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r
asti
ca
lly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
as
th
e
g
r
id
f
ac
ilit
y
is
av
ailab
le
d
ir
ec
tly
.
W
h
ile
r
u
r
al
an
d
r
e
m
o
te
ar
ea
s
a
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
e
av
aila
b
ilit
y
o
f
g
r
id
f
ac
ilit
ies
is
lim
ited
.
I
n
s
u
ch
ca
s
es,
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t o
f
an
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
is
d
if
f
icu
lt in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
Mo
r
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t (
R
&
D)
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
.
Als
o
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
o
r
ta
b
le
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
is
a
n
ew
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
in
I
n
d
ia.
A
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
(
S
PV
)
-
b
as
e
d
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
r
e
m
o
t
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
is
a
n
e
w
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
t
o
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
o
f
g
r
i
d
u
n
a
v
a
il
a
b
i
li
t
y
i
n
r
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
m
o
b
il
e
E
V
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
an
S
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
(
SP
V
)
,
a
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
P
E
C
)
[
4
]
,
a
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
i
n
g
u
n
i
t
,
a
n
d
a
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
E
V
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
t
a
n
y
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
t
i
m
e
.
I
t
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
a
n
x
i
et
y
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
E
V
,
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
E
V
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
m
a
n
y
t
e
ch
n
i
c
a
l
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
w
i
t
h
r
es
p
e
c
t
to
E
V
s
t
h
at
li
m
i
t
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
E
V
s
y
s
te
m
.
W
h
e
n
i
t
c
o
m
es
t
o
s
o
la
r
p
o
w
e
r
,
i
t
h
as
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
m
i
t
t
e
n
t
n
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
m
e
r
e
l
y
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
a
b
o
v
e
-
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
c
t
s
as
a
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
a
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
E
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
a
t
it
s
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
,
s
h
i
f
t
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
o
p
t
im
u
m
m
a
n
n
e
r
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
s
h
i
f
t
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
a
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
t
o
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
o
i
n
t
,
i
t
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
(
M
PP
)
.
T
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
f
s
h
i
f
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
w
a
y
i
s
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
as
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
(
M
PP
T
)
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
alg
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
(
I
C
A
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
e
r
t
u
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
a
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
(
PO
A
)
,
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
w
i
d
e
l
y
u
s
e
d
.
N
o
w
a
d
a
y
s
,
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
i
n
t
e
l
li
g
e
n
ce
(
A
I
)
-
b
a
s
e
d
M
P
P
T
[
6
]
i
s
e
m
e
r
g
i
n
g
i
n
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
E
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
T
h
e
A
I
-
b
a
s
e
d
M
P
P
T
i
s
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
t
o
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
al
a
l
g
o
r
i
th
m
s
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
t
r
ac
k
i
n
g
s
p
e
e
d
,
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
o
f
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
,
s
p
e
e
d
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
as
s
o
ci
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
m
u
l
tip
l
e
l
o
c
al
m
a
x
i
m
a
.
Al
s
o
,
t
h
e
A
I
M
P
P
T
[
7
]
s
h
o
w
s
s
ta
b
i
l
it
y
d
u
r
in
g
r
a
p
i
d
l
y
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
a
t
m
o
s
p
h
e
r
i
c
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
i
s
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
f
r
e
e
f
r
o
m
o
s
c
il
l
a
ti
o
n
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
M
P
P
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
a
t
,
a
t
r
a
d
i
ti
o
n
a
l
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
is
n
o
t
a
b
l
e
to
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
E
V
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
u
e
t
o
it
s
f
a
il
u
r
e
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
g
a
i
n
,
a
n
d
i
s
u
n
a
b
l
e
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
q
u
i
c
k
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
A
ls
o
,
t
h
e
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
al
D
C
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
8
]
i
s
u
n
a
b
l
e
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
h
as
p
o
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
u
n
d
e
s
i
r
a
b
le
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
an
in
tellig
en
ce
-
b
ased
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
alg
o
r
it
h
m
[
9
]
is
im
p
le
m
en
ted
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
s
p
ite
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
in
ter
leav
ed
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
e
D
C
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
ac
ts
as
an
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
d
ev
ice
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
u
n
i
t,
b
asically
ac
tin
g
as
an
ef
f
icien
t
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
in
te
r
leav
ed
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
m
in
im
izes
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le,
b
ala
n
ce
s
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tr
ess
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
,
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
-
b
ased
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
R
B
-
ML
A)
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
o
r
tab
le
E
V
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
g
en
e
r
ates
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
p
an
e
l
cu
r
r
en
t,
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
an
d
p
an
el
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
m
o
d
el
lear
n
s
th
e
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
b
etwe
en
p
an
el
in
p
u
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t
p
ar
am
et
er
s
an
d
g
en
e
r
ates
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
MPP,
wh
ich
is
d
esira
b
le
f
o
r
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
f
er
.
T
h
e
R
B
-
ML
A
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
ws
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
v
e
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
I
C
A
an
d
POA
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
R
B
-
ML
A
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
MPPT
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
p
ee
d
,
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
in
th
e
MPP r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
E
V
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
a
s
t
a
n
d
a
l
o
n
e
m
o
d
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
i
n
r
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
y
i
s
u
n
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
E
V
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
i
s
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
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I
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I
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2
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8
8
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4
I
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Dr
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D)
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
in
ter
leav
e
d
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
to
war
d
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
es
3
(
a)
a
n
d
3
(
b
)
.
T
o
b
u
ild
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
d
ataset,
a
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
SP
V
-
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
y
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
t
h
o
u
s
an
d
s
o
f
lab
elled
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
o
p
tim
al
o
p
e
r
atin
g
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
d
ataset
was
s
p
lit
in
to
8
0
%
tr
ai
n
in
g
a
n
d
2
0
%
te
s
tin
g
s
ets
to
co
n
f
ir
m
g
en
er
ali
za
tio
n
.
On
ce
t
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
is
d
o
n
e,
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
is
ex
p
o
r
ted
to
a
n
em
b
e
d
d
ed
C
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t u
s
in
g
T
e
n
s
o
r
Flo
w
L
ite
Mic
r
o
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
r
u
n
s
o
n
a
lo
w
-
p
o
we
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
E
SP
3
2
o
r
STM
3
2
)
,
in
te
r
f
a
cin
g
with
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
u
p
d
ate
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cl
e
o
f
th
e
in
ter
leav
e
d
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
s
te
p
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
im
p
l
em
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
R
B
-
ML
A
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
b
el
o
w:
˗
Step
1
: L
o
ad
ML
m
o
d
el
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
(
β
0
, β
1
, ..., β
n
)
˗
Step
2
: A
cq
u
ir
e
V
pv
, I
pv
,
T
,
G
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
s
˗
Step
3
: N
o
r
m
alize
f
ea
tu
r
es
˗
Step
4
: Co
m
p
u
te
d
u
ty
cy
cle:
D
=
β
0
+
β1
x
V
pv
+
β2
x
I
pv
+
β3
x
T
+
β4
x
G
˗
Step
5
: O
u
tp
u
t d
u
ty
cy
cle
t
o
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
co
n
tr
o
ller
˗
Step
6
: U
p
d
ate
ev
er
y
1
0
0
m
s
˗
Step
7
: L
o
o
p
b
ac
k
t
o
Step
2
T
h
o
s
e
s
ev
en
s
tep
s
ar
e
in
cu
lcat
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Po
r
ta
b
le
s
o
lar
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
:
(
a)
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
(
b
)
ML
MPPT
c
o
n
tr
o
l
2
.
4
.
Ste
ps
f
o
r
t
he
s
im
ula
t
io
n
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
r
tab
le
E
V
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
,
in
clu
d
in
g
SP
V
ar
r
a
y
,
in
ter
leav
e
d
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
R
B
-
ML
A,
an
d
E
V
lo
ad
,
is
s
im
u
la
ted
in
MA
T
L
AB
/
Simu
lin
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
clu
d
ed
v
ar
iab
le
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
W
/m
²
to
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²
an
d
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
v
ar
ied
b
etwe
en
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
2247
-
2
2
5
8
2252
25
°C
an
d
4
5
°C
.
T
h
ese
ex
ter
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
er
e
ch
o
s
en
to
r
ef
lect
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
o
lar
av
ailab
ilit
y
in
r
u
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Sy
s
tem
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was e
v
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
k
e
y
m
etr
ics:
˗
MPPT
e
f
f
icien
cy
(
%)
:
R
atio
o
f
tr
ac
k
ed
p
o
wer
to
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
.
˗
R
esp
o
n
s
e
t
im
e
(
s
)
: T
im
e
tak
en
to
r
ea
ch
MPP u
n
d
er
ch
a
n
g
in
g
in
p
u
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
˗
C
h
ar
g
in
g
t
im
e
(
h
)
: T
im
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
ed
to
ch
a
r
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
t
o
f
u
l
l state
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e.
R
esu
lts
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
ag
ai
n
s
t
tr
ad
itio
n
al
POA
an
d
I
C
A
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
s
h
o
wca
s
e
th
e
r
elativ
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
ac
k
in
g
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
tep
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
R
B
-
ML
A
f
o
r
a
p
o
r
ta
b
le
E
V
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
f
lo
wc
h
ar
t
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
llo
wed
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
B
-
ML
A
in
teg
r
ated
with
an
in
ter
leav
ed
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
f
o
r
p
o
r
ta
b
le
s
o
lar
-
b
ased
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
i
n
s
with
ch
ec
k
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
lo
ad
r
atin
g
,
b
atter
y
s
ize
an
d
ass
u
m
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
SP
V
p
an
el
s
izin
g
is
esti
m
ated
o
n
ce
th
e
E
V
lo
ad
is
f
ix
e
d
an
d
b
ased
u
p
o
n
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
lo
ad
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
,
th
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
i
n
ter
f
ac
e,
s
u
ch
as
an
i
n
ter
leav
ed
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
p
r
ac
tical
v
al
u
es.
T
h
is
d
ataset
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
b
ase
f
o
r
tr
ai
n
in
g
a
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
m
ac
h
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
el
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
cik
it
-
lear
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
1
6
]
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
to
m
i
n
im
ized
p
r
e
d
i
ctio
n
er
r
o
r
.
As s
o
o
n
as th
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
d
ataset
is
co
m
p
lete
d
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
o
r
ted
to
an
em
b
ed
d
ed
-
c
o
m
p
atib
le
f
o
r
m
at
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
m
icr
o
co
n
t
r
o
ller
s
lik
e
t
h
e
E
SP
3
2
o
r
STM
3
2
v
er
s
io
n
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
,
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
es
th
e
SP
V
ar
r
ay
,
b
atter
y
,
in
te
r
leav
ed
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
R
B
-
ML
A.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
ev
alu
ated
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
a
n
d
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
atr
i
x
,
s
u
ch
as
tr
ac
k
in
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l,
lik
e
POA
an
d
I
C
A
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
tep
in
cl
u
d
es
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
cy
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
,
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
h
elp
s
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
en
tire
p
o
r
tab
le
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
with
p
r
ac
tical
asp
ec
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Step
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
RB
-
MLA
f
o
r
p
o
r
ta
b
le
E
V
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
p
o
r
t
ab
le
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
SP
V
p
an
el
m
o
d
el,
an
in
ter
lea
v
ed
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
m
o
d
el,
an
E
V
lo
ad
,
a
b
atter
y
,
an
d
a
n
R
B
-
MLA
-
b
ased
MPPT
b
lo
ck
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
[
1
8
]
in
clu
d
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
ef
f
i
cien
c
y
,
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
tim
e,
p
o
wer
r
ip
p
le,
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e,
an
d
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
av
e
d
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
R
B
-
MLA
-
b
ased
MPPT
is
ev
alu
ated
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
POA)
an
d
in
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
I
C
A)
.
Als
o
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
o
r
tab
le
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
is
an
aly
ze
d
with
r
e
al
-
tim
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
p
o
r
ta
b
le
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
SP
V
p
an
el,
a
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
b
l
o
ck
,
a
b
atter
y
,
an
d
an
E
V
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
d
esig
n
ed
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
b
etter
ef
f
icien
cy
,
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
eg
m
e
n
t r
eg
u
lates
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
as
th
e
SP
V
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t
f
lu
ctu
ates
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
b
lo
c
k
[
1
9
]
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t
is
o
p
er
ated
in
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
way
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it
is
m
o
d
elle
d
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
it
en
s
u
r
es
a
n
u
n
in
te
r
r
u
p
tib
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
t
o
th
e
p
o
r
tab
le
E
V
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
ea
ch
s
eg
m
en
t m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
th
e
Sim
u
lin
k
m
o
d
el
is
b
r
ief
ly
p
r
esen
te
d
in
th
e
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
b
elo
w.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
o
ve
l m
a
ch
i
n
e
lea
r
n
in
g
b
a
s
ed
ma
ximu
m
p
o
w
er p
o
in
t
tr
a
c
kin
g
in
in
terl
ea
ve
d
…
(
C
.
N
ir
a
n
ja
n
a
)
2253
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
3
.
3
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
M
P
P
T
co
ntr
o
l f
o
r
E
V
cha
rg
ing
s
y
s
t
em
To
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
R
B
-
ML
A
s
tr
ateg
y
,
a
s
er
ies
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
s
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
ag
ain
s
t
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
POA
a
n
d
I
C
A
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
atr
ix
,
s
u
ch
as
tr
ac
k
in
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e,
r
ip
p
le
co
n
te
n
t,
an
d
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ile,
is
ev
alu
ated
.
Als
o
,
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
R
B
-
ML
A
an
d
h
o
w
it e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
tr
ac
k
s
th
e
MPP.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MPPT
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
t is o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as POA
an
d
I
C
A,
R
B
-
ML
A
s
h
o
ws
9
7
.
2
%
o
f
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
wh
ic
h
is
a
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
As
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
POA
an
d
I
C
A,
R
B
-
ML
A
co
n
v
er
g
es
at
0
.
9
s
,
wh
er
e
POA
an
d
I
C
A
co
n
v
er
g
e
at
1
.
8
s
an
d
1
.
4
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
p
o
wer
s
tab
ilit
y
,
R
B
-
ML
A
s
h
o
ws
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
i
th
m
s
s
u
ch
as
PO
A
an
d
I
C
A.
T
h
e
R
B
-
ML
A
tak
es
o
n
ly
4
.
3
h
o
u
r
s
to
c
o
m
p
lete
th
e
f
u
ll
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
th
e
lith
iu
m
ir
o
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
ate
(
L
iFePO₄)
b
atter
y
[
2
1
]
,
wh
er
ea
s
I
C
A
tak
es
5
.
2
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
POA
tak
es
5
.
6
h
o
u
r
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
as th
e
R
B
-
ML
A
s
h
o
ws f
aster
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
wh
ich
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
b
ar
d
ia
g
r
am
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
S
l
.
N
o
M
P
P
T
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
Tr
a
c
k
i
n
g
t
i
me
(
s)
P
o
w
e
r
r
i
p
p
l
e
(
%)
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
(0
–
1
0
0
%) (h
)
1
P
O
A
9
1
.
4
1
.
8
6
.
3
5
.
6
2
I
N
C
9
2
.
7
1
.
4
5
.
1
5
.
2
3
RB
-
M
LA
9
7
.
2
0
.
9
2
.
8
4
.
3
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
a
n
d
th
e
R
B
-
ML
A
alg
o
r
ith
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
2247
-
2
2
5
8
2254
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
o
r
tab
le
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
is
te
s
ted
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
W
/m
2
to
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
,
R
B
-
ML
A
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
p
o
we
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
u
n
d
er
ea
ch
s
o
la
r
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
R
B
-
ML
A
o
v
er
POA
is
1
0
.
9
3
%
in
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
wh
er
ea
s
5
.
2
2
%
was
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
v
er
I
C
A
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
2
]
.
W
h
en
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
r
ea
c
h
ed
8
0
0
W
/m
²,
R
B
-
ML
A
p
ea
k
ed
at
6
3
5
W
,
k
ee
p
in
g
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
v
er
I
C
A
(
6
1
0
W
)
an
d
POA
(
5
8
0
W
)
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
f
ile
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t M
PP
T
co
n
tr
o
l a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
c
h
ec
k
th
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
u
n
d
er
th
r
ee
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
:
P&
O,
I
NC
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
B
-
ML
A
m
eth
o
d
.
On
ce
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
1
h
o
u
r
,
th
e
R
B
-
ML
A
ac
h
iev
ed
a
s
tat
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
[
2
3
]
o
f
2
3
%,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
ah
ea
d
o
f
I
C
A
(
1
8
%)
an
d
POA
(
1
4
%).
T
h
is
ea
r
ly
-
s
tag
e
p
r
o
c
o
n
tin
u
ed
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
cy
cle.
At
h
o
u
r
t
h
r
ee
,
th
e
R
B
-
ML
A
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
ea
ch
ed
6
1
%
SOC
,
wh
er
ea
s
I
C
A
an
d
POA
o
n
ly
m
an
a
g
ed
5
2
%
an
d
4
6
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
B
y
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
h
o
u
r
,
th
e
RB
-
ML
A
ch
ar
g
ed
th
e
b
atter
y
to
8
3
%,
wh
e
r
ea
s
I
C
A
was
at
7
1
%,
an
d
POA
tr
ailed
with
6
4
%.
T
h
e
R
B
-
MLA
-
b
ased
co
n
t
r
o
ller
r
ea
ch
ed
f
u
ll
c
h
ar
g
e
(
1
0
0
%
SOC
)
with
in
5
.
5
h
o
u
r
s
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
9
6
%
(
I
C
A)
an
d
9
0
%
(
POA)
in
th
e
s
am
e
d
u
r
atio
n
,
wh
ich
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
b
a
tter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
f
ile
[
2
4
]
o
f
a
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
tr
ad
itio
n
al
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
ML
-
b
ased
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
is
s
h
o
wn
u
s
in
g
ar
ea
a
n
d
b
a
r
d
iag
r
am
s
in
Fig
u
r
es 7
(
a)
a
n
d
7
(
b
)
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Po
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
v
s
.
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t M
PP
T
alg
o
r
ith
m
S
l
.
N
o
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m²
)
P
O
A
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
(W)
I
N
C
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
(W)
RB
-
M
LA
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
(W)
1
2
0
0
1
4
8
1
5
6
1
6
5
2
4
0
0
2
9
0
3
1
0
3
3
0
3
6
0
0
4
3
0
4
5
6
4
8
5
4
8
0
0
5
8
0
6
1
0
6
3
5
5
1
0
0
0
7
0
5
7
3
0
7
5
5
T
ab
le
4
.
C
h
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ile
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l a
lg
o
r
ith
m
S
.
N
o
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
(
h
)
P
O
A
S
O
C
(
%)
I
C
A
S
O
C
(
%)
RB
-
M
LA
S
O
C
(
%)
1
1
1
4
%
1
8
%
2
3
%
2
2
2
9
%
3
4
%
4
2
%
3
3
4
6
%
5
2
%
6
1
%
4
4
6
4
%
7
1
%
8
3
%
5
5
8
2
%
8
8
%
9
8
%
6
5
.
5
9
0
%
9
6
%
1
0
0
%
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
r
o
f
ile
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
:
(
a)
ar
ea
p
lo
t
an
d
(
b
)
b
ar
d
iag
r
a
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
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ve
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a
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e
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2255
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ich
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r
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o
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o
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le
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f
-
g
r
id
an
d
r
u
r
al
p
lace
m
en
ts
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
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o
ten
tial
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d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
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alg
o
r
i
th
m
s
is
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r
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ted
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
ab
le
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
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alg
o
r
ith
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o
n
h
ar
v
ested
en
e
r
g
y
.
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h
e
r
esu
lts
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o
w
th
at
th
e
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ML
A
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alg
o
r
ith
m
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
tr
a
d
i
tio
n
al
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r
ith
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s
s
u
ch
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d
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C
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ter
m
s
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ested
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er
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e
r
ag
e
en
er
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ef
f
icien
cy
,
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d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
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tili
za
tio
n
o
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tim
e.
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h
e
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ld
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ar
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est
3
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h
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en
er
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er
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r
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m
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ar
e
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to
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e
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d
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C
A
M
PP
T
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s
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n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
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er
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e
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o
ws
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6
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f
ef
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y
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m
p
ar
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d
I
C
A
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o
r
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m
s
.
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h
e
co
m
p
lete
ch
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r
g
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
o
r
tab
le
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V
ch
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r
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
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m
p
leted
b
y
th
e
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B
-
MLA
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b
ased
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alg
o
r
ith
m
in
4
.
9
h
o
u
r
s
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er
ea
s
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C
A
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n
s
u
m
e
5
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o
u
r
s
an
d
5
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3
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o
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r
s
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r
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tiv
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y
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h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
POA,
I
C
A,
an
d
R
B
-
MLA
-
b
ased
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
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t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
th
e
R
B
-
ML
A
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
d
ic
ates
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q
u
ick
r
esp
o
n
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e
with
0
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9
s
,
0
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8
s
,
an
d
0
.
1
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
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r
a
d
ian
ce
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
o
f
4
0
0
to
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0
0
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/m
2
,
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0
0
to
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0
0
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,
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d
6
0
0
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0
0
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/m
2
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r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
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h
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
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B
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ML
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o
r
ith
m
in
th
e
r
a
p
id
ly
c
h
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g
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
p
r
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te
d
in
Fig
u
r
es 8
(
a)
a
n
d
8
(
b
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.
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ab
le
5
.
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n
er
g
y
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ar
v
ested
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v
e
r
a
6
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h
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r
o
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er
ati
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n
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u
r
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itio
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l
.
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P
T
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l
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r
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t
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En
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r
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st
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h
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v
e
r
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g
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e
f
f
i
c
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e
n
c
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f
e
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t
i
v
e
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t
i
l
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z
a
t
i
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n
t
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m
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r
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1
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O
A
3
5
6
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9
1
.
1
5
.
6
2
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C
A
3
7
1
5
9
2
.
5
5
.
3
3
RB
-
M
LA
3
9
5
2
9
6
.
5
4
.
9
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
MPPT
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
es
:
(
a)
r
ap
id
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
c
h
a
n
g
e
an
d
(
b
)
f
in
al
s
ettlin
g
p
o
wer
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
p
r
esen
ted
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
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iv
e
d
esig
n
,
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
v
ali
d
atio
n
o
f
a
n
ew
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
-
b
ased
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
R
B
-
ML
A)
s
tr
ateg
y
em
b
ed
d
ed
with
a
n
in
ter
leav
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b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
p
o
r
ta
b
le
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
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h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
was
t
y
p
ically
f
in
e
-
tu
n
e
d
to
s
u
it
r
u
r
al
an
d
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
tly
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d
o
p
tim
ally
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
in
to
th
e
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c
o
n
tr
o
ller
en
ab
led
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ad
a
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tatio
n
to
r
ap
id
ly
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ar
y
in
g
atm
o
s
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h
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n
d
itio
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s
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th
er
e
b
y
d
r
asti
ca
lly
en
h
a
n
cin
g
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
an
d
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Simu
latio
n
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
u
n
d
er
r
ap
i
d
ly
ch
an
g
i
n
g
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
clea
r
ly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
:
2247
-
2
2
5
8
2256
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
ity
o
f
th
e
R
B
-
ML
A
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
v
e
r
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
e
r
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
POA)
an
d
in
c
r
em
en
tal
c
o
n
d
u
ctan
ce
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
I
C
A)
.
T
h
e
R
B
-
ML
A
ac
h
iev
ed
a
p
ea
k
tr
a
ck
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
9
7
.
2
%,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
9
2
.
7
% a
n
d
9
1
.
4
% f
o
r
I
C
A
an
d
POA,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it sh
o
wca
s
ed
th
e
q
u
ick
e
r
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
tim
e
o
f
0
.
9
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
e
l
o
west
p
o
wer
r
ip
p
le
co
n
ten
t
o
f
2
.
8
%,
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
t
o
tal
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
to
4
.
3
h
o
u
r
s
—
a
d
r
asti
c
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
v
er
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
es
also
en
s
u
r
ed
h
ig
h
er
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
(
3
9
5
2
W
h
)
an
d
s
h
o
r
ter
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
d
u
r
atio
n
s
(
4
.
9
h
o
u
r
s
)
u
s
in
g
th
e
R
B
-
ML
A
u
n
d
e
r
s
im
u
lated
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
o
lar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
atter
y
m
o
d
ellin
g
r
esu
lts
f
u
r
th
e
r
v
alid
ated
s
y
s
tem
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
s
h
o
win
g
s
m
o
o
th
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
f
iles
alig
n
ed
with
lith
iu
m
ir
o
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
ate
(
L
iFePO₄)
ch
em
is
tr
y
.
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h
e
R
B
-
ML
A
p
r
esen
ted
o
p
tim
al
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
v
o
ltag
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
e,
q
u
ic
k
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e.
A
lto
g
eth
er
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
B
-
ML
A
in
teg
r
ated
s
y
s
tem
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
o
f
s
o
lar
-
b
ase
d
p
o
r
tab
le
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Als
o
,
it
m
a
k
es
a
tech
n
ically
v
ia
b
le
an
d
p
r
ac
tically
co
n
v
en
ie
n
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
a
r
ea
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
o
l
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
-
ass
is
ted
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
(
R
E
S)
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
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N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
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NC
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[
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.
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