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Adv
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Vo
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9
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SS
N:
2252
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DOI
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de
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VL
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te
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in
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g
[
1
]
–
[
3
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.
T
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k
s
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[
3
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–
[
5
]
.
T
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-
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Var
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v
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
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N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
On
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r
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[
4
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6
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ased
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ased
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VL
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s
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f
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m
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s
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e
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tim
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d
e
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ig
n
als
f
r
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m
n
o
r
t
h
-
s
o
u
th
(N
-
S)
a
n
d
ea
s
t
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west
(E
-
W
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d
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s
,
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s
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co
n
s
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t
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eq
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cy
r
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e
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s
im
u
ltan
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s
ly
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ca
u
s
in
g
in
ter
f
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ce
with
b
r
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b
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d
VL
F
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
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r
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th
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tu
d
y
co
m
p
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m
en
ts
g
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VL
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o
b
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s
b
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D
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th
r
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ter
m
VL
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m
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r
em
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n
ca
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s
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n
d
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d
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d
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ELF
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VL
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atm
o
s
p
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ad
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s
cien
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.
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h
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ch
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h
–
i
o
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s
p
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c
a
v
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y
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
Sfe
r
ics
ar
e
im
p
u
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b
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b
an
d
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is
s
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(
0
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Hz)
f
r
o
m
lig
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in
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p
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a
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icien
tly
t
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g
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E
ar
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[
7
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,
[
8
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.
R
e
c
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t g
l
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d
i
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[
9
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,
[
1
1
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,
[
1
2
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d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
E
L
F/VLF
r
e
s
o
n
an
ce
p
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s
ar
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m
o
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u
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b
y
s
o
lar
an
d
g
eo
m
ag
n
etic
ac
tiv
ity
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
lig
h
tn
in
g
-
g
en
e
r
ated
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
et
ic
e
n
er
g
y
co
u
p
les
d
y
n
am
ically
with
th
e
m
a
g
n
eto
s
p
h
er
e.
At
eq
u
ato
r
ial
latitu
d
es,
th
e
io
n
o
s
p
h
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ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ex
h
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its
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h
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ce
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v
ar
iab
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d
u
e
to
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h
tn
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o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
[1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
m
ak
e
eq
u
ato
r
ial
VL
F
s
tu
d
ies
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
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g
r
e
g
io
n
al
io
n
o
s
p
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s
tr
u
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e,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
in
co
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p
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ated
in
t
o
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b
al
p
r
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p
ag
ati
o
n
an
d
p
r
ed
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n
m
o
d
els
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
m
id
-
to
h
ig
h
-
latitu
d
e
r
eg
i
o
n
s
,
leav
in
g
lim
ited
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
VL
F
s
ig
n
al
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
in
eq
u
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ial
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
lig
h
tn
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
ex
is
tin
g
m
ac
h
in
e
-
lear
n
i
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g
ap
p
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h
es
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
f
u
lly
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
,
h
i
g
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
VL
F
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
in
d
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d
b
y
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
lig
h
tn
in
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ev
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n
ts
in
th
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D
-
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.
T
h
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r
e,
t
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r
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s
a
n
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d
f
o
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in
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g
r
ated
ap
p
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ac
h
th
at
co
m
b
in
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VL
F
o
b
s
er
v
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s
an
d
ad
v
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ce
d
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
els
to
im
p
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d
etec
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d
p
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s
p
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d
is
tu
r
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an
ce
s
in
eq
u
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r
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n
s
.
Fu
r
th
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m
o
r
e
,
tr
a
n
s
f
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ma
tr
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aly
s
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d
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im
u
latio
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f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
[
1
5
]
s
h
o
w
th
at
lo
wer
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io
n
o
s
p
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an
is
o
tr
o
p
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ig
n
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f
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tly
alter
s
VL
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wav
e
d
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p
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5
0
k
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ex
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.
T
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l
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t
p
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v
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t
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ex
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f
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in
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3.
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o
o
p
e
r
a
t
io
n
w
i
t
h
s
c
i
en
t
i
s
t
s
f
r
o
m
S
t
an
f
o
r
d
U
n
iv
e
r
s
i
ty
.
I
t
in
c
l
u
d
e
s
t
w
o
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
a
l
a
ir
-
co
r
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
-
l
o
o
p
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
(
N
–
S
a
n
d
E
–
W
d
ir
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
)
,
a
p
r
e
-
a
m
p
l
if
i
e
r
,
a
g
l
o
b
a
l
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
GP
S
)
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
,
an
d
a
d
a
t
a
-
ac
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
e
c
o
r
d
s
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
d
at
a
a
t
a
1
0
0
k
H
z
s
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
r
a
te
a
n
d
n
a
r
r
o
wb
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
er
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
1
7
–
2
2
k
H
z.
T
h
e
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
s
e
n
s
it
i
v
i
t
y
i
s
6
m
V
/
m
i
n
th
e
0
.
1
–
5
0
k
H
z
r
an
g
e
w
i
th
a
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
r
an
g
e
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
at
e
l
y
1
0
0
d
B
.
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
a
r
am
e
t
e
r
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
,
h
u
m
id
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
l
l
i
g
h
t
n
in
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
ty
w
e
r
e
c
o
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
l
y
lo
g
g
ed
t
o
ev
a
lu
a
t
e
e
x
t
er
n
a
l
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
s
o
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
[
4
]
.
S
i
t
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
co
n
v
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
c
t
i
v
it
y
n
e
a
r
th
e
eq
u
a
t
o
r
i
a
l
b
e
l
t
o
f
t
en
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
s
l
o
c
a
l
n
o
i
s
e
f
lo
o
r
s
,
re
q
u
i
r
in
g
a
d
ap
t
i
v
e
f
i
l
t
er
i
n
g
s
tr
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
[
1
5
]
.
Sig
n
al
class
if
icatio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
ased
o
n
wav
e
f
o
r
m
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
:
i
)
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
f
er
ics
,
i
i
)
twee
k
s
with
d
esc
en
d
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
to
n
es
,
iii
)
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
n
ar
r
o
wb
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
ig
n
als,
an
d
iv
)
n
atu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
ad
io
n
o
is
e.
T
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
m
atr
ix
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
(
MA
T
L
AB
)
-
b
ased
s
p
ec
tr
al
an
aly
s
is
an
d
au
t
o
m
at
ed
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
was
ca
lib
r
ated
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
p
h
ase
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
am
p
litu
d
e
r
ef
er
e
n
cin
g
.
4.
O
B
SE
RVAT
I
O
NS A
N
D
DIS
CUSS
I
O
NS
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
s
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
2
2
J
u
ly
2
0
0
9
r
e
v
ea
led
d
is
tin
ct
d
iu
r
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
D
u
r
in
g
d
ay
tim
e,
s
tr
o
n
g
atten
u
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
d
u
e
to
en
h
an
ce
d
D
-
r
eg
io
n
io
n
iz
atio
n
,
wh
ile
n
ig
h
ttime
d
ata
ex
h
ib
ited
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
twee
k
s
an
d
s
f
er
ics
p
r
o
p
ag
ati
o
n
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
elec
tr
o
n
d
en
s
ity
[
5
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
Q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SNR
)
d
u
r
in
g
n
ig
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
ex
ce
ed
e
d
d
ay
tim
e
v
al
u
es
b
y
12
–
1
5
d
B
,
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
er
lo
w
-
io
n
izatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
am
p
litu
d
e
-
p
e
r
tu
r
b
atio
n
r
ate
c
o
r
r
elate
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
with
lo
ca
l
lig
h
tn
in
g
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
(
r
≈
0
.
7
8
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
-
io
n
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
two
asp
ec
ts
o
f
VL
F
s
ig
n
al
an
al
y
s
is
,
wh
er
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
illu
s
tr
ates
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
am
p
litu
d
e
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
VL
F
s
ig
n
als
d
u
r
in
g
d
ay
an
d
n
ig
h
t,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
d
e
p
icts
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
s
o
lar
f
lar
es o
n
am
p
litu
d
e
[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
T
h
ese
an
aly
s
es
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
a
n
d
lig
h
t
n
in
g
jo
i
n
tly
m
o
d
u
late
th
e
eq
u
at
o
r
ial
io
n
o
s
p
h
er
e
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
h
u
m
id
ity
>
8
0
%
a
n
d
th
ick
co
n
v
ec
tiv
e
clo
u
d
s
p
r
ec
ed
ed
m
o
s
t
s
tr
o
n
g
VL
F
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
[
1
9
]
.
Su
c
h
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
en
h
a
n
ce
d
lig
h
tn
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
an
d
r
aised
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
n
o
is
e
f
lo
o
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
alig
n
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
eq
u
ato
r
ial
VL
F
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
]
–
[
4
]
,
[
6
]
–
[
1
9
]
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
r
ef
in
in
g
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
–
io
n
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
m
o
d
els.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
On
e
-
d
a
y
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f n
a
tu
r
a
l s
o
u
n
d
vi
a
ve
r
y
lo
w
fr
eq
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en
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s
ig
n
a
l fro
m
Ma
la
ysia
n
io
n
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
(
S
u
r
ya
d
i)
905
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Am
p
litu
d
e
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
VL
F si
g
n
als d
u
r
in
g
d
ay
a
n
d
n
ig
h
t a
n
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
M
-
a
n
d
class
-
s
o
lar
f
lar
es
o
n
p
h
ase
d
elay
an
d
am
p
litu
d
e
:
(
a)
d
a
y
tim
e
an
d
n
ig
h
ttime
am
p
litu
d
e
s
p
ec
tr
a;
an
d
(
b
)
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
s
o
lar
f
lar
es
o
n
am
p
litu
d
e.
4
.
1
.
V
er
y
lo
w
f
re
qu
ency
s
ig
na
l da
t
a
pro
ce
s
s
ing
Data
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
f
ilte
r
in
g
,
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
.
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
as
t
F
o
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
FF
T
)
to
e
x
tr
ac
t
d
o
m
i
n
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
b
etwe
en
0
.
1
–
5
0
k
Hz.
A
r
ak
e
f
ilter
an
d
a
h
ig
h
-
p
ass
f
ilter
(
>2
k
Hz)
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
6
0
Hz
p
o
wer
-
lin
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
an
d
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
n
o
is
e
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
lim
ited
d
atasets
an
d
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
with
f
aste
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
AI
-
b
a
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
e
la
r
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
tr
ain
in
g
tim
e
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
d
em
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
lear
n
i
n
g
o
r
a
d
ap
tiv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
.
Sp
ec
tr
o
g
r
am
s
wer
e
g
e
n
er
ated
with
1
0
m
s
tim
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
f
ea
t
u
r
e
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
class
if
icatio
n
.
Natu
r
al
-
s
o
u
n
d
s
ig
n
als
s
u
ch
as
s
f
er
ics
an
d
twee
k
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
th
eir
s
p
ec
tr
al
p
atter
n
s
:
s
h
o
r
t
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
r
s
ts
f
o
r
s
f
er
ics
a
n
d
d
escen
d
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
to
n
es
f
o
r
twee
k
s
.
Dete
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
an
FF
T
-
b
ased
ev
en
t
d
etec
t
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
a
n
d
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
an
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
4
4
b
alls
o
r
twee
k
s
p
er
h
o
u
r
,
with
n
ig
h
ttime
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
tw
ice
as
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
as
d
a
y
tim
e
o
c
cu
r
r
en
ce
s
.
Sig
n
al
-
p
o
we
r
d
en
s
ity
v
ar
ied
b
etwe
en
10
-
7
an
d
1
0
-
4
V
2
/m
2
/Hz
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
lig
h
tn
i
n
g
p
r
o
x
im
i
ty
,
co
m
p
a
r
ab
le
to
m
o
d
eled
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
lev
els
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
[
1
5
]
.
R
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
s
also
ap
p
ly
h
y
b
r
id
AI
m
o
d
els,
s
u
ch
as
m
u
lti
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
lin
ea
r
elem
en
t
(
MA
DAL
I
NE
)
,
m
o
d
if
ied
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
MN
N)
,
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
P
SO)
,
to
r
ef
in
e
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
VL
F
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
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2
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2
6
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m
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~2
k
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[
2
5
]
.
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ly
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,
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d
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o
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d
[
2
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
2252
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[
3
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h
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ter
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u
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I
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DATA AV
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RE
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
Y
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.
,
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l
.
6
6
,
n
o
.
3
–
4
,
2
0
2
1
.
[
6
]
S
.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ex
a
mi
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
V
LF
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
n
o
w
c
a
st
i
n
g
so
l
a
r
f
l
a
r
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
mea
s
u
r
e
me
n
t
s
i
n
A
n
t
a
r
c
t
i
c
a
,
”
Re
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
si
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
r
s1
6
1
2
2
0
9
2
.
[
7
]
R
.
K
a
t
a
o
k
a
,
S
.
N
a
k
a
n
o
,
a
n
d
S
.
F
u
j
i
t
a
,
“
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
-
b
a
se
d
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
o
n
o
s
p
h
e
r
i
c
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
se
t
o
so
l
a
r
w
i
n
d
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
Ea
r
t
h
,
P
l
a
n
e
t
s
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
7
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s4
0
6
2
3
-
0
2
3
-
0
1
8
9
6
-
3.
[
8
]
H
.
S
h
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
V
LF
t
r
a
n
s
mi
t
t
e
r
si
g
n
a
l
s
u
s
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
mo
d
e
l
s,
”
Re
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
si
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
r
s1
7
0
5
0
8
7
1
.
[
9
]
C
.
M
.
C
a
l
d
e
r
o
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
i
m
u
l
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
E
LF/VLF
e
m
i
ssi
o
n
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
b
y
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
ma
g
n
e
t
o
s
p
h
e
r
i
c
c
o
m
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
,
”
E
a
r
t
h
,
P
l
a
n
e
t
s
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
7
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s4
0
6
2
3
-
025
-
0
2
1
7
0
-
4.
[
1
0
]
N
.
C
h
e
r
r
y
,
“
S
c
h
u
ma
n
n
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
s,
a
p
l
a
u
si
b
l
e
b
i
o
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
me
c
h
a
n
i
sm
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
S
o
l
a
r
,
”
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
H
a
za
r
d
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
9
–
3
3
1
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
0
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
2
3
/
A
:
1
0
1
5
6
3
7
1
2
7
5
0
4
.
[
1
1
]
J.
R
.
C
a
mac
h
o
,
A
.
S
a
l
i
n
a
s,
M
.
C
.
C
a
r
r
i
ó
n
,
J
.
P
o
r
t
í
,
J.
F
.
C
a
l
l
e
j
ó
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
T
.
R
e
d
o
n
d
o
,
“
F
o
u
r
y
e
a
r
st
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
S
c
h
u
ma
n
n
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
S
i
e
r
r
a
N
e
v
a
d
a
st
a
t
i
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
‐
b
a
se
d
m
a
g
n
e
t
o
m
e
t
e
r
s,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
G
e
o
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
:
At
m
o
sp
h
e
res
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
2
9
/
2
0
2
1
JD
0
3
6
0
5
1
.
[
1
2
]
A
.
S
a
l
i
n
a
s,
J.
R
.
C
a
m
a
c
h
o
,
J.
P
o
r
t
í
,
M
.
C
.
C
a
r
r
i
ó
n
,
J
.
F
.
C
a
l
l
e
j
ó
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
T.
R
e
d
o
n
d
o
,
“
S
c
h
u
ma
n
n
r
e
so
n
a
n
c
e
d
a
t
a
p
r
o
c
e
s
si
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
-
y
e
a
r
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
r
o
m
S
i
e
r
r
a
N
e
v
a
d
a
ELF
st
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
&
G
e
o
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
5
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
a
g
e
o
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
5
1
4
8
.
[
1
3
]
Z.
K
o
o
c
h
a
k
a
n
d
A
.
F
.
S
m
i
t
h
,
“
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
st
a
t
i
o
n
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
a
z
i
mu
t
h
a
n
d
t
i
m
e
o
f
a
r
r
i
v
a
l
o
f
sf
e
r
i
c
s,”
Ra
d
i
o
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
2
9
/
2
0
1
8
R
S
0
0
6
6
2
7
.
[
1
4
]
A
.
V
.
S
h
v
e
t
s,
A
.
P
.
N
i
c
k
o
l
a
e
n
k
o
,
A
.
V
.
K
o
l
o
s
k
o
v
,
Y
.
M
.
Y
a
m
p
o
l
sk
y
,
O
.
V
.
B
u
d
a
n
o
v
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
S
h
v
e
t
s,
“
L
o
w
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
ELF
-
V
LF)
r
a
d
i
o
a
t
mo
s
p
h
e
r
i
c
s
s
t
u
d
y
a
t
t
h
e
U
k
r
a
i
n
i
a
n
A
n
t
a
r
c
t
i
c
A
k
a
d
e
mi
k
V
e
r
n
a
d
s
k
y
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
U
k
ra
i
n
i
a
n
An
t
a
r
c
t
i
c
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
n
o
.
1
(
1
8
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
–
1
2
7
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
2
7
5
/
1
7
2
7
-
7
4
8
5
.
1
(
1
8
)
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
3
6
.
[
1
5
]
L.
Zh
a
o
,
Z.
Z
h
a
n
,
Z.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
H
.
F
e
n
g
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
V
LF
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
sca
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
i
n
l
o
w
e
r
a
n
i
s
o
t
r
o
p
i
c
i
o
n
o
sp
h
e
r
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
ma
t
r
i
x
,
”
A
t
m
o
s
p
h
e
re
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
a
t
m
o
s1
5
1
1
1
3
9
6
.
[
1
6
]
S
.
K
u
mar
a
n
d
A
.
K
u
m
a
r
,
“
L
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
-
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
V
LF
p
e
r
t
u
r
b
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
b
ser
v
e
d
a
t
l
o
w
l
a
t
i
t
u
d
e
:
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
sc
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s,”
E
a
rt
h
,
Pl
a
n
e
t
s
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
6
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
5
–
3
7
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
0
4
7
/
e
p
s
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
5
.
0
1
9
.
[
1
7
]
M
.
B
.
C
o
h
e
n
,
U
.
S
.
I
n
a
n
,
a
n
d
E.
W
.
P
a
sch
a
l
,
“
S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
e
b
r
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
ELF/
V
LF
r
a
d
i
o
r
e
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
A
W
ES
O
M
E
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
G
e
o
sc
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
R
e
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
–
1
7
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TG
R
S
.
2
0
0
9
.
2
0
2
8
3
3
4
.
[
1
8
]
N
.
Y
u
s
o
p
,
N
.
A
.
M
.
A
r
i
s,
S
.
A
.
M
.
C
h
a
c
h
u
l
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
M
.
S
a
i
d
,
“
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
o
f
t
w
e
e
k
a
t
m
o
s
p
h
e
r
i
c
s
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
i
n
m
i
d
-
l
a
t
i
t
u
d
e
u
si
n
g
A
W
ESO
M
E
V
LF
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
,
”
Re
se
a
rc
h
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s,
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
0
2
–
2
5
0
8
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
9
0
2
6
/
r
j
a
s
e
t
.
7
.
5
5
9
.
[
1
9
]
Y
.
G
.
R
a
p
o
p
o
r
t
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ex
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
U
LF,
ELF,
a
n
d
V
LF
r
e
so
n
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
w
a
v
e
g
u
i
d
e
o
sc
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
a
r
t
h
–
a
t
mo
s
p
h
e
r
e
–
i
o
n
o
sp
h
e
r
e
s
y
st
e
m
b
y
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
H
u
n
g
a
To
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g
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1
,
sh
e
j
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tri
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m
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r
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h
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c
a
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b
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tac
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l,
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fr
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m
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d
s,
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sp
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ric
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ffe
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telli
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a
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m
e
m
b
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h
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p
re
se
n
tl
y
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o
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d
s
t
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siti
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p
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rtme
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tri
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s E
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to
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p
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c
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Ce
n
tre,
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stit
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te
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m
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te
Ch
a
n
g
e
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
sia
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
rd
i
n
a
@u
k
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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