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Po
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CC B
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SA
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p
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m
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I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
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id
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b
an
d
g
ap
(
W
B
G)
s
em
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r
tech
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lo
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ies,
in
clu
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in
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s
ilico
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ca
r
b
id
e
(
SiC
)
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d
g
alliu
m
n
itrid
e
(
GaN
)
,
h
av
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ed
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
b
y
f
ac
ili
tatin
g
elev
ated
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
en
h
a
n
ce
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
.
T
h
ese
d
e
v
ices
ar
e
n
o
w
ce
n
tr
al
t
o
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
ac
r
o
s
s
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
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d
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
wh
er
e
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize
an
d
h
ig
h
e
f
f
icien
c
y
ar
e
ess
en
tial d
esig
n
d
r
iv
er
s
[
1
]
-
[
4
]
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
ese
b
en
ef
its
ar
e
ac
co
m
p
an
ie
d
b
y
th
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ab
le
is
s
u
e
o
f
h
eig
h
ten
ed
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
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MI
)
,
b
o
th
c
o
n
d
u
cted
an
d
r
ad
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,
r
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ltin
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f
r
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m
th
e
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s
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ts
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elev
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v
/d
t
an
d
d
i/d
t
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
W
B
G
d
ev
ices
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
A
d
iv
er
s
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
E
MI
m
itig
atio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
p
ass
iv
e
an
d
ac
tiv
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f
ilter
in
g
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
en
h
an
ce
d
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
8
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8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1941
-
1
9
4
9
1942
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
ar
e
d
is
p
er
s
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
d
is
cip
lin
es
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
d
o
m
ain
s
,
a
n
d
a
s
y
s
tem
atic,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
E
MI
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
p
ec
if
ically
tailo
r
ed
to
W
B
G
-
b
ased
co
n
v
er
ter
s
r
em
ain
s
lack
in
g
.
T
h
is
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
co
n
s
o
lid
ated
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
m
ak
es
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
s
to
s
elec
t a
n
d
co
m
b
in
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
es a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
th
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
t
o
id
en
tify
o
p
e
n
r
esear
c
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
R
ec
en
t
s
u
r
v
ey
s
h
a
v
e
ex
a
m
in
e
d
E
MI
in
W
B
G
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
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r
o
a
d
ly
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
b
u
t
t
h
ey
lar
g
ely
ca
talo
g
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
d
escr
ip
tiv
ely
r
ath
e
r
th
an
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u
a
n
titativ
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m
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ted
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s
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ased
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at
h
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s
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r
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,
it
co
n
s
o
lid
ates
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ec
h
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is
m
s
,
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s
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d
d
esig
n
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
tax
o
n
o
m
y
,
with
p
ar
ticu
lar
em
p
h
asis
o
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
ely
co
m
p
a
r
es
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
r
o
s
s
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
,
E
MC
-
co
m
p
lian
t WB
G
p
o
wer
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
v
e
r
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
8
to
2
0
2
6
,
u
s
in
g
s
ea
r
ch
-
ter
m
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
p
an
n
in
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
E
MI
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
alter
n
ativ
e
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
,
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
an
d
r
elate
d
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
,
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
citatio
n
cr
awlin
g
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
ly
-
cite
d
s
ee
d
p
ap
er
s
to
id
en
tify
ad
d
itio
n
al
ca
n
d
id
ates.
C
an
d
id
ates
wer
e
s
cr
ee
n
ed
f
o
r
d
ir
ec
t
r
elev
an
c
e
to
E
MI
g
en
er
atio
n
o
r
m
itig
atio
n
in
W
B
G
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
d
escr
ib
ed
a
b
o
v
e,
a
n
d
d
u
p
licat
e
r
ec
o
r
d
s
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ea
r
ch
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
r
em
o
v
e
d
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
y
ield
ed
th
e
6
2
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
s
y
n
th
esized
in
th
is
r
ev
iew.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
EMI
g
ener
a
t
io
n m
ec
ha
nis
m
s
a
nd
pro
pa
g
a
t
io
n pa
t
hs
W
i
d
e
-
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
(
W
B
G
)
d
e
v
i
c
es
s
u
c
h
a
s
S
i
C
a
n
d
G
a
N
a
c
h
ie
v
e
m
u
c
h
f
a
s
t
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
l
e
w
r
a
t
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
ts
t
h
a
n
s
il
i
c
o
n
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
p
a
r
ts
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
e
h
i
g
h
-
e
d
g
e
-
r
a
t
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
ti
o
n
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
al
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
d
r
i
v
e
r
o
f
e
l
e
v
at
e
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
n
d
r
a
d
i
a
t
e
d
e
l
e
ct
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
ce
(
E
M
I
)
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
h
a
r
p
e
d
g
e
s
o
f
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
wi
th
h
i
g
h
d
v
/
d
t
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
n
d
r
a
d
i
a
t
e
d
E
M
I
n
o
i
s
e
b
y
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
p
e
ct
r
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
at
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
s
t
h
at
e
x
t
e
n
d
w
el
l
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
t
e
n
s
-
of
-
MH
z
r
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
b
e
y
o
n
d
[
1
0
]
.
Hig
h
d
v
/
d
t
a
n
d
d
i/
d
t
ac
t
as
n
o
is
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
t
h
at
d
r
iv
e
d
is
p
l
ac
em
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
en
ts
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
ar
asit
i
c
ca
p
a
cit
an
ce
s
in
h
e
r
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
le
p
ac
k
a
g
e
,
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
w
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
an
d
s
em
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
-
to
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
u
p
li
n
g
p
at
h
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
p
a
r
asi
tic
c
a
p
ac
ita
n
ce
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
e
tu
r
n
p
at
h
s
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
c
o
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
(
C
M
)
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
ti
al
-
m
o
d
e
(
DM
)
n
o
is
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
,
wi
th
C
M
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
l
o
wi
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
at
h
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
t
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
o
r
t
o
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
E
M
I
[
1
1
]
.
W
B
G
d
e
v
ic
es
ex
h
i
b
i
t
f
ast
er
d
i/
d
t
an
d
d
v
/
d
t
an
d
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
e
to
p
a
r
a
s
itic
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
s
in
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
le
,
s
o
t
h
e
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
b
etw
ee
n
s
wit
ch
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
ie
n
t
w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
ag
a
tio
n
p
at
h
s
is
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
ese
p
a
r
asit
ic
i
n
d
u
cta
n
c
es
[
1
2
]
.
C
M
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
is
n
o
t
s
o
le
ly
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
th
e
C
M
n
o
is
e
s
o
u
r
ce
;
as
y
m
m
et
r
ic
p
a
r
as
itic
p
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
wer
m
o
d
u
le
a
ls
o
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
DM
n
o
is
e
s
o
u
r
c
es
in
to
C
M
c
u
r
r
en
t
[
1
2
]
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
n
o
is
e
cu
r
r
en
t
cir
cu
latin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
ath
is
th
e
m
ajo
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
o
r
t
o
r
ad
iated
E
MI
in
th
e
3
0
MH
z
to
1
GHz
r
an
g
e
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
W
B
G
-
b
ased
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
th
e
C
M
cu
r
r
en
t
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
r
elate
d
to
d
v
/
d
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
h
ig
h
er
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
p
u
s
h
s
p
ec
tr
al
c
o
n
ten
t
in
to
th
e
r
a
d
iated
E
MI
b
an
d
ab
o
v
e
3
0
MH
z
th
at
was
r
ar
ely
r
ea
ch
ed
in
th
e
Si
er
a
[
2
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Seco
n
d
ar
y
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
ca
n
ac
t
as
a
m
o
n
o
p
o
l
e
an
ten
n
a,
with
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
a
tin
g
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
C
M
n
o
is
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
im
p
ed
an
ce
im
b
alan
ce
in
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
id
e
[
1
0
]
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
m
e
asu
r
em
en
ts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
C
M
cu
r
r
en
t
is
th
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
r
ad
iate
d
em
is
s
io
n
in
b
u
ck
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
ab
le
1
b
elo
w
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
co
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
n
o
is
e
in
W
B
G
co
n
v
er
ter
s
with
p
ar
asit
ic
elem
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
n
o
is
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
th
eir
ass
o
ciate
d
p
ar
asit
ic
elem
en
ts
in
W
B
G
co
n
v
er
ter
s
N
o
i
se
me
c
h
a
n
i
sm
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
d
r
i
v
e
r
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
h
K
e
y
p
a
r
a
si
t
i
c
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
C
M
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
n
o
i
se
H
i
g
h
d
v
/
d
t
G
r
o
u
n
d
r
e
t
u
r
n
v
i
a
p
a
r
a
si
t
i
c
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
S
e
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
-
to
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
[
1
1
]
D
M
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
n
o
i
s
e
H
i
g
h
d
i
/
d
t
Lo
o
p
f
o
r
me
d
b
y
p
a
r
a
s
i
t
i
c
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
P
o
w
e
r
l
o
o
p
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
[
1
2
]
C
M
f
r
o
m D
M
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
A
sy
mm
e
t
r
i
c
l
a
y
o
u
t
DM
-
to
-
C
M
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
v
i
a
u
n
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
p
a
r
a
s
i
t
e
s
M
i
sm
a
t
c
h
e
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
p
a
r
a
s
i
t
e
s [
1
2
]
3
.
2
.
T
a
x
o
no
my
o
f
a
da
ptiv
e
E
M
I
m
it
ig
a
t
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
es
W
h
i
l
e
W
B
G
s
e
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
f
e
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
-
s
p
e
e
d
,
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
-
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
,
t
h
e
y
a
l
s
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
h
e
i
g
h
t
e
n
e
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
n
d
r
a
d
i
a
t
e
d
E
M
I
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
e
x
c
e
e
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
w
i
t
h
n
e
a
r
b
y
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
s
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
o
f
E
M
I
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
W
B
G
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
,
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
i
n
t
u
r
n
b
e
l
o
w
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
a
p
tive
elec
tr
o
ma
g
n
etic
in
te
r
feren
ce
mitig
a
tio
n
fo
r
w
id
e
-
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
p
o
w
er
…
(
Md
S
h
is
h
ir
R
a
h
ma
n
)
1943
3
.
2
.
1
.
S
o
urce
-
s
ide a
da
ptiv
e
m
o
du
la
t
io
n
Sp
r
ea
d
-
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
SS
M)
tech
n
iq
u
es
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
te
E
MI
en
er
g
y
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wid
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
s
p
ec
tr
al
p
ea
k
s
with
o
u
t
h
ar
d
war
e
ch
an
g
es
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
3
]
e
x
p
er
im
en
tall
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
SS
M
r
ed
u
ce
s
C
M
co
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
p
ea
k
s
b
y
2
d
B
in
W
B
G
t
r
ac
tio
n
in
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ile
an
a
u
x
iliar
y
s
witch
in
g
leg
ac
h
iev
es
2
5
d
B
r
ed
u
ctio
n
at
1
6
0
k
Hz
[
1
3
]
.
Mu
lti
-
r
ate
SS
M
(
MR
-
SS
M)
s
p
r
ea
d
s
s
p
ec
tr
a
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wid
er
r
an
g
e
with
o
u
t
aliasin
g
s
p
ik
es,
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
2
9
%
f
u
r
th
e
r
p
ea
k
E
MI
r
ed
u
ctio
n
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
f
i
x
ed
-
r
ate
SS
M
in
a
GaN
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
4
]
.
C
h
ao
tic
PW
M
v
ar
ian
ts
ex
ten
d
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t:
ch
ao
tic
Gau
s
s
ia
n
PW
M
(
C
GP
W
M)
co
m
b
in
ed
with
a
p
ass
iv
e
f
ilter
ac
h
iev
es
u
p
to
5
0
d
B
E
MI
att
en
u
atio
n
w
h
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
C
M
i
n
d
u
cto
r
v
o
l
u
m
e
b
y
7
4
%
an
d
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
b
y
6
0
%
[
1
5
]
.
Ken
t
m
ap
p
in
g
-
b
ased
ch
ao
tic
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es
co
n
d
u
cted
C
M
E
MI
in
d
u
al
ac
tiv
e
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
b
y
v
a
r
y
in
g
th
e
s
wi
tch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
to
ch
asti
ca
lly
[
1
6
]
.
Ad
ap
tiv
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
PW
M
(
ASF
PW
M)
ex
tr
ac
ts
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
v
i
a
a
Seco
n
d
Or
d
er
Gen
e
r
alize
d
I
n
teg
r
al
a
n
d
a
d
ju
s
ts
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
with
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
r
a
n
g
e
b
ased
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
am
p
litu
d
e,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
co
n
s
tan
t
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
PW
M
in
SiC
in
v
er
ter
s
[
1
7
]
.
Sig
m
a
-
d
elta
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
GaN
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
co
n
v
er
ter
s
r
e
d
u
ce
o
r
elim
in
ate
C
M
v
o
ltag
e
d
v
/d
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
co
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
n
o
is
e
s
p
ik
es
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
s
ig
m
a
-
d
elta
m
o
d
u
latio
n
[
6
]
.
Ph
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
f
o
u
r
-
s
witch
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ac
h
ie
v
es selectiv
e
C
M
n
o
is
e
m
itig
atio
n
,
en
ab
lin
g
3
0
% v
o
lu
m
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
C
M
f
ilter
[
1
8
]
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
A
ct
iv
e
g
a
t
e
driv
ing
a
n
d switc
hi
ng
co
ntr
o
l
Activ
e
g
ate
d
r
i
v
er
s
(
AGDs)
d
y
n
am
ically
s
h
ap
e
s
witch
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
ts
to
b
alan
ce
E
M
I
ag
ain
s
t
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
.
Z
h
ao
et
a
l.
ca
teg
o
r
ize
AG
D
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
SiC
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
n
o
tin
g
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
E
MI
n
o
is
e,
en
h
an
ce
d
ev
ice
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
eb
alan
ce
m
is
m
atch
ed
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
in
p
a
r
allel
-
an
d
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
ev
ices
[
9
]
.
An
em
u
lated
Miller
p
latea
u
t
r
ac
k
in
g
s
ch
em
e
id
e
n
tifie
s
cr
it
ical
d
i/
d
t
an
d
d
v
/d
t
i
n
s
tan
ts
an
d
u
s
es
ad
ap
tiv
e
-
s
tr
en
g
th
g
ate
d
r
iv
in
g
to
o
p
tim
i
ze
E
MI
an
d
s
witch
in
g
l
o
s
s
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
1
9
.
2
3
d
B
p
ea
k
E
MI
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
B
an
d
B
an
d
9
d
B
in
B
an
d
C
/D
with
o
n
ly
2
.
4
4
%
ef
f
icien
c
y
p
e
n
alty
at
1
0
MH
z
[
1
9
]
.
A
Gau
s
s
ian
s
witch
in
g
s
ch
em
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
-
ch
i
p
f
o
r
GaN
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
b
y
3
5
.
8
d
B
at
1
0
MH
z
an
d
3
8
.
7
d
B
at
1
0
0
MH
z,
with
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
s
lo
p
es e
n
ab
lin
g
p
er
-
s
tan
d
ar
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
9
]
.
Switch
in
g
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
-
b
ased
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
SB
C
)
u
s
es
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
-
b
ased
s
witch
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
with
E
MI
r
eg
u
lat
o
r
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
em
b
ed
d
ed
as
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
m
itig
at
in
g
b
o
t
h
DM
an
d
C
M
E
MI
ac
r
o
s
s
wid
e
o
p
er
atin
g
r
eg
io
n
s
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
r
eg
u
latio
n
[
2
0
]
.
A
g
at
e
-
n
o
tch
f
ilter
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
with
PC
B
lay
o
u
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es
SiC
MO
SF
E
T
v
o
ltag
e
o
s
cilla
ti
o
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ar
asit
ic
in
d
u
c
tan
ce
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
1
]
.
Gate
d
r
iv
er
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
a
r
c
h
itectu
r
es
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
C
M
cu
r
r
en
t
b
y
2
5
.
3
%
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
-
m
eth
o
d
ch
a
n
g
es with
o
u
t a
d
d
in
g
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
[
2
2
]
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
A
ct
iv
e
f
ilte
ring
,
pro
pa
g
a
t
io
n
-
pa
t
h c
o
ntr
o
l c
lo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p a
da
pta
t
io
n
Activ
e
E
MI
f
ilter
s
(
AE
Fs
)
ca
n
ce
l
n
o
is
e
b
y
s
en
s
in
g
an
d
i
n
jectin
g
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
s
ig
n
als,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
cin
g
f
ilter
v
o
lu
m
e.
A
h
y
b
r
id
E
MI
f
ilter
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
an
ac
tiv
e
Y
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ac
h
iev
es
1
0
–
3
0
d
B
C
M
n
o
is
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
1
5
0
k
Hz
to
3
0
MH
z
with
7
6
%
v
o
lu
m
e
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
p
ass
iv
e
f
ilter
s
[
7
]
.
A
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
-
less
AE
F
b
ased
o
n
v
ir
tu
al
im
p
ed
an
ce
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
u
s
es
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
cu
r
r
en
t
-
s
en
s
in
g
-
v
o
l
tag
e
-
co
m
p
e
n
s
atin
g
co
n
tr
o
l,
ap
p
licab
le
to
b
o
t
h
AC
an
d
DC
p
o
wer
lin
es
[
2
3
]
.
An
AE
F
with
an
in
teg
r
ated
PC
B
R
o
g
o
wsk
i
co
il
C
M
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
es
2
2
.
8
–
3
0
.
3
d
B
in
s
er
tio
n
lo
s
s
at
1
0
–
3
0
MH
z
an
d
4
4
.
7
d
B
at
1
.
4
M
Hz,
u
s
in
g
h
ig
h
-
o
r
d
e
r
lead
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
to
co
u
n
t
er
ac
t
p
h
ase
lag
at
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
[
2
4
]
.
Pre
d
ictiv
e
p
u
ls
ed
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izes
a
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
s
ig
n
al
to
co
n
v
er
ter
s
witch
in
g
ev
en
ts
an
d
in
jects
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
h
ar
d
war
e
tim
e
d
elay
s
th
at
an
alo
g
ac
ti
v
e
f
ilter
s
ca
n
n
o
t a
d
d
r
ess
[
2
5
]
.
At
th
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
-
p
ath
lev
el,
in
teg
r
ated
C
M
s
cr
ee
n
s
in
SiC
MO
SF
E
T
p
o
wer
m
o
d
u
les
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
m
id
p
o
in
t
ac
h
iev
e
u
p
to
2
6
d
B
C
M
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
at
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
b
asep
lat
e
wh
ile
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
0
.
5
%
[
2
6
]
.
Nea
r
-
f
ield
s
h
ield
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
a
n
o
v
el
s
h
ield
ed
-
win
d
i
n
g
s
PC
B
in
d
u
cto
r
r
ed
u
ce
C
M
n
o
is
e
b
y
u
p
to
3
5
d
B
in
a
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
[
2
7
]
.
Mu
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
m
o
d
els
elim
in
ate
p
ar
asit
ic
in
d
u
ctan
ce
in
E
MI
f
ilter
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
u
p
to
4
0
MH
z,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
DM
n
o
is
e
f
r
o
m
3
.
5
to
3
0
MH
z
[
2
8
]
.
Pas
s
iv
e
C
M
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
u
s
in
g
two
C
M
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
s
id
es
o
f
an
in
v
er
ter
ac
h
iev
es
4
0
d
B
r
ed
u
ctio
n
at
b
o
th
s
id
es
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
[
2
9
]
.
B
alan
ce
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
u
s
in
g
W
h
ea
ts
to
n
e
b
r
id
g
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
with
in
p
u
t
p
ar
asit
ic
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
s
u
p
p
r
ess
C
M
E
MI
in
DC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
with
h
i
g
h
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
[
3
0
]
.
C
lo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
E
MI
r
e
g
u
latio
n
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
o
s
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
a
r
ad
ig
m
.
[
3
1
]
in
teg
r
ates
a
wid
e
-
b
an
d
wid
th
in
s
itu
E
MI
s
en
s
o
r
wi
th
au
to
co
v
ar
ian
ce
-
b
ased
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
a
g
lo
b
al
ex
ce
s
s
-
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
m
o
d
u
lato
r
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
9
-
k
Hz
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
E
MI
r
eg
u
latio
n
with
5
0
0
-
MH
z
s
am
p
lin
g
b
an
d
wid
th
a
n
d
1
-
m
V
s
en
s
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
3
1
]
.
An
o
n
-
ch
ip
E
MI
a
d
ap
tiv
e
s
elf
-
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
with
au
to
-
p
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ase
-
alig
n
e
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ain
tain
s
r
ip
p
le
ca
n
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llatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
1
5
0
%
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
2
0
0
%
o
u
t
p
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t
v
o
ltag
e
ch
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g
es,
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
9
.
5
d
B
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
alo
n
e
an
d
1
6
.
5
d
B
co
m
b
in
ed
with
B
E
R
-
co
n
s
cio
u
s
SS
M
[
3
2
]
.
A
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
-
b
an
d
-
awa
r
e
p
h
y
s
ics
-
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
GAN
p
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E
MI
s
p
ec
tr
a
with
2
.
1
d
B
m
ea
n
er
r
o
r
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d
m
ap
s
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ed
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s
p
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tr
a
to
o
p
tim
al
p
ass
iv
e
f
ilter
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1941
-
1
9
4
9
1944
1
9
.
2
d
B
av
e
r
ag
e
atten
u
atio
n
with
9
8
.
5
%
C
I
SP
R
2
5
co
m
p
li
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
3
2
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
3
3
]
.
T
a
b
le
2
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
th
ese
th
r
ee
ad
a
p
tiv
e
E
MI
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
r
ee
ad
ap
tiv
e
E
MI
m
itig
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
A
c
t
i
v
e
g
a
t
e
d
r
i
v
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r
S
p
r
e
a
d
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sp
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t
r
u
m
mo
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
A
c
t
i
v
e
E
M
I
f
i
l
t
e
r
Ta
r
g
e
t
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
sh
a
p
i
n
g
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
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e
d
i
s
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r
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b
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t
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n
N
o
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g
a
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d
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j
e
c
t
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H
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r
d
w
a
r
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c
h
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e
G
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t
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d
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v
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
S
o
f
t
w
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o
n
l
y
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e
n
s
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n
g
a
n
d
i
n
j
e
c
t
i
n
g
c
i
r
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u
i
t
s
Ty
p
i
c
a
l
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
9
–
1
9
d
B
[
1
9
]
,
[
3
2
]
2
–
5
0
d
B
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
5
]
10
–
4
4
d
B
[
7
]
,
[
3
4
]
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
2
.
4
%
p
e
n
a
l
t
y
[
1
9
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
[
6
]
V
o
l
u
me
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
7
6
%
[
7
]
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
B
r
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
[
9
]
Lo
w
t
o
mi
d
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
[
3
4
]
1
5
0
k
H
z
–
3
0
M
H
z
[
7
]
3
.
2
.
4
.
AI/
M
L
a
nd
re
a
l
-
t
im
e
m
o
nito
ring
a
pp
ro
a
ches
R
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
i
n
g
(
R
L
)
en
ab
les
s
elf
-
tu
n
in
g
ac
tiv
e
E
M
I
f
ilter
s
th
at
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
a
d
a
p
t
to
n
o
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
,
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
2
5
–
3
0
d
B
atten
u
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
wid
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
es
in
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
5
]
.
A
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
-
b
an
d
-
awa
r
e
p
h
y
s
ics
-
in
f
o
r
m
ed
GAN
(
FB
A
-
PIG
AN)
in
teg
r
ates
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
d
o
m
ain
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
to
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
r
j
o
in
t
E
MI
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
in
SiC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
attain
in
g
1
9
.
2
d
B
av
er
ag
e
atten
u
atio
n
with
9
8
.
5
%
C
I
SP
R
2
5
co
m
p
lian
ce
[
3
3
]
.
Ma
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
al
s
o
p
r
ed
ict
r
ad
iated
elec
tr
ic
an
d
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices
b
y
lear
n
in
g
co
m
p
lex
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
ev
ice
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
E
MI
in
ten
s
ity
.
3
.
3
.
P
a
cka
g
ing
,
P
CB
la
y
o
ut
a
nd
pa
ra
s
it
ic
ca
pa
cit
a
nce
ma
na
g
em
ent
At
th
e
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
lev
el,
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
o
d
u
le
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
C
M
s
cr
ee
n
s
,
m
u
ltil
ay
er
s
h
ield
s
,
an
d
wir
e
-
b
o
n
d
less
(
p
lan
ar
/s
an
d
wi
ch
)
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
r
ed
u
ce
p
ar
as
itic
in
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
E
MI
wh
il
e
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
in
p
ar
t
b
y
en
a
b
lin
g
i
n
teg
r
ated
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
wit
h
o
u
t
en
la
r
g
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
[
3
6
]
.
San
d
wich
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es with
v
er
tical
ca
p
ac
ito
r
lo
o
p
s
h
av
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
-
lo
o
p
in
d
u
ctan
ce
to
as lo
w
as
4
.
4
n
H
f
o
r
1
0
k
V
SiC
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
witch
in
g
s
p
ee
d
s
u
p
to
2
5
0
V/n
s
with
m
in
im
al
r
in
g
in
g
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
teg
r
ated
C
M
s
cr
ee
n
s
o
n
lay
er
ed
ce
r
am
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
ates,
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
b
u
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
h
a
v
e
c
u
t
p
ea
k
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
b
y
5
8
%,
r
aised
p
ar
ti
al
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
i
n
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
5
3
%,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
y
u
p
to
1
0
-
f
o
l
d
,
an
d
lo
wer
e
d
C
M
cu
r
r
en
t
b
y
u
p
to
2
6
d
B
[
2
6
]
.
Nan
o
-
s
ilv
er
d
ie
-
attac
h
s
in
ter
in
g
an
d
m
o
l
y
b
d
e
n
u
m
p
o
s
ts
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ce
v
o
id
in
g
an
d
th
er
m
o
m
e
ch
an
ical
s
tr
ess
at
th
e
d
ie
in
ter
f
ac
e
[
3
6
]
.
Par
asit
i
c
ca
p
a
cit
a
n
ce
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
m
o
d
u
l
es
a
n
d
PC
B
s
g
e
n
er
ate
s
d
is
p
lac
em
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
t
o
d
v
/
d
t,
w
h
ic
h
wo
r
s
e
n
s
b
o
t
h
E
MI
an
d
s
wit
ch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
,
e
f
f
e
cts
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
en
s
if
y
as
W
B
G
d
e
v
ic
es
p
u
s
h
s
wit
c
h
i
n
g
s
p
e
ed
s
h
ig
h
er
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
m
e
d
i
u
m
-
v
o
lta
g
e
SiC
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
d
is
p
la
ce
m
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
en
ts
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
d
u
l
e
p
a
r
asi
tic
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
s
c
an
r
e
ac
h
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
f
r
a
cti
o
n
o
f
r
ate
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
ei
r
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
s
wit
c
h
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
d
is
s
i
p
a
ti
o
n
s
u
b
s
ta
n
t
ial
e
n
o
u
g
h
th
a
t
it
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
e
r
l
o
o
k
e
d
[
3
7
]
.
PC
B
p
a
r
as
iti
c
ca
p
a
cit
an
ce
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
es
a
d
d
iti
o
n
al
lo
s
s
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
t
h
p
o
we
r
-
l
o
o
p
ca
p
a
citi
v
e
co
u
p
li
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
u
p
lin
g
b
etw
ee
n
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
ci
r
c
u
i
ts
v
ia
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
o
t
en
tia
l
p
u
ls
ati
o
n
[
3
8
]
.
A
s
tac
k
ed
s
u
b
s
t
r
a
te
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
SiC
h
a
lf
-
b
r
id
g
e
m
o
d
u
les
r
e
d
u
ce
s
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
b
y
1
7
d
B
a
n
d
to
t
al
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
b
y
2
8
.
5
%
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
a
r
as
iti
c
ca
p
a
cita
n
ce
o
p
ti
m
iz
ati
o
n
[
3
9
]
.
A
3
D
lat
tic
e
PC
B
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
a
ch
ie
v
es
5
5
.
8
%
p
a
r
as
iti
c
i
n
d
u
ct
an
ce
r
e
d
u
cti
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
o
r
iz
o
n
t
al
a
n
d
v
e
r
ti
ca
l
m
a
g
n
eti
c
f
l
u
x
ca
n
ce
l
lat
io
n
,
c
u
t
tin
g
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
b
y
2
6
%
[
4
0
]
.
I
n
te
lli
g
e
n
t
p
ar
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ates
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s
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g
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al
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in
GaN
m
o
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les
[
4
1
]
.
T
a
b
l
e
3
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
c
o
-
o
p
tim
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t
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teg
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i
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th
e
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o
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te
r
d
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n
.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
-
o
p
tim
izatio
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s
tr
at
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in
th
e
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B
G
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n
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S
t
r
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Th
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4
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A
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4
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To
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[
4
4
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,
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4
5
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P
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[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
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3
.
4
.
T
ra
de
-
o
f
f
s
,
ha
rdwa
re
i
m
plem
ent
a
t
io
n c
o
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ra
ints a
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re
lia
bil
it
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Op
tim
al
W
B
G
co
n
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d
esi
g
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q
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ir
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b
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E
M
I
s
u
p
p
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ess
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,
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
c
o
s
t.
Hy
b
r
id
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
in
teg
r
ated
f
ilter
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
m
u
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o
b
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o
p
ti
m
izatio
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ar
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k
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to
ac
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in
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h
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p
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f
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m
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with
o
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ig
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co
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MI
.
T
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e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
d
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s
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s
p
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if
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p
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n
ee
d
s
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
4
co
m
p
ar
es d
if
f
e
r
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t tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
tr
ateg
ies in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
W
B
G
co
n
v
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ter
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
Dr
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N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
a
p
tive
elec
tr
o
ma
g
n
etic
in
te
r
feren
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mitig
a
tio
n
fo
r
w
id
e
-
b
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n
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g
a
p
p
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w
er
…
(
Md
S
h
is
h
ir
R
a
h
ma
n
)
1945
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
tr
ateg
ies in
th
e
W
B
G
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
/
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
EM
I
s
u
p
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
C
o
s
t
i
mp
a
c
t
R
e
f
.
H
i
g
h
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
W
B
G
)
Lo
w
e
r
H
i
g
h
e
r
H
i
g
h
e
r
[
2
]
S
o
f
t
-
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
(
Q
R
-
ZV
S
)
H
i
g
h
e
r
H
i
g
h
e
r
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
[
4
8
]
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
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d
E
M
I
f
i
l
t
e
r
s
H
i
g
h
e
r
N
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u
t
r
a
l
Lo
w
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r
[
4
9
]
S
p
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-
sp
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t
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mo
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Lo
w
[
1
4
]
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y
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s
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g
n
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[
5
0
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G
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[
4
2
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4.
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
SPEC
I
F
I
C
ST
RA
T
E
G
I
E
S
4
.
1
.
E
lect
ric
v
ehicles a
nd
t
ra
ns
po
rt
a
t
io
n
W
B
G
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
ar
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
u
s
ed
i
n
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
i
cle
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
s
witch
at
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies w
ith
lo
wer
lo
s
s
th
an
s
ilico
n
d
ev
ices,
en
a
b
lin
g
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
o
lin
g
n
ee
d
s
,
s
m
aller
f
ilter
s
,
an
d
b
etter
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
is
r
ap
id
g
r
o
wth
a
ls
o
r
aises
n
ew
C
M
E
MI
r
esear
ch
ch
allen
g
es sp
ec
if
ic
to
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
1
]
.
Mo
d
er
n
E
Vs,
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
air
cr
af
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
d
en
s
e,
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
n
etwo
r
k
s
t
h
at
ca
n
p
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o
d
u
ce
lar
g
e,
p
o
o
r
ly
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
a
ck
g
r
o
u
n
d
n
o
is
e,
s
in
ce
m
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t
ex
is
tin
g
C
M
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MI
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esear
ch
ad
d
r
e
s
s
es
s
in
g
le
d
ev
ices
o
r
m
o
d
u
les
r
at
h
er
t
h
an
f
u
ll
n
et
wo
r
k
s
[
5
1
]
.
Dev
ice
-
lev
el
s
tu
d
ies
also
ten
d
t
o
o
v
er
lo
o
k
t
h
e
C
M
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
p
h
ase
s
et
b
y
th
e
PW
M
ca
r
r
ier
,
wh
ic
h
m
atter
s
f
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
-
lev
el
E
MI
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
C
o
m
p
u
te
r
-
aid
e
d
d
esig
n
co
m
b
in
ed
with
o
p
tim
iz
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
b
u
il
d
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
-
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
els th
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
E
MI
f
ilter
d
esig
n
at
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
-
s
y
s
tem
lev
el
[
4
2
]
.
4
.
2
.
H
i
g
h v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
nd
hig
h f
re
qu
ency
s
y
s
t
em
s
W
B
G
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
1
0
k
V
S
i
C
M
O
S
F
E
T
s
a
r
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
t
o
m
e
d
i
u
m
-
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
o
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
f
a
s
t
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
o
w
o
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-
s
t
a
t
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l
o
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s
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s
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h
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t
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m
p
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v
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e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
w
h
i
l
e
r
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d
u
c
i
n
g
s
i
z
e
,
w
e
i
g
h
t
,
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
m
o
d
u
l
e
p
a
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
l
i
m
i
t
s
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
c
a
n
b
e
r
e
a
l
i
z
e
d
,
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
s
p
e
e
d
,
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
/
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
[
3
6
]
.
R
o
b
u
s
t,
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
ab
le
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
-
f
ield
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
r
em
ai
n
s
ca
r
ce
,
an
d
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
ad
d
r
ess
h
ig
h
-
d
e
n
s
ity
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
f
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
-
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
d
u
les
[
3
6
]
.
E
lectr
ic
f
ield
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
at
tr
ip
le
p
o
i
n
ts
with
in
p
o
wer
m
o
d
u
les.
Stan
d
ar
d
1
m
m
alu
m
in
u
m
-
n
itrid
e
DB
C
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
h
av
e
PDI
Vs
b
elo
w
1
0
k
V
r
m
s
,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
1
0
k
V
SiC
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
b
u
t
s
tack
in
g
two
ce
r
am
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
a
tes
r
ed
u
ce
s
f
ield
s
tr
en
g
th
at
th
ese
p
o
in
ts
an
d
ca
n
r
aise
PDI
V
b
y
u
p
to
9
4
%
[
3
6
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
E
MI
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
d
u
le
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
s
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
g
iv
en
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
n
ee
d
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
m
o
d
u
le
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
s
h
ap
es
C
M
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
i/d
t c
o
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
alo
n
g
s
id
e
d
v
/d
t i
n
h
i
g
h
-
cu
r
r
en
t a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
5
2
]
.
4
.
3
.
R
enewa
ble e
nerg
y
a
nd
a
er
o
s
pa
ce
I
n
m
o
r
e
-
elec
tr
ic
air
c
r
af
t,
wh
e
r
e
s
p
ac
e
an
d
weig
h
t
ar
e
tig
h
tl
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
,
W
B
G
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
lo
w
-
in
d
u
ctan
ce
SiC
m
o
d
u
les
with
in
teg
r
ated
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
p
la
n
ar
C
M
f
ilt
er
s
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
in
1
0
0
k
W
SiC
in
v
er
ter
/r
ec
tifie
r
s
y
s
tem
s
o
p
er
atin
g
at
altitu
d
e
[
4
6
]
.
W
B
G
d
ev
ices a
ls
o
g
e
n
er
a
te
elev
ated
n
ea
r
-
R
F
s
p
ec
tr
al
co
n
ten
t
(
1
–
3
0
MH
z)
,
an
d
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
n
o
is
e,
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
an
d
s
m
aller
f
o
r
m
f
ac
to
r
ca
n
d
eg
r
a
d
e
f
ilter
atten
u
atio
n
b
y
u
p
to
6
0
d
B
[
4
6
]
.
Sy
s
tem
-
lev
el
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
m
o
d
u
les
with
b
u
ilt
-
in
E
MI
f
ilter
s
is
s
ti
ll
n
ee
d
ed
,
s
in
ce
r
esear
ch
to
d
ate
h
as
f
o
cu
s
ed
m
ain
l
y
o
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
d
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
r
ath
er
th
an
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
-
lev
el
c
o
u
p
lin
g
ef
f
ec
ts
[
9
]
.
C
an
ce
llatio
n
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
n
o
t
f
u
ll
y
a
d
d
r
ess
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
-
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
p
ar
asit
ics,
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
f
ix
es
r
is
k
in
t
r
o
d
u
cin
g
n
ew
p
ar
asit
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Fu
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
in
clu
d
es
im
p
ed
an
ce
ca
lib
r
atio
n
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
p
ar
asit
ics
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
ilter
s
[
4
6
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
ex
ten
d
to
c
o
n
f
in
e
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
s
h
ip
b
o
a
r
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
s
h
ar
e
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e'
s
p
o
wer
-
d
en
s
ity
a
n
d
E
MI
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
d
elin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
b
m
o
d
u
le
to
th
e
f
u
ll
-
s
y
s
tem
lev
el
[
5
4
]
.
T
ab
le
5
[
2
6
]
,
[
5
5
]
-
[
5
8
]
s
u
m
m
a
r
izes
E
MI
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies tailo
r
ed
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
4
.
4
.
M
o
t
o
r
driv
e
s
WBG
-
b
ased
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
ef
f
icien
cy
o
v
er
s
ilico
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
A
3
0
0
k
W
GaN
-
b
ased
v
ec
t
o
r
-
co
n
tr
o
l
led
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
f
o
r
E
V
tr
ac
tio
n
ac
h
iev
e
d
ef
f
icien
cies
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
9
8
%
at
f
u
ll
lo
ad
,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
b
o
th
SiC
an
d
Si
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
lo
w
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
[
5
9
]
.
I
n
a
3
-
lev
el
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
i
n
t
clam
p
ed
(
NPC
)
in
v
er
te
r
-
f
ed
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e,
th
e
GaN
-
b
ased
in
v
e
r
ter
r
ea
c
h
e
d
9
8
.
7
4
%
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
with
to
tal
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
1
.
2
1
%
less
th
an
Si
C
an
d
5
7
.
8
7
%
less
th
an
Si
[
6
0
]
.
Fo
r
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
elu
ctan
ce
m
o
to
r
s
(
Sy
n
R
Ms)
,
GaN
y
ield
s
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ef
f
icien
cy
,
wh
ile
SiC
o
f
f
er
s
c
o
m
p
ar
a
b
le
ef
f
icien
c
y
with
s
u
p
er
io
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
q
u
ality
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
to
tal
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
[
6
1
]
.
W
B
G
-
b
ased
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
r
iv
es
ca
n
r
u
n
at
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
ize
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
au
d
ib
le
s
y
s
tem
n
o
is
e
wh
ile
with
s
tan
d
in
g
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
es to
r
ed
u
ce
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
s
ize
an
d
weig
h
t
[
6
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1941
-
1
9
4
9
1946
T
ab
le
5
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
E
M
I
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies tailo
r
ed
t
o
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
a
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
/
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
K
e
y
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
/
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
R
e
f
.
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s (EV
s)
C
M
f
i
l
t
e
r
d
e
s
i
g
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
-
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
R
e
d
u
c
e
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
E
M
I
i
n
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s,
mee
t
s
C
I
S
P
R
2
5
[
5
5
]
H
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
D
C
-
D
C
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
H
y
b
r
i
d
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
g
(
p
a
ssi
v
e
+
a
c
t
i
v
e
)
S
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
E
M
I
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
EM
C
c
o
mp
l
i
a
n
c
e
[
5
6
]
,
[
5
7
]
P
o
w
e
r
m
o
d
u
l
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
(
S
i
C
M
O
S
F
ET)
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
c
o
mm
o
n
-
mo
d
e
scre
e
n
U
p
t
o
2
6
d
B
C
M
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
sl
i
g
h
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
g
a
i
n
[
2
6
]
P
C
B
/
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
d
e
si
g
n
AI
-
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
v
i
a
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
EM
I
mi
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
l
a
y
o
u
t
a
r
e
a
s
[
5
8
]
5.
L
I
M
I
T
AT
I
O
NS A
N
D
CH
A
L
L
E
NG
E
S
W
B
G
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
'
f
a
s
t
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
s
p
e
e
d
s
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s
i
n
h
e
r
e
n
t
l
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
e
l
e
v
a
t
e
d
E
M
I
:
h
i
g
h
d
v
/
d
t
a
n
d
d
i
/
d
t
c
a
u
s
e
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
t
,
r
i
n
g
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
s
p
i
k
e
s
,
w
o
r
s
e
n
i
n
g
t
u
r
n
-
o
n
l
o
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
[
4
]
.
D
e
s
p
i
t
e
t
h
e
i
r
h
i
g
h
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
,
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
h
i
g
h
-
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
p
a
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
u
n
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
l
y
;
g
a
t
e
-
o
x
i
d
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
S
i
C
M
O
S
F
E
T
s
i
s
a
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
a
t
e
l
e
v
a
t
e
d
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
;
a
n
d
l
o
w
s
h
o
r
t
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
s
t
a
n
d
(
e
.
g
.
,
2
μ
s
v
s
.
1
0
µ
s
f
o
r
S
i
I
G
B
T
s
)
c
o
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
s
f
a
u
l
t
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
o
w
-
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
e
d
w
h
e
n
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
a
r
e
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
e
d
o
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
a
t
h
i
g
h
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
s
p
e
e
d
[
4
]
.
E
MI
/EM
C
m
itig
atio
n
s
till
lac
k
s
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
d
esig
n
g
u
id
an
ce
:
m
o
d
els
th
at
r
eliab
ly
p
r
ed
ict
h
y
b
r
id
-
f
ilter
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
lim
ited
,
n
ea
r
-
f
ield
in
ter
f
er
en
c
e
r
esear
ch
is
s
p
a
r
s
e
d
esp
ite
its
g
r
o
win
g
r
ele
v
an
c
e
to
co
m
p
ac
t
W
B
G
d
esig
n
,
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
d
esig
n
-
o
p
tim
izatio
n
to
o
ls
s
p
an
n
in
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
to
co
n
v
e
r
ter
lev
el
f
o
r
SiC
d
ev
ices
r
em
ain
u
n
d
e
r
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
[
2
]
,
[
4
]
.
Pack
a
g
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
th
at
jo
in
tly
ad
d
r
ess
p
ar
asit
ics,
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
clo
s
e
th
ese
g
ap
s
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
R
esear
ch
o
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
E
MI
m
itig
atio
n
in
W
B
G
p
o
wer
elec
t
r
o
n
ics
h
as
m
o
v
ed
d
ec
is
iv
ely
f
r
o
m
b
u
l
k
p
ass
iv
e
f
ilter
in
g
to
war
d
s
o
u
r
c
e
-
s
id
e,
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
-
in
te
g
r
ated
,
an
d
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
a
d
ap
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
r
ess
E
MI
wh
ile
s
u
s
tain
in
g
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
r
ee
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
co
m
b
i
n
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iewe
d
.
Pack
ag
in
g
-
in
teg
r
ated
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
s
cr
ee
n
s
cu
t
C
M
cu
r
r
en
t
b
y
u
p
to
2
6
d
B
wh
ile
r
aisi
n
g
p
ar
tial
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
in
ce
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De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UTM
),
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
r
u
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
Dip
lo
m
a
a
n
d
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
2
0
0
6
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
fo
ll
o
we
d
b
y
h
is
M
.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
0
7
a
n
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ne
w
S
o
u
t
h
Wale
s
(UN
S
W)
,
S
y
d
n
e
y
,
Au
stra
l
ia,
in
2
0
1
4
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
with
UTM
si
n
c
e
2
0
1
4
.
He
is
th
e
h
e
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
P
h
o
t
o
n
ic
Re
se
a
rc
h
Lab
o
ra
to
r
y
a
n
d
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
se
r
v
e
s
a
s
a
c
o
n
su
lt
a
n
t
fo
r
th
e
M
a
lay
sia
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
C
o
m
m
issio
n
(M
C
M
C)
a
n
d
th
e
M
a
lay
sia
n
Tec
h
n
ica
l
S
ta
n
d
a
rd
s
F
o
r
u
m
B
h
d
.
(
M
TS
F
B)
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
ter
e
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
fi
b
e
r
se
n
so
rs,
sp
e
c
ialty
o
p
ti
c
a
l
fi
b
e
rs,
p
h
o
t
o
n
ic
se
n
si
n
g
,
fi
b
e
r
o
p
ti
c
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
fo
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
se
n
sin
g
,
th
e
in
te
rn
e
t
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
s
(Io
T)
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
y
u
so
f
n
o
r@u
tm.m
y
.
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