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n
d
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irrad
ia
n
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e
.
A
k
e
y
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n
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a
ti
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ts
b
i
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jec
ti
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ti
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e
l,
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h
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sim
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lt
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n
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o
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sl
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m
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imiz
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s
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S
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f
o
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d
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re
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li
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a
r
c
h
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ll
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e
s.
Re
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lt
s
in
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ica
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th
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t
TL
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f
fe
rs
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ste
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e
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n
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g
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ter
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ll
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h
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rg
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g
s
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ste
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s.
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ey
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d
s
:
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atter
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to
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a
g
e
s
y
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tem
Par
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
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Sm
ar
t E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
T
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ch
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g
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lear
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-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
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Veh
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to
-
g
r
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T
h
is i
s
a
n
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p
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a
c
c
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ss
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rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
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n
se
.
C
o
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
O.
K
.
R
ajesh
Dep
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f
E
lectr
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an
d
E
lectr
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ics E
n
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in
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Vels
I
n
s
titu
te
o
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Scien
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T
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lo
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an
d
Ad
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ce
d
St
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ies
C
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Pallav
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I
n
d
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m
ail:
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3
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@
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m
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co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
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s
tain
ab
le
en
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y
h
as
ac
ce
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ated
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
ad
o
p
tio
n
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
to
f
o
s
s
il
-
f
u
el
m
o
b
ilit
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,
with
r
eg
u
lato
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s
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r
l
d
wid
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ce
n
tiv
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E
Vs
th
r
o
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s
u
b
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p
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d
ex
p
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d
c
h
ar
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in
g
i
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f
r
astru
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r
e.
Ho
w
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v
er
,
lar
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e
-
s
ca
le
E
V
in
teg
r
atio
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cr
ea
tes
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
r
id
ch
allen
g
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
u
r
b
a
n
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
u
s
es
p
ea
k
d
em
a
n
d
s
u
r
g
es
a
n
d
g
r
id
in
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
a
d
v
an
ce
s
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
av
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
[
2
]
,
ex
p
lo
itin
g
th
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
i
n
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
r
e
q
u
ir
es
in
telli
g
en
t
d
is
p
atch
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
v
ar
iab
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
g
e
n
er
atio
n
with
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
E
V
d
em
an
d
,
s
in
ce
u
n
c
o
o
r
d
in
ated
c
h
ar
g
in
g
r
is
k
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
v
er
lo
ad
i
n
g
,
v
o
ltag
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in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
r
elian
ce
o
n
h
ig
h
-
em
is
s
io
n
g
r
id
p
o
wer
.
A
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
v
o
lv
es
s
m
ar
t
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
a
r
k
in
g
lo
ts
in
teg
r
atin
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
p
an
els
an
d
b
atter
y
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
E
SS
)
,
wh
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r
ed
u
ce
g
r
id
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cy
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
r
esil
ien
ce
[
3
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
s
o
lar
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
,
s
h
if
tin
g
E
V
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
,
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
elec
tr
icity
p
r
icin
g
d
em
an
d
i
n
tellig
en
t,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
is
p
atch
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
4
]
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ca
r
b
o
n
i
n
ten
s
ity
s
ig
n
als
in
to
d
is
p
atc
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d
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is
io
n
s
en
ab
les
em
is
s
io
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-
awa
r
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s
ch
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u
lin
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,
w
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co
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-
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s
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p
tim
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n
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s
u
r
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f
in
a
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cial
s
u
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tain
ab
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u
n
d
er
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y
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am
ic
p
r
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g
,
n
ec
ess
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a
b
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b
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f
r
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k
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B
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So
C
lim
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s
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4
I
n
t J Po
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&
Dr
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t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
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b
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20
2
6
:
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1
6
0
0
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Alth
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ex
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atch
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ar
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ased
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e
a
b
i
-
o
b
jectiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
o
d
el
b
alan
cin
g
co
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
t
p
r
in
t
m
in
im
izatio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
I
o
T
s
en
s
in
g
o
f
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
,
g
r
i
d
p
r
icin
g
,
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
d
ata
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
i
n
g
C
E
E
ADS
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
in
g
le
-
o
b
jectiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
s
tu
d
ied
in
teg
r
atin
g
E
Vs
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
way
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ch
ed
u
les
th
at
ac
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
co
s
t
an
d
p
o
llu
tio
n
.
2
.
1
.
E
V
cha
rg
ing
s
t
ra
t
e
g
ies
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
all
in
to
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
u
n
co
o
r
d
in
ated
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
E
ar
ly
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
u
n
c
o
o
r
d
in
ated
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
wh
ic
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
tl
y
ca
u
s
es h
ig
h
er
p
ea
k
lo
a
d
an
d
s
y
s
tem
in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
wh
ile
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
u
ch
as
tim
e
-
of
-
u
s
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
lo
ad
f
latten
in
g
,
an
d
d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
lo
wer
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
an
d
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
u
s
e
s
to
ch
asti
c
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
E
V
ar
r
iv
al/d
ep
ar
tu
r
e
tim
es a
n
d
So
C
n
ee
d
s
to
d
y
n
a
m
ically
o
p
tim
i
ze
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
atter
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
Unco
o
rdina
t
ed
cha
rg
i
ng
I
n
u
n
co
o
r
d
in
ated
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
E
Vs
d
r
aw
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
im
m
ed
iately
u
p
o
n
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
ca
u
s
in
g
p
ea
k
d
em
a
n
d
s
u
r
g
es,
v
o
ltag
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
ele
v
ated
p
o
wer
co
s
ts
;
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
is
ca
n
r
aise
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
b
y
u
p
to
3
0
% in
m
etr
o
p
o
litan
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
h
ig
h
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Key
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
in
clu
d
e:
i)
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
p
ea
k
lo
a
d
:
u
n
c
o
o
r
d
in
ated
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
UC
C
)
ty
p
ically
co
in
cid
es
with
r
esid
e
n
tial
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
(
6
–
9
PM)
,
ca
u
s
in
g
r
ap
id
ag
g
r
eg
ate
d
em
an
d
s
p
ik
es.
ii)
Gr
id
in
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
tr
ess
:
Sy
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
p
e
ak
lo
ad
s
tr
ig
g
e
r
v
o
lta
g
e
d
i
p
s
an
d
th
er
m
al
o
v
er
lo
ad
i
n
g
o
n
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e
s
er
v
ice
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
ag
ei
n
g
an
d
f
ailu
r
e.
iii)
Hig
h
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
:
T
h
e
e
lev
ated
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
aw
in
ten
s
if
ies
o
h
m
ic
lo
s
s
es
(
I
²R
)
ac
r
o
s
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Co
o
rdina
t
ed
cha
rg
ing
C
o
o
r
d
in
ated
o
r
s
m
ar
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
em
p
lo
y
s
an
E
MS
o
r
ag
g
r
eg
at
o
r
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
r
ates
with
g
r
id
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
lo
ca
l
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
m
an
a
g
in
g
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
i
d
en
tifie
s
th
r
ee
k
ey
s
tr
ateg
ies [
6
]
:
i)
T
im
e
-
of
-
u
s
e
(
T
OU)
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
:
Sh
if
ts
c
h
ar
g
in
g
t
o
lo
wer
-
tar
if
f
o
f
f
-
p
e
ak
p
er
io
d
s
[
6
]
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
tatic
m
eth
o
d
n
eg
lects
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
PV u
tili
za
tio
n
.
ii)
L
o
ad
f
latten
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
:
C
o
n
v
ex
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
em
an
d
ev
e
n
ly
f
o
r
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
[
7
]
,
b
u
t la
c
k
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
in
g
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
ig
n
als.
iii)
Sto
ch
ast
ic
an
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
:
Pro
b
ab
ilis
tic
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
m
o
d
el
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
E
V
ar
r
iv
al
an
d
d
ep
ar
tu
r
e
p
atter
n
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
y
s
tem
r
esil
ien
ce
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
[
8
]
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ad
d
r
es
s
co
s
t
o
r
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
,
th
ey
o
f
ten
o
p
er
ate
in
is
o
l
atio
n
f
r
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
E
E
ADS
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
v
er
co
m
es
th
is
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
I
o
T
-
b
ased
em
is
s
io
n
s
ig
n
als
with
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
b
alan
c
ed
d
is
p
atch
th
at
m
in
im
izes
b
o
th
co
s
t
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
i
n
t simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
2
.
1
.
3
.
Vehicle
-
to
-
g
rid
(
V2
G
)
ena
bled cha
rg
ing
V2
G
en
ab
les
E
Vs
to
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
o
wer
b
ac
k
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
o
r
a
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
an
cill
ar
y
s
er
v
ices
lik
e
p
ea
k
s
h
av
in
g
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
wh
ile
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
in
v
esti
g
ated
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
V2
G
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
in
c
o
n
ju
n
cti
o
n
with
PV
-
B
E
SS
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
p
o
ten
tial
s
av
in
g
s
in
b
o
th
o
p
e
r
atin
g
c
o
s
ts
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
[
7
]
.
W
h
ile
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
T
OU
-
b
ased
o
r
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
ad
d
in
g
s
to
ch
asti
c
E
V
b
eh
av
io
r
a
n
d
V2
G
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
h
as
r
ec
eiv
e
d
litt
le
atten
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
s
till
a
r
esear
ch
v
ac
u
u
m
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
a
d
ap
tiv
e
d
is
p
atch
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
in
cl
u
d
e
co
s
t,
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
E
V
cu
s
to
m
er
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
s
t
-
effec
tive
a
n
d
emiss
io
n
-
a
w
a
r
e
d
is
p
a
tch
s
tr
a
teg
y
fo
r
a
s
ma
r
t
EV
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
a
r
kin
g
lo
t
(
O.
K
.
R
a
jesh
)
1593
2
.
2
.
PV
–
B
E
SS
i
nte
g
ra
t
io
n
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltai
c
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
with
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
E
SS
)
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
to
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
s
o
lar
in
te
r
m
itten
cy
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
r
eliab
le
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
with
in
t
h
e
C
E
E
A
DS
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
b
u
f
f
er
s
s
u
r
p
lu
s
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
ir
r
ad
i
an
ce
f
o
r
d
is
p
atch
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
ig
h
-
d
em
an
d
o
r
l
o
w
-
s
o
lar
p
er
io
d
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
elf
-
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
r
b
o
n
in
ten
s
ity
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
B
E
SS
also
s
tab
ilizes
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
ts
g
r
i
d
o
v
er
lo
a
d
in
g
b
y
tim
e
-
s
h
if
tin
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
to
alig
n
with
E
V
ar
r
iv
al
p
atter
n
s
[
1
0
]
,
wh
ile
its
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
en
ab
les
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
V2
G
an
d
G2
V
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
m
ax
im
izin
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
e
f
its
[
4
]
,
[
1
1
]
a
n
d
m
in
im
izin
g
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
h
ig
h
-
em
is
s
io
n
g
r
id
p
o
wer
[
1
2
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
estab
lis
h
ed
b
en
ef
its
,
m
an
y
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
ass
u
m
e
d
eter
m
in
is
t
ic
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
wh
ile
ig
n
o
r
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
c
h
an
g
es
a
g
ap
th
is
wo
r
k
ad
d
r
ess
es
b
y
m
er
g
in
g
PV
-
B
E
SS
o
p
er
atio
n
s
with
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
I
o
T
-
b
ased
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
f
o
r
a
d
ap
tiv
e,
em
is
s
io
n
-
awa
r
e
d
is
p
atch
.
2
.
3
.
Ca
rbo
n
-
a
wa
re
dis
pa
t
ch
E
m
is
s
io
n
-
awa
r
e
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
h
as
g
ain
e
d
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
tr
ict
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
estrictio
n
s
an
d
th
e
g
o
al
f
o
r
n
et
-
ze
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
C
ar
b
o
n
-
awa
r
e
d
is
p
atch
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
i
o
r
itize
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
u
s
e,
r
ed
u
ce
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
g
r
id
elec
tr
icity
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
tu
d
i
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
em
is
s
io
n
-
awa
r
e
o
b
jectiv
es
in
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
ca
r
b
o
n
im
p
ac
t su
b
s
tan
tially
[
1
5
]
.
2
.
4
.
M
et
a
heuris
t
ic
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n m
et
ho
ds
Me
tah
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
(
PS
O)
,
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
GA)
,
an
d
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
i
n
g
-
b
ased
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
T
L
B
O)
ar
e
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
co
m
p
lex
,
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
W
h
ile
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
l
ik
e
PS
O
o
f
ten
s
u
f
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
m
atu
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
e
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
tu
n
in
g
,
lim
itin
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
y
n
am
ic,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
in
s
tead
ad
o
p
ts
T
L
B
O,
wh
ich
i
s
p
ar
am
eter
-
less
,
r
e
d
u
ce
s
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
a
n
d
u
s
es
a
two
-
p
h
ase
s
ea
r
c
h
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
av
o
id
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
-
o
p
tim
a
tr
ap
s
co
m
m
o
n
in
GA
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
I
o
T
-
e
n
ab
led
c
o
n
tr
o
l
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
an
d
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
em
is
s
io
n
-
f
r
ee
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
s
m
ar
t
p
ar
k
in
g
lo
ts
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
3.
SYST
E
M
ARCH
I
T
E
CT
U
R
E
AND
P
RO
B
L
E
M
F
O
R
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
em
is
s
io
n
-
awa
r
e
d
is
p
atch
s
tr
ateg
y
(
C
E
E
ADS)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
u
tlin
es
an
in
tellig
en
t,
I
o
T
-
e
n
ab
led
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
r
eg
u
latin
g
e
n
er
g
y
f
lo
w
in
a
PV
-
B
E
SS
-
EV
-
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
p
ar
k
in
g
lo
t,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
o
p
tim
a
l
p
o
wer
allo
ca
tio
n
,
co
s
t
m
in
im
izatio
n
,
a
n
d
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
b
y
d
y
n
a
m
ically
co
o
r
d
i
n
atin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
g
en
er
ati
o
n
,
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
ca
r
c
h
ar
g
in
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
.
As s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
h
as
f
o
u
r
m
ajo
r
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
:
i)
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
an
d
g
r
i
d
in
t
er
f
ac
e
:
PV
ar
r
ay
s
s
u
p
p
ly
en
er
g
y
to
E
Vs
an
d
B
E
SS
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ts
p
o
wer
d
u
r
in
g
lo
w
s
o
lar
g
en
er
ati
o
n
o
r
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
;
ii)
B
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
B
E
SS
)
:
T
h
e
b
atter
y
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
(
B
E
SS
)
s
to
r
es
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
PV
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
r
elea
s
es
it
as
n
ee
d
ed
.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
en
s
u
r
e
ex
ce
llen
t
s
t
ate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
So
C
)
an
d
g
r
i
d
s
tab
ilit
y
;
iii)
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
clu
s
ter
:
Mu
ltip
le
E
Vs
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
So
C
,
ar
r
iv
a
l/d
ep
ar
tu
r
e
tim
in
g
s
,
an
d
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
m
a
y
ch
ar
g
e
f
r
o
m
PV/B
E
SS
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
v
ia
V2
G.
W
ir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
I
R
-
b
ased
v
eh
icle
d
etec
tio
n
h
elp
to
a
u
to
m
ate
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
;
an
d
iv
)
I
o
T
-
en
ab
led
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
(
E
MS)
:
T
h
e
I
o
T
-
en
a
b
led
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
E
MS)
co
llects
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
(
e
.
g
.
,
s
o
lar
,
g
r
i
d
p
r
ic
e,
ca
r
b
o
n
in
te
n
s
ity
,
E
V
So
C
)
an
d
u
s
es
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
an
d
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
T
L
B
O)
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
co
s
t
a
n
d
em
is
s
io
n
tar
g
ets.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ated
I
o
T
lay
er
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
E
SP
3
2
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
clo
u
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
(
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
/B
ly
n
k
)
,
an
d
R
FID
ac
ce
s
s
,
en
ab
les
u
n
if
ied
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
ad
a
p
tiv
e
d
e
cisi
o
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1591
-
1
6
0
0
1594
3
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
em
s
ub
s
y
s
t
em
s
3
.
1
.
1
.
P
V
g
ener
a
t
io
n uni
t
T
h
e
PV
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
is
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
t
u
r
n
in
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
in
to
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
wer
f
o
r
E
Vs an
d
B
E
SS
,
wit
h
m
o
d
u
les co
u
p
led
in
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
s
in
g
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
t
r
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MPPT)
f
o
r
b
est
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
tr
ac
k
s
u
n
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
r
ea
l
tim
e,
an
d
t
h
e
E
MS
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
j
u
s
ts
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
b
ased
o
n
a
v
ailab
le
PV
en
er
g
y
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
g
r
id
r
elian
ce
.
Su
r
p
lu
s
en
er
g
y
is
ch
a
r
g
ed
to
t
h
e
B
E
SS
,
wh
ile
PS
O
an
d
T
L
B
O
ar
r
an
g
e
d
i
s
p
atch
d
u
r
in
g
lo
w
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
r
h
ig
h
g
r
i
d
-
p
r
icin
g
p
e
r
io
d
s
[
1
8
]
.
R
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
n
T
h
in
g
Sp
ea
k
/B
ly
n
k
p
r
o
m
o
tes
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
an
d
th
e
E
MS'
s
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
h
a
n
d
les
s
ea
s
o
n
al
an
d
d
iu
r
n
al
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
is
p
atch
p
lan
n
i
n
g
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
ener
g
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
s
y
s
t
em
(
B
E
SS
)
T
h
e
B
E
SS
ac
ts
a
s
an
en
er
g
y
b
u
f
f
er
,
s
to
r
in
g
ex
ce
s
s
PV
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
later
u
s
e.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
r
eg
u
late
ch
ar
g
in
g
/d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
wh
ile
m
ain
tai
n
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
b
alan
ce
,
with
So
C
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
v
ia
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
E
MS
o
p
ti
m
izes
B
E
SS
o
p
er
atio
n
u
s
in
g
PS
O
an
d
T
L
B
O,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
g
r
i
d
p
r
icin
g
,
PV
o
u
tp
u
t,
E
V
d
em
an
d
,
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
in
ten
s
ity
to
m
in
im
ize
co
s
t
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
with
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
s
u
ch
as
So
C
lim
it
s
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
ap
p
lied
to
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
B
E
SS
en
h
an
ce
s
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
,
p
ea
k
s
h
av
in
g
,
an
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
k
ey
is
s
u
es:
i)
I
n
ter
m
itten
cy
:
E
n
s
u
r
es
r
eliab
le
E
V
s
u
p
p
ly
d
e
s
p
ite
s
o
lar
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
;
ii)
Peak
d
em
an
d
:
R
ed
u
ce
s
g
r
id
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
o
v
er
lo
ad
i
n
g
b
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
s
;
an
d
iii)
Gr
id
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
co
s
t:
Sto
r
es
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
an
d
s
u
p
p
lies
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
p
er
io
d
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
s
ts
an
d
s
m
o
o
th
i
n
g
th
e
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile.
3
.
1
.
3
.
E
lect
ric
v
ehicle
(
E
V)
clus
t
er
T
h
e
E
V
cl
u
s
ter
in
cl
u
d
es
m
u
ltip
le
v
eh
icles
with
v
ar
y
in
g
So
C
,
ar
r
iv
al/d
ep
ar
tu
r
e
tim
es,
an
d
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
E
ac
h
E
V
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
G2
V
an
d
V2
G
o
p
er
atio
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
a
r
g
in
g
.
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
o
n
ito
r
E
V
s
tatu
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
E
MS
to
s
ch
ed
u
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
ased
o
n
PV
o
u
tp
u
t,
B
E
SS
So
C
,
g
r
id
p
r
icin
g
,
an
d
C
O₂
in
ten
s
ity
.
P
SO
an
d
T
L
B
O
o
p
tim
ize
s
ch
ed
u
les
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
So
C
lim
it
s
,
d
ea
d
lin
es,
an
d
b
atter
y
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
W
ir
eles
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
with
I
R
-
b
ased
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
R
FID
en
s
u
r
es
au
to
m
ated
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
o
p
er
atio
n
,
wh
ile
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
e,
an
d
co
s
t.
3
.
1
.
4
.
I
o
T
-
b
a
s
ed
co
ntr
o
l a
nd
m
o
nito
ring
T
h
e
I
o
T
lay
er
is
th
e
d
ig
ital
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
C
E
E
ADS
p
latf
o
r
m
,
en
ab
li
n
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
en
s
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Sen
s
o
r
s
ca
p
tu
r
e
k
e
y
o
p
er
ati
n
g
d
ata
—
PV
o
u
tp
u
t,
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
B
E
SS
So
C
,
E
V
s
tatu
s
,
g
r
id
p
r
icin
g
,
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
i
n
ten
s
ity
—
tr
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
to
a
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
E
MS
o
v
e
r
Wi
-
Fi,
Z
ig
b
ee
,
o
r
MQ
T
T
.
T
h
e
E
MS
u
s
es
P
SO
an
d
T
L
B
O
to
id
en
tify
th
e
b
est
en
er
g
y
d
is
p
atch
b
etwe
en
PV,
B
E
SS
,
E
Vs,
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
,
wh
ile
co
n
s
tan
tly
r
ea
ctin
g
t
o
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
h
an
g
es,
with
co
n
tr
o
l
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
PV
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
-
g
en
er
atio
n
p
er
io
d
s
an
d
tr
ig
g
er
in
g
B
E
SS
o
r
V2
G
at
lo
w
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
r
p
ea
k
g
r
id
co
s
ts
[
1
9
]
.
3
.
2
.
P
o
wer
f
lo
w
m
o
del
At
an
y
g
iv
e
n
tim
e,
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
)
.
P
PV
(
t
)
+
P
B
ES
S
d
i
s
(
t
)
+
P
EV
d
i
s
(
t
)
+
P
g
r
i
d
i
m
p
o
r
t
(
t
)
=
P
EV
ch
(
t
)
+
P
B
ES
S
ch
(
t
)
+
P
l
o
ad
(
t
)
+
P
g
r
i
d
ex
p
o
r
t
(
t
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
P
PV
:
PV
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
,
ℎ
/
:
ch
ar
g
in
g
/d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
wer
o
f
B
E
SS
,
ℎ
/
:
ch
ar
g
in
g
/
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
wer
o
f
E
Vs
(
in
V2
G
m
o
d
e)
,
a
n
d
/
:
p
o
wer
im
p
o
r
te
d
f
r
o
m
/ex
p
o
r
ted
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
3
.
3
.
O
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
o
bje
ct
iv
es
A
b
i
-
o
b
jectiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
is
p
r
esen
ted
(
2
)
.
-
C
o
s
t
mi
n
im
izatio
n
o
b
jectiv
e
M
in
im
ize
=
∑
[
(
)
.
(
)
−
2
(
)
.
(
)
]
(
2
)
wh
er
e
(
)
is
th
e
g
r
id
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
an
d
2
(
)
is
th
e
r
ev
en
u
e
g
ain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
V2
G
s
er
v
ices.
-
E
m
is
s
io
n
m
in
im
izatio
n
o
b
jecti
v
e
M
in
im
ize
=
∑
[
(
)
.
(
)
−
.
(
)
]
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
s
t
-
effec
tive
a
n
d
emiss
io
n
-
a
w
a
r
e
d
is
p
a
tch
s
tr
a
teg
y
fo
r
a
s
ma
r
t
EV
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
a
r
kin
g
lo
t
(
O.
K
.
R
a
jesh
)
1595
wh
er
e
(
)
is
th
e
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
in
g
em
i
s
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
o
f
g
r
i
d
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
ese
o
b
jectiv
es
a
r
e
n
o
r
m
aliz
ed
an
d
co
m
b
in
ed
u
s
in
g
a
weig
h
ted
s
u
m
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
Min
im
ize
J
=
₁
·
+
₂
·
(
4
)
wh
er
e
w₁
an
d
w₂
a
r
e
th
e
weig
h
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
co
s
t a
n
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
o
b
jectiv
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
an
d
C
ref
an
d
E
ref
ar
e
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
co
n
s
tan
ts
(
b
aselin
e
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
ca
s
e)
.
3
.
4
.
O
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
a
lg
o
rit
hm
s
T
wo
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
-
Par
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
s
o
cial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
b
i
r
d
f
lo
ck
s
to
ef
f
icien
tly
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
an
d
d
is
co
v
er
n
ea
r
-
o
p
tim
al
d
is
p
atch
s
ch
e
d
u
les
with
r
ap
id
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
[
2
0
]
.
-
T
ea
ch
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
T
L
B
O)
o
p
er
ates
in
two
p
h
ases
:
"tea
ch
in
g
p
h
ase"
(
g
lo
b
al
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
)
an
d
"lea
r
n
in
g
p
h
ase"
(
lo
ca
l
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
)
,
r
esu
l
tin
g
in
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
with
f
ewe
r
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
B
o
th
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
e
x
am
in
e
d
u
n
d
er
s
im
ilar
s
im
u
latio
n
s
et
tin
g
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
air
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
tim
e,
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
o
p
tim
al
co
s
t
-
em
is
s
io
n
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
.
4.
O
P
T
I
M
I
Z
AT
I
O
N
F
RAM
E
WO
RK
T
h
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
-
awa
r
e
d
is
p
atch
s
tr
ateg
y
(
C
E
E
ADS)
co
m
b
in
es
m
e
tah
eu
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
with
an
I
o
T
-
b
ase
d
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
E
MS)
to
en
ab
le
in
tellig
en
t
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
in
a
PV
-
B
E
S
S
-
E
V
s
m
ar
t
p
ar
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
p
r
im
ar
ily
tar
g
ets
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ch
ed
u
l
in
g
b
y
lev
er
a
g
in
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
b
atter
y
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
B
E
SS
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
is
f
o
r
m
u
late
d
as
a
b
i
-
o
b
jectiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
aim
ed
at
m
in
im
izin
g
b
o
th
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
(
in
clu
d
in
g
g
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
(
V2
G)
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
)
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
[
2
1
]
.
Du
e
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
'
s
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
,
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
an
d
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
T
L
B
O)
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
b
tain
n
ea
r
-
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
2
2
]
.
4
.
1
.
O
bje
c
t
iv
e
f
un
ct
io
n
T
h
e
b
asic
aim
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ch
allen
g
e
is
to
m
in
i
m
ize
to
tal
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
an
d
r
elate
d
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
wh
ile
a
d
h
er
i
n
g
to
s
y
s
tem
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
r
estrictio
n
s
.
T
h
e
weig
h
t
ed
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
J
is
s
tated
as
(
5
)
.
=
1
(
−
2
)
+
2
(
)
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
=
c
o
s
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
p
u
r
c
h
ased
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
(
₹
/k
W
h
)
,
2
=
r
ev
en
u
e
f
r
o
m
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
(
V2
G)
en
er
g
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
₹
/
k
W
h
)
,
=
g
r
id
en
er
g
y
-
r
elate
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
(
k
g
C
O₂/k
W
h
)
,
1
,
2
=
w
eig
h
tin
g
f
a
cto
r
s
f
o
r
co
s
t a
n
d
em
is
s
io
n
o
b
jectiv
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
an
d
,
=
No
r
m
aliza
tio
n
co
n
s
tan
ts
(
b
aselin
e
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
ca
s
e)
.
4
.
2
.
Co
ns
t
ra
ints
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
v
ia
b
le
an
d
s
af
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
llo
ws
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tec
h
n
ical
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
lim
itatio
n
s
.
-
Po
wer
b
alan
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
P
PV
+
P
B
ES
S
d
i
s
+
P
EV
d
i
s
+
P
g
r
i
d
i
m
p
o
r
t
=
P
EV
ch
+
P
B
ES
S
ch
+
P
l
o
ad
+
P
g
r
i
d
ex
p
o
r
t
(
6
)
B
atter
y
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
So
C
)
l
im
its
≤
≤
.
E
V
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
[
2
3
]
.
∑
ℎ
(
)
.
∆
≥
,
=
(
7
)
-
Gr
id
p
o
wer
d
ir
ec
tio
n
ality
:
.
=
0
(
8
)
-
Po
wer
ca
p
ac
ity
lim
its
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1591
-
1
6
0
0
1596
|
|
≤
,
,
|
|
≤
,
(
9
)
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
wo
r
k
to
g
et
h
er
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
en
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
,
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
e
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
c
h
ar
g
in
g
,
a
n
d
k
ee
p
th
e
g
r
id
s
tab
le.
4
.
3
.
P
a
rt
icle
s
wa
rm
o
ptim
iz
a
t
io
n
(
P
SO
)
Ken
n
ed
y
an
d
E
b
er
h
ar
t
[
2
0
]
s
u
g
g
ested
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
s
o
cial
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
b
ir
d
f
lo
ck
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
f
is
h
.
I
n
PS
O,
ea
ch
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
is
s
u
e
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
a
"p
ar
ticle"
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticles
tr
av
el
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ac
e,
alter
in
g
th
eir
p
o
s
iti
o
n
an
d
v
elo
city
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
s
war
m
ex
p
er
ien
ce
:
˗
Per
s
o
n
al
b
est (
p
b
est)
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
b
y
a
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
p
a
r
ticle.
˗
Glo
b
al
b
est (
g
b
est):
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
all
p
a
r
ticles in
th
e
s
war
m
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
v
el
o
city
o
f
e
ac
h
p
ar
ticle
ar
e
u
p
d
ated
as
in
(
10
)
an
d
(
1
1
).
v
i
(
t
+
1
)
=
w
⋅
v
i
(
t
)
+
1
1
(
pb
e
s
t
−
x
i
(
t
)
)
+
2
2
(
gb
e
s
t
−
x
i
(
t
)
)
(
10
)
x
i
(
t
+
1
)
=
x
i
(
t
)
+
v
i
(
t
+
1
)
(1
1
)
W
h
er
e
x
i
(
t
)
a
n
d
v
i
(
t
)
ar
e
th
e
v
elo
city
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticle
i
at
iter
atio
n
t
;
w
is
th
e
in
er
tia
weig
h
t
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
v
s
.
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
;
1
,
2
ar
e
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
s
o
cial
ac
c
eler
atio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
;
an
d
1
,
2
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
s
in
[
0
,
1
]
.
T
h
e
PS
O
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e
b
y
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
lear
n
in
g
an
d
s
o
cial
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
it
id
ea
l
f
o
r
f
ast
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
in
d
is
p
atch
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
wer
b
alan
cin
g
,
PV u
tili
za
tio
n
,
an
d
B
E
SS
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
So
C
)
.
4
.
4
.
T
ea
ching
-
lea
rning
-
ba
s
ed
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n
(
T
L
B
O
)
R
ao
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
p
r
esen
ted
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
,
w
h
ich
is
in
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
th
e
te
ac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
I
t f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
two
m
aj
o
r
s
tag
es.
˗
T
ea
ch
in
g
p
h
ase
(
g
lo
b
al
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
)
T
h
e
"tea
ch
er
"
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
ca
n
d
i
d
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
)
ad
v
an
ce
th
ei
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
y
g
ettin
g
clo
s
er
to
th
e
teac
h
er
'
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
im
itatin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
r
an
s
f
er
.
T
h
e
u
p
d
ate
r
u
le
is
(1
2
).
=
+
(
ℎ
−
.
)
(1
2
)
W
h
er
e
an
d
ar
e
th
e
lear
n
e
r
’
s
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
u
p
d
ated
p
o
s
itio
n
s
;
ℎ
is
th
e
teac
h
e
r
’
s
p
o
s
itio
n
;
is
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
all
lea
r
n
er
s
’
p
o
s
itio
n
s
;
is
th
e
teac
h
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
(
u
s
u
ally
1
o
r
2
)
;
an
d
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
in
[
0
,
1
]
.
˗
L
ea
r
n
in
g
p
h
ase
(
lo
ca
l e
x
p
lo
ita
tio
n
)
L
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
te
w
i
t
h
o
n
e
an
o
th
e
r
to
s
h
a
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
l
o
c
a
l
s
e
ar
c
h
s
k
i
l
l
s
.
E
a
c
h
l
e
a
r
n
er
m
o
d
if
i
e
s
i
t
s
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
a
co
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
n
o
t
h
er
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
,
a
s
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
in
(
1
3
)
.
=
+
(
−
)
,
if
(
)
<
(
)
(1
3
)
T
L
B
O
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
-
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
li
k
e
PS
O
(
e
.
g
.
,
i
n
e
r
t
i
a
w
e
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
le
r
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
ie
n
t
s
)
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
i
t
e
as
i
e
r
t
o
b
u
i
l
d
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
r
e
s
i
li
e
n
t
f
o
r
l
i
m
it
e
d
o
p
t
i
m
iza
t
i
o
n
i
s
s
u
es
l
i
k
e
E
V
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
d
i
s
p
a
t
c
h
.
5.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
-
awa
r
e
d
is
p
atch
s
tr
ateg
y
(
C
E
E
ADS)
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lis
tic
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
co
m
p
ar
in
g
two
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
PS
O
an
d
T
L
B
O
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
d
is
p
at
ch
in
a
PV
-
B
E
SS
-
E
V
s
m
ar
t
p
ar
k
in
g
lo
t,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
co
s
t,
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
5
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
s
et
up
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
an
o
n
an
I
n
te
l
C
o
r
e
i5
C
PU
wi
th
MA
T
L
A
B
R
2
0
2
1
a.
T
h
e
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
g
r
id
p
r
icin
g
p
r
o
f
iles
wer
e
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
a
ty
p
ical
2
4
-
h
o
u
r
u
r
b
an
d
em
a
n
d
a
n
d
ir
r
ad
iati
o
n
p
a
tter
n
.
Gr
id
e
n
er
g
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
s
t
-
effec
tive
a
n
d
emiss
io
n
-
a
w
a
r
e
d
is
p
a
tch
s
tr
a
teg
y
fo
r
a
s
ma
r
t
EV
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
a
r
kin
g
lo
t
(
O.
K
.
R
a
jesh
)
1597
em
is
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
in
g
to
m
atch
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ca
r
b
o
n
in
te
n
s
ity
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
k
ey
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
B
o
th
PS
O
an
d
T
L
B
O
wer
e
r
u
n
3
0
tim
es
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
to
v
er
if
y
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
o
a
ch
iev
e
f
air
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
,
ea
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
em
p
lo
y
ed
s
im
ilar
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
izes a
n
d
iter
atio
n
lim
itatio
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
5
.
2
.
Ro
bu
s
t
nes
s
a
nd
co
nv
er
g
ence
a
na
ly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
a
b
o
x
p
lo
t
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
weig
h
te
d
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
PS
O
an
d
T
L
B
O.
T
h
e
T
L
B
O
m
eth
o
d
h
as
lo
wer
m
ea
n
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
v
alu
es,
in
d
icatin
g
g
r
ea
ter
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
v
er
r
ep
ea
ted
r
u
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
ch
ar
ac
t
e
r
is
tics
.
T
L
B
O
ac
h
iev
es
f
aster
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
a
n
d
s
tab
ilizes
ea
r
lier
th
an
PS
O
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
its
ad
ap
tiv
e
teac
h
er
-
lear
n
er
p
h
ase
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
wh
ich
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
g
u
id
ed
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
PS
O
an
d
T
L
B
O
(
b
o
x
p
lo
t
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
cu
r
v
es f
o
r
PS
O
an
d
T
L
B
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
5
.
3
.
P
o
wer
dis
pa
t
ch
a
nd
g
rid int
er
a
ct
io
n
Fig
u
r
es 4
an
d
5
illu
s
tr
ate
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
PS
O
an
d
T
L
B
O,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
T
L
B
O
en
h
an
ce
s
PV
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
g
r
id
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
im
p
r
o
v
ed
B
E
SS
co
o
r
d
in
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e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
An
n
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
C
h
e
n
n
a
i
,
a
n
M
.
E
.
i
n
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
in
d
u
strial
d
ri
v
e
s
fro
m
S
a
th
y
a
b
a
m
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(2
0
0
5
),
a
n
d
a
P
h
.
D
.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
An
n
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
(2
0
1
7
).
He
c
u
rre
n
t
ly
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
VIS
T
AS,
with
o
v
e
r
2
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
1
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
in
d
u
strial
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
o
v
e
r
6
4
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
(5
S
CI,
2
7
S
c
o
p
u
s,
3
4
o
t
h
e
rs
in
d
e
x
e
d
)
,
a
u
th
o
re
d
3
tex
tb
o
o
k
s,
a
n
d
h
o
l
d
s
4
p
a
ten
ts
(3
g
ra
n
te
d
).
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is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
su
p
e
rv
isi
n
g
5
P
h
.
D
.
stu
d
e
n
ts,
3
o
f
w
h
o
m
h
a
v
e
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
,
EV
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sh
a
n
m
u
g
a
m
7
1
.
se
@v
istas
.
a
c
.
in
.
Dr
.
V
.
R
a
je
n
d
r
a
n
g
ra
d
u
a
te
d
fr
o
m
M
a
d
u
ra
i
Ka
m
a
ra
j
U
n
i
v
e
rs
it
y
,
c
o
m
p
le
te
d
h
is
M
.
Tec
h
.
a
t
I
IS
c
Ba
n
g
a
l
o
re
,
a
n
d
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
is
d
o
c
t
o
ra
t
e
fr
o
m
C
h
i
b
a
U
n
i
v
e
rs
it
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
(
1
9
9
3
)
.
He
h
a
s
w
o
r
k
e
d
a
t
II
S
c
Ba
n
g
a
l
o
re
,
I
I
T
M
a
d
ra
s,
a
n
d
N
IO
T
C
h
e
n
n
a
i
,
a
n
d
c
u
r
re
n
t
l
y
se
r
v
e
s
a
s
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
a
n
d
Di
re
c
to
r
o
f
t
h
e
De
p
a
r
tme
n
t
o
f
E
lec
tr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
g
a
t
V
IS
TA
S
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i
.
H
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
t
h
e
M
ON
BUS
HO
F
e
ll
o
ws
h
i
p
Aw
a
r
d
(Ja
p
a
n
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
D
ist
i
n
g
u
i
sh
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
t
ist
A
wa
r
d
(
2
0
0
7
)
fr
o
m
Ja
y
a
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
,
a
n
d
wa
s
tw
ice
e
le
c
te
d
V
ice
C
h
a
ir
m
a
n
(As
i
a
)
o
f
t
h
e
DBC
P
E
x
e
c
u
t
iv
e
B
o
a
rd
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
IO
C/
W
M
O
o
f
UN
E
S
CO
(2
0
0
8
,
2
0
0
9
).
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
is
h
e
d
o
v
e
r
1
3
0
S
c
o
p
u
s
-
i
n
d
e
x
e
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
a
r
ti
c
les
a
n
d
is
c
u
r
re
n
t
l
y
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
i
n
g
8
P
h
.
D
.
st
u
d
e
n
ts
,
wit
h
2
0
a
l
re
a
d
y
g
ra
d
u
a
t
e
d
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
te
d
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
d
ir
e
c
t
o
r.
e
c
e
@v
is
tas
.
a
c
.
i
n
.
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