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in
g
all
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
a
h
ig
h
ly
o
p
tim
ized
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tati
o
n
ca
n
lo
wer
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
,
an
d
h
el
p
m
ee
t
ca
r
b
o
n
n
eu
tr
ality
tar
g
ets.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
v
i
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
-
d
r
iv
en
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
at
GNDE
C
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
am
in
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
lik
e
n
et
p
r
esen
t
co
s
t
(
NPC
)
,
lev
elize
d
co
s
t o
f
en
e
r
g
y
(
L
C
OE
)
,
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
i
d
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
(
C
O₂)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
an
aly
z
ed
[
6
]
.
C
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
v
iab
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
u
n
d
er
lo
ca
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
lo
wer
in
g
g
r
id
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
,
a
n
d
m
a
x
im
izin
g
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
u
ti
lizatio
n
is
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
W
h
ile
s
e
v
e
r
al
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
h
a
v
e
u
s
e
d
H
OM
E
R
-
b
as
ed
o
p
t
im
i
za
ti
o
n
f
o
r
E
V
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
tat
io
n
s
,
f
e
w
h
a
v
e
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
e
d
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
e
-
r
ick
s
h
aw
d
e
m
a
n
d
p
at
te
r
n
s
in
s
em
i
-
u
r
b
an
I
n
d
ia
,
o
r
i
n
te
g
r
at
e
d
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
an
al
y
s
is
an
d
i
n
v
e
r
te
r
/
c
h
a
r
g
er
e
f
f
i
ci
en
cy
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
.
T
h
is
g
a
p
m
o
t
iv
ates
th
e
p
r
ese
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
h
i
ch
u
n
i
q
u
el
y
b
e
n
c
h
m
a
r
k
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ati
o
n
s
,
t
ests
t
h
ei
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
ess
u
n
d
e
r
u
n
c
er
tai
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ts
p
o
we
r
ele
ctr
o
n
i
cs
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
ti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
at
io
n
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
a
l
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
ti
o
n
s
,
p
o
lic
y
m
a
k
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ct
u
r
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
r
s
a
im
in
g
t
o
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
d
ec
e
n
t
r
al
ize
d
a
n
d
cl
ea
n
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
S
o
u
t
h
Asi
a
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
A
co
m
p
a
r
at
iv
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
HO
ME
R
-
b
ase
d
E
VC
S
s
t
u
d
ies
i
n
d
i
ca
t
es
t
h
at
wh
i
le
m
an
y
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
ec
h
n
o
-
e
co
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
i
b
i
lit
y
,
t
h
ey
o
f
te
n
o
v
er
lo
o
k
s
e
n
s
iti
v
i
ty
t
o
s
o
la
r
i
n
ter
m
it
te
n
c
y
,
b
atte
r
y
d
e
g
r
a
d
at
io
n
,
a
n
d
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
e
f
f
i
cie
n
c
y
.
T
a
b
le
1
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
th
es
e
g
a
p
s
a
n
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
tes
th
e
d
i
s
tin
ct
co
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
es
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
t
eg
r
a
tes
l
o
c
al
e
-
r
ic
k
s
h
aw
d
e
m
a
n
d
m
o
d
eli
n
g
wi
th
h
y
b
r
i
d
-
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
t
im
i
za
t
io
n
an
d
p
o
we
r
-
el
ec
t
r
o
n
ics
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
at
io
n
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
,
y
e
a
r
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
/
c
a
s
e
To
o
l
/
me
t
h
o
d
F
o
c
u
s
o
f
st
u
d
y
K
e
y
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
G
a
p
/
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
R
a
d
e
t
a
l
.
(
2
0
2
5
)
[
9
]
8
5
w
o
r
l
d
c
a
p
i
t
a
l
s
H
O
M
ER
G
r
i
d
;
t
e
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
N
e
a
r
-
z
e
r
o
-
e
mi
ss
i
o
n
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
>
8
0
%
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
;
LC
O
E
v
a
r
i
e
d
b
y
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
p
e
r
i
o
d
N
o
l
o
c
a
l
e
-
r
i
c
k
s
h
a
w
d
e
m
a
n
d
,
b
i
o
mass
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
o
r
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
-
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
D
e
mi
r
c
i
e
t
a
l
.
(
2
0
2
6
)
[
1
0
]
F
i
v
e
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
c
a
p
i
t
a
l
s
;
A
n
k
a
r
a
c
a
se
H
O
M
ER
G
r
i
d
;
sce
n
a
r
i
o
a
n
d
sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
PV
–
st
o
r
a
g
e
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
d
e
ma
n
d
,
c
a
r
b
o
n
t
a
x
,
P
V
,
a
n
d
ESS
c
o
s
t
sc
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
N
o
b
i
o
mass
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
r
e
-
r
i
c
k
s
h
a
w
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
d
e
m
a
n
d
;
V
2
G
l
e
f
t
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
V
e
z
a
e
t
a
l
.
(
2
0
2
6
)
[
1
1
]
F
i
v
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
c
i
t
i
e
s
H
O
M
ER
P
r
o
;
t
e
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
PV
–
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
–
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
c
i
t
y
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
PV
–
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
L
C
O
E/
LC
O
H
N
o
e
-
r
i
c
k
s
h
a
w
d
e
ma
n
d
mo
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
P
V
–
b
i
o
m
a
ss
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
-
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
G
ü
v
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
(
2
0
2
5
)
[
1
2
]
Ç
u
k
u
r
o
v
a
,
A
d
a
n
a
(
T
u
r
k
e
y
)
H
O
M
ER
P
r
o
S
i
x
h
y
b
r
i
d
EV
C
S
sce
n
a
r
i
o
s (P
V
,
b
i
o
mass
,
H
₂,
g
r
i
d
)
PV
–
b
i
o
m
a
ss
–
H₂
–
g
r
i
d
m
i
x
g
a
v
e
N
P
C
$
6
1
1
k
,
LC
O
E
$
0
.
0
2
1
5
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
se
t
u
p
,
n
o
t
e
a
si
l
y
sca
l
a
b
l
e
H
ü
n
e
r
(
2
0
2
5
)
[
1
3
]
H
a
t
a
y
(
T
u
r
k
e
y
)
H
O
M
ER
P
r
o
PV
–
b
i
o
g
a
s
–
H
₂
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
N
P
C
$
1
.
9
2
M
,
c
o
s
t
$
0
.
2
0
9
4
/
k
W
h
,
9
5
.
7
8
%
C
O
₂
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
Off
-
g
r
i
d
o
n
l
y
;
h
i
g
h
c
a
p
i
t
a
l
c
o
s
t
Zh
o
u
e
t
a
l
.
(
2
0
2
5
)
[
1
4
]
C
h
i
n
a
H
O
M
ER
P
r
o
W
i
n
d
–
so
l
a
r
–
st
o
r
a
g
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
G
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
(
p
u
r
c
h
a
s
e
–
s
a
l
e
)
h
a
d
l
o
w
e
st
N
P
C
(
1
.
8
7
M
C
N
Y
)
,
7
4
.
7
%
R
E
G
r
i
d
-
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
;
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
EV
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
A
l
h
a
z
mi
(
2
0
2
5
)
[
1
5
]
S
a
u
d
i
A
r
a
b
i
a
(
H
i
g
h
w
a
y
s)
H
O
M
ER
G
r
i
d
S
i
t
i
n
g
&
si
z
i
n
g
o
f
f
a
st
-
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
st
a
t
i
o
n
s
2
0
0
–
5
0
0
k
W
F
C
S
si
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
;
5
0
0
k
W
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
g
a
v
e
3
.
2
G
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
;
c
o
s
t
$
2
.
7
9
M
H
i
g
h
c
o
s
t
;
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
/
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
e
sen
t
W
o
r
k
(
2
0
2
5
)
G
N
D
EC
,
Lu
d
h
i
a
n
a
(
I
n
d
i
a
)
H
O
M
ER
P
r
o
+
sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
+
b
e
n
c
h
mar
k
i
n
g
H
y
b
r
i
d
P
V
–
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
–
g
r
i
d
EV
C
S
f
o
r
e
-
r
i
c
k
s
h
a
w
s
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
8
9
%
s
o
l
a
r
sh
a
r
e
,
N
P
C
$
2
8
.
5
k
,
LC
O
E
$
0
.
1
1
/
k
W
h
,
9
5
%
C
O
₂ re
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
;
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
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s
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atter
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r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
Dr
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I
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N:
2088
-
8
6
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4
Tech
n
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timiz
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f h
y
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2041
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C
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[
1
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h
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ased
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ep
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h
e
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ain
o
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jectiv
es
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e
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To
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late
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ased
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tatio
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s
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d
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tech
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ec
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o
m
ic
p
e
r
f
o
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m
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n
ce
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ter
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s
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C
OE
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an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
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m
is
s
i
o
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
L
o
ca
t
io
n a
nd
da
t
a
co
lle
ct
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n
T
h
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E
V
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h
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ite
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r
u
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ee
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o
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u
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n
jab
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n
d
ia.
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o
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l
s
o
l
ar
ir
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ad
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ce
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ata,
with
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er
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ap
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ately
5
.
6
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ay
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ase.
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ag
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m
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m
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s
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ick
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asis
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ic
lo
ad
m
o
d
elin
g
.
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u
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ailab
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d
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V
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g
in
g
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em
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d
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r
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iles
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e
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s
ed
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n
p
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ts
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s
im
u
latio
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[
1
7
]
.
2
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
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m
des
ig
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T
h
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p
r
o
p
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ed
h
y
b
r
id
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V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
p
an
els,
b
atter
y
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er
g
y
s
to
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ag
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g
r
id
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ec
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ter
,
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V
ch
ar
g
in
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n
its
,
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d
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y
m
a
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t
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tem
(
E
MS)
,
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illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
a
n
d
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
PV
p
a
n
els
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en
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ate
DC
p
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wer
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r
o
m
s
o
lar
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y
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ile
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atter
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r
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w
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lar
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ailab
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h
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g
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id
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ts
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a
b
ac
k
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p
s
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r
ce
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s
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r
e
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n
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ter
r
u
p
ted
c
h
ar
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b
id
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ter
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ts
D
C
p
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o
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m
p
atib
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V
ch
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er
s
an
d
th
e
g
r
i
d
.
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s
tem
c
o
m
p
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n
en
t
s
izes
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elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
s
o
lar
p
o
ten
tial,
E
V
e
n
er
g
y
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em
a
n
d
,
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d
s
ca
lab
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y
co
n
s
id
er
atio
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s
[
1
9
]
.
2
.
3
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n f
ra
m
ewo
rk
Sy
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
H
OM
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R
Pro
s
o
f
twar
e
o
v
er
a
f
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ll
an
n
u
a
l
p
er
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d
o
f
8
,
7
6
0
h
o
u
r
s
.
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er
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
—
in
clu
d
in
g
g
r
i
d
-
o
n
ly
,
PV
+
Gr
id
,
PV
+
B
atter
y
,
an
d
PV
+
B
atter
y
+
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id
—
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
s
im
u
lated
.
Ho
u
r
ly
d
is
p
atch
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tr
ateg
ies
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
an
ag
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
b
etwe
en
PV,
b
atter
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s
to
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ag
e
,
a
n
d
g
r
i
d
s
u
p
p
ly
to
m
ee
t E
V
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
d
em
an
d
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
em
atic
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iag
r
am
o
f
an
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V
c
h
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tatio
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icat
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
2039
-
2
0
4
6
2042
2
.
4
.
O
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
cr
it
er
i
a
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
was
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
N
PC
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
eliab
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
m
ax
im
izin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
in
clu
d
ed
lev
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
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L
C
OE
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,
ca
r
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o
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d
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C
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em
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y
s
tem
au
to
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o
m
y
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an
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p
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y
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ac
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p
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d
.
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m
p
ar
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aly
s
is
was
p
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m
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to
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d
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tify
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h
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co
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d
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v
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o
n
m
e
n
tally
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
2
.
5
.
Sens
it
iv
it
y
a
na
l
y
s
is
a
nd
po
wer
elec
t
ro
nics
co
ns
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t
io
ns
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s
itiv
ity
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aly
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is
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s
co
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d
u
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to
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alu
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s
y
s
tem
r
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u
s
tn
ess
u
n
d
er
v
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s
in
s
o
lar
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ter
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o
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2
2
]
,
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2
3
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.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
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O
NS
3
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1
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Resul
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T
h
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f
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p
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r
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[
2
4
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r
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ly
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s
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u
r
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2
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o
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in
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an
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in
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h
o
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r
s
[
2
5
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.
R
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ted
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4
in
d
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th
at
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est.
RE
F
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NC
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[
1
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A
.
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[
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[
3
]
P
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[
4
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Y
.
Zh
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ER
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Pr
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3
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.
[
5
]
B
.
D
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[
6
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A
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[
7
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H
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,
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[
8
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M
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[
9
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[
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[
1
1
]
I
.
V
e
z
a
,
T
.
W
.
B
.
R
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[
1
2
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A
.
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ü
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1
3
]
B
.
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F
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