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tain
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to
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p
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.
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re
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lt
s
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th
a
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a
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m
isin
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li
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a
p
p
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ti
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s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
te
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
Po
wer
f
ac
to
r
co
r
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ec
tio
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PW
M
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
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CC B
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SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
o
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nasir
Hu
s
s
ein
Selm
an
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
T
ec
h
n
ical
C
o
lleg
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-
Naja
f
,
Al
-
Fu
r
at
Al
-
Awsat T
ec
h
n
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Naja
f
,
I
r
aq
E
m
ail:
co
j.n
as@
atu
.
ed
u
.
iq
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
lectr
ic
co
m
p
an
ies
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
an
y
d
ev
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th
at
u
s
e
d
if
f
e
r
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n
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e
lev
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in
th
e
s
am
e
cir
cu
it.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
en
g
in
ee
r
s
s
tr
iv
e
to
d
esig
n
cir
cu
its
to
f
u
lf
il
th
ese
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
v
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e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
ese
cir
cu
its
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
m
an
y
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
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s
u
ch
as
s
wi
tch
-
mode
p
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wer
s
u
p
p
lies
(
SMPS),
lap
to
p
co
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p
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ter
s
,
m
ed
ic
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d
ev
ices,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
DC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es,
an
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
4
]
-
[
6
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
p
r
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v
id
e
a
wid
e
r
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g
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v
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d
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
C
u
k
co
n
v
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te
r
is
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
n
th
is
f
i
eld
,
d
u
e
to
its
ab
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to
ac
h
iev
e
s
tep
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u
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d
s
tep
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d
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tp
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v
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ltag
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u
s
in
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PW
M,
wh
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m
in
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r
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p
les
in
th
e
in
p
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t
a
n
d
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u
tp
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cu
r
r
en
ts
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
o
d
e
ls
o
f
th
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c
o
n
v
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r
ter
o
f
ten
s
u
f
f
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r
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d
esig
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co
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p
lex
ity
,
a
h
ig
h
n
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m
b
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f
co
m
p
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n
en
ts
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
ch
allen
g
es in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
(
PF
C
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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N:
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8
6
9
4
Desig
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ed
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
eg
u
late
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle,
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
f
a
s
t
s
et
tlin
g
tim
e
an
d
lim
ited
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
in
clu
d
e:
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
p
r
ev
io
u
s
C
uk
in
v
er
ter
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
,
cir
c
u
it
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
an
aly
s
is
,
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
an
d
f
in
ally
,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
P
RE
VIOU
S CU
K
CO
NVE
R
T
E
R
S VE
RSUS P
RO
P
O
S
E
D
DE
S
I
G
N
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
s
o
m
e
ty
p
es
o
f
C
u
k
co
n
v
e
r
ter
cir
cu
its
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
,
th
e
C
u
k
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
y
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
two
s
tag
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
i
s
a
f
u
ll
-
wav
e
r
ec
tifie
r
th
at
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
alter
n
atin
g
v
o
ltag
es
to
d
ir
ec
t
v
o
ltag
es.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ch
o
p
p
er
cir
cu
it
(
s
u
ch
as
b
u
ck
,
b
o
o
s
t,
o
r
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t)
to
o
b
tai
n
a
v
ar
iab
le
le
v
el
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es.
T
h
is
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
o
th
s
tep
-
u
p
an
d
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
9
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
,
th
e
d
esig
n
er
s
co
m
b
in
ed
b
o
th
s
tag
es
in
to
o
n
e
cir
cu
it
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
cir
cu
it.
T
wo
d
io
d
es
wer
e
r
e
p
lace
d
b
y
two
s
witch
es
,
wh
ich
m
a
k
e
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
m
o
d
el
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
ea
s
y
to
is
o
late,
an
d
b
u
ilt
-
in
in
r
u
s
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
estrictio
n
u
n
d
e
r
tr
an
s
ien
ts
an
d
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
[
1
3
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
u
g
g
este
d
b
r
i
d
g
eless
PF
C
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it.
I
n
t
h
is
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
less
co
m
p
lex
ity
b
y
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
a
s
in
g
le
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
in
s
tead
o
f
two
MO
SF
E
T
s
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
ab
o
v
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
it
h
as
a
s
m
all
-
s
ized
in
d
u
cto
r
with
lo
wer
l
o
s
s
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
o
th
e
r
s
ch
em
es
g
iv
en
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Du
e
to
its
two
s
witch
es,
th
e
b
r
id
g
eless
PF
C
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
in
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
;
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
s
u
g
g
ested
to
less
en
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
b
y
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
a
s
in
g
le
MO
SF
E
T
s
wi
tch
in
s
tead
o
f
two
MO
SF
E
T
s
as in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
wo
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
:
(
a)
tr
ad
itio
n
al
two
-
s
tag
e
ty
p
e
an
d
(
b
)
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
ty
p
e
with
two
s
witch
es
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
b
r
id
g
eless
AC
-
D
C
C
uk
co
n
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1902
-
1
9
1
3
1904
3.
CIRCU
I
T
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
N
A
ND
ANAL
YSI
S
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
-
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
r
id
g
el
ess
C
uk
co
n
v
er
ter
an
aly
s
is
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
ass
u
m
in
g
all
co
n
v
er
ter
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
p
er
f
ec
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
i
s
ex
p
ec
ted
to
h
av
e
a
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
p
er
atio
n
with
a
co
n
s
tan
t
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
s
)
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
o
)
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
s
tu
d
ied
o
n
ly
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
alf
-
lin
e
c
y
cle
s
in
ce
th
e
ac
tio
n
is
r
eg
u
lar
f
o
r
two
h
alv
es
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
T
h
u
s
,
as
s
ee
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
es 3
an
d
4
,
th
e
ci
r
cu
it d
is
p
lay
s
two
m
o
d
es d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
witch
in
g
tim
e
(
T
S
)
[
2
7
]
,
[2
8
].
3
.
1
.
M
o
de
1
W
h
en
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
cy
cle
is
ap
p
lied
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
s
witch
Q1
is
tu
r
n
ed
ON,
wh
ile
th
e
d
io
d
es
(
D2
,
Do
an
d
Dn
)
ar
e
in
r
ev
er
s
e
b
ias.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
e
h
as
f
o
u
r
p
ath
s
.
Pat
h
(
1
)
is
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
(
i
L1
)
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
D1
,
Q1
,
a
n
d
r
etu
r
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
Dp
t
o
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
(i
L1
)
s
tar
ts
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
lin
ea
r
l
y
with
a
s
lo
p
e
o
f
(
V
s
/L
1
)
,
th
en
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
1
)
is
m
ag
n
etize
d
to
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
S
)
.
Path
(
2
)
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
C
1
an
d
C
2
)
,
V
s
,
L
1
,
a
n
d
L
2
.
Path
(
3
)
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
co
u
p
lin
g
C
1
,
D1
,
Q1
,
C
o
,
an
d
L
o
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
at
h
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
e
d
in
C
1
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
to
C
o
an
d
L
o
.
In
p
ath
(
4
)
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
a
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
o
)
tr
an
s
f
er
s
en
er
g
y
to
th
e
lo
a
d
(
R
o
).
=
1
1
(
1
)
−
=
+
(
2
)
=
(
3
)
=
(
4
)
=
1
−
(
5
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
alf
-
lin
e
cy
c
le
wh
en
Q1
is
ON
an
d
Do
is
O
FF
3
.
2
.
M
o
de
2
W
h
en
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
cy
cle
is
ap
p
lied
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
s
witch
Q1
is
tu
r
n
ed
OFF
.
I
n
th
is
o
p
er
atio
n
mode
,
f
o
u
r
p
at
h
s
ar
e
av
aila
b
le
,
th
e
D1
,
D2
,
an
d
Dn
ar
e
in
r
e
v
er
s
e
b
ias.
I
n
p
ath
(
1
)
,
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
1
)
is
m
ag
n
etize
d
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
s
-
V
c1
)
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
(
i
L1
)
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
1
)
in
cr
ea
s
es
li
n
ea
r
ly
b
y
s
lo
p
e
o
f
(V
s
-
V
C1
/L
1
)
.
T
h
is
p
ath
,
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
i
L1
)
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
L
1
,
C
1
,
D
o
an
d
r
e
tu
r
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
Dp
t
o
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
t
h
e
cir
cu
latin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
f
l
o
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
V
s
,
L
1
,
C
1
,
C
2
,
an
d
L
2
,
with
th
e
s
am
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
d
en
o
te
d
p
at
h
(
2
)
,
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
,
en
e
r
g
y
in
o
u
tp
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
(
L
O
)
is
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
to
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
O
)
as
d
en
o
ted
b
y
p
ath
(
3
)
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
th
e
C
o
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
e
n
er
g
y
t
o
lo
ad
(
R
o
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
at
h
(
4
)
.
1
=
−
1
(
6
)
=
=
(
7
)
=
−
(
8
)
=
∗
(
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Desig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f m
o
d
ifi
ed
s
in
g
le
s
w
itch
A
C
-
DC
b
r
id
g
eless
C
u
k
…
(
A
b
d
u
lla
h
S
a
h
ib
A
b
d
u
ls
a
d
a
)
1905
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
o
u
tlin
es th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
cy
cle
wh
e
n
Q1
is
OFF an
d
Do
is
ON
4.
CIRCU
I
T
S
T
RU
CT
UR
E
T
h
e
d
esig
n
s
o
f
th
e
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
w
o
n
th
e
m
ar
k
et
d
o
n
o
t
en
tire
ly
m
ee
t
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
E
v
er
y
in
d
u
s
tr
y
d
esire
s
an
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
a
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
at
in
clu
d
es
tig
h
t
to
ler
an
ce
s
an
d
r
ip
p
le
-
f
r
ee
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
in
s
p
ir
ed
to
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
ew
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
en
ab
le
co
n
cu
r
r
en
t
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
b
u
c
k
o
p
er
atio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
r
eli
ab
le
o
p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
witch
in
g
th
at
lead
s
t
o
m
in
im
ize
r
ip
p
le
an
d
v
er
if
y
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
[
29
].
Mo
d
if
ied
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
ad
v
an
tag
es
s
u
ch
as
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
s
witch
an
d
lo
wer
in
g
r
i
p
p
le
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
cu
r
r
en
t,
p
o
we
r
f
ac
to
r
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
r
ip
p
le
AC
s
id
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
'
s
T
HD.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
in
d
u
cto
r
co
u
p
lin
g
r
esu
lts
in
a
s
lig
h
t
we
ig
h
t
an
d
s
ize
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
,
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lo
wer
s
th
e
r
ated
cu
r
r
en
t'
s
m
ag
n
itu
d
e.
T
h
is
en
h
an
ce
s
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
lo
wer
s
s
witch
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tr
ess
.
B
ec
au
s
e
r
i
p
p
le
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
lo
wer
s
lo
s
s
es,
ef
f
icien
cy
is
also
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
4
.
1
.
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
nv
er
s
io
n (
M
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
o
wer
b
al
an
ce
p
r
in
ci
p
le,
th
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lo
s
s
les
s
co
n
v
er
ter
is
ze
r
o
[
3
0
].
(
)
=
2
∫
(
)
∙
(
)
2
0
(
1
0
)
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
AC
s
u
p
p
ly
cu
r
r
en
t is
as in
(
1
1
)
.
=
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
u
t
r
esis
tan
ce
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
2
)
.
=
2
∗
∗
(
1
2
)
T
h
e
r
atio
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
M
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
d
i
v
id
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
th
e
av
er
ag
e
AC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e:
=
=
√
2
∙
(
1
3
)
A
C
u
k
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
ca
n
b
e
r
aise
d
in
o
n
e
o
f
two
way
s
:
T
h
e
s
witch
th
at
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
'
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
its
d
u
ty
cy
cle
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
will
r
etain
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
a
n
d
lo
a
d
r
esis
to
r
will
r
ec
eiv
e
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
.
E
ith
er
r
aise
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
itan
c
e.
T
h
is
will
s
h
o
r
te
n
th
e
in
d
u
c
to
r
'
s
en
er
g
y
r
elea
s
e
in
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
ir
cu
it a
n
d
r
ais
e
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
'
s
ter
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
[
3
0
].
4
.
2
.
I
nd
uct
o
r
des
ig
n
T
o
a
ce
r
tain
ex
te
n
t,
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
o
n
eith
er
s
id
e
o
f
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ic
h
less
en
th
e
r
ip
p
les in
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
ts
[
2
7
]
.
1
=
2
=
(
−
)
∗
∗
(
1
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1902
-
1
9
1
3
1906
A
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
to
tal
s
ize
an
d
weig
h
t
ex
p
an
d
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
it
in
clu
d
es.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
s
ed
in
s
er
v
er
s
is
th
eir
s
ize
an
d
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
[
3
1
].
4
.
3
.
Cho
ice
o
f
co
up
lin
g
ca
pa
cit
o
r
a
nd
o
utput
ca
pa
cit
o
r
Du
e
to
th
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
,
o
u
tp
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
,
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
an
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
lin
e
cu
r
r
en
t
q
u
ality
,
th
e
co
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
a
n
d
C
2
ar
e
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
C
u
k
s
tr
ateg
y
.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
an
d
C
2
m
u
s
t
b
e
ch
o
s
en
s
o
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
h
as
th
e
least
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
witch
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
an
d
th
at
t
h
eir
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
v
o
lta
g
es
clo
s
ely
r
esem
b
le
th
e
r
ec
tifie
d
in
p
u
t
AC
lin
e
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
[
3
2
].
1
=
1
(
2п
)
2
∗
(
1
+
)
(
1
5
)
=
(
∆
)
4
п
(
∆
)
⬚
∗
(
)
(
1
6
)
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
an
d
C
2
ar
e
ass
em
b
led
in
s
u
ch
a
way
as
t
o
co
n
d
u
ct
en
e
r
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
tag
e
with
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e;
in
s
tead
y
s
tate,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
in
d
u
cto
r
v
o
ltag
es
V
L1a
,
V
L1b
,
V
L2a
,
an
d
V
L2b
ar
e
ze
r
o
.
T
h
ese
in
d
u
cto
r
v
o
l
tag
es
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
in
ca
lcu
lati
n
g
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
e
q
u
ati
o
n
v
ia
v
o
lt
-
s
ec
o
n
d
b
alan
ce
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
ig
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
alan
ce
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
o
n
s
tan
t lo
ad
p
o
wer
an
d
th
e
tim
e
-
v
a
r
y
in
g
in
p
u
t p
o
wer
[
3
3
].
<
<
(
1
7
)
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
f
r
)
m
u
s
t b
e
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
(
f
s
)
an
d
m
u
s
t b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
f
l
).
4
.
4
.
P
o
wer
M
O
SFET
s
e
lect
io
n
T
h
e
g
ate
-
d
r
ain
c
h
ar
g
e
(
Q
GD
)
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
r
ain
-
to
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
DS(max)
)
,
th
e
on
-
r
esis
tan
ce
(R
DS(ON)
)
,
an
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
th(min)
)
ar
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
e
lectio
n
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
e
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
ar
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
with
a
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
eq
u
al
to
V
in
+V
out
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
e
d
u
ty
r
atio
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
0
.
5
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
d
esig
n
is
in
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
b
o
o
s
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
s
witch
in
g
d
e
v
ice
Q1
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
d
u
ty
r
atio
ex
ce
ed
in
g
0
.
5
.
T
h
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
s
witch
cu
r
r
en
t
s
im
p
lifie
s
th
e
c
o
o
lin
g
ar
r
a
n
g
em
e
n
ts
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices [
3
4
].
4
.
5
.
O
utput
dio
de
s
elec
t
io
n
B
o
th
th
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
h
an
d
led
b
y
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
io
d
e
s
elec
tio
n
in
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
p
a
s
s
es th
r
o
u
g
h
a
ch
o
s
en
d
io
d
e.
=
1
+
(
1
8
)
T
h
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
d
io
d
e
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
ass
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
cr
o
s
s
it
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e
,
Sch
o
ttk
y
d
io
d
es m
u
s
t b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
[
3
4
].
=
+
(
1
9
)
T
ab
le
1
co
m
p
ar
es th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ty
p
es to
th
e
Cu
k
C
o
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
t
h
is
wo
r
k
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
C
uk
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
C
l
a
s
si
c
a
l
C
u
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
9
]
B
r
i
d
g
e
l
e
s
s
C
u
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
1
5
]
M
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
C
u
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
S
w
i
t
c
h
1
2
1
D
i
o
d
e
5
4
5
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
2
3
3
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
3
3
3
To
t
a
l
n
o
.
o
f
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
11
12
12
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
=
1
−
=
1
−
=
1
−
S
w
i
t
c
h
(
1
+
)
(
+
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
r
e
ss
2
(
1
+
)
+
(
2
+
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Desig
n
a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
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lec
&
Dr
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s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
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Desig
n
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d
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le
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w
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h
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p
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v
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Desig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f m
o
d
ifi
ed
s
in
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le
s
w
itch
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DC
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k
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(
A
b
d
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lla
h
S
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ib
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b
d
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ls
a
d
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)
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6.
CO
NCLU
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e
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ter
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tr
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r
m
a
n
ce
in
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
ec
ti
o
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
n
ea
r
-
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
o
f
0
.
9
9
8
8
,
lo
w
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
(
less
th
an
1
%),
a
n
d
f
ast
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
n
d
er
lo
ad
an
d
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
ec
tific
atio
n
an
d
b
u
ck
–
b
o
o
s
t
s
tag
es
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
le
x
ity
,
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
u
n
t,
a
n
d
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ac
t
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lo
w
-
v
alu
e
c
o
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
m
ain
s
witch
,
en
h
an
cin
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
o
v
er
al
l
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
lim
ited
to
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
v
alid
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
id
ea
l
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
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ctica
l
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
ar
asit
ic
elem
en
ts
,
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
th
er
m
al
ef
f
ec
ts
,
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
wh
ic
h
m
a
y
af
f
ec
t
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
T
HD
an
aly
s
is
an
d
d
etailed
q
u
an
titativ
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
o
th
er
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
t
o
p
o
lo
g
ies
wer
e
n
o
t
f
u
lly
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
v
er
ter
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
etailed
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
T
HD,
an
d
th
er
m
al
a
n
aly
s
is
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
u
ch
as
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
an
d
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
will
b
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
en
h
an
ce
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e.
A
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
y
with
o
th
er
PF
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
u
n
d
er
id
en
tical
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
will
a
ls
o
b
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
was r
ec
eiv
e
d
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
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D
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Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ab
d
u
llah
Sah
ib
Ab
d
u
ls
ad
a
✓
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Hass
an
W
ah
h
ab
Salih
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Nasir
Hu
s
s
ein
Selm
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
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✓
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✓
✓
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✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
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z
a
t
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n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
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:
So
f
t
w
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Va
:
Va
l
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a
t
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Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
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a
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:
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n
v
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t
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c
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ter
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.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
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L
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Y
T
h
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
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tin
g
th
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f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
with
in
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
B
.
S
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
V
.
B
i
st
,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
w
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r
q
u
a
l
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t
y
b
r
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d
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ss
C
u
k
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v
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r
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d
b
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sh
l
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ET P
o
w
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r
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t
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,
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l
.
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:
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0
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4
9
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2
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3
.
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0
.
[
2
]
A
.
M
.
S
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S
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d
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e
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.
M
.
K
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,
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R
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A
.
G
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,
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h
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g
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‐
e
f
f
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n
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b
r
i
d
b
o
o
st
–
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u
k
D
C
/
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C
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o
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v
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r
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r
w
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v
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a
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n
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d
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o
w
‐
v
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t
a
g
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st
r
e
ss,”
I
ET
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
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1
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
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8
–
2
5
4
6
,
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e
p
.
2
0
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0
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0
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2
0
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0
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0
.
[
3
]
H
u
a
i
W
a
n
g
,
H
.
S
.
-
H
.
C
h
u
n
g
,
a
n
d
W
e
n
c
h
a
o
Li
u
,
“
U
s
e
o
f
a
ser
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e
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
mp
e
n
sa
t
o
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f
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r
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e
d
u
c
t
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o
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o
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t
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C
-
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k
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a
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a
c
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n
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su
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p
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e
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t
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m
,
”
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E
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E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
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o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
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n
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l
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2
9
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,
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2
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3
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[
4
]
L.
H
u
b
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r
,
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a
n
g
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
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o
v
a
n
o
v
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c
,
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d
,
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T
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n
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c
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4
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6
7
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[
5
]
S
.
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h
,
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.
B
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st
,
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ET Po
w
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3
.
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