I
nte
rna
t
io
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l J
o
urna
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P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
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nd
Driv
e
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y
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I
J
P
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DS)
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l.
1
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,
No
.
3
,
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tem
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er
20
2
6
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p
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J
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l ho
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ep
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:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
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s
.
ia
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r
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co
m
Co
mpa
ra
tion
a
na
ly
sis
of SSA
a
nd
G
W
O
a
lg
o
rithms
for
ma
x
imum
powe
r
po
int
tracki
ng
in
sta
nda
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ne
so
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mo
dules
I
nd
ha
na
Su
di
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rt
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o
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a
d M
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uh
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g
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u
l 8
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S
o
lar
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h
o
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taic
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V)
sy
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m
s
e
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e
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ra
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re
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c
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t
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e
ffe
c
ti
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e
n
e
ss
o
f
p
o
we
r
e
x
trac
ti
o
n
.
To
imp
r
o
v
e
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
r
v
e
stin
g
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
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a
n
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
m
a
x
imu
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
i
n
g
(M
P
P
T)
m
e
th
o
d
is
re
q
u
ire
d
.
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is stu
d
y
e
v
a
l
u
a
tes
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
sa
lp
sw
a
rm
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(
S
S
A) an
d
g
re
y
wo
lf
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(G
WO)
fo
r
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
tr
o
l
i
n
a
1
0
0
Wp
s
tan
d
a
lo
n
e
P
V
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ste
m
e
m
p
lo
y
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n
g
a
sin
g
le
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e
n
d
e
d
p
rima
ry
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
c
o
n
v
e
rter
(S
EP
IC).
Th
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
trac
k
i
n
g
s
p
e
e
d
,
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
sta
b
i
li
ty
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
ry
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s.
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im
u
latio
n
s
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re
c
a
rried
o
u
t
i
n
t
h
e
ALTAIR
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S
I
M
P
ro
fe
ss
io
n
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l
2
0
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.
1
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0
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8
p
latfo
rm
with
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e
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fro
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2
0
0
–
1
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0
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m
²
a
n
d
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
s
b
e
twe
e
n
3
5
-
55
°C,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic
irrad
ia
n
c
e
tran
siti
o
n
s
.
Th
e
o
b
tain
e
d
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
t
h
a
t
S
S
A
a
c
h
iev
e
d
a
h
ig
h
e
r
a
v
e
ra
g
e
trac
k
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g
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
9
7
.
4
6
%
with
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c
o
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e
rg
e
n
c
e
ti
m
e
o
f
0
.
2
2
7
6
s,
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h
il
e
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WO
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r
o
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c
e
d
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7
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9
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e
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c
ien
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y
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n
d
a
0
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2
5
1
2
s
c
o
n
v
e
rg
e
n
c
e
ti
m
e
.
In
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
,
S
S
A
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
m
o
re
sta
b
le
trac
k
in
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
n
d
l
o
we
r
o
sc
il
latio
n
d
u
ri
n
g
l
o
w
-
irrad
ian
c
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
se
re
su
lt
s
in
d
ica
te
th
a
t
S
S
A
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
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e
tt
e
r
M
P
P
T
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
fo
r
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
P
V
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
f
lu
c
tu
a
ti
n
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s.
F
u
t
u
re
wo
r
k
will
in
v
o
l
v
e
h
a
rd
wa
re
-
b
a
se
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
re
a
l
-
ti
m
e
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
MPPT
o
p
tim
izatio
n
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
Salp
s
war
m
alg
o
r
ith
m
Sep
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
ch
am
m
ad
Ma
c
h
m
u
d
R
if
ad
il
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
Po
ly
te
ch
n
ic
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Su
r
ab
ay
a
PENS
C
am
p
u
s
,
Su
k
o
lilo
,
Su
r
a
b
ay
a
6
0
1
1
1
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
m
m
r
if
ad
il@
p
en
s
.
ac
.
id
,
m
m
r
if
ad
il@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
h
as
ac
ce
le
r
ated
th
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
o
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
o
s
s
il
-
b
ased
g
e
n
er
atio
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
PV
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
b
r
o
ad
l
y
ad
o
p
ted
in
r
esid
en
tial,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al,
a
n
d
p
u
b
lic
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
ab
ilit
y
to
d
i
r
ec
tly
co
n
v
er
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
with
o
u
t
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
[
3
]
.
I
n
ad
d
iti
o
n
,
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
s
ev
er
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
im
p
le
in
s
tallatio
n
,
lo
w
m
ain
ten
an
ce
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
[
4
]
.
Ne
v
er
th
eless
,
th
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
,
esp
ec
ially
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
r
esu
l
tin
g
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
a
n
d
g
en
er
ated
p
o
wer
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
o
m
ax
im
ize
en
e
r
g
y
e
x
tr
ac
t
io
n
,
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
u
n
d
er
ch
a
n
g
in
g
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MP
PT
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
,
in
c
r
e
m
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tio
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f S
S
A
a
n
d
GWO
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er p
o
in
t
…
(
I
n
d
h
a
n
a
S
u
d
ih
a
r
to
)
1963
(
I
NC
)
,
an
d
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
(
FLC)
r
em
ain
wid
ely
u
tili
ze
d
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
r
elativ
ely
s
im
p
le
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
lo
w
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
o
s
cillato
r
y
b
eh
av
i
o
r
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
ap
i
d
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
lead
in
g
to
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
es a
n
d
s
lo
wer
d
y
n
am
ic
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
b
ased
MPPT
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
n
atu
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
h
av
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
atten
tio
n
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
class
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
,
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
GA)
,
g
r
ey
wo
lf
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
GW
O)
,
an
d
s
alp
s
war
m
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
SS
A)
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
PV
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
,
SS
A
ex
h
ib
its
s
tr
o
n
g
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
th
at
en
ab
le
r
ap
id
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
tr
ap
p
in
g
in
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
SS
A
is
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ch
ain
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
s
alp
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
in
m
ar
in
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
a
n
d
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
lly
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
s
ev
er
al
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
in
v
e
s
tig
atio
n
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
SS
A
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
d
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
ev
e
r
al
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
MPPT
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
f
o
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
o
s
t
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
PV
ar
r
ay
s
o
p
er
atin
g
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
w
h
er
e
m
u
ltip
le
lo
ca
l
m
ax
im
a
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
n
o
n
u
n
if
o
r
m
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
el
y
f
ewe
r
s
tu
d
ies
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
a
n
el
PV
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
p
e
r
atin
g
u
n
d
er
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
b
u
t
d
y
n
am
ically
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
s
in
g
le
-
p
a
n
el
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
r
em
ain
h
ig
h
ly
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
r
ap
id
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
clo
u
d
m
o
v
em
e
n
t,
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
,
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
,
wh
ich
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
s
h
if
t
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
lo
ca
tio
n
[
6
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
r
elev
an
t
i
n
co
m
p
ac
t
PV
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
r
tab
le
p
o
wer
u
n
its
,
s
tr
ee
t
lig
h
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
em
o
te
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
ev
ices,
an
d
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
f
ast tr
ac
k
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
ar
e
cr
itically
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
[
2
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
g
e
n
e
r
a
ll
y
em
p
h
asi
ze
h
y
b
r
i
d
M
PP
T
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
es
o
r
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
in
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
co
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es,
w
h
i
l
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
l
ly
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
SS
A
a
n
d
G
W
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
s
in
g
le
-
m
o
d
u
l
e
PV
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
r
em
a
in
s
li
m
it
e
d
.
E
x
is
ti
n
g
lite
r
at
u
r
e
r
ar
el
y
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
co
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
c
h
a
r
a
cte
r
is
t
ics
,
a
n
d
lo
w
-
ir
r
a
d
i
an
ce
s
t
a
b
ili
ty
o
f
th
es
e
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
w
it
h
i
n
s
im
p
l
i
f
ie
d
s
t
an
d
al
o
n
e
PV
ar
ch
ite
ct
u
r
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
a
r
es
ea
r
c
h
g
a
p
s
til
l
ex
is
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
en
ess
o
f
SS
A
r
elat
iv
e
to
GW
O
f
o
r
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
i
n
g
s
t
ab
le
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
a
t
e
MPP
T
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
e
r
r
a
p
i
d
l
y
c
h
a
n
g
in
g
o
p
er
ati
n
g
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
co
m
p
a
r
a
ti
v
e
e
v
a
lu
ati
o
n
o
f
S
SA
an
d
GW
O
f
o
r
MPP
T
im
p
l
em
e
n
t
ati
o
n
in
a
1
0
0
W
p
s
t
an
d
al
o
n
e
PV
s
y
s
te
m
e
m
p
l
o
y
in
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
-
en
d
e
d
p
r
im
ar
y
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
c
o
n
v
er
t
er
(
S
E
PIC
)
.
T
h
e
in
v
est
ig
ati
o
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
t
r
a
ck
i
n
g
ef
f
i
cie
n
cy
,
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
ce
s
p
ee
d
,
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
,
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
ta
b
i
lit
y
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
i
r
r
a
d
i
an
ce
an
d
t
em
p
e
r
atu
r
e
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
.
B
y
co
n
ce
n
t
r
a
tin
g
o
n
a
c
o
m
p
ac
t
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
p
a
n
el
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
ti
o
n
,
t
h
is
wo
r
k
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
c
lea
r
er
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
o
f
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
b
eh
av
i
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
c
h
a
n
g
es
an
d
co
n
t
r
i
b
u
tes
t
o
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
eli
ab
le
MPP
T
s
t
r
ate
g
i
es
f
o
r
s
m
a
ll
-
s
ca
le
r
ea
l
-
t
im
e
PV
a
p
p
lica
ti
o
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
ev
elo
p
s
an
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
th
e
SS
A
f
o
r
a
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
o
p
er
a
tin
g
u
n
d
e
r
d
y
n
am
ically
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
1
0
0
W
p
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
in
g
u
n
its
,
a
SEPI
C
,
a
b
a
tter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it,
an
d
an
ST
M3
2
-
b
ased
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
ex
ec
u
ti
n
g
th
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
r
eg
u
latin
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
d
u
ty
c
y
cle.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
in
g
s
tag
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
ea
s
u
r
es
PV
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
als,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
d
u
ty
cy
cle
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
was
ev
alu
ated
u
n
d
er
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
ar
iatio
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
–
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
b
etw
ee
n
3
5
–
55
°C
to
in
v
esti
g
a
te
tr
an
s
ien
t
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
r
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
ap
id
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
t
r
an
s
itio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wer
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
em
u
late
r
ea
lis
tic
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
clo
u
d
m
o
v
em
en
t
an
d
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
s
h
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
les
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MPPT
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
s
u
c
h
as
P&
O
an
d
I
NC
,
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
P
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
r
ap
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
p
r
o
f
iles
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Am
o
n
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
,
SS
A
was
s
elec
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
s
tr
o
n
g
g
lo
b
al
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
,
b
ala
n
ce
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
–
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
an
d
s
tab
le
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
T
h
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
en
ab
le
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
to
m
in
im
ize
o
s
cillatio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
air
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
,
GW
O
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
id
en
tical
o
p
e
r
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
co
n
v
er
ter
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
,
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1962
-
1
9
7
3
1964
2
.
1
.
M
a
x
i
m
um
po
wer
po
int
t
ra
ck
ing
MPPT
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
o
p
e
r
atio
n
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
o
in
t
wh
er
e
th
e
g
en
er
ate
d
p
o
wer
r
ea
ch
es
its
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e.
Du
e
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
a
n
d
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
p
o
s
it
i
o
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
o
v
e
r
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
u
p
d
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
o
p
t
im
a
l
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
MP
PT
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
r
e
g
u
lat
es
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
v
o
lt
a
g
e
r
el
ati
v
e
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
v
o
l
ta
g
e
(
V
m
p
)
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
v
o
lt
a
g
e
f
al
ls
b
el
o
w
V
m
p
,
th
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
ll
er
in
c
r
ea
s
es
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
t
o
r
aise
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
at
in
g
v
o
lta
g
e.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
v
o
lt
ag
e
e
x
ce
e
d
s
Vm
p
,
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
is
r
e
d
u
ce
d
u
n
til
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
at
in
g
p
o
in
t
co
n
v
e
r
g
es
t
o
wa
r
d
th
e
p
ea
k
p
o
w
er
r
e
g
i
o
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
it
er
ati
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
al
lo
ws
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
t
o
s
u
s
ta
in
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
x
t
r
a
c
tio
n
u
n
d
e
r
f
l
u
ct
u
at
in
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
co
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
d
iag
r
am
b
l
o
ck
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
MPPT
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
e
an
d
f
all
cu
r
v
e
[
2
5
]
2
.
2
.
Sa
lp s
wa
rm
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(
SS
A)
T
h
e
SS
A
is
a
s
wa
r
m
i
n
t
elli
g
en
ce
o
p
ti
m
iz
ati
o
n
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
i
n
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
c
h
a
in
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
s
alp
s
i
n
m
ar
in
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
l
ati
o
n
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
le
a
d
e
r
a
n
d
m
u
l
ti
p
le
f
o
ll
o
w
er
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
lea
d
e
r
d
i
r
ec
ts
t
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
ess
w
h
ile
f
o
ll
o
w
er
p
o
s
it
io
n
s
a
r
e
u
p
d
at
e
d
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
s
alp
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
MPP
T
ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
,
ea
c
h
s
al
p
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
c
an
d
i
d
ate
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
SE
PIC
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
.
T
h
e
lead
er
p
o
s
itio
n
u
p
d
ate
m
e
ch
an
is
m
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
)
:
X
j
1
=
{
F
j
+
c
1
((
ub
−
ib
)
2
+
ib
)
3
≥
0
.
5
F
j
-
c
1
((
ub
−
ib
)
2
+
ib
)
3
<
0
.
5
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tio
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f S
S
A
a
n
d
GWO
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er p
o
in
t
…
(
I
n
d
h
a
n
a
S
u
d
ih
a
r
to
)
1965
W
h
er
e
F
j
d
en
o
tes
th
e
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
ce
p
o
s
itio
n
in
th
e
j
th
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
ub
an
d
lb
j
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
u
p
p
er
an
d
lo
wer
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e,
a
n
d
c
1
,
c
2
,
an
d
c
3
a
r
e
r
an
d
o
m
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
am
eter
c
1
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
an
d
is
d
e
f
in
ed
as
(
2
)
.
C
1
=
2
e
−(
4l
L
)
²
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
L
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
,
a
n
d
I
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
iter
atio
n
.
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h
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
c
2
a
n
d
c
3
ar
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
s
in
th
e
in
ter
v
a
l
[
0
,
1
]
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
an
d
s
tep
s
ize
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
wer
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
u
p
d
ated
b
ased
o
n
New
to
n
’
s
law
o
f
m
o
tio
n
:
x
J
1
=
1
2
at
2
+
v
0
t
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
i
≥
2
,
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
i
th
f
o
llo
wer
in
t
h
e
j
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
t
d
en
o
tes
tim
e
,
0
is
th
e
in
itial
v
elo
city
,
an
d
a
=
f
ina
l
0
is
d
ef
in
ed
w
h
er
e
we
h
av
e
v
=
−
0
.
T
h
e
(
3
)
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
as
f
o
llo
ws,
tak
in
g
in
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
v
0
=
0
,
s
in
ce
t
h
er
e
is
a
o
n
e
-
tim
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
iter
atio
n
s
an
d
tim
e
is
co
n
s
tan
t a
cr
o
s
s
th
em
.
x
J
1
=
1
2
at
2
+
v
0
t
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
i
≥
2
,
a
n
d
1
d
en
o
tes
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
i
th
f
o
llo
wer
S
alp
in
th
e
j
th
d
im
en
s
io
n
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
m
ec
h
an
is
m
en
ab
les s
m
o
o
th
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
wh
ile
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
s
u
d
d
e
n
o
s
cillato
r
y
m
o
v
em
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
e
ar
ch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
ib
ili
ty
an
d
p
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
c
o
n
s
is
t
en
cy
,
t
h
e
S
SA
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ati
o
n
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s
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
was
f
i
x
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
all
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
s
ce
n
a
r
i
o
s
.
T
h
e
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
3
0
s
al
p
s
w
it
h
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
it
er
ati
o
n
lim
it
o
f
1
0
0
.
T
h
e
s
e
ar
c
h
s
p
ac
e
w
as
c
o
n
s
t
r
ai
n
ed
wi
th
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
d
u
t
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cy
cl
e
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n
g
e
b
et
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n
0
a
n
d
1
u
s
i
n
g
u
n
i
f
o
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m
l
y
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
i
n
i
tia
liz
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
it
n
ess
f
u
n
cti
o
n
w
as
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
i
n
s
ta
n
t
an
e
o
u
s
P
V
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
,
wh
e
r
e
t
h
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
s
ea
r
c
h
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cl
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
i
n
t.
Sa
m
p
li
n
g
tim
e
was
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
iz
e
d
wit
h
t
h
e
s
im
u
l
ati
o
n
s
te
p
s
i
ze
t
o
m
ai
n
t
ain
n
u
m
e
r
ic
al
s
ta
b
i
lit
y
a
n
d
f
ast
t
r
a
n
s
i
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
to
s
t
ea
d
y
-
s
t
at
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
,
s
e
n
s
iti
v
i
ty
a
n
a
ly
s
is
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
o
b
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
i
te
r
at
io
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
a
n
d
p
o
p
u
la
ti
o
n
s
iz
e
o
n
t
r
ac
k
i
n
g
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
ce
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
T
h
is
an
al
y
s
is
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
t
o
ex
am
i
n
e
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
ta
ti
o
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
t
en
c
y
u
n
d
e
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
o
p
e
r
at
in
g
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
2
.
3
.
SS
A
pa
ra
met
er
co
nfig
u
ra
t
io
n
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
an
d
a
f
air
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
ati
o
n
,
th
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
o
f
th
e
SS
A
ar
e
ex
p
licitly
d
ef
in
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
SS
A
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
with
in
a
b
o
u
n
d
ed
s
e
ar
ch
s
p
ac
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
allo
wab
le
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
SS
A
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as f
o
llo
ws:
i)
Po
p
u
latio
n
s
ize
(
N)
: 3
0
s
alp
s
ii)
Ma
x
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
(
L
)
: 1
0
0
iii)
Sear
ch
s
p
ac
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies:
Du
t
y
cy
cle
r
an
g
e
lim
ited
b
etwe
en
0
an
d
1
iv
)
I
n
itializatio
n
m
eth
o
d
: U
n
if
o
r
m
r
an
d
o
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
with
in
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
b
o
u
n
d
s
v)
L
ea
d
er
–
f
o
llo
wer
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e:
Fir
s
t salp
ac
ts
as lea
d
er
,
r
em
ain
in
g
as f
o
llo
wer
s
v
i)
C
o
ef
f
icien
t p
ar
am
eter
s
c
1
, c
2
,
an
d
c
3
-
c
1
d
y
n
am
ically
u
p
d
ate
d
u
s
in
g
(
2
)
-
c
2
an
d
c
3
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
g
en
er
at
ed
with
in
[
0
,
1
]
v
ii)
C
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
cr
iter
io
n
: M
ax
i
m
u
m
iter
atio
n
r
ea
ch
ed
o
r
n
eg
l
ig
ib
le
ch
an
g
e
in
d
u
ty
cy
cle
v
alu
e
v
iii)
Sam
p
lin
g
tim
e:
Ad
ju
s
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tep
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
tr
ac
k
in
g
ix
)
Simu
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t:
AL
T
AI
R
PS
I
M
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
2
0
2
2
.
1
.
0
.
8
p
latf
o
r
m
-
b
ased
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
im
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
an
d
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
T
h
e
S
S
A
a
lg
o
r
i
t
h
m
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
l
y
u
p
d
a
t
e
s
th
e
S
E
P
I
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
t
o
t
r
ac
k
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
i
n
t
(
M
P
P
)
.
A
t
e
ac
h
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
th
e
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
d
e
f
in
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
an
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
m
a
x
i
m
i
z
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
za
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
T
h
i
s
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
io
n
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
a
b
a
l
a
n
ce
b
e
t
w
e
en
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
s
p
e
ed
a
n
d
t
r
a
c
k
in
g
a
c
cu
r
a
cy
,
w
h
i
l
e
m
a
i
n
t
a
in
i
n
g
s
t
a
b
i
l
it
y
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
l
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
2
.
4
.
G
re
y
wo
lf
o
ptim
iza
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
GW
O
is
a
n
atu
r
e
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
o
p
er
ati
v
e
h
u
n
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
g
r
ey
wo
lv
es.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
h
ier
ar
ch
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
alp
h
a
(
α
)
,
b
eta
(
β),
d
elta
(
δ)
,
an
d
o
m
eg
a
(
ω
)
wo
lv
es,
wh
er
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1962
-
1
9
7
3
1966
th
e
b
est
th
r
ee
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
g
u
id
e
th
e
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
e
n
cir
clin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
is
m
ath
em
atica
lly
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
.
=
|
(
(
)
−
(
)
)
|
(
5
)
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
−
×
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
b
tain
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
ec
to
r
s
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
7
)
an
d
(
8
)
.
=
2
×
1
−
(
7
)
=
2
2
(
8
)
T
o
s
im
u
late
co
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
h
u
n
ti
n
g
,
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
u
p
d
ated
u
s
in
g
(
9
)
-
(
1
1
)
.
=
|
1
−
|
;
=
|
2
−
|
;
=
|
2
−
|
(
9
)
1
=
−
1
;
2
=
−
2
;
3
=
−
3
(
1
0
)
(
+
1
)
=
1
+
2
+
2
3
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
f
in
al
p
o
s
itio
n
u
p
d
atin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
co
m
b
i
n
es
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
ee
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
wo
lv
es
to
d
ir
ec
t
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
to
war
d
th
e
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
u
m
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
GW
O
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
n
d
e
r
id
en
tical
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
p
r
o
f
iles
,
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
to
estab
lis
h
a
b
alan
ce
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
ag
ain
s
t SSA.
2
.
5
.
M
o
delin
g
SE
P
I
C
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
was
s
elec
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
t
o
o
p
er
ate
in
b
o
th
s
tep
-
u
p
an
d
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
m
o
d
es
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
lar
it
y
an
d
lo
w
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
le
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
d
u
ty
cy
cle
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
r
e
g
u
lated
b
y
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
m
a
in
tain
PV
o
p
er
atio
n
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
SS
A
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
y
n
am
ica
lly
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
m
ain
tain
o
p
er
atio
n
at
t
h
e
M
PP
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
(
1
2
)
-
(
1
6
)
c
a
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
f
o
r
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
a
S
E
P
I
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
i
ll
u
s
t
r
at
ed
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
;
i
ts
d
es
i
g
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
r
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
ze
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
D
=
Vo
Vo
+
Vs
(
1
2
)
V
L1
= V
S
= L
1
(
1
)
= L
1
(
∆
1
∆
)
=
L
1
(
∆
1
)
(
1
3
)
V
L2
= V
C1
= V
S
= L
2
(
2
)
= L
2
(
∆
2
∆
)
=
L
2
(
∆
2
)
(
1
4
)
1
=
D
R
(
∆
1
/
)
(
1
5
)
2
=
D
R
(
∆
/
)
(
1
6
)
W
h
er
e:
V
s
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
(
V)
;
V
L1
,
V
L2
ar
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
es
ac
r
o
s
s
in
d
u
cto
r
1
an
d
in
d
u
ct
o
r
2
(
V)
;
V
C1
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
1
(
V)
;
V
o
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V)
;
D
is
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
(
%)
;
f
is
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
Hz)
;
R
is
th
e
r
esi
s
to
r
(
Oh
m
)
;
1
,
2
ar
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
1
an
d
2
(
A)
;
∆
1
,
∆
2
is
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
in
ter
v
al
(
A)
;
∆
is
th
e
t
im
e
in
ter
v
al
o
v
er
wh
ic
h
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
an
g
es
(
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
;
∆
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
ip
p
le
(
V)
;
∆
1
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
(
V)
;
L
1
,
L
2
is
i
n
d
u
cto
r
1
,
in
d
u
cto
r
2
(
Hen
r
y
)
; a
n
d
C
1
, C
2
ar
e
c
ap
a
c
ito
r
1
,
ca
p
a
c
ito
r
2
(
Far
ad
)
.
T
h
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
te
r
p
a
r
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
was
f
ix
ed
at
4
0
k
Hz
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
tab
le
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atio
n
with
lo
w
c
u
r
r
en
t r
ip
p
le
an
d
f
ast
tr
an
s
ien
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tio
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f S
S
A
a
n
d
GWO
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er p
o
in
t
…
(
I
n
d
h
a
n
a
S
u
d
ih
a
r
to
)
1967
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
ac
tic
al
r
elev
an
ce
,
co
n
v
e
r
ter
lo
s
s
es
an
d
n
o
n
-
i
d
ea
l
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
.
R
ip
p
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wer
e
also
an
aly
ze
d
to
ev
alu
ate
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
tab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MP
PT
s
y
s
tem
to
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ep
r
esen
t
p
r
ac
tical
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
r
io
r
to
f
u
tu
r
e
h
ar
d
wa
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tat
io
n
u
s
in
g
STM
3
2
-
b
ased
em
b
ed
d
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
SEPI
C
co
n
v
e
r
ter
cir
cu
it to
p
o
lo
g
y
T
ab
le
1
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
V
a
l
u
e
L
1
(
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
1
)
182
.
71
L
2
(
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
2
)
182
.
71
C
1
(
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
1
)
422
.
2
C
2
(
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
2
)
422
.
2
C
s
nubbe
r
(
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
)
10
R
s
nubbe
r
(
R
e
si
st
o
r
s
n
u
b
b
e
r
)
3
3
0
Ω
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
4
0
k
H
z
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
SS
A
an
d
GW
O
f
o
r
MPPT
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
cl
o
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
d
y
n
am
ic
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
AL
T
AI
R
PS
I
M
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
2
0
2
2
.
1
.
0
.
8
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
a
1
0
0
W
p
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
in
teg
r
ate
d
with
a
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
te
r
,
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
in
g
cir
cu
its
,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
em
b
ed
d
e
d
co
n
tr
o
l
b
lo
c
k
s
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
SS
A
an
d
GW
O
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
s
im
u
latio
n
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
o
th
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
m
ain
tain
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
at
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
latio
n
s
etu
p
in
AL
T
AI
R
PS
I
M
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
2
0
2
2
.
1
.
0
.
8
p
latf
o
r
m
T
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
th
e
PV
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
u
s
in
g
:
=
×
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
lated
p
o
wer
v
alu
e
was
u
s
ed
as
th
e
f
itn
ess
p
ar
am
eter
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
STC),
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
5
.
2
2
W
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
is
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
alu
e
was
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
b
o
th
o
p
tim
izatio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es.
Fig
u
r
e
6
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
SS
A
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
in
itial
o
p
er
atin
g
in
ter
v
al,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
en
ter
ed
an
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
s
tag
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
m
o
d
er
ate
o
s
cillato
r
y
m
o
v
em
en
t
wh
ile
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t.
T
h
i
s
tr
an
s
ien
t
b
eh
av
io
r
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
with
in
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
0
–
0
.
1
5
s
a
n
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
SS
A
u
n
d
er
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
PV c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1962
-
1
9
7
3
1968
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
c
u
r
v
e
P
-
V
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Po
wer
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
v
e
o
f
PV sy
s
tem
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
S
SA
-
b
ased
MPPT
Af
ter
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
p
h
ase,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
g
r
a
d
u
ally
c
o
n
v
er
g
e
d
to
war
d
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
an
d
s
tab
ilized
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
5
.
2
1
W
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
1
8
8
7
s
.
On
ce
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
was
ac
h
iev
ed
,
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
am
p
litu
d
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tab
le
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
p
er
ati
o
n
a
n
d
a
cc
u
r
ate
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
s
cillato
r
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
SS
A
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
b
alan
ce
s
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
en
ab
lin
g
r
ap
id
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
with
o
u
t
ex
c
ess
iv
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lts
also
in
d
icate
th
at
SS
A
m
ain
tain
ed
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
ap
id
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
W
h
en
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
lev
els
ch
an
g
ed
s
u
d
d
e
n
ly
,
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
r
elo
ca
tin
g
th
e
n
ew
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
with
m
in
im
al
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
an
d
r
elati
v
ely
s
h
o
r
t
r
ec
o
v
er
y
tim
e.
T
h
i
s
b
eh
av
io
r
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
SS
A
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
o
p
er
atin
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
v
a
r
ies
d
u
e
to
clo
u
d
m
o
v
em
e
n
t a
n
d
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
b
y
th
e
GW
O
-
b
ased
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Similar
to
SS
A,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
itially
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
d
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ea
r
ly
s
im
u
latio
n
in
ter
v
al.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
GW
O
ex
h
i
b
ited
lar
g
er
o
s
cillatio
n
am
p
litu
d
e
an
d
less
s
tab
le
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
r
e
ac
h
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
5
.
1
6
W
n
ea
r
0
.
1
8
9
2
s
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
d
ev
iated
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
o
p
er
atin
g
r
eg
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Sev
e
r
al
p
o
wer
d
r
o
p
s
b
el
o
w
2
0
W
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
in
d
icatin
g
u
n
s
tab
le
d
u
ty
cy
cle
ad
ap
tatio
n
an
d
s
lo
wer
r
ec
o
v
er
y
d
u
r
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
v
ar
iatio
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
SS
A,
th
e
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
e
q
u
i
r
ed
a
lo
n
g
e
r
s
tab
ilizatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
h
ig
h
er
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
s
cillatio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
i
n
s
tab
ilit
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
GW
O
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
p
r
im
a
r
ily
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
-
u
p
d
atin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ic
h
ten
d
s
to
g
en
er
ate
wid
er
s
ea
r
c
h
in
g
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
u
n
d
er
r
ap
i
d
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
o
p
er
ati
n
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
e
r
ates
f
ar
th
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
id
ea
l
d
u
ty
cy
cle
r
eg
io
n
,
ca
u
s
in
g
a
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
(
65.
21
W
;
0.
1887
s)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tio
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f S
S
A
a
n
d
GWO
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er p
o
in
t
…
(
I
n
d
h
a
n
a
S
u
d
ih
a
r
to
)
1969
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Po
wer
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
v
e
o
f
PV sy
s
tem
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
G
W
O
-
b
ased
MPPT
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
MPPT
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
b
tain
e
d
u
n
d
er
m
u
ltip
le
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
b
o
th
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wer
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
u
n
d
er
h
i
g
h
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Nev
er
t
h
eless
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
ec
a
m
e
m
o
r
e
ap
p
a
r
en
t a
s
th
e
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
lev
el
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
At
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²
an
d
5
5
°C
,
b
o
th
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ac
h
iev
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
v
alu
es
clo
s
e
to
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
MPP.
S
SA
g
en
er
ated
7
7
.
5
3
W
,
wh
ile
G
W
O
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
7
6
.
9
4
W
,
in
d
icatin
g
co
m
p
ar
a
b
le
tr
ac
k
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
-
en
er
g
y
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Similar
b
eh
av
io
r
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
8
0
0
W
/m
²,
wh
er
e
b
o
t
h
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
ain
tain
ed
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
n
ea
r
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
MP
P v
alu
e.
Un
d
er
m
o
d
er
ate
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
6
0
0
W
/m
²,
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
f
SS
A
b
ec
am
e
m
o
r
e
n
o
ticea
b
le.
SS
A
m
ain
tain
ed
s
tab
le
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
5
1
.
1
3
W
,
wh
er
ea
s
GW
O
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ev
iatio
n
an
d
o
n
l
y
ac
h
iev
ed
4
3
.
7
3
W
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
d
icate
s
th
at
SS
A
p
o
s
s
ess
es
s
tr
o
n
g
er
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
v
ar
iatio
n
.
At
lo
w
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
lev
els
o
f
2
0
0
W
/m
²,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
GW
O
b
ec
am
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
ev
er
e.
SS
A
r
em
ain
ed
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
e
x
tr
ac
tin
g
1
6
.
4
0
W
f
r
o
m
th
e
av
ailab
le
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
o
wer
o
f
1
8
.
1
7
W
,
wh
ile
GW
O
o
n
ly
g
en
er
ated
1
0
.
4
9
W
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
SS
A
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
ess
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
u
n
d
e
r
wea
k
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
co
m
m
o
n
ly
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
c
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
MPPT
s
im
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
u
n
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
en
t te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
lev
els
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m
2
)
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
℃
)
M
P
P
(W)
P
o
w
e
r
(W)
S
a
l
p
sw
a
r
m
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
G
r
e
y
w
o
l
f
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
1
0
0
0
55
7
8
.
1
1
7
7
.
5
3
7
6
.
9
4
8
0
0
50
6
5
.
2
2
6
5
.
2
1
6
5
.
1
6
6
0
0
45
5
1
.
4
7
5
1
.
1
3
4
3
.
7
3
4
0
0
40
3
5
.
5
8
3
5
.
0
6
3
5
.
0
9
2
0
0
35
1
8
.
1
7
1
6
.
4
0
1
0
.
4
9
Fig
u
r
e
8
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
SS
A
an
d
GW
O
r
ela
tiv
e
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
SS
A
cu
r
v
e
co
n
v
er
g
es
m
o
r
e
r
ap
id
ly
t
o
war
d
t
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
tr
ajec
to
r
y
an
d
m
ain
tain
s
s
m
aller
s
tead
y
-
s
ta
te
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
GW
O
ex
h
ib
its
wid
er
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
s
lo
wer
ad
ap
tatio
n
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
ch
a
n
g
es,
lead
in
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
r
ac
k
in
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
A
q
u
an
titativ
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
tr
ac
k
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
tim
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
SS
A
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ac
h
iev
ed
h
ig
h
e
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ac
r
o
s
s
n
ea
r
ly
all
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
MPPT
s
im
u
latio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m
2
)
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
℃
)
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
%)
M
P
P
t
i
me
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
(
s)
SSA
G
W
O
SSA
G
W
O
1
0
0
0
55
9
9
.
2
5
9
8
.
5
0
0
.
1
7
9
0
0
.
2
0
4
0
8
0
0
50
9
9
.
9
8
9
9
.
9
0
0
.
1
8
8
7
0
.
1
8
9
2
6
0
0
45
9
9
.
3
3
8
4
.
9
6
0
.
1
9
0
9
0
.
1
9
7
7
4
0
0
40
9
8
.
5
3
9
8
.
6
2
0
.
1
9
5
2
0
.
2
6
7
7
2
0
0
35
9
0
.
2
5
5
7
.
7
3
0
.
3
8
4
3
0
.
3
1
4
7
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
9
7
.
4
6
8
7
.
9
4
0
.
2
2
7
6
0
.
2
3
4
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
1962
-
1
9
7
3
1970
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
etwe
en
SS
A
an
d
GW
O
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
At
h
ig
h
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
lev
els,
b
o
th
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
ef
f
icien
cies
ab
o
v
e
9
8
%.
Ho
wev
er
,
u
n
d
er
m
ed
iu
m
an
d
lo
w
i
r
r
ad
i
an
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
g
ap
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
At
6
0
0
W
/m
²,
SS
A
ac
h
iev
ed
9
9
.
3
3
%
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
wh
ile
GW
O
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
to
8
4
.
9
6
%.
T
h
e
lar
g
est
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
at
2
0
0
W
/m
²,
wh
er
e
SS
A
m
ai
n
tain
ed
9
0
.
2
5
% a
cc
u
r
ac
y
a
n
d
GW
O
d
r
o
p
p
ed
to
o
n
ly
5
7
.
7
3
%.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
ity
o
f
SS
A.
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
tim
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
SS
A
was
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
2
2
7
6
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
GW
O
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
2
5
1
2
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
u
m
er
ical
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
ce
ap
p
ea
r
s
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all,
th
e
f
aster
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
o
f
SS
A
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
r
an
s
ien
t p
o
wer
lo
s
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
tab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
a
r
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
SS
A
is
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
its
ad
ap
tiv
e
lead
er
–
f
o
llo
wer
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
wh
ich
en
ab
les
s
m
o
o
th
er
m
o
v
em
en
t
to
war
d
th
e
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
u
m
wh
ile
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
o
s
cillatio
n
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
GW
O
ten
d
s
to
ex
h
ib
it
b
r
o
ad
e
r
s
ea
r
c
h
in
g
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
in
s
tab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
r
ap
i
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ch
an
g
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
t
r
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
r
esp
o
n
s
e
was
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le,
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le,
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
m
ain
tain
ed
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
er
io
d
,
with
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
ip
p
le
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
a
n
d
f
ast
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
p
a
r
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
s
in
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
m
o
d
el
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
SS
A
r
em
ain
e
d
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tab
le
MPPT
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
n
o
n
-
id
ea
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
b
o
th
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
was
a
ls
o
ev
alu
ated
f
o
r
p
o
te
n
tial
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
u
s
in
g
STM
3
2
-
b
ased
em
b
ed
d
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
SS
A
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
elativ
ely
s
tab
le
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
with
m
o
d
er
ate
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
s
tan
d
a
lo
n
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
r
ap
id
tr
ac
k
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
esen
t
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
was
li
m
ited
to
s
im
u
latio
n
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
te
n
tial
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
h
ar
d
war
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ta
tio
n
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
SS
A
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
MPPT
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
GW
O
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
s
p
ee
d
,
lo
w
-
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
SS
A
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
r
eliab
le
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
b
ased
M
PP
T
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
co
m
p
ac
t stan
d
alo
n
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
s
y
s
tem
s
o
p
er
atin
g
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ted
a
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
SS
A
an
d
GW
O
f
o
r
MPPT
in
a
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
1
0
0
W
p
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ically
c
h
an
g
in
g
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
AL
T
AI
R
PS
I
M
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
2
0
2
2
.
1
.
0
.
8
p
latf
o
r
m
,
SS
A
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
b
eh
av
io
r
,
tr
an
s
ien
t stab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
u
n
d
er
lo
w
-
ir
r
ad
i
an
ce
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
SS
A
was
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
m
ain
tain
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
cl
o
s
er
to
t
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
ac
r
o
s
s
all
o
p
e
r
atin
g
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ac
h
iev
ed
a
n
av
er
a
g
e
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
9
7
.
4
6
%
with
a
n
av
er
a
g
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
tim
e
o
f
0
.
2
2
7
6
s
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
GW
O
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
8
7
.
9
4
%
tr
ac
k
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
with
a
s
lo
wer
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
0
.
2
5
1
2
s
.
Un
d
er
lo
w
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
SS
A
r
em
ain
ed
s
tab
le
an
d
m
ain
tai
n
ed
ac
ce
p
tab
le
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
wh
ile
GW
O
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
s
cillatio
n
an
d
n
o
ticea
b
le
p
o
wer
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tio
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f S
S
A
a
n
d
GWO
a
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er p
o
in
t
…
(
I
n
d
h
a
n
a
S
u
d
ih
a
r
to
)
1971
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
SS
A
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
b
etter
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
,
e
n
ab
li
n
g
f
aster
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
MPPT
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
SS
A
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ac
t
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
r
a
p
id
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
f
l
u
ctu
atin
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
n
o
n
-
id
ea
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
r
ip
p
le
ef
f
ec
ts
,
also
in
d
icate
s
th
at
SS
A
m
ain
tain
s
r
eliab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
o
p
er
a
tin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
is
wo
r
k
r
e
m
a
in
s
lim
ited
to
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
y
et
in
clu
d
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
er
if
icatio
n
u
s
in
g
p
h
y
s
ical
h
ar
d
war
e
.
Facto
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
en
s
o
r
in
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
e
m
b
ed
d
e
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
elay
,
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
,
a
n
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
r
lim
itatio
n
s
wer
e
n
o
t
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
an
aly
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
SS
A
with
GW
O,
b
r
o
a
d
er
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
in
g
ag
ai
n
s
t
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
P&
O,
I
NC
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es is
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ev
alu
ati
o
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
u
s
in
g
em
b
e
d
d
ed
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
a
s
STM
3
2
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
v
alid
atio
n
u
n
d
er
p
r
ac
tical
o
p
e
r
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
p
ar
t
ial
s
h
ad
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
u
r
d
en
an
al
y
s
is
,
co
n
v
er
ter
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
with
o
th
er
in
tellig
en
t
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
als
o
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
t
o
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
s
ca
lab
il
ity
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
SS
A
-
b
ased
MPPT
s
y
s
t
em
s
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
g
r
atef
u
lly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
r
es
ea
r
ch
f
ac
ilit
ies
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
Po
litek
n
ik
E
lek
tr
o
n
ik
a
Neg
er
i
Su
r
a
b
ay
a
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
as
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
an
d
was
f
u
lly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
elf
-
f
u
n
d
e
d
r
esear
ch
g
r
an
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
also
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
all
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
co
llea
g
u
es wh
o
p
r
o
v
id
ed
tech
n
ical
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
will
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
in
tellig
en
t
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies an
d
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
i
cs a
p
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltai
c
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
,
s
elf
-
f
u
n
d
e
d
r
esear
ch
in
itiativ
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
tech
n
ical
ass
i
s
tan
ce
,
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
i
liti
es,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wer
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
Po
litek
n
ik
E
le
k
tr
o
n
i
k
a
Neg
er
i Su
r
ab
ay
a
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
l
etio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
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Vi
Su
P
Fu
I
n
d
h
a
n
a
Su
d
ih
ar
t
o
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Mo
ch
am
m
ad
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ch
m
u
d
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if
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Mu
h
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ad
Af
f
id
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r
ian
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y
ah
✓
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✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
af
f
ir
m
t
h
at
th
er
e
a
r
e
n
o
c
o
m
p
etin
g
in
ter
ests
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
All
d
ata
r
elev
an
t
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
with
in
th
e
m
a
in
ar
ticle
an
d
,
w
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er
e
ap
p
licab
le,
in
th
e
ac
co
m
p
an
y
in
g
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
m
ater
ials
.
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