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t b
ased
o
n
p
air
ed
-
s
am
p
le
an
aly
s
is
(
p
«
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
p
o
wer
en
h
an
c
em
en
t
is
d
ir
ec
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
m
o
d
u
le
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
On
av
er
a
g
e,
th
e
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
co
atin
g
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
.
0
°C
ac
r
o
s
s
all
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
ab
o
u
t
4
.
2
–
4
.
6
°C
u
n
d
er
h
i
g
h
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
>
8
0
0
–
1
0
0
0
W
·
m
⁻
²)
.
A
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etw
ee
n
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
,
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
p
o
wer
g
ain
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
er
m
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
p
lay
s
a
d
o
m
i
n
an
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
io
r
is
p
r
im
a
r
ily
attr
ib
u
t
ed
to
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
p
ar
tial
in
f
r
a
r
ed
(
I
R
)
r
ad
ia
tio
n
b
lo
ck
in
g
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
th
er
m
al
em
is
s
iv
ity
o
f
th
e
wax
lay
e
r
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
[
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Fro
m
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t is ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
2
)
.
(
,
)
=
[
1
−
(
−
)
]
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
{
}
is
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
ef
f
ici
en
cy
at
{
}
=
25
°C
T,
{
}
is
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
ar
ea
,
β
is
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
p
o
wer
,
G
d
en
o
te
s
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
an
d
T
is
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
co
atin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
b
y
Δ
T
coat
,
lead
in
g
to
a
r
elati
v
e
p
o
wer
g
ain
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ated
as
(
3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
a
n
a
n
a
lea
f wa
x
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
s
a
co
a
tin
g
ma
teri
a
l to
r
ed
u
ce
fo
u
lin
g
a
n
d
h
ea
t fo
r
… (
A
n
d
i P
a
w
a
w
o
i
)
1219
Δ
≈
−
Δ
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
Δ
P
=
P
coated
-
P
std
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
et
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
o
wer
in
cr
ea
s
e,
P
std
is
th
e
b
asel
in
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
u
n
co
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
u
le,
is
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
p
o
wer
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ial
(
ty
p
i
ca
lly
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
as,
e.
g
.
,
-
0
.
4
%
/
o
C
,
an
d
Δ
T
=
T
coated
-
T
std
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ch
an
g
e.
Sin
ce
th
e
c
o
ated
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
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tly
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an
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ea
s
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ig
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t
in
cr
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tal
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ag
r
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ield
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at
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s
tly
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tain
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th
r
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g
h
o
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t t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
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h
en
co
m
p
ar
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d
with
m
u
ltifu
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atin
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s
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ted
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t
h
e
b
a
n
an
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co
atin
g
o
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u
p
ies
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ct
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r
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ich
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n
y
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
t
s
u
p
er
h
y
d
r
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p
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ic
co
atin
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ily
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ce
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elf
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clea
n
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p
e
r
f
o
r
m
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ce
b
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t p
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o
v
id
e
o
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ly
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t
h
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m
al
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en
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ty
p
ically
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in
m
a
r
g
in
al
o
r
s
tatis
tically
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
wer
g
ain
s
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
a
d
v
an
ce
d
r
a
d
ia
tiv
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co
o
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g
o
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m
etam
ater
ial
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ased
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atin
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s
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n
ac
h
iev
e
lar
g
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
(
o
f
ten
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
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–
1
0
°C
)
,
y
et
th
ey
in
v
o
lv
e
c
o
m
p
lex
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
m
ater
ial
co
s
ts
[
2
]
.
Hy
b
r
id
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
ic
–
IR
-
r
ef
lectiv
e
co
atin
g
s
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
in
r
e
ce
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
f
er
m
o
d
er
ate
c
o
o
lin
g
(
3
–
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°C
)
an
d
p
ar
tial
s
elf
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clea
n
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
b
u
t
o
f
ten
r
e
ly
o
n
s
y
n
t
h
etic
o
r
en
g
in
ee
r
ed
m
ater
ials
[
1
4
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
b
an
an
a
leaf
wax
r
ep
r
esen
ts
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lo
w
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co
s
t,
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io
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d
er
iv
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d
m
u
ltifu
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ctio
n
al
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atin
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th
at
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
p
r
o
v
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es
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
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ass
iv
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co
o
lin
g
an
d
h
ig
h
s
u
r
f
ac
e
h
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
icity
(
WCA
≈
1
2
7
°).
T
h
is
d
u
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
lead
s
to
s
tatis
tic
ally
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
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h
a
n
c
em
en
t
u
n
d
e
r
h
ig
h
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
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o
u
t
th
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n
ee
d
f
o
r
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tiv
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co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
o
r
co
m
p
lex
m
ater
ial
ar
ch
itectu
r
es.
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h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
atin
g
i
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
well
s
u
ited
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o
r
PV
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
in
t
r
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
,
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er
e
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ig
h
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
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d
elev
ated
m
o
d
u
le
tem
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er
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ar
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t f
ac
to
r
s
lim
itin
g
PV p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
3
0
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ou
t
d
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
r
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lts
o
f
PV m
o
d
u
les co
ate
d
with
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an
a
n
a
leaf
wax
: (
a
)
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
test
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
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a
n
d
(
b
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u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
o
f
test
PV m
o
d
u
le
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
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tu
d
y
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cc
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lly
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at
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r
o
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o
s
ed
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y
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o
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esis
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eg
ar
d
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g
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h
e
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o
te
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tial
o
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b
an
an
a
lea
f
wax
as
a
co
atin
g
f
o
r
d
u
al
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
PV
m
o
d
u
les
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
f
o
u
lin
g
in
tr
o
p
ical
clim
ates
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
v
alid
ated
b
y
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
PV
ef
f
icien
cy
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
d
u
e
to
h
i
g
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
d
u
s
t
,
a
n
d
wate
r
s
ca
le,
ca
n
b
e
o
v
er
co
m
e
b
y
b
an
a
n
a
leaf
wax
.
Mic
r
o
s
co
p
ically
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e
ex
tr
ac
ted
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d
s
p
r
ay
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ap
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lied
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r
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ce
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r
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o
m
m
icr
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y
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u
ctu
r
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ich
,
ac
co
r
d
i
n
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to
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C
as
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ie
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B
ax
ter
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el,
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o
r
m
s
an
ex
tr
em
ely
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y
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r
o
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h
o
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ic
s
u
r
f
ac
e
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av
er
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C
A
o
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1
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u
s
en
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lin
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an
ef
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ec
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elf
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g
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h
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Fu
r
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m
o
r
e,
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er
m
al
test
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g
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
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ig
n
if
ican
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h
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t
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r
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e
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f
ec
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ess
,
wh
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r
e
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9
μ
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la
y
er
was
ab
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to
k
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th
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m
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le
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