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a
f
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o
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d
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atter
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ased
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atio
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with
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atin
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atter
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r
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ch
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ased
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ar
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r
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co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
;
an
d
iii)
Fin
ally
,
Sectio
n
4
co
n
cl
u
d
es
th
e
p
ap
er
a
n
d
o
u
tlin
es f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
lies
co
n
s
tan
t
DC
lo
ad
s
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
e
AC
lo
ad
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
y
n
am
ic
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
s
to
r
er
(
DVR)
f
o
r
m
itig
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
s
,
s
wells
,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
te
g
r
ates
m
u
lti
p
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
e
r
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
DE
R
s
)
with
d
ed
icate
d
p
o
we
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
co
o
r
d
in
ated
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
PV
ar
r
ay
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
c
e
with
a
r
ated
p
o
wer
o
f
2
5
k
W
,
wh
ile
th
e
10
-
kW
f
u
el
ce
ll a
cts as
an
au
x
iliar
y
an
d
d
is
p
atch
ab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
d
u
r
in
g
en
er
g
y
d
e
f
icits
.
A
15
-
kW
b
atter
y
,
m
o
d
elled
u
s
in
g
a
T
h
ev
en
in
e
q
u
iv
alen
t,
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
ed
iu
m
-
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
en
er
g
y
b
ala
n
cin
g
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
s
u
p
p
lies
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
,
s
h
o
r
t
-
d
u
r
atio
n
b
u
f
f
er
in
g
to
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
ate
f
o
r
r
ap
id
l
o
ad
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
tr
a
n
s
ien
ts
.
T
h
e
PV
ar
r
ay
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
b
u
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
u
n
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
/D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
MPPT
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
e
r
g
y
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
ia
b
le
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
t
h
e
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ar
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
wh
il
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
DC
-
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
ta
b
ilizatio
n
.
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
r
eg
u
late
its
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
is
p
atch
ab
le
p
o
wer
wh
e
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
g
en
er
atio
n
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
en
ab
les
co
o
r
d
in
ated
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
wh
ile
allo
win
g
th
e
DVR
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
a
p
id
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
f
o
r
s
en
s
itiv
e
lo
ad
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
R
ea
l time
fu
z
z
y
en
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t o
f h
yb
r
id
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystems
in
DC
micro
g
r
id
s
…
(
Ya
cin
e
B
en
a
ta
lla
h
)
2199
A
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
–
b
as
e
d
E
MS
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
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o
f
t
h
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PV
a
r
r
a
y
,
b
a
t
te
r
y
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s
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
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ci
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n
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e
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m
a
n
d
,
p
o
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a
l
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e
,
a
n
d
s
t
o
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o
C
c
o
n
d
i
ti
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n
s
.
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h
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s
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p
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r
c
a
p
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t
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r
p
r
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v
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d
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p
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f
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r
t
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r
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p
o
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l
u
c
t
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ti
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s
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w
h
il
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h
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at
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s
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p
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-
t
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r
m
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n
e
r
g
y
r
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q
u
i
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e
m
e
n
t
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
i
m
p
r
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v
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r
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n
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w
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t
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e
d
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b
a
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y
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t
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s
.
I
n
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
,
t
h
e
D
V
R
p
r
o
v
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o
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p
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n
g
v
o
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t
a
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s
a
g
a
n
d
s
we
l
l
e
v
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ts
,
s
u
p
p
o
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i
n
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s
t
a
b
l
e
o
p
e
r
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o
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f
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e
n
s
i
t
i
v
e
l
o
a
d
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
d
E
M
S
–
D
V
R
s
t
r
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te
g
y
t
h
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r
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f
o
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n
a
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e
r
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y
m
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g
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m
e
n
t
,
D
C
-
b
u
s
s
t
a
b
il
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z
at
i
o
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n
d
p
o
w
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q
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a
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ty
e
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n
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e
m
e
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t
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n
d
e
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v
a
r
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n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
o
v
er
v
iew
2
.
1
.
P
V
m
o
del
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
ar
r
ay
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
2
5
k
W
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
o
p
er
atin
g
o
n
a
5
0
0
V
D
C
b
u
s
an
d
is
m
o
d
elled
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
-
d
io
d
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
to
ca
p
t
u
r
e
ir
r
a
d
i
an
ce
-
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
-
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
I
–
V
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
)
,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
en
t
I
ph
,
d
io
d
e
s
atu
r
ati
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
I
s
,
s
er
ies
R
s
an
d
R
sh
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
s
,
an
d
th
e
r
m
al
ef
f
ec
ts
V
T
.
Fo
r
e
f
f
i
cien
t
en
er
g
y
ex
t
r
ac
tio
n
,
th
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
is
in
te
r
f
ac
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
–
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
led
b
y
a
p
er
tu
r
b
-
an
d
-
o
b
s
er
v
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ich
r
eg
u
lates o
p
er
atio
n
at
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
I
=
I
ph
−
I
s
(
e
V
PV
+
I
PV
.
R
s
η
V
T
−
1
)
−
V
PV
+
I
PV
R
s
R
sh
(
1
)
2
.
2
.
F
C
m
o
del
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
n
e
x
ch
an
g
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
(
PEM
FC
)
is
m
o
d
elled
as
a
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
in
wh
ich
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
r
ea
ctan
t
p
a
r
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
es,
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
a
n
d
g
as
f
lo
w
r
ates
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
E
oc
,
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
i
0
,
an
d
T
af
el
s
lo
p
e
A.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
u
p
d
ated
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
to
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ep
r
esen
t
ac
tiv
atio
n
,
o
h
m
ic,
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lo
s
s
es
with
in
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
tack
.
T
h
e
o
p
e
n
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ner
n
s
t
(
2
)
:
with
A
=R
T/(zα
F
)
an
d
i
0
=
i
0,
reff
(
T
,
P
H2
,
P
O2
)
.
Her
e,
R
is
th
e
g
as
co
n
s
tan
t,
F
th
e
Far
ad
ay
co
n
s
tan
t,
an
d
α
th
e
c
h
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
co
e
f
f
icien
t;
P
H2
an
d
P
O2
d
en
o
te
th
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
es
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
an
d
o
x
y
g
en
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
ca
p
tu
r
es
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
an
d
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
PEM
FC
ef
f
ec
ts
,
with
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
u
p
d
ates
o
f
E
oc
,
i
0
,
an
d
A
en
ab
lin
g
ac
cu
r
ate
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
PEM
FC
b
eh
av
io
u
r
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
p
r
ess
u
r
e
,
an
d
lo
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
en
ab
li
n
g
r
ea
lis
tic
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
p
o
l
ar
izatio
n
lo
s
s
es
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
tu
d
ies [
1
7
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
oc
=
K
c
+
E
n
=
zF
k
(
P
H2
+
P
O2
)
∆
v
Rh
e
−
Δ
G
RT
(
2
)
2
.
3
.
Acid
lea
d
ba
t
t
er
y
mo
del
T
h
e
lead
–
ac
id
b
atter
y
is
m
o
d
elled
as
a
SOC
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
co
n
tr
o
lled
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
th
e
Sh
ep
h
er
d
(
3
)
[
2
0
]
,
wh
er
e
E
0
is
th
e
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e,
K
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
co
n
s
tan
t,
R
in
t
th
e
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
,
A
an
d
B
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial p
ar
am
eter
s
,
an
d
vp
(
t)
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
(
)
=
0
−
−
(
)
(
)
−
(
)
+
−
(
)
+
(
)
(
3
)
T
h
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
is
co
m
p
u
ted
as
(
4
)
,
wh
er
e
Qn
o
m
is
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
η(i)
is
th
e
C
o
u
lo
m
b
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
(
ηch
=
0
.
8
5
-
0
.
9
5
,
ηd
is
≈
1
)
.
T
h
e
s
em
i
-
em
p
ir
ic
al
m
o
d
el
ac
cu
r
ately
ca
p
t
u
r
e
s
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
2197
-
2
2
0
9
2200
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ities
,
h
ig
h
-
cu
r
r
en
t v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
,
e
x
p
o
n
en
tial b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
n
ea
r
f
u
ll c
h
a
r
g
e,
an
d
lo
w
So
C
v
o
ltag
e
d
ec
ay
with
p
ar
am
eter
s
id
en
tifie
d
f
r
o
m
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
d
ata
o
r
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
test
s
[
2
1
]
.
(
)
=
(
0
)
−
1
∫
(
)
(
)
0
(
4
)
2
.
4
.
Su
perc
a
pa
cit
o
r
(
SC)
m
o
del
Su
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
o
f
f
er
f
ast,
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
th
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
,
m
itig
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
r
eliev
in
g
b
att
er
y
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
ar
e
m
o
d
elled
u
s
in
g
a
s
im
p
le
E
SR
–
C
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
[
2
2
]
.
(
)
=
(
0
)
+
1
∫
0
(
)
−
(
)
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
C
is
th
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
R
ESR
th
e
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
,
a
n
d
i
SC
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cu
r
r
en
t
[
2
3
]
.
T
o
ca
p
tu
r
e
ch
ar
g
e
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
an
d
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
ef
f
ec
ts
,
a
m
u
l
ti
-
R
C
b
r
an
ch
m
o
d
el
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
:
(
)
=
(
)
−
∑
,
=
1
(
)
(
6
)
wh
ich
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
s
t
r
an
s
ien
t
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
wh
ile
r
em
a
in
in
g
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
ally
ef
f
icien
t
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
ab
le
en
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
v
o
ltag
e
lim
it
s
V
min
an
d
V
max
is
E
=1
/2
C
(
V
²
max
−V
²
min
)
,
an
d
th
e
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
is
lim
ited
b
y
Peak
≈
V²/R
ESR
[
2
2
]
.
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
a
r
g
e
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
p
le
r
esis
tan
ce
-
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
[
2
4
]
.
2
.
5
.
E
nerg
y
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
s
t
r
a
t
eg
y
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
–
b
ased
E
MS
co
o
r
d
in
ates
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
m
a
n
ag
in
g
P
V,
b
atter
y
,
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
an
d
PEM
FC
o
p
er
atio
n
to
m
ain
tain
DC
b
u
s
s
tab
ilit
y
,
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
le
lo
ad
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
r
eg
u
lat
e
s
to
r
ag
e
SOC
,
an
d
m
in
im
ize
f
u
el
ce
ll
u
s
e
wh
en
r
en
ewa
b
le
g
en
er
atio
n
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
-
2
(
d
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
u
zz
y
in
p
u
t
–
o
u
tp
u
t m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
d
ef
in
in
g
th
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iab
les f
o
r
th
e
E
MS.
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
F
u
z
z
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
p
l
o
t
s
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
:
(
a
)
D
P
,
(
b
)
S
O
C
-
b
a
t
t
,
(
c
)
S
O
C
-
S
C
,
a
n
d
(
d
)
P
-
F
C
r
e
f
2
.
5
.
1
.
I
np
ut
v
a
ria
bles
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
E
MS
u
s
es
f
iv
e
in
p
u
ts
:
i)
DC
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
P
load
(
k
W
)
;
ii)
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
P
PV
(
2
5
k
W
,
5
0
0
V)
;
iii)
B
atter
y
SoC
Batt
(0
–
1
0
0
%,
1
5
k
W
,
5
0
0
V)
;
iv
)
S
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
So
C
SC
(0
–
1
0
0
%,
7
k
W
,
5
0
0
V,
2
9
F)
;
an
d
v
)
F
u
el
ce
ll v
o
ltag
e
VFC
(
1
0
k
W
n
o
m
in
al,
1
5
k
W
m
ax
,
5
0
0
V)
,
in
d
icatin
g
FC
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
2
.
5
.
2
.
F
uzzy
rule
-
ba
s
ed
ener
g
y
ma
na
g
e
m
ent
s
y
s
t
em
(
E
M
S)
A
f
u
zz
y
r
u
le
-
b
ased
E
MS
co
o
r
d
in
ates
p
o
wer
am
o
n
g
PV,
SC
,
b
atter
y
,
an
d
FC
to
m
ee
t
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
wh
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
s
to
r
a
g
e
So
C
with
in
lim
its
.
Po
wer
d
ev
iatio
n
d
ir
ec
ts
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w:
DP =
P
PV
-
P
Load
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
R
ea
l time
fu
z
z
y
en
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t o
f h
yb
r
id
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystems
in
DC
micro
g
r
id
s
…
(
Ya
cin
e
B
en
a
ta
lla
h
)
2201
W
h
e
n
D
P
>
0
,
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
PV
p
o
we
r
is
u
s
ed
t
o
c
h
a
r
g
e
th
e
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
if
S
o
C
SC
is
b
el
o
w
its
u
p
p
e
r
li
m
it;
o
t
h
e
r
wis
e,
t
h
e
b
a
tte
r
y
is
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
.
W
h
e
n
DP
<
0
,
t
h
e
s
u
p
e
r
c
ap
ac
i
to
r
s
u
p
p
l
ies
p
o
w
er
i
f
SOC
SC
is
a
b
o
v
e
i
ts
m
i
n
im
u
m
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
;
o
th
er
wis
e
,
t
h
e
b
at
te
r
y
is
d
is
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
.
T
h
e
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
is
ac
t
iv
ate
d
o
n
l
y
w
h
en
t
h
e
b
att
er
y
SOC
b
e
co
m
es
l
o
w
.
T
h
e
E
MS
f
o
ll
o
ws
t
h
e
p
r
i
o
r
it
y
o
r
d
e
r
:
PV
→
SC
→
B
att
e
r
y
→
F
u
e
l
C
ell
.
T
h
e
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
le
r
in
p
u
ts
a
r
e
DP
,
S
o
C
SC
,
a
n
d
S
o
C
Batt
,
w
h
i
le
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
u
e
l
c
ell
p
o
we
r
P
FCr
ef
.
Sy
s
t
em
r
ati
n
g
s
a
r
e
:
P
PV
=
2
5
k
W
,
b
att
er
y
n
o
m
i
n
a
l
p
o
we
r
P
Ba
tt
=
1
5
k
W
wit
h
S
o
C
li
m
its
o
f
3
0
–
8
5
%
,
s
u
p
e
r
c
ap
ac
ito
r
n
o
m
i
n
al
p
o
we
r
P
SC
=
7
k
W
wit
h
So
C
li
m
its
o
f
3
0
–
8
5
%
,
a
n
d
f
u
el
ce
ll
n
o
m
i
n
al
-
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
s
o
f
1
0
k
W
a
n
d
1
5
k
W
,
r
es
p
e
cti
v
e
ly
.
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
r
ef
e
r
e
n
c
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
I
FC
re
f
= P
F
Cre
f
/V
FC
wit
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
im
i
ts
o
f
0
–
5
0
A
.
2
.
6
.
DVR
co
ntr
o
l st
ra
t
eg
y
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
v
o
ltag
e
r
esto
r
er
(
DVR)
is
a
s
er
ie
s
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
cu
s
to
m
p
o
wer
d
ev
ice
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
itig
ate
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
y
in
jectin
g
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
v
o
ltag
e
in
s
er
ies
with
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
lin
e,
th
e
DVR
co
m
p
en
s
ates
f
o
r
s
ag
s
b
y
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
m
is
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
o
r
s
wells
b
y
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
,
th
u
s
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
clo
s
e
to
n
o
m
in
al.
Mo
d
er
n
DVR
d
esig
n
s
em
p
lo
y
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
f
ast
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
m
in
im
al
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
s
en
s
itiv
e
lo
ad
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
er
ies in
jecte
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
DVR ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as
(
8
)
.
=
−
+
(
8
)
I
n
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
DVR
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
E
MS
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
DC
-
li
n
k
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
co
o
r
d
in
atin
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
b
att
er
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
av
ai
lab
ilit
y
f
o
r
DVR
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
an
d
s
well
ev
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
a
p
id
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
wh
ile
th
e
b
atter
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
l
o
n
g
er
-
d
u
r
atio
n
e
n
er
g
y
b
alan
cin
g
,
th
er
eb
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
b
atter
y
s
tr
ess
an
d
h
elp
in
g
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
with
in
th
eir
o
p
er
ati
n
g
lim
its
.
T
h
e
DVR
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
,
we
r
e
s
elec
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
a
ctica
l
r
an
g
es
co
m
m
o
n
ly
r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
th
e
DVR
liter
atu
r
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
ea
lis
tic
v
o
ltag
e
-
in
jectio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
s
tab
le
DC
-
lin
k
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
r
eliab
le
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
en
s
a
tio
n
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
DVR tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
MA
T
L
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/Si
m
u
lin
k
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
with
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
v
alu
es r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
DVR liter
atu
r
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
i
mu
l
i
n
k
m
o
d
e
l
Ty
p
i
c
a
l
DVR
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
a
n
g
e
N
o
mi
n
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
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k
V
A
4
–
1
0
k
V
A
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
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y
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0
H
z
5
0
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z
P
r
i
mary
v
o
l
t
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g
e
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0
V
3
8
0
–
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1
5
V
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
v
o
l
t
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g
e
3
8
0
V
3
8
0
–
4
1
5
V
W
i
n
d
i
n
g
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
c
e
0
.
0
2
p
u
0
.
0
0
5
–
0
.
0
3
p
u
Le
a
k
a
g
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
0
.
0
2
p
u
0
.
0
1
–
0
.
0
4
p
u
3.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
A
ND
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n
s
et
up
a
nd
s
ce
na
rio
s
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
t
e
g
r
ates
P
V,
SC
,
b
at
te
r
y
,
a
n
d
FC
u
n
d
er
a
f
u
zz
y
E
MS
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
th
e
p
r
i
o
r
it
y
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
P
V
→
S
C
→
B
atte
r
y
→
FC
.
T
h
e
DC
b
u
s
s
u
p
p
li
es
t
h
e
DC
l
o
a
d
an
d
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
DVR,
in
t
er
f
a
ce
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
AC
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
o
l
ta
g
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
e
n
h
a
n
ce
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
lit
y
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
es.
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
es
e
n
ts
th
e
s
o
l
ar
i
r
r
a
d
ia
n
ce
p
r
o
f
ile
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
im
u
la
ti
o
n
s
,
wh
ic
h
is
d
y
n
am
ica
ll
y
v
ar
ie
d
t
o
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
ch
an
g
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
wh
i
le
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
a
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
a
m
b
ie
n
t
te
m
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
o
f
2
5
°C
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
ca
m
p
ai
g
n
ev
al
u
ates sy
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
u
n
d
er
a
s
er
ies o
f
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
:
i)
I
r
r
ad
ian
ce
v
a
r
iatio
n
:
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ev
alu
ates
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
s
tep
p
ed
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
ch
an
g
es,
allo
win
g
ass
es
s
m
en
t o
f
PV o
u
tp
u
t,
tr
an
s
ien
t r
esp
o
n
s
e,
an
d
E
MS
co
n
tr
o
l e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
ii)
DC
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
:
T
h
e
DC
lo
ad
is
v
ar
ied
b
etwe
en
7
,
1
5
,
1
9
,
an
d
2
1
k
W
to
ev
alu
ate
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
am
o
n
g
th
e
PV,
SC
,
b
atter
y
,
an
d
FC
.
iii)
State
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
:
So
C
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
o
f
th
e
SC
an
d
b
atter
y
ar
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
to
v
e
r
if
y
th
at
th
e
E
MS
m
ain
tain
s
o
p
er
atio
n
with
in
So
C
lim
its
.
iv
)
Fu
el
ce
ll
m
etr
ics:
Fu
el
ce
ll
c
u
r
r
en
t,
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
v)
D
C
b
u
s
v
o
lt
a
g
e
:
D
C
b
u
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
s
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
e
d
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
t
a
b
i
li
ty
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
v
i)
DVR
b
eh
av
io
r
:
T
h
e
DVR’s
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
a
n
d
in
jecte
d
p
o
wer
(
P
DVR
)
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
(
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
AC
g
en
er
ato
r
)
a
r
e
an
aly
ze
d
.
All
test
s
ar
e
in
itially
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er
f
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r
m
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n
d
e
r
n
o
r
m
al
(
n
o
n
-
f
au
lted
)
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
A
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
f
au
lt
s
ce
n
ar
io
in
clu
d
es
v
o
ltag
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ag
(
0
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2
p
u
)
a
n
d
a
s
well
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1
.
6
p
u
)
f
r
o
m
0
.
4
–
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.
7
s
to
e
v
alu
ate
DVR co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
,
E
MS
r
esil
ien
ce
,
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
f
au
lt r
esp
o
n
s
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
-
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6
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4
I
n
t J Po
w
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lec
&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
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1
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,
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3
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Sep
tem
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er
20
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2202
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
r
r
ad
ia
n
ce
p
r
o
f
ile
d
u
r
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
(
W
/m
²)
3
.
2
.
P
o
wer
f
lo
w
pro
f
iles
un
der
no
f
a
ult
T
h
is
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
wer
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
th
e
f
u
zz
y
-
b
ase
d
E
MS.
I
t
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
co
o
r
d
i
n
ate
to
m
ee
t
th
e
l
o
ad
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
s
eq
u
en
ce
PV
→
SC
→
b
atter
y
→
FC
.
B
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
o
wer
p
r
o
f
ile
s
,
th
e
E
MS
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
m
o
o
th
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
an
d
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
ev
alu
ated
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
p
o
wer
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
(
P
PV
)
,
f
u
el
ce
ll
(
P
FC
)
,
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
P
SC
)
,
Pb
atter
y
(P
Battery
)
,
an
d
lo
ad
(
P
Load
)
u
n
d
e
r
lo
ad
lev
els
o
f
7
,
1
5
,
1
9
,
a
n
d
2
1
k
W
.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
MS,
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
v
ar
ied
s
tep
wis
e
f
r
o
m
0
to
3
4
0
,
8
1
0
,
5
6
0
,
a
n
d
0
W
/m
²
at
t=0
t=0
,
0
.
7
6
,
1
.
4
,
2
,
an
d
2
.
5
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cin
g
r
ap
i
d
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
es
4
(
a)
–
4
(
d
)
p
r
esen
t
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
o
wer
-
s
h
ar
i
n
g
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
lo
a
d
lev
els,
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
at
ed
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
u
r
ce
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
PV
ar
r
a
y
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
r
ap
id
ly
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
ates
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
p
o
wer
im
b
alan
ce
s
;
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
p
r
o
v
id
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wh
en
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
.
As
th
e
lo
a
d
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
E
MS
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
u
n
its
an
d
f
u
el
ce
ll to
m
ain
tain
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
an
d
s
tab
le
DC
-
b
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
.
At
lo
w
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
lev
els,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
-
b
ased
E
MS
p
r
io
r
itizes
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
b
atter
y
,
w
h
ile
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
is
d
is
p
atch
ed
o
n
ly
wh
en
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
ed
PV
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
p
o
w
er
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
m
ee
t
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
.
As
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
PV
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
r
is
es
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
ly
,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
f
u
el
ce
ll,
an
d
e
x
ce
s
s
p
o
wer
is
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
.
3
.
3
.
F
a
ult
s
ce
na
rio
s
a
nd
DVR
perf
o
rm
a
nce
T
h
is
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
ass
ess
e
s
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
PV
–
SC
–
B
atter
y
–
FC
s
y
s
tem
co
m
b
in
ed
with
a
DVR
u
n
d
er
g
r
id
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
DVR'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
ta
in
AC
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
q
u
ality
wh
ile
th
e
E
MS
co
o
r
d
i
n
ates
en
er
g
y
d
eliv
er
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
y
b
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ito
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ates
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ately
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ly
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ir
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I
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ates th
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atter
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atter
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atter
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ase
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itio
n
.
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h
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D
VR
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r
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m
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en
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atin
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ite
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ated
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ap
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ately
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er
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e
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n
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m
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en
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n
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e
d
is
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r
b
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ce
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r
s
.
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ese
r
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em
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n
s
tr
ate
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e
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g
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en
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ce
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t
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le
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e
at
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Fig
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8
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s
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ates
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n
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e
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atter
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n
d
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ag
e
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is
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ig
h
lig
h
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e
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o
o
r
d
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ate
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o
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.
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at
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m
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ar
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r
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d
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atter
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ess
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ateg
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ate
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r
d
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r
p
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e
n
t
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ep
ar
ately
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n
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th
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s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
wo
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k
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o
m
b
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es
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tim
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zz
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atter
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u
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ca
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ito
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f
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el
ce
ll
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o
r
d
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n
d
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ted
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m
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en
s
atio
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with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
o
r
d
in
ated
s
tr
ateg
y
ac
h
iev
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
DC
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b
u
s
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
atter
y
s
tr
ess
u
n
d
e
r
s
ev
er
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
ast
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
tr
an
s
ien
t
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
i
n
g
am
o
n
g
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
B
ey
o
n
d
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
MS
–
DVR f
r
am
ewo
r
k
also
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates stro
n
g
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
s
m
ar
t
-
g
r
i
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
lar
h
y
b
r
id
s
to
r
ag
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
to
war
d
lar
g
er
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
u
ltip
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
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s
(
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R
s
)
,
E
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ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.