I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
4
~
1
3
4
6
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
1
5
.
i
3
.
pp
1
3
3
4
-
1
3
4
6
1334
J
o
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na
l ho
m
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e
:
h
ttp
:
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a
a
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u
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1
3
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2
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6
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g
1
3
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2
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Th
is
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y
a
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d
re
ss
e
s
sh
o
rt
-
ter
m
lo
a
d
fo
re
c
a
stin
g
(
S
TL
F
)
i
n
th
e
S
o
u
t
h
,
S
o
u
t
h
e
a
st,
a
n
d
Wes
t
S
u
law
e
si
(S
u
lse
lrab
a
r
)
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
u
sin
g
in
terv
a
l
ty
p
e
-
2
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
(IT
2
F
L)
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
n
o
v
e
l
b
a
t
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(NBA
).
Th
e
NBA
is
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
t
o
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
fo
o
tp
ri
n
t
o
f
u
n
c
e
rtain
t
y
(F
OU
)
o
f
t
h
e
fu
z
z
y
m
e
m
b
e
rsh
ip
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
b
o
th
a
n
tec
e
d
e
n
t
(X
a
n
d
Y)
a
n
d
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
t
(Z)
v
a
r
iab
les
.
Th
e
fo
re
c
a
stin
g
m
o
d
e
l
u
ti
l
ize
s
d
a
il
y
p
e
a
k
lo
a
d
d
a
ta
fro
m
t
h
e
p
re
v
i
o
u
s
fo
u
r
d
a
y
s
(d
−
4
to
d
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)
to
p
re
d
ic
t
th
e
p
e
a
k
lo
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
fo
re
c
a
st
d
a
y
(d
)
.
To
e
v
a
lu
a
te
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
th
e
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ro
p
o
se
d
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
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is
b
e
n
c
h
m
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rk
e
d
a
g
a
in
st
p
a
rti
c
le
sw
a
rm
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(P
S
O),
firefly
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(F
A),
a
n
d
c
u
c
k
o
o
se
a
rc
h
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(CS
A).
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
a
t
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
IT2
F
L
–
NBA
m
o
d
e
l
p
ro
v
i
d
e
s
th
e
h
ig
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e
st
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a
stin
g
a
c
c
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ra
c
y
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ted
m
e
th
o
d
s,
a
c
h
ie
v
in
g
a
m
e
a
n
a
b
so
lu
te
p
e
rc
e
n
tag
e
e
rro
r
(M
APE
)
o
f
1
.
5
6
5
0
%
.
I
n
c
o
m
p
a
ris
o
n
,
I
T2
F
L
–
P
S
O,
IT2
F
L
–
F
A,
a
n
d
IT2
F
L
–
CS
A
a
c
h
iev
e
M
AP
Es
o
f
1
.
6
3
5
3
%
,
1
.
6
4
5
1
%
,
a
n
d
1
.
6
3
5
3
%
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
F
o
r
ty
p
e
-
1
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
(IT
1
F
L),
th
e
NBA
,
P
S
O,
F
A,
a
n
d
CS
A
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
p
ro
d
u
c
e
M
APE
s
o
f
1
.
6
6
6
8
%
,
1
.
6
8
4
2
%
,
1
.
6
8
0
5
%
,
a
n
d
1
.
6
7
6
8
%
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
Th
e
se
fin
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
a
t
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
F
OU
o
f
IT
2
F
L
u
sin
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
NBA
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
tl
y
imp
ro
v
e
s
fo
re
c
a
stin
g
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
a
n
d
p
ro
v
id
e
s
a
ro
b
u
st
a
n
d
re
li
a
b
le
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
fo
r
S
TL
F
i
n
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Me
an
ab
s
o
lu
te
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
er
r
o
r
No
v
el
b
at
alg
o
r
ith
m
Peak
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
Sh
o
r
t
-
ter
m
Su
ls
elr
ab
ar
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mu
h
am
m
ad
R
ais
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Patr
ia
Ar
th
a
Go
wa,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
m
u
h
.
r
aisazis
n
awa
wi@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sh
o
r
t
-
ter
m
lo
a
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
(
STL
F)
is
a
v
ital
to
o
l
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
elec
tr
icity
d
em
a
n
d
o
v
er
a
tim
e
h
o
r
izo
n
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
a
f
ew
h
o
u
r
s
to
o
n
e
wee
k
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
ec
asts
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
ST
L
F
p
r
o
v
id
e
cr
itical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
in
lo
a
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
p
u
m
p
s
to
r
ag
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
u
n
it
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
an
d
lo
ad
d
is
p
atch
in
g
.
B
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
tim
ely
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
,
STL
F
en
ab
les
u
t
ilit
y
co
m
p
an
ies
to
o
p
tim
i
ze
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
p
er
ati
o
n
s
,
en
h
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
p
r
e
v
en
t
o
v
er
lo
a
d
in
g
o
r
u
n
d
er
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
o
v
er
all
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
[
2
]
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
p
r
ec
is
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
f
o
r
ec
asts
h
elp
in
p
lan
n
in
g
f
o
r
p
ea
k
d
em
a
n
d
p
er
io
d
s
an
d
m
itig
atin
g
p
o
ten
tial r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
f
lu
ct
u
a
tio
n
s
in
lo
ad
[
3
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
in
ac
cu
r
ac
ies
in
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
ca
n
r
esu
lt
i
n
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
u
s
e
o
f
r
eser
v
e
s
,
d
ir
ec
tly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
[
4
]
.
Un
d
er
esti
m
atin
g
lo
ad
m
ay
n
ec
ess
itate
th
e
ac
t
iv
atio
n
o
r
p
u
r
ch
ase
o
f
co
s
tly
p
ea
k
in
g
u
n
its
,
wh
ile
also
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
o
v
er
lo
ad
o
r
ev
e
n
s
y
s
tem
f
a
ilu
r
es.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
N
o
ve
l b
a
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
term p
ea
k
lo
a
d
fo
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
i
n
S
u
ls
elra
b
a
r
elec
tr
icity
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
R
a
is
)
1335
o
v
er
esti
m
atin
g
lo
ad
ca
n
lead
to
th
e
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
r
eser
v
es,
ca
u
s
in
g
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
waste
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
elev
atin
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
[
5
]
.
Acc
u
r
ate
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
is
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
cr
itical
to
b
alan
ci
n
g
r
elia
b
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
ici
en
c
y
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
Ov
er
th
e
p
ast
f
ew
d
ec
ad
es,
S
T
L
F
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
a
v
e
ev
o
lv
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
g
f
r
o
m
m
an
u
a
l
m
eth
o
d
s
to
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
m
p
u
te
r
ized
m
o
d
els
[
6
]
.
B
r
o
ad
l
y
,
ST
L
F
tech
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
i
ze
d
in
to
two
m
ain
ty
p
es:
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
ty
p
ically
r
ely
o
n
s
tatis
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es th
at
u
s
e
h
is
to
r
ical
lo
ad
d
ata
an
d
ac
co
u
n
t f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
ev
en
ts
,
s
u
c
h
as h
o
lid
ay
s
o
r
s
p
ec
ial
o
cc
asio
n
s
,
to
g
en
er
ate
d
aily
o
r
wee
k
ly
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
asts
[
7
]
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
s
im
p
ler
an
d
e
asier
to
im
p
lem
en
t
b
u
t m
ay
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
o
r
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lo
a
d
p
atter
n
s
.
Statis
t
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
t
y
p
i
ca
lly
im
p
lem
en
te
d
as
o
f
f
lin
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
in
g
tim
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
an
d
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
en
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
m
o
d
elin
g
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
in
ce
elec
tr
ici
ty
lo
ad
in
h
e
r
en
tly
ex
h
ib
its
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
an
d
c
o
m
p
le
x
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
t
en
p
r
o
d
u
ce
lo
wer
ac
cu
r
ac
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
o
d
e
r
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
ac
er
b
ate
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
er
r
o
r
s
wh
en
r
ely
in
g
o
n
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
e
wea
th
er
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
s
ea
s
o
n
al
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
ch
an
g
es
in
cu
s
to
m
er
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
an
d
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e,
all
o
f
wh
ich
m
ak
e
elec
tr
icity
lo
a
d
p
a
tter
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
p
r
ed
ict
ac
cu
r
ately
.
Feasib
le
an
d
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
o
b
t
ain
ed
u
s
in
g
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as f
u
zz
y
lo
g
i
c,
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANN)
,
an
d
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
E
A)
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
co
m
p
lex
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
th
at
ar
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
t
o
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
wid
ely
ad
o
p
ted
in
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
.
A
r
ap
id
ly
g
r
o
win
g
b
r
an
c
h
o
f
AI
is
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
(
SI
)
,
wh
ich
is
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
t
h
e
co
llectiv
e
an
d
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Sev
er
al
SI
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
to
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
as
tin
g
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
[
1
1
]
,
f
ir
ef
ly
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
FA)
[
1
2
]
,
c
u
ck
o
o
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
C
SA)
[
1
3
]
,
g
r
ey
w
o
lf
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
GW
O)
[
1
4
]
,
an
d
ar
tific
ial
b
ee
co
lo
n
y
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
o
f
f
er
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
ef
f
i
cien
tly
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
c
o
m
p
lex
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ac
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
I
n
class
ical
AI
m
eth
o
d
s
b
ased
o
n
in
ter
v
al
ty
p
e
-
1
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
(
I
T
1
FL)
,
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
s
et
th
eo
r
y
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
am
b
ig
u
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iab
les.
I
T
1
F
L
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
ap
p
lied
in
STL
F
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
k
ey
lim
itatio
n
o
f
I
T
1
FL
lies
in
its
cr
is
p
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
less
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
h
an
d
lin
g
h
i
g
h
lev
els
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
.
T
o
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
is
lim
itatio
n
,
T
ian
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
in
te
r
v
al
ty
p
e
-
2
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
(
I
T
2
FL)
,
wh
ich
g
en
er
alize
s
th
e
in
ter
v
al
s
ets
o
f
I
T
1
FL
an
d
allo
ws
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
b
o
th
lin
g
u
is
tically
an
d
n
u
m
e
r
ically
.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
t
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
I
T
2
FL
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
in
f
e
r
en
ce
r
u
les
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
lly
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
an
a
g
e
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
i
n
h
e
r
e
n
t
i
n
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
e
s
s
i
n
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
I
T
2
FL
in
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Mo
y
o
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
T
2
FL
f
o
r
STL
F,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
it
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
lo
ad
esti
m
ates,
ev
e
n
d
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
-
lo
a
d
p
er
io
d
s
,
with
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
b
le
t
o
ANN
s
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
I
T
2
FL’
s
p
o
ten
tial
as
a
r
eliab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
STL
F.
Alm
ar
aa
s
h
i
[
2
1
]
ap
p
lie
d
I
T
2
FL
to
ad
d
r
ess
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
in
wea
th
er
an
d
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
f
o
r
ec
asts
in
Sa
u
d
i
Ar
ab
ia,
ac
h
iev
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
T
1
FLSs
wh
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
s
ts
b
y
u
p
to
9
3
.
7
%,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
b
o
th
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
p
r
ac
ticality
.
L
i
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
a
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
lo
ad
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
an
I
T
2
FLS
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
b
ase
d
on
in
ter
v
al
ty
p
e
-
1
an
d
ty
p
e
-
2
f
u
zz
y
s
ets.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
I
T
2
FLS
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
h
ig
h
er
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
h
an
d
lin
g
ch
ao
tic
tim
e
s
er
ies
an
d
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
n
ee
d
s
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
E
y
o
h
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
f
u
r
th
e
r
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
I
T
2
FL
f
o
r
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t
-
a
n
d
STL
F
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
non
-
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
h
esit
atio
n
in
d
ices,
with
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
o
p
tim
ized
v
ia
a
g
r
a
d
ien
t
d
escen
t
m
eth
o
d
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
is
m
o
d
el
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
a
n
d
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ad
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
I
T
2
FL’
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
c
o
m
p
lex
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
task
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
(
FOU)
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
izin
g
I
T
2
FL
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
m
ak
in
g
its
ac
cu
r
ate
r
ep
r
esen
ta
tio
n
a
cr
itical
is
s
u
e
in
I
T
2
FL
t
h
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
FOU
is
u
n
iq
u
ely
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
u
p
p
e
r
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
UM
F
)
an
d
lo
wer
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
L
MF)
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
t
ly
,
I
T
2
FL
s
tu
d
ies
ty
p
ically
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
L
MF
an
d
UM
F,
ea
ch
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
an
I
T
1
FL
s
et
with
i
n
th
e
s
am
e
I
T
2
FL
u
n
iv
er
s
e
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
FOU
ca
n
b
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
UM
F
an
d
L
MF,
its
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
ese
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
alo
n
e
.
T
o
p
r
o
p
er
ly
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
FOU
in
a
g
en
er
al
I
T
2
FL,
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
lev
els
m
u
s
t
f
ir
s
t
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
an
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ep
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
in
h
er
en
t in
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
A
n
ew
SI
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
n
o
v
el
b
at
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
NB
A)
wa
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
ec
h
o
lo
ca
tio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
b
at
s
f
o
r
n
av
ig
atio
n
an
d
p
r
ey
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
.
T
h
e
NB
A
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
class
ical
b
at
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
y
in
te
g
r
atin
g
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
i
tatio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
v
elo
city
,
lo
u
d
n
ess
,
an
d
p
u
ls
e
em
is
s
io
n
r
ate,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
lo
ca
l
an
d
g
l
o
b
al
s
ea
r
ch
a
n
d
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
to
war
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
NB
A
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
6
:
1
3
3
4
-
1
3
4
6
1336
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
f
ast
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
s
tu
d
ied
in
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
izatio
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
E
ltam
aly
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NB
A
f
o
r
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
with
p
ar
tial
s
h
a
d
in
g
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
in
itializatio
n
,
r
e
-
in
itializatio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
an
d
g
lo
b
al
p
ea
k
m
em
o
r
y
u
p
d
atin
g
.
Simu
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
NB
A
is
f
as
ter
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
th
an
PS
O
an
d
GW
O
in
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
g
lo
b
al
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
.
L
i
n
et
a
l.
[
3
3
]
ap
p
lied
th
e
NB
A
f
o
r
u
n
m
a
n
n
ed
ae
r
ia
l
v
eh
ic
le
(
UAV)
p
ath
p
lan
n
in
g
b
y
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ar
tific
ial
p
o
ten
tial
f
ield
,
an
o
p
tim
al
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate
s
tr
ateg
y
,
an
d
a
ch
a
o
s
s
tr
ateg
y
with
in
th
e
b
at
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
r
ate,
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
th
e
b
at
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
tial
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
b
at
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ile
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
av
o
id
in
g
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a.
Ng
u
y
en
et
a
l.
[
3
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
NB
A
v
ar
ian
t
th
at
c
o
m
b
in
es
p
ar
allel
an
d
co
m
p
ac
t
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
to
r
ed
v
a
r
iab
les
in
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
B
en
ch
m
ar
k
test
in
g
an
d
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
(
W
S
N)
en
er
g
y
b
alan
c
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
NB
A
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
e
m
o
r
y
u
s
ag
e
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
tim
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
So
u
t
h
,
So
u
th
ea
s
t,
an
d
W
est
Su
law
esi
s
y
s
tem
(
Su
ls
elr
ab
ar
)
,
ex
h
ib
its
co
m
p
l
ex
an
d
h
ig
h
ly
v
a
r
iab
le
lo
ad
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
d
u
e
to
s
ea
s
o
n
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
an
d
s
o
cieta
l
b
eh
av
io
r
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
A
cc
u
r
ate
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
i
n
t
h
is
s
y
s
tem
is
ess
en
tia
l
f
o
r
e
s
tim
atin
g
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
v
er
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
e
r
io
d
s
an
d
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
s
af
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t,
g
en
er
ato
r
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
,
an
d
u
n
it
co
m
m
itm
en
t.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
f
o
r
au
t
h
o
r
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
p
ea
k
lo
a
d
f
o
r
e
ca
s
tin
g
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
in
Su
ls
elr
ab
ar
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
NB
A
m
eth
o
d
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
FOU
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
I
T
2
FL
f
o
r
ST
LF
in
th
e
Su
ls
elr
ab
ar
ele
ctr
icity
s
y
s
tem
;
an
d
ii)
th
e
test
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
I
T
2
FL
-
NB
A
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
STL
F
in
th
e
Su
ls
elr
ab
ar
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws.
Sectio
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
es
u
lts
an
d
an
aly
s
is
.
L
astl
y
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
I
nte
rv
a
l
t
y
pe
-
2
f
uzzy
lo
g
ic
An
I
T
2
FL
s
et,
d
e
n
o
ted
as
Ã
,
h
as
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
Ã
,
wh
er
e
b
elo
n
g
s
to
X
an
d
b
el
o
n
g
s
to
,
a
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
[
0
,
1
]
.
I
ts
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es c
an
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
(
1
)
[
3
5
]
.
̃
=
∫
∫
Ã
(
,
)
(
,
)
[
0
,
1
]
∈
∈
(
1
)
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
v
ar
iab
le
with
d
o
m
ain
X,
wh
ile
,
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
U,
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
ar
iab
le
with
d
o
m
ain
f
o
r
ea
ch
in
X.
T
h
e
s
et
i
s
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
as
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
m
em
b
er
s
h
i
p
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
.
T
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
in
Ã
is
ca
p
tu
r
ed
b
y
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
all
p
r
im
ar
y
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
wh
ich
co
llectiv
ely
co
n
s
titu
tes th
e
FOU
o
f
Ã
,
as
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
2
)
to
(
4
)
.
(
̃
)
=
⋃
∀
∈
=
{
(
,
)
;
∈
[
0
,
1
]
}
(
2
)
=
{
(
,
)
;
∈
[
̃
(
)
,
̅
̃
(
)
]
}
(
3
)
(
̃
)
=
⋃
[
̃
(
)
,
̅
̃
(
)
]
∀
∈
(
4
)
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
,
wh
ile
Ã
an
d
̅
Ã
d
en
o
te
th
e
L
MF
an
d
U
MF
o
f
Ã
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
T
2
FL
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
N
o
ve
l b
a
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
term p
ea
k
lo
a
d
fo
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
i
n
S
u
ls
elra
b
a
r
elec
tr
icity
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
R
a
is
)
1337
2
.
2
.
No
v
el
ba
t
a
lg
o
rit
hm
Yan
g
an
d
He
[
2
8
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
b
at
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
a
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
-
b
ased
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tic
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
h
o
w
b
ats
h
u
n
t
an
d
n
av
ig
ate
u
s
in
g
ec
h
o
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
im
ics
th
e
b
ats’
p
r
ey
-
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
t
h
eir
u
s
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t,
v
el
o
city
,
a
n
d
p
u
ls
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate,
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
an
d
id
en
tif
y
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
b
at
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
b
len
d
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
,
b
alan
cin
g
b
r
o
ad
g
lo
b
al
s
ea
r
ch
es
with
f
o
cu
s
ed
lo
ca
l
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
.
T
h
i
s
d
esig
n
h
elp
s
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
escap
e
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
ly
to
war
d
th
e
b
est s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
o
tr
an
s
late
th
ese
n
atu
r
al
b
eh
av
io
r
s
i
n
to
a
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
el,
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
r
elies o
n
s
ev
er
al
s
im
p
lify
in
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
an
d
id
ea
lized
r
u
les.
i)
All
b
ats
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
t
o
h
a
v
e
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
d
etec
t
an
d
lo
ca
te
p
r
ey
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
ec
h
o
lo
ca
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
ii)
E
ac
h
b
at
f
lies
f
r
o
m
its
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
o
s
itio
n
with
a
v
elo
city
an
d
e
m
its
s
o
u
n
d
p
u
ls
es
w
ith
v
ar
y
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
wh
er
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
is
s
et
to
.
T
h
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
ar
iatio
n
en
ab
les
t
h
e
b
ats
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
ad
a
p
t
iv
ely
.
iii)
T
h
e
lo
u
d
n
ess
o
f
ea
ch
b
at
is
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
v
ar
ies
with
in
a
ce
r
tain
r
an
g
e,
f
r
o
m
a
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
to
an
in
itial
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
alu
e
0
.
C
h
an
g
es
in
lo
u
d
n
ess
r
ef
lect
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
l
o
r
ati
o
n
p
h
ase
to
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
p
h
ase
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
im
itates
th
e
ec
h
o
lo
ca
tio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
b
ats,
w
h
er
e
k
e
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
wav
elen
g
th
(
λ
)
an
d
lo
u
d
n
ess
(
0
)
ar
e
ad
ap
tiv
ely
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ats
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ly
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o
f
th
e
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th
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at
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p
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ated
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s
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g
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
.
=
+
(
−
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(
5
)
=
−
1
+
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−
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(
6
)
T
h
e
n
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n
d
id
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atin
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ased
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r
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m
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r
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f
lects
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s
in
g
(
7
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.
=
−
1
+
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7
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W
ith
δ
[
0
,
1
]
r
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r
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a
r
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d
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m
v
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to
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ated
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,
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T
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ased
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1
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T
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T
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I
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in
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tr
u
ct
I
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FL
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les i
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th
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g
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m
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Ap
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FL
r
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‒
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N
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p
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tio
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ly
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s
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ased
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Fig
u
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2
,
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e
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em
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lo
y
e
d
,
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
d
aily
p
ea
k
lo
a
d
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
ca
len
d
ar
d
ate
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
ix
y
ea
r
s
(
2
0
1
0
–
2
0
1
5
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
o
d
els.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
p
u
t
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
I
T
1
FL
m
o
d
el,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
in
p
u
t d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
I
T
2
FL
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
lectr
ical
lo
a
d
p
r
o
f
il
e
J
an
u
ar
y
4
,
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
1
5
0
200
400
600
800
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Lo
ad
(
M
W
)
H
o
ur
s
201
0
201
1
201
2
201
3
201
4
201
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
N
o
ve
l b
a
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
term p
ea
k
lo
a
d
fo
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
i
n
S
u
ls
elra
b
a
r
elec
tr
icity
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
R
a
is
)
1339
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
p
u
t
m
em
b
er
s
h
i
p
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
esig
n
s
f
o
r
STL
F:
(
a)
I
T
1
FL
an
d
(
b
)
I
T
2
FL
in
p
u
t d
esig
n
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
B
enchm
a
r
k
ing
a
na
ly
s
is
B
ef
o
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
N
B
A
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
a
n
aly
s
is
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
PS
O,
FA,
an
d
th
e
C
SA
as
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
ev
alu
atio
n
aim
e
d
t
o
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ass
e
s
s
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
ea
ch
al
g
o
r
ith
m
u
n
d
er
id
e
n
tical
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
ca
r
ef
u
lly
s
elec
ted
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ettin
g
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
f
air
a
n
d
u
n
b
iased
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
Six
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
u
n
im
o
d
al
an
d
m
u
lti
m
o
d
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Un
im
o
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
b
y
test
in
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
v
er
g
e
to
war
d
a
s
in
g
le
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
u
m
,
w
h
er
ea
s
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ev
alu
ated
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ag
ain
s
t
p
r
em
atu
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
i
x
ed
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
wer
e
in
clu
d
e
d
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
alg
o
r
ith
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
lo
w
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
o
f
ten
ch
allen
g
in
g
d
u
e
to
lim
ited
s
ea
r
ch
-
s
p
ac
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
1
]
.
E
ac
h
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
N
B
A,
PS
O,
FA,
an
d
C
SA,
w
as
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
e
x
ec
u
ted
3
0
tim
es
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
s
to
ch
asti
c
v
ar
ia
b
i
lity
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
s
tatis
tical
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
b
est,
m
ea
n
,
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
ese
r
u
n
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
NB
A
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ac
h
iev
ed
co
m
p
etitiv
e
an
d
,
in
m
o
s
t
c
ases
,
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
PS
O,
FA,
an
d
C
SA
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
NB
A
ex
h
ib
ited
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
alan
ce
b
etw
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
,
en
a
b
lin
g
r
ap
id
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
to
war
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
escap
e
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
NB
A
in
d
icate
g
r
ea
ter
s
tab
ilit
y
,
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NB
A
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
its
p
o
ten
tial
a
s
a
r
eliab
le
o
p
tim
izatio
n
to
o
l
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
co
m
p
lex
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
p
o
wer
-
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ea
r
ch
-
s
p
ac
e
lan
d
s
ca
p
es.
T
h
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
et
tin
g
s
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
PS
O,
FA,
C
SA,
an
d
NB
A
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
d
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
a
n
d
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
f
air
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
ev
alu
at
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
war
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
illu
s
tr
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
cu
r
v
es,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
est
f
itn
ess
v
alu
e
at
ea
ch
iter
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
av
er
ag
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
cu
r
v
es
o
f
NB
A,
PS
O,
FA,
an
d
C
SA,
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
3
0
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
r
u
n
s
o
n
b
o
th
u
n
im
o
d
al
an
d
m
u
ltimo
d
al
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
b
eh
av
io
r
o
n
th
e
f
1
b
e
n
ch
m
a
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
6
:
1
3
3
4
-
1
3
4
6
1340
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
c
u
r
v
es
f
o
r
f
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
c)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
n
f
3
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
d
)
,
wh
ich
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
n
f
4
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
cu
r
v
es
f
o
r
f
5
an
d
f
6
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
in
Fig
u
r
es
4
(
e)
an
d
4
(
f
)
,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese
cu
r
v
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
s
ea
r
ch
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
ated
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
test
s
u
ite
c
o
v
er
s
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
opt
im
izatio
n
lan
d
s
ca
p
es,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
u
n
im
o
d
al,
m
u
ltimo
d
a
l,
an
d
f
ix
ed
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
m
u
lt
im
o
d
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
allo
win
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ie
s
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
ated
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
alg
o
r
i
th
m
s
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
PSO
P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
,
m
o
st
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s,
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
o
f
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
,
C
2
so
c
i
a
l
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
,
C
1
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
,
W
mo
me
n
t
i
n
e
r
t
i
a
3
0
;
5
0
;
8
;
2
;
2
;
0
.
9
FA
A
l
p
h
a
,
b
e
t
a
,
g
a
mm
a
,
d
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
,
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
i
r
e
f
l
i
e
s
0
.
2
5
;
0
.
2
;
1
;
8
0
;
8
0
C
S
A
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
z
e
(
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
n
e
s
t
s)
,
d
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
y
r
a
t
e
o
f
a
l
i
e
n
e
g
g
s,
Lé
v
y
f
l
i
g
h
t
st
e
p
si
z
e
,
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(
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Fig
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a)
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an
d
(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
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1
4
N
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1341
T
ab
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2
.
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en
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T
h
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tatis
tica
l
r
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tain
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f
r
o
m
3
0
in
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en
t
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u
n
s
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o
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ith
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ar
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u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
r
ep
o
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ted
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est,
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ag
e
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ed
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n
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ar
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v
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m
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izatio
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is
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ess
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o
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r
th
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ic
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s
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m
an
r
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k
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e
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ted
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l
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r
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5
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4
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s
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ated
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th
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ch
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ith
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3
.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
6
:
1
3
3
4
-
1
3
4
6
1342
T
ab
le
4
.
Frie
d
m
a
n
r
an
k
in
g
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
b
ased
o
n
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
r
a
n
k
R
a
n
k
N
B
A
1
.
7
5
1
FA
2
.
1
6
6
7
2
C
S
A
3
3
PSO
3
.
0
8
3
3
4
T
ab
le
5
.
Frie
d
m
a
n
s
tatis
tical
t
est r
esu
lts
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
b
e
n
c
h
mark
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s (N
)
6
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
(
k
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4
F
r
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m
a
n
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c
4
.
5
5
D
e
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2
.
L
o
a
d
f
o
re
ca
s
t
ing
o
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
d
ef
in
i
n
g
th
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
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d
co
n
s
tr
a
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o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
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b
e
r
s
h
ip
f
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n
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n
s
to
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
u
s
in
g
PS
O,
F
A,
C
SA,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NB
A.
T
h
e
STL
F
m
o
d
el
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
J
an
u
ar
y
4
,
2
0
1
6
,
u
s
in
g
h
is
to
r
ical
lo
ad
d
at
a
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
ate
o
v
er
th
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
s
ix
y
ea
r
s
.
Op
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
FOU
in
I
T
2
FL
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
MA
T
L
AB
th
r
o
u
g
h
M
-
f
ile
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
,
u
tili
zin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
a
v
ailab
le
i
n
th
e
I
T
2
FL
t
o
o
l
b
o
x
to
g
en
e
r
ate
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
f
o
r
ec
asts
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
t
o
d
ete
r
m
in
e
p
ea
k
-
lo
ad
v
alu
es
a
n
d
c
alcu
late
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
er
r
o
r
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
r
esu
lts
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
STL
F
er
r
o
r
s
f
o
r
I
T
2
FL
-
PS
O,
I
T
2
FL
-
FA,
I
T
2
FL
-
C
SA,
an
d
I
T
2
FL
-
NB
A
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
es
5
an
d
6
.
Fo
r
co
m
p
leten
es
s
,
th
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
I
T
1
FL
-
PS
O,
I
T
1
FL
-
FA,
I
T
1
FL
-
C
SA,
an
d
I
T
1
FL
-
NB
A
ar
e
also
in
clu
d
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
c
u
r
v
es
o
f
th
e
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
u
s
ed
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
NB
A
ac
h
ie
v
es
s
u
p
er
io
r
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
PS
O,
FA,
an
d
C
SA,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
f
aster
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
r
ate,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ab
ilit
y
to
av
o
id
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a,
a
n
d
g
r
ea
ter
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
lo
ca
tin
g
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
STL
F r
esu
lts
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
er
r
o
r
STL
F r
esu
lts
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
a
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
at
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
SI
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
FOU
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
t
h
e
Su
ls
elr
ab
ar
STL
F
s
y
s
tem
.
NB
A
o
p
er
ates
b
y
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
MA
PE
o
b
jecti
v
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
th
er
e
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
B
ased
o
n
b
o
t
h
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
ev
alu
atio
n
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
in
th
e
STL
F
p
r
o
b
l
em
,
NB
A
co
n
s
i
s
ten
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
PS
O,
FA,
an
d
C
SA.
I
ts
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
its
b
alan
ce
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
it
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
en
h
an
ce
d
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
escap
e
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a,
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
o
p
tim
a
l
FOU
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
T
2
FL
-
NB
A
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
eliv
er
s
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
r
eliab
le
STL
F
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
Su
ls
elr
ab
ar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NB
A
-
I
T
2
FL
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
te
n
tial
f
o
r
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
-
en
a
b
led
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
,
h
is
to
r
ical
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
l
o
ad
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
co
llect
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
(
I
o
T
)
-
e
n
ab
led
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
f
o
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
lo
a
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
N
o
ve
l b
a
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
term p
ea
k
lo
a
d
fo
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
i
n
S
u
ls
elra
b
a
r
elec
tr
icity
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
R
a
is
)
1343
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
.
As
an
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
a
n
aly
tics
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
ca
n
g
en
er
ate
ac
cu
r
ate
lo
ad
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
lan
n
in
g
,
d
em
a
n
d
-
s
id
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
NB
A
-
I
T
2
FL
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
im
p
lem
en
t
ed
o
n
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
s
ca
lab
le
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
ce
n
tr
alize
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
o
u
tp
u
ts
ca
n
also
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
MS)
,
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
es,
an
d
cy
b
er
-
p
h
y
s
ical
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
to
en
h
an
ce
s
itu
atio
n
a
l
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
e
x
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
p
ar
am
eter
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
n
in
tellig
en
t
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
em
er
g
in
g
d
ata
-
d
r
i
v
en
,
in
te
r
o
p
er
ab
le,
an
d
I
C
T
-
en
ab
led
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
m
an
ag
em
en
t te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
NB
A,
an
SI
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
ec
h
o
lo
ca
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
b
ats.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
,
ea
ch
b
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
n
av
i
g
ates
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
v
elo
city
,
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
p
u
ls
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
p
u
ls
e
em
is
s
io
n
r
at
e,
an
d
l
o
u
d
n
ess
,
en
ab
lin
g
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
g
lo
b
al
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
a
n
d
lo
ca
l
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
.
NB
A
was
ap
p
lied
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
FO
U
in
I
T
2
FL
f
o
r
STL
F
in
th
e
Su
ls
elr
ab
ar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
NB
A
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
s
ix
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
to
ass
ess
it
s
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
av
o
id
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
NB
A
i
s
h
ig
h
ly
co
m
p
etitiv
e
wi
th
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
SI
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
PS
O,
FA,
an
d
C
SA.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
NB
A
ex
h
ib
ited
s
tr
o
n
g
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
u
n
i
m
o
d
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
in
m
u
ltim
o
d
al
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
es.
Fo
r
th
e
STL
F
ap
p
licatio
n
,
NB
A
-
b
ased
FOU
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
im
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
o
f
I
T
2
FL.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
T
2
FL
–
NB
A
m
o
d
el
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
MA
PE
o
f
1
.
5
4
3
5
%,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
I
T
2
FL
–
PS
O
(
1
.
6
3
5
3
%),
I
T
2
FL
–
FA
(
1
.
6
4
5
1
%),
an
d
I
T
2
FL
–
C
SA
(
1
.
6
3
5
3
%).
Fo
r
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
,
th
e
I
T
1
FL
m
o
d
els
o
p
tim
ized
u
s
in
g
NB
A,
PS
O,
FA,
an
d
C
SA
ac
h
iev
ed
MA
PEs
o
f
1
.
7
1
9
6
%,
1
.
6
6
6
8
%,
1
.
6
8
4
2
%,
an
d
1
.
6
7
6
8
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
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C
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