I
nte
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io
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l J
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urna
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f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
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~
1
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SS
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2252
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:
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The
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R
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J
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2025
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ev
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ed
May
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2
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6
Acc
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ted
J
u
n
17
,
2
0
2
6
Th
is
stu
d
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
th
e
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
p
e
rso
n
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
(P
e
r),
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
(S
M
),
a
n
d
ti
m
e
li
n
e
ss
(Ti
m
)
o
n
o
n
li
n
e
p
u
b
li
c
re
lati
o
n
s
(OPR)
a
n
d
c
u
sto
m
e
r
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
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a
s
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ll
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s
t
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e
m
e
d
iatin
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n
d
t
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ra
ti
n
g
r
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le
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f
so
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ial
in
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u
e
n
c
e
(S
o
c
).
Da
ta
fro
m
3
3
7
c
u
sto
m
e
rs
o
f
Vie
tn
a
m
e
se
jo
in
t
-
sto
c
k
c
o
m
m
e
rc
ial
b
a
n
k
s
we
re
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
u
sin
g
p
a
rti
a
l
lea
st
sq
u
a
re
s
stru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
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li
n
g
(
P
L
S
-
S
EM
)
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
P
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r
a
n
d
S
M
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
OPR
,
wh
e
r
e
a
s
Ti
m
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
a
ffe
c
t
OPR
b
u
t
d
irec
tl
y
in
flu
e
n
c
e
s
CB.
Th
e
in
d
irec
t
e
ffe
c
t
s o
f
P
e
r,
S
M
,
a
n
d
Ti
m
o
n
CB t
h
r
o
u
g
h
O
P
R
a
re
n
o
t
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t,
i
n
d
ica
ti
n
g
t
h
a
t
OPR
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
m
e
d
iate
th
e
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
s.
Alth
o
u
g
h
OPR
h
a
s
a
sm
a
ll
p
o
siti
v
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
CB
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
ra
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
l,
S
o
c
n
e
it
h
e
r
d
irec
tl
y
a
ffe
c
ts
CB
n
o
r
m
o
d
e
ra
t
e
s
t
h
e
OPR
–
CB
re
l
a
ti
o
n
sh
i
p
.
Th
e
se
fin
d
i
n
g
s
su
g
g
e
st
t
h
a
t
OPR
su
p
p
o
rts
d
i
g
it
a
l
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
b
u
t
d
o
e
s n
o
t
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
tran
sla
te co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
in
to
b
e
h
a
v
io
ra
l
re
sp
o
n
se
s.
Ba
n
k
s
sh
o
u
l
d
th
e
r
e
fo
re
p
rio
rit
ize
p
e
rso
n
a
li
z
e
d
,
c
re
d
ib
le,
tran
sp
a
re
n
t,
a
n
d
se
c
u
re
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dig
ital b
an
k
in
g
On
lin
e
p
u
b
lic
r
elatio
n
s
Per
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
So
cial
in
f
lu
en
ce
So
cial
m
ed
ia
T
im
elin
ess
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T
h
ao
Ph
u
o
n
g
N
g
u
y
e
n
Facu
lty
o
f
B
u
s
in
ess
Ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
Ho
C
h
i M
in
h
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
o
f
B
an
k
in
g
5
6
Ho
an
g
Dieu
2
,
T
h
u
Du
c
W
ar
d
,
Ho
C
h
i M
in
h
C
ity
,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail: th
ao
n
p
@
h
u
b
.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
r
ap
i
d
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
Vietn
am
ese
J
o
in
t
Sto
ck
C
o
m
m
er
cial
B
an
k
s
(
J
S
C
B
s
)
ar
e
b
ein
g
co
m
p
elled
to
ad
ap
t
s
wif
tly
to
tech
n
o
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ical
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ce
s
an
d
ev
o
lv
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s
to
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io
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s
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r
ly
8
0
%
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th
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Vietn
am
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s
e
p
o
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latio
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es
d
ig
ital
s
er
v
ices,
with
5
8
%
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
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p
r
ef
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r
in
g
to
co
n
d
u
ct
f
i
n
an
cial
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
v
ia
o
n
lin
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ap
p
licatio
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s
.
Simu
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u
s
ly
,
7
6
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o
f
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er
s
ac
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ch
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b
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k
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g
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r
o
d
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cts
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d
s
er
v
ices
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
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an
d
b
an
k
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n
g
ap
p
tr
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f
ic
h
as
s
u
r
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b
y
1
2
8
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c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
p
r
e
-
2
0
2
3
p
er
io
d
[
1
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tatis
tics
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
t
al
s
h
if
t
in
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
b
eh
av
io
r
:
cu
s
to
m
er
s
a
r
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
in
s
ee
k
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
el
y
o
n
p
ee
r
ev
alu
atio
n
s
as
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
o
c
ial
p
r
o
o
f
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
r
is
k
s
[
2
]
a
n
d
to
e
n
h
an
ce
d
e
cisi
o
n
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
b
an
k
s
m
u
s
t r
ev
is
e
th
eir
m
ar
k
etin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
o
n
lin
e
p
u
b
lic
r
elatio
n
s
(
OPR
)
to
alig
n
with
th
is
n
e
w
d
ig
ital
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
.
OPR
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
l
e
in
s
h
ap
in
g
p
u
b
lic
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
b
y
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
h
o
w
au
d
ien
ce
s
r
ec
eiv
e,
e
v
alu
at
e,
an
d
r
etain
b
r
a
n
d
m
ess
ag
es
[
3
]
.
I
ts
t
im
elin
ess
(
T
im
)
,
en
ab
le
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
s
tan
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
p
d
ates,
h
elp
s
m
itig
ate
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
r
is
es
an
d
s
wif
tly
r
esto
r
es
cu
s
to
m
er
tr
u
s
t
[
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
—
tailo
r
ed
to
cu
s
to
m
er
s
eg
m
e
n
ts
in
b
o
th
co
n
ten
t
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
—
en
h
an
ce
s
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
co
n
tin
u
ed
s
er
v
ice
u
s
ag
e.
E
m
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
J
ac
k
o
wicz
et
a
l.
[
5
]
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
OPR
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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Ap
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,
Vo
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1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
6
:
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0
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1016
s
o
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-
m
ed
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r
esp
o
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s
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eso
lu
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ly
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ict
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s
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co
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Po
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Similar
ly
,
W
an
g
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Yan
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[
6
]
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
(
SM)
’
s
r
o
le
in
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
t
h
e
tim
ely
d
is
s
em
in
ati
o
n
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
.
SM,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
cr
u
ci
al
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
OPR
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
.
I
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
ac
ce
ler
ates
m
ess
ag
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
b
u
t
also
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
es
cu
s
to
m
er
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
s
h
ar
i
n
g
[
7
]
.
Giv
en
th
e
in
tan
g
ib
le
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
f
in
an
cial
s
er
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ices
—
wh
er
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
f
ac
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
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alu
at
in
g
p
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cts
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ef
o
r
e
u
s
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
h
a
r
ed
o
n
lin
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
l
y
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
b
r
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
p
u
r
c
h
asin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
wo
-
way
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
a
n
d
p
u
b
lics
g
en
er
ates
e
m
o
tio
n
al
v
alu
e
,
am
p
lifie
s
b
r
a
n
d
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
s
h
ap
es
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
av
io
r
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
alig
n
s
with
s
o
cial
in
f
lu
en
ce
(
So
c)
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ic
h
p
o
s
its
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
th
e
b
elief
s
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
o
f
o
th
er
s
.
W
ith
in
f
in
an
cial
co
n
tex
ts
,
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ten
d
to
r
ely
o
n
cr
ed
ib
le
an
d
v
alid
ated
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wh
en
s
elec
tin
g
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
b
r
an
d
s
,
wh
ile
OPR
s
er
v
es to
co
n
v
e
y
ex
p
e
r
t
-
en
d
o
r
s
ed
an
d
r
eliab
le
m
ess
ag
es [
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
Vietn
am
ese
b
an
k
in
g
s
ec
to
r
s
till
f
ac
es
s
er
io
u
s
ch
all
en
g
es
r
elate
d
to
d
ig
ital
tr
u
s
t.
I
n
2
0
2
4
al
o
n
e,
3
4
1
i
n
cid
en
ts
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
o
n
lin
e
f
in
an
cial
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
,
an
d
4
4
%
o
f
f
in
an
cial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
ad
n
o
t
y
et
im
p
l
em
en
ted
r
o
b
u
s
t
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
cr
is
es
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
er
o
d
ed
co
n
s
u
m
er
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
c
e,
h
eig
h
ten
ed
r
is
k
p
e
r
ce
p
ti
o
n
s
,
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
u
al
-
tier
b
an
k
in
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
in
Vietn
am
—
wh
er
e
t
h
e
State
B
an
k
ac
ts
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
au
th
o
r
ity
o
v
er
s
ee
in
g
m
o
n
et
ar
y
p
o
licy
an
d
s
y
s
tem
ic
s
tab
ilit
y
,
wh
ile
co
m
m
er
cia
l
b
an
k
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
in
ter
m
ed
iar
ies
—
cr
ea
tes
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
with
lim
it
ed
d
if
f
er
en
tiatio
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
iti
es.
Strict
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
r
estrict
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
in
ter
est
r
ates
o
r
s
p
ec
ialized
s
er
v
ices,
co
m
p
ellin
g
b
an
k
s
to
s
ee
k
alter
n
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
b
u
i
ld
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
O
PR
em
er
g
es
as
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
b
an
k
s
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
m
an
ag
e
c
r
is
es,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
itiativ
es.
Desp
ite
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
OPR
ac
r
o
s
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
r
esear
c
h
g
ap
s
p
er
s
is
t
in
th
e
Vietn
am
ese
b
an
k
in
g
s
ec
to
r
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
er
e
r
em
ain
s
a
lim
ited
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
:
i)
h
o
w
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
(
Per
)
,
SM
,
an
d
T
im
af
f
ec
t
OPR
;
ii)
h
o
w
OP
R
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
CB
;
iii)
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
So
c
in
th
e
OPR
–
CB
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
;
iv
)
t
h
e
m
ed
iatin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
OPR
in
lin
k
in
g
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
tece
d
en
ts
to
b
eh
av
io
r
al
o
u
tco
m
es; an
d
v
)
m
a
n
ag
er
ial
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
OP
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
in
th
e
b
an
k
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
ese
g
ap
s
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
in
ter
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
th
eir
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
CB
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
OPR
.
I
t
also
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
So
c
th
eo
r
y
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
CB
in
th
e
b
an
k
in
g
c
o
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
OPR
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
ex
p
lo
r
ed
with
in
a
d
u
al
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
th
at
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
b
an
k
s
o
p
er
atin
g
u
n
d
e
r
s
tr
ict
r
eg
u
l
ato
r
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ca
n
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
m
ain
tain
co
m
p
lian
ce
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ti
atio
n
to
s
u
s
tain
cu
s
to
m
er
tr
u
s
t.
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
b
o
t
h
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
e
v
elo
p
s
r
el
iab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t scale
s
,
co
llects em
p
ir
ical
d
ata,
an
d
v
alid
ates
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
b
o
th
th
eo
r
eti
ca
lly
an
d
p
r
ac
tically
:
th
e
y
en
h
an
ce
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
OPR
’
s
r
o
le
i
n
d
ig
ital
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
b
an
k
m
a
n
ag
er
s
t
o
d
esig
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
tr
u
s
t,
m
an
ag
e
cr
is
es,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
c
u
s
to
m
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t in
th
e
d
ig
ital e
co
n
omy.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
T
he
ro
le
of
o
n
l
i
n
e
p
ub
l
ic
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
ns
in
t
he
ba
nk
ing
s
ec
t
o
r
I
n
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
etitiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
Vietn
am
ese
J
SC
B
s
,
OPR
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
o
l
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
d
ig
ital
ch
an
n
els
—
s
u
ch
as
o
f
f
icial
web
s
ites
,
SM
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
d
atab
ases
—
to
d
eliv
er
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
ess
ag
es,
at
tr
ac
t
cu
s
to
m
er
s
,
p
r
o
tect
b
r
an
d
r
ep
u
tatio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
ely
m
an
a
g
e
cr
is
es
[
1
1
]
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
ed
ia,
SM
p
latf
o
r
m
s
en
ab
le
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
an
d
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
two
-
way
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
th
at
e
n
h
an
ce
s
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
As
em
p
h
asized
b
y
W
an
g
an
d
Yan
g
[
6
]
an
d
L
o
u
an
d
Kim
[
1
2
]
,
S
M
p
r
o
v
id
es
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
with
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
estab
lis
h
d
ir
ec
t
d
ialo
g
u
e
with
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
m
e
n
ts
,
r
e
p
lies
,
an
d
co
n
ten
t
s
h
ar
in
g
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
web
s
ites
an
d
em
ails
ar
e
lim
ited
b
y
m
ess
ag
e
laten
cy
an
d
a
lac
k
o
f
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
,
wh
ile
SM
f
ac
ilit
a
te
s
im
m
ed
i
ate
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
-
b
ased
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
L
o
u
an
d
Kim
[
1
2
]
f
u
r
th
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
wh
en
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
lev
er
ag
e
SM
in
f
lu
e
n
c
er
s
wh
o
co
m
b
in
e
v
is
u
al
a
p
p
ea
l
with
au
th
en
ticity
an
d
r
elata
b
ilit
y
,
th
ey
ca
n
e
v
o
k
e
em
p
ath
y
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eso
n
an
ce
,
th
e
r
eb
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
au
d
ien
ce
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
b
r
a
n
d
eq
u
ity
.
Similar
ly
,
Gu
p
ta
e
t
a
l.
[
1
3
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
OPR
ac
tiv
ities
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
b
an
k
s
’
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
(
C
SR
)
ef
f
o
r
ts
ten
d
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
—
s
u
ch
as
ad
m
ir
at
io
n
,
tr
u
s
t,
a
n
d
r
esp
ec
t
—
th
at
d
i
r
ec
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
p
u
r
ch
ase
in
t
en
tio
n
s
an
d
b
r
a
n
d
lo
y
alty
.
C
o
m
p
le
m
en
tin
g
th
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
C
ar
d
o
s
o
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
n
o
ted
th
at
wh
en
b
an
k
s
em
p
lo
y
f
in
an
cial
ex
p
er
ts
as
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
s
t
o
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
b
an
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
th
ese
in
d
iv
id
u
als
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
o
m
o
te
b
u
t
also
in
t
er
p
r
et
a
n
d
illu
s
tr
ate
co
m
p
lex
f
i
n
an
cial
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
h
elp
in
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
an
d
tr
u
s
t n
ew
d
ig
ital ser
v
ices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f o
n
lin
e
p
u
b
lic
r
ela
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
s
o
cia
l i
n
flu
en
ce
o
n
c
u
s
to
mer b
eh
a
vio
r
a
t
…
(
Th
a
o
P
h
u
o
n
g
N
g
u
ye
n
)
1017
T
h
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
n
atu
r
e
o
f
OPR
allo
ws
b
an
k
s
to
r
esp
o
n
d
p
r
o
m
p
tly
to
o
n
lin
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
in
cid
e
n
ts
,
en
s
u
r
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
m
ess
ag
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
u
s
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
r
cr
e
d
ib
ilit
y
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
m
ess
ag
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
am
o
n
g
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
OPR
,
f
ew
h
a
v
e
ex
am
in
e
d
h
o
w
it
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
es
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
d
i
g
ital
tr
u
s
t
—
a
cr
itical
d
eter
m
in
an
t
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
d
ig
ital
b
an
k
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
er
e
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
a
n
d
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t.
J
af
r
i
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
o
f
26
s
tu
d
ies,
id
e
n
tifie
d
d
ig
ital
tr
u
s
t
as
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
i
cto
r
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
b
a
n
k
in
g
s
er
v
ices,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
ev
en
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
a
n
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
th
is
,
Gu
p
t
a
an
d
Sh
u
k
la
[
1
6
]
em
p
h
asized
th
at
d
i
g
ital
tr
u
s
t
is
cu
ltiv
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
e
n
t
leg
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
b
a
n
k
s
’
tim
ely
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
n
ess
to
s
y
s
tem
f
ailu
r
es
o
r
cr
i
s
es.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
o
f
OPR
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
tr
u
s
t
b
y
d
is
clo
s
in
g
C
SR
in
itiativ
es,
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
co
m
p
lian
ce
an
d
d
a
ta
p
r
o
tectio
n
p
o
licies
,
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
an
d
o
p
en
d
ialo
g
u
e
with
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
OPR
is
n
o
t
m
er
ely
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
an
n
el
b
u
t
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
estab
lis
h
in
g
an
d
s
u
s
tain
in
g
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
’
d
ig
ital
tr
u
s
t.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
OPR
is
co
n
ce
p
t
u
aliz
ed
as
a
m
ed
iatin
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
at
tr
an
s
m
its
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
an
tece
d
en
ts
—
Per
,
SM,
an
d
T
im
—
o
n
C
B
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
So
c
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
th
at
am
p
lifie
s
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
OPR
–
CB
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
in
cu
s
to
m
er
s
eg
m
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
s
o
cial
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
,
th
e
s
am
e
lev
el
o
f
OPR
en
g
ag
em
en
t
ca
n
g
en
e
r
ate
s
tr
o
n
g
er
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
u
tco
m
es.
C
lar
if
y
in
g
th
is
d
u
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
ee
p
en
s
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
OPR
with
in
d
ig
ital
tr
u
s
t
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
u
t
a
ls
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
p
r
ac
tical
g
u
id
an
ce
f
o
r
Vietn
am
ese
J
SC
B
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
d
i
g
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
en
h
a
n
ce
co
m
p
etitiv
e
a
d
v
an
tag
e
,
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
b
r
a
n
d
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
in
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
ig
italized
m
ar
k
etp
lace
.
2
.
2
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l
b
a
c
kg
r
o
u
n
d
2
.
2
.
1
.
S
o
c
i
a
l
i
n
f
l
u
en
c
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
So
c
th
eo
r
y
,
o
r
ig
in
ally
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
b
y
[
1
7
]
,
ex
p
lain
s
h
o
w
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
,
attitu
d
es,
o
r
b
elief
s
ar
e
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
o
t
h
er
s
with
in
a
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
th
eo
r
y
,
So
c
o
p
er
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
r
ee
p
r
im
a
r
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
:
co
m
p
lian
ce
,
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
,
an
d
in
ter
n
aliza
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
alter
th
e
m
an
n
er
in
wh
ich
in
d
iv
id
u
als
r
ec
eiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
,
in
ter
ac
t,
an
d
m
a
k
e
d
ec
i
s
io
n
s
in
a
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
r
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
co
n
tex
t
—
wh
eth
er
in
p
h
y
s
ical
s
ettin
g
s
o
r
o
n
lin
e
—
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
en
g
ag
e
in
in
ter
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
th
at
r
ef
lect
th
ei
r
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
s
[
1
8
]
.
On
o
n
li
n
e
s
o
cial
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
So
c
ex
t
en
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
d
ir
ec
t
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
m
an
if
ests
p
o
wer
f
u
lly
th
r
o
u
g
h
ch
an
n
els
s
u
ch
as
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
s
ites
,
f
o
r
u
m
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
o
n
lin
e
m
ed
ia
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
ese
p
l
atf
o
r
m
s
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
s
p
atial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ie
s
an
d
i
n
v
o
lv
e
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
,
u
s
er
co
m
m
en
ts
,
r
atin
g
s
,
s
h
ar
es,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
s
er
v
e
as
“so
cial
cu
es”
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
ac
tio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
b
an
k
in
g
s
ec
t
o
r
,
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
tr
u
s
t in
p
ee
r
ev
alu
atio
n
s
,
h
e
r
d
‐
b
eh
av
io
r
ten
d
en
cies,
an
d
th
e
p
er
s
u
asiv
e
f
o
r
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itted
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
ex
er
t
a
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
im
p
ac
t
o
n
b
r
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
an
k
in
g
s
er
v
ices
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
p
a
r
ti
cu
la
r
,
Al
g
h
ar
a
b
at
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
te
d
t
h
a
t,
in
a
n
o
n
li
n
e
co
n
t
e
x
t,
So
c
f
o
s
te
r
s
c
o
h
es
iv
e
b
r
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
,
w
h
ic
h
in
t
u
r
n
e
n
h
a
n
ce
c
u
s
t
o
m
er
l
o
y
alt
y
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
p
o
s
it
iv
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
d
y
n
am
ic
is
e
s
p
e
cia
ll
y
cr
i
tic
a
l
i
n
f
i
n
a
n
cia
l
s
er
v
i
ce
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
h
e
ig
h
t
e
n
e
d
r
i
s
k
an
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
asy
m
m
et
r
y
l
ea
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
to
f
r
e
q
u
en
tl
y
co
n
s
u
lt
o
t
h
e
r
s
’
o
p
i
n
io
n
s
an
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
m
a
k
in
g
d
ec
is
i
o
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
So
c
ca
n
eith
er
am
p
lify
o
r
atten
u
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
OPR
o
n
CB
,
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ar
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
W
h
en
lev
els
o
f
So
c
ar
e
h
i
g
h
,
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ten
d
to
p
lace
g
r
ea
ter
tr
u
s
t
in
s
o
cial
s
ig
n
als
—
s
u
ch
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
m
m
en
ts
,
ex
p
r
es
s
io
n
s
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
v
a
l,
o
r
ex
p
er
t
ad
v
ice
—
th
er
eb
y
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
OPR
ac
tiv
ities
(
e.
g
.
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
tim
el
y
cr
is
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
m
ess
ag
in
g
)
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
h
ap
in
g
CB
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
wh
en
So
c
is
lo
w
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
p
r
ef
er
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
p
u
t,
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
OPR
m
ay
b
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ar
e
less
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
s
o
cial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
w
o
r
d
-
of
-
m
o
u
th
.
E
x
am
i
n
in
g
So
c
as
a
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
v
ar
iab
le
clar
if
ies
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
n
d
e
r
wh
ich
OPR
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
m
ax
im
al
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies f
o
r
Vietn
am
ese
J
S
C
B
s
.
2
.
3
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
hy
po
t
hes
es a
n
d r
esea
rc
h m
o
del
2
.
3
.
1
.
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
bet
wee
n
o
nli
ne
pu
bli
c
r
ela
t
io
ns
a
nd
p
er
s
o
na
liza
t
io
n
T
h
e
r
ap
id
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
th
e
p
er
v
as
iv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
SM
h
av
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tally
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
OPR
in
b
o
th
s
co
p
e
an
d
n
atu
r
e
.
Vale
n
tin
i
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
co
n
ten
d
th
at
OPR
is
n
o
t
m
er
ely
a
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
an
n
els
to
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
b
u
t
r
ath
er
a
p
ar
ad
ig
m
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
—
f
r
o
m
one
-
way
m
ess
ag
e
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
to
d
ialo
g
ic,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
v
alu
e
co
-
cr
ea
t
io
n
with
th
e
p
u
b
lic
.
T
h
is
ev
o
lu
tio
n
r
e
f
lects
a
d
ee
p
er
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
h
o
w
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
s
b
u
ild
an
d
m
ain
tain
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
s
with
th
eir
au
d
ien
ce
s
,
m
o
v
in
g
b
e
y
o
n
d
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
t
o
war
d
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
en
g
ag
em
en
t
th
at
c
u
ltiv
ates
tr
u
s
t,
em
p
ath
y
,
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
lo
y
alty
.
At
th
e
h
ea
r
t o
f
th
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
lies
p
er
—
a
d
ef
in
i
n
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
OPR
[
2
3
]
.
Per
en
a
b
le
s
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
t
o
s
h
ap
e
cu
s
to
m
er
attitu
d
es,
in
ten
tio
n
s
,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1018
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
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tailo
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an
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co
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te
x
t
-
s
p
ec
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ic
in
ter
a
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n
s
.
B
y
ad
h
e
r
in
g
t
o
d
ialo
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ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
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p
r
in
cip
les
an
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p
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id
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i
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alize
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r
esp
o
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es,
o
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g
an
iz
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s
ca
n
ef
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ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
s
p
ec
if
ic
cu
s
to
m
er
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
n
eg
ativ
e
e
m
o
tio
n
s
,
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
t
d
is
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
-
d
r
iv
e
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
A
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
W
an
g
an
d
Yan
g
[
6
]
an
d
Dh
an
esh
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
,
s
u
c
h
p
r
ac
t
ices
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
u
t
also
co
n
v
e
r
t
r
ea
ctiv
e
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
i
n
to
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
d
ee
p
en
in
g
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
.
SM
p
l
a
y
s
a
p
i
v
o
ta
l
r
o
l
e
i
n
a
m
p
l
i
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
.
E
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
m
e
t
r
i
cs
s
u
c
h
as
l
i
k
es
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c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
,
a
n
d
s
h
a
r
e
s
s
e
r
v
e
a
s
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
i
n
d
ic
a
t
o
r
s
o
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p
u
b
l
ic
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
es
o
n
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
es
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
a
c
ti
v
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
u
d
i
en
c
e
t
r
u
s
t
,
u
l
t
i
m
at
e
l
y
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
i
n
g
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
t
ti
t
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
p
u
r
c
h
a
s
e
i
n
t
e
n
ti
o
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
wh
e
n
m
ess
ag
es
an
d
b
r
an
d
n
a
r
r
ativ
es
ar
e
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
c
r
ed
ib
le
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
r
s
wh
o
s
e
id
en
tity
an
d
v
alu
es
alig
n
with
th
e
tar
g
et
au
d
ien
ce
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
is
ev
e
n
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
.
L
o
u
an
d
Kim
[
1
2
]
em
p
h
asize
t
h
at
th
is
co
n
g
r
u
en
ce
b
etwe
en
in
f
l
u
en
ce
r
au
th
en
ticity
,
m
ess
ag
e
r
elev
an
ce
,
an
d
au
d
ien
ce
co
n
tex
t
g
en
er
ates
s
tr
o
n
g
er
b
r
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
em
o
t
io
n
al
attac
h
m
en
t.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tl
y
,
Per
in
OPR
ex
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
m
er
e
c
o
n
ten
t
ad
ap
tatio
n
.
T
r
an
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
at
it
in
v
o
lv
es
a
s
t
r
ateg
ic
alig
n
m
e
n
t
b
etwe
en
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
n
e,
ch
an
n
el,
an
d
im
ag
er
y
with
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
r
ec
ip
ien
t.
I
n
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
co
m
p
lain
t
-
h
a
n
d
lin
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
cu
s
to
m
ized
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
tim
ely
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
n
eg
ativ
e
s
en
tim
en
t,
r
esto
r
e
tr
u
s
t,
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
co
r
p
o
r
ate
r
ep
u
tatio
n
.
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
W
eid
ig
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
esti
m
ate
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
cr
is
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
n
in
c
r
ea
s
e
r
ev
en
u
e
b
y
5
%
–
1
5
%
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
OPR
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
b
y
1
0
%
–
3
0
%,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
its
tan
g
ib
le
im
p
ac
t o
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
a
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
ak
en
to
g
eth
e
r
,
th
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
af
f
ir
m
th
at
Per
in
OPR
i
s
n
o
t
a
s
u
p
er
f
icial
tactic
o
f
m
ess
ag
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
b
u
t
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
elatio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
y
.
I
t
in
teg
r
ates
tailo
r
ed
m
ess
ag
e
d
esig
n
,
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eso
n
an
ce
to
f
o
s
te
r
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
c
u
s
to
m
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
c
es.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
OPR
ev
o
lv
es
f
r
o
m
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
t
o
o
l
in
to
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
—
o
n
e
th
at
en
ab
les
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
a
n
k
s
,
to
c
u
ltiv
ate
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
en
h
a
n
ce
d
ig
ital
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
cu
s
to
m
er
lo
y
alty
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
etitiv
e
an
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
ig
ital
m
ar
k
et
p
lace
.
On
th
is
b
asis
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
H1
:
Per
ex
er
ts
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
OPR
s
.
H
2
: Per
ex
er
ts
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
CB
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
ip
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
o
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
a
nd
o
n
li
n
e
p
ub
li
c
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
ns
W
ith
th
e
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
OPR
h
as
ev
o
lv
ed
in
to
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
b
r
an
d
r
ep
u
tatio
n
in
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
d
i
g
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Au
s
at
[
2
6
]
d
ef
i
n
es
OPR
a
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
—
s
u
ch
as
SM
,
b
lo
g
s
,
an
d
web
s
ites
—
to
s
h
ap
e
p
u
b
l
ic
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
d
eliv
er
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
r
an
d
m
ess
ag
es,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
s
wif
tl
y
to
c
r
is
es
th
at
co
u
ld
d
am
ag
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
OPR
ex
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
ctiv
ities
;
i
t
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
as
a
d
elib
er
ate,
r
e
p
u
tatio
n
-
o
r
i
en
ted
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
t
h
at
in
teg
r
ates
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
with
d
ig
ital
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
.
C
en
tr
al
t
o
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
OPR
is
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
SM
.
Alalwa
n
et
a
l.
[
7
]
d
escr
ib
e
SM
as
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
in
ter
n
et
-
b
ased
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
th
at
en
a
b
le
u
s
er
s
t
o
cr
ea
te
an
d
s
h
ar
e
co
n
ten
t
(
u
s
er
-
g
en
er
ated
co
n
te
n
t)
an
d
en
g
a
g
e
in
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e,
t
wo
-
way
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
—
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
ci
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
b
lo
g
s
,
o
n
lin
e
f
o
r
u
m
s
,
an
d
v
id
eo
-
s
h
a
r
in
g
s
ites
—
co
n
s
titu
te
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
OPR
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
OPR
,
wh
ich
r
elied
o
n
o
n
e
-
way
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ass
m
ed
ia,
o
n
lin
e
OPR
lev
er
ag
es
SM
as
a
p
r
i
m
ar
y
ch
a
n
n
el
f
o
r
m
ess
ag
e
d
i
s
s
em
in
atio
n
,
im
ag
e
b
u
ild
in
g
,
cr
is
is
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
with
tar
g
et
a
u
d
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
SM
—
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
,
d
ialo
g
ic
ex
ch
an
g
e
,
an
d
v
is
u
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
—
m
ak
e
it
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
OPR
.
Dh
an
esh
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
v
is
u
al
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
o
n
s
o
cial
p
latf
o
r
m
s
en
h
an
ce
s
u
s
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
,
as
r
ef
lecte
d
in
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
lik
es,
s
h
ar
es,
an
d
co
m
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
u
s
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
s
ig
n
if
y
m
o
r
e
th
an
s
u
p
er
f
icial
atten
tio
n
;
th
ey
r
ep
r
esen
t
ac
tiv
e
co
-
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
a
n
d
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
tio
n
s
an
d
t
h
eir
p
u
b
lics
.
Featu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
s
h
ar
i
n
g
,
c
o
m
m
en
tin
g
,
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
em
o
tio
n
s
(
lik
e
o
r
r
ea
ct)
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
w
o
r
d
-
of
-
m
o
u
th
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
,
w
h
ich
am
p
lifie
s
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
’
s
m
ess
ag
e,
ex
ten
d
s
its
r
ea
ch
,
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
es
b
r
an
d
c
r
ed
ib
ilit
y
[
7
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
as
Au
s
at
[
2
6
]
o
b
s
er
v
es,
SM
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
ce
n
tr
al
ar
en
a
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
p
u
b
lic
o
p
i
n
io
n
b
y
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
“v
ir
tu
al
p
u
b
lic
s
p
h
er
e”
wh
e
r
e
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
d
ialo
g
u
e
o
c
cu
r
s
,
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
b
o
th
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
its
ad
v
an
tag
es,
SM
also
p
o
s
es
c
h
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
f
ak
e
n
ews,
a
n
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
“f
ilter
b
u
b
b
les”
th
at
d
is
to
r
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
.
OPR
s
tr
ateg
ically
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
ese
r
is
k
s
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
cy
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
au
th
e
n
tic
d
ialo
g
u
e,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
cr
e
d
ib
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
s
u
s
tain
p
u
b
lic
tr
u
s
t a
n
d
m
itig
ate
p
o
te
n
tial c
r
is
es.
I
n
ess
en
ce
,
SM
an
d
OPR
ar
e
m
u
tu
ally
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
.
SM
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
cu
ltu
r
e
th
at
em
p
o
wer
OPR
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
two
-
way
,
r
elatio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
r
ath
er
th
an
a
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
al
to
o
l.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
its
c
ap
ac
ity
f
o
r
im
m
e
d
iacy
,
v
ir
al
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
,
an
d
d
ee
p
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
SM
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
OPR
in
to
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f o
n
lin
e
p
u
b
lic
r
ela
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
s
o
cia
l i
n
flu
en
ce
o
n
c
u
s
to
mer b
eh
a
vio
r
a
t
…
(
Th
a
o
P
h
u
o
n
g
N
g
u
ye
n
)
1019
en
h
an
ce
s
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
r
ep
u
t
atio
n
b
u
t
also
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
e
m
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
lo
y
alty
am
o
n
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
er
a.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
th
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
H
3
:
SM
ex
er
ts
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
OPR
.
2
.
3
.
3
.
T
i
me
l
i
ne
s
s
a
nd
o
n
li
n
e
p
ub
l
i
c
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
ns
T
im
h
as
b
ee
n
r
e
co
g
n
ized
as
a
d
ef
in
in
g
attr
ib
u
te
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
OPR
.
Ng
o
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
d
escr
ib
e
T
im
as
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ich
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
p
t
u
p
d
ates
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
t
h
eir
au
d
ien
ce
s
.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
t
h
is
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
B
u
lan
ts
ev
a
[
2
8
]
id
e
n
tifie
s
T
im
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
r
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
d
if
f
er
en
tiates
OPR
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
u
b
lic
r
elatio
n
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
its
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
n
ess
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
an
d
tr
u
s
t
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
E
m
p
ir
ical
ev
i
d
en
ce
r
ein
f
o
r
c
es
th
is
co
n
c
ep
t
u
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
an
d
Dap
k
o
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
co
m
p
ar
ed
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
s
’
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
to
u
s
er
co
m
m
en
ts
an
d
in
q
u
ir
ies
o
n
Face
b
o
o
k
,
e
x
am
in
in
g
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
m
ad
e
with
in
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
v
er
s
u
s
th
o
s
e
with
d
elay
ed
o
r
n
o
r
ep
lies
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
p
r
o
m
p
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
—
with
in
o
n
e
d
ay
—
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
u
s
er
s
’
in
ten
tio
n
to
en
g
a
g
e,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
lik
es,
co
m
m
en
ts
,
co
n
test
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
an
d
r
ev
is
its
to
th
e
f
a
n
p
ag
e.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
d
ela
y
ed
o
r
ab
s
en
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
led
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
lev
e
ls
an
d
a
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
n
eg
ati
v
e
co
m
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
at
T
im
in
OPR
i
s
n
o
t
m
er
ely
o
p
er
atio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
b
u
t a
k
e
y
d
eter
m
in
a
n
t o
f
a
u
d
ien
ce
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
q
u
alit
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
v
iew,
L
i
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
at
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
p
d
ates,
o
r
im
m
ed
ia
ten
ess
,
en
co
u
r
ag
e
a
u
d
ien
ce
s
to
e
n
g
ag
e
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
ly
with
b
r
a
n
d
m
ess
ag
es,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
tr
u
s
t
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Sim
ilar
ly
,
B
u
lan
ts
ev
a
[
2
8
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
p
r
o
m
p
t
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
m
ess
ag
e
u
p
d
at
es
en
ab
le
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
r
esp
o
n
d
s
wif
tly
b
u
t
al
s
o
to
p
r
o
tect
th
eir
r
ep
u
tatio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
r
is
es
—
u
lti
m
ately
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
p
u
b
lic
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
an
d
lo
y
alty
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
v
alu
e
o
f
T
im
in
OPR
b
ec
o
m
es
esp
ec
ially
c
r
itical
in
cr
is
i
s
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Mu
r
ta
an
d
San
to
s
[
4
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
r
ap
id
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
o
n
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
ca
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
lim
it
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
n
e
g
ativ
e
n
ar
r
ativ
es
wh
ile
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
cu
s
to
m
er
tr
u
s
t
in
th
e
b
r
a
n
d
.
I
n
to
d
a
y
’
s
d
ig
ital
f
in
a
n
cial
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e,
wh
er
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
ely
o
n
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ac
ti
o
n
s
,
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
tim
ely
r
esp
o
n
s
es
h
av
e
in
ten
s
if
ied
.
C
u
s
to
m
er
s
ten
d
to
lo
s
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
wh
en
b
an
k
s
f
ail
to
r
eso
lv
e
s
er
v
ice
in
te
r
r
u
p
t
io
n
s
o
r
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
er
r
o
r
s
p
r
o
m
p
tly
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
n
ess
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
u
p
d
ates
with
in
OPR
is
ess
en
tial
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
b
u
t a
ls
o
f
o
r
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
ig
ital e
x
p
er
ien
ce
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
d
icate
th
at
T
im
is
f
ar
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
asp
ec
t
o
f
O
PR
—
i
t
is
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
p
ee
d
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
o
n
lin
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
ca
n
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
d
ig
ital
tr
u
s
t,
f
o
s
ter
d
ee
p
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
m
ain
tain
r
ep
u
t
a
tio
n
al
r
esil
ien
ce
in
an
er
a
wh
e
r
e
im
m
e
d
iacy
d
e
f
in
es
b
o
th
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
an
d
cu
s
to
m
e
r
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
is
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
H
4
:
T
im
ex
er
ts
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
on
OPR
s
.
H
5
: T
im
ex
er
ts
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
n
CB
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
O
n
l
i
n
e
p
ub
li
c
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
cu
s
t
o
me
r
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Nu
r
f
u
r
q
o
n
a
h
et
a
l.
[
3
]
,
OPR
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
e
m
p
h
asize
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
,
tim
ely
u
p
d
ates,
an
d
r
a
p
id
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
n
ess
o
n
SM
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
r
e
d
u
c
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
s
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
t
h
eir
tr
u
s
t
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
o
le
b
ec
o
m
es
esp
ec
ially
v
ital
in
th
e
b
an
k
in
g
s
ec
to
r
,
wh
er
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
s
er
v
ices
ar
e
lar
g
ely
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
,
a
n
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
is
k
-
av
er
s
e
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
f
in
a
n
cial
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
.
I
n
s
u
ch
a
co
n
tex
t,
O
PR
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
n
o
t o
n
ly
as a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
o
l b
u
t a
s
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t th
at
s
h
ap
es h
o
w
cu
s
to
m
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e,
e
v
alu
ate,
an
d
ac
t u
p
o
n
f
in
an
cial
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
.
On
e
k
ey
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
en
h
a
n
c
es th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
OPR
is
Per
.
B
y
tailo
r
in
g
m
ess
ag
es to
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
n
ee
d
s
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ati
n
g
with
cr
ed
ib
le
in
f
l
u
en
ce
r
s
wh
o
p
o
s
s
ess
f
in
an
cial
ex
p
er
tis
e
an
d
s
o
cial
tr
u
s
t,
b
an
k
s
ca
n
g
u
id
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
b
r
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
is
ess
en
tial
b
ec
au
s
e
f
in
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
is
n
o
t
p
u
r
e
l
y
r
atio
n
al
—
it
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
e
r
c
ep
tio
n
s
,
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
[
3
1
]
.
Z
h
ao
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
f
u
r
th
er
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
’
tr
u
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
s
wh
en
th
ey
o
b
s
er
v
e
au
th
e
n
tic
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
s
h
ar
ed
b
y
o
t
h
er
s
o
n
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
as
s
u
ch
s
h
ar
ed
n
a
r
r
ativ
es
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
s
o
cial
p
r
o
o
f
.
Similar
ly
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
—
s
u
ch
as
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
em
p
ath
y
,
a
n
d
r
ea
s
s
u
r
an
ce
—
ar
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
a
s
cr
itical
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
s
h
ap
in
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
f
in
an
cial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
an
d
t
h
eir
o
v
er
all
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
b
r
an
d
s
.
W
ith
in
th
is
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
,
OPR
s
er
v
es
as
b
o
th
a
r
atio
n
al
a
n
d
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
d
u
it
f
o
r
tr
u
s
t
-
b
u
ild
in
g
.
W
h
en
b
an
k
s
u
s
e
OPR
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
C
SR
in
itiativ
es
o
n
SM
,
t
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
ex
ten
d
b
ey
o
n
d
s
im
p
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
h
ar
in
g
;
th
ey
ev
o
k
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
,
f
o
s
ter
f
av
o
r
ab
le
b
r
an
d
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
,
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
en
g
ag
e
with
b
an
k
in
g
s
er
v
ices
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
co
m
p
lem
e
n
ts
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
OPR
b
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
to
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
v
alu
e,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
wh
en
m
ess
ag
es
ar
e
d
eliv
er
ed
in
a
tim
ely
,
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
,
an
d
v
is
u
ally
en
g
ag
in
g
f
o
r
m
at.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
im
m
ed
iate
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
lay
s
a
d
ec
is
iv
e
r
o
le
in
d
ee
p
e
n
in
g
cu
s
to
m
e
r
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
i
m
m
ed
iate
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
la
y
s
a
d
ec
is
i
v
e
r
o
le
in
d
ee
p
en
i
n
g
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
.
L
i
et
a
l
.
[
3
0
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
6
:
1
0
1
5
-
1
0
2
8
1020
u
p
d
ates
f
ac
ilit
ate
cu
s
to
m
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
b
y
en
ab
li
n
g
au
d
ie
n
ce
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
ac
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
u
t
also
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
ac
tiv
ely
in
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
o
n
lin
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
I
n
a
s
i
m
ilar
v
ein
,
tim
ely
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
ca
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
’
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
an
d
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
OPR
ex
ten
d
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
,
as
it
en
ab
les
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
to
m
ain
tain
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
p
r
o
m
p
tly
to
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
b
an
k
in
g
co
n
tex
t
,
wh
e
r
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
el
y
o
n
d
ig
ital
c
h
an
n
els
to
ev
a
lu
ate
an
d
in
ter
ac
t
with
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
,
th
e
T
im
,
Per
,
an
d
SM
in
ter
a
ctiv
ity
o
f
OPR
m
ay
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
to
m
o
r
e
f
av
o
r
ab
le
cu
s
to
m
er
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
OPR
ca
n
b
e
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
as
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
b
a
n
k
s
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
c
u
s
to
m
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
cu
s
to
m
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
,
OPR
is
e
x
p
ec
ted
t
o
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
cu
s
to
m
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
H6
: O
PR
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
cu
s
to
m
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
2
.
3
.
5
.
T
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
s
o
c
i
a
l
i
n
f
lu
en
c
e
L
eo
n
g
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
d
ef
i
n
e
So
c
as
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
,
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
o
f
o
t
h
er
s
with
in
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
—
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
o
n
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
B
u
ild
in
g
u
p
o
n
Kelm
an
’s
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
th
eo
r
y
[
1
7
]
,
So
c
e
x
p
lain
s
h
o
w
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
in
ter
n
a
lize
s
o
cial
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
ad
o
p
t
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
,
attitu
d
es,
o
r
b
elief
s
th
at
alig
n
w
ith
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
eir
r
ef
er
en
ce
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
th
e
d
ig
ital
er
a,
th
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
e
x
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
to
in
cl
u
d
e
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
s
o
cia
l
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
s
ites
,
o
n
li
n
e
f
o
r
u
m
s
,
an
d
m
ed
ia
-
s
h
ar
i
n
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
W
ith
in
th
ese
s
p
ac
es,
u
s
er
ac
tio
n
s
—
s
u
ch
as
s
h
ar
in
g
,
co
m
m
e
n
tin
g
,
o
r
r
atin
g
—
s
er
v
e
as
“so
cial
cu
es”
th
at
s
h
ap
e
h
o
w
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
in
ter
p
r
et
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
b
an
k
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
wh
e
r
e
s
er
v
ices a
r
e
in
ta
n
g
ib
le
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
f
in
an
cial
r
is
k
is
h
ig
h
,
cu
s
to
m
er
s
o
f
ten
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
p
ee
r
o
p
in
io
n
s
an
d
o
n
lin
e
r
ev
iews
to
r
ed
u
c
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
t
h
eir
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
i
n
f
in
an
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Alg
h
ar
a
b
at
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
So
c
in
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
o
s
t
er
s
co
h
esiv
e
b
r
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
wh
ich
en
h
a
n
ce
cu
s
to
m
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
l
o
y
alty
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
h
ar
e
d
tr
u
s
t
an
d
id
en
tific
atio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
Z
h
ao
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
h
er
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
ten
d
e
n
cies
an
d
th
e
v
is
ib
ilit
y
o
f
o
th
er
s
’
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
tr
u
s
t
cu
s
to
m
er
s
p
lace
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
m
ess
ag
es.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
p
u
b
lic’
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
cr
e
d
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ten
s
tem
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
r
o
m
co
r
p
o
r
ate
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
its
elf
b
u
t
also
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
co
llectiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
o
th
e
r
s
.
Giv
en
th
i
s
co
n
tex
t,
So
c
o
p
er
ates
as
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
o
n
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ac
tiv
ities
—
s
u
ch
as
OPR
an
d
CB
.
OPR
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
its
co
n
s
is
ten
t
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
ess
ag
es,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
a
n
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
b
r
an
d
-
b
u
ild
in
g
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
aim
s
to
s
h
ap
e
cu
s
to
m
er
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
tr
u
s
t,
u
s
ag
e
in
ten
tio
n
,
an
d
wo
r
d
-
of
-
m
o
u
t
h
ad
v
o
ca
c
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
d
ep
en
d
s
lar
g
ely
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
So
c
ac
tin
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
.
W
h
en
So
c
is
h
ig
h
—
th
at
is
,
wh
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ac
tiv
ely
s
ee
k
co
m
m
u
n
ity
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
r
ely
o
n
p
ee
r
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
,
o
r
f
o
llo
w
co
llectiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
p
atter
n
s
—
OPR
in
itia
tiv
es
ten
d
to
g
en
e
r
ate
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
p
er
s
u
asi
v
e
ef
f
ec
ts
.
I
n
s
u
c
h
ca
s
es,
th
e
b
an
k
’
s
m
ess
ag
es
ar
e
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
s
o
cial
v
alid
ati
o
n
,
am
p
lif
y
in
g
th
eir
c
r
ed
ib
il
ity
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
im
p
ac
t.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
wh
en
So
c
is
lo
w
an
d
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
p
r
ef
e
r
to
m
ak
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
ju
d
g
m
e
n
ts
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
OPR
m
ay
wea
k
en
,
as
th
ese
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ar
e
less
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
to
ex
ter
n
al
en
d
o
r
s
em
en
t
o
r
s
o
cia
l c
u
es.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
d
y
n
am
ic
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
th
e
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
OPR
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
So
c
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
ag
n
if
ies
th
e
r
ea
c
h
an
d
r
es
o
n
an
ce
o
f
d
i
g
ital
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
b
u
t
also
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ich
cu
s
to
m
er
s
in
ter
n
alize
b
r
an
d
m
ess
ag
es.
I
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
s
u
ch
as
b
an
k
in
g
—
wh
er
e
tr
u
s
t
an
d
cr
ed
i
b
ilit
y
ar
e
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
—
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
an
d
lev
er
ag
in
g
So
c
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
m
ax
im
izin
g
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
im
p
ac
t
o
f
OPR
in
itiativ
es
o
n
CB
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
is
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
H7
:
So
c
m
o
d
er
ates th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
OPR
an
d
CB
.
2
.
3
.
6
.
T
h
e
me
di
a
t
i
n
g
r
o
l
e
o
f
o
n
l
in
e
pu
bl
i
c
r
el
a
t
i
o
ns
I
n
th
e
d
ig
ital
er
a,
OPR
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
cr
u
cial
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
b
u
ild
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
b
etwe
en
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
s
an
d
th
eir
p
u
b
lics
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Nu
r
f
u
r
q
o
n
a
h
et
a
l.
[
3
]
,
OPR
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
em
p
h
asize
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
tim
ely
u
p
d
ates,
an
d
r
ap
id
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
o
n
SM
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
s
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
eir
tr
u
s
t
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
o
le
b
ec
o
m
es
esp
ec
ially
v
ital
in
th
e
b
an
k
in
g
s
ec
to
r
,
wh
er
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
s
er
v
ices
ar
e
la
r
g
e
l
y
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
,
a
n
d
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
s
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
is
k
-
av
er
s
e
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
f
in
an
cial
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
.
I
n
s
u
ch
a
co
n
tex
t,
OPR
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
as
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
o
l
b
u
t
as
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
th
at
s
h
ap
es
h
o
w
cu
s
to
m
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e,
ev
al
u
ate,
an
d
ac
t
u
p
o
n
f
in
an
cial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
On
e
k
ey
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
en
h
an
ce
s
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
OPR
is
Per
.
B
y
tailo
r
in
g
m
ess
ag
es
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
n
ee
d
s
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
cr
ed
ib
l
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
s
wh
o
p
o
s
s
ess
f
in
an
cial
ex
p
er
tis
e
an
d
s
o
cial
tr
u
s
t,
b
an
k
s
ca
n
g
u
id
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
b
r
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
is
ess
en
tial
b
ec
au
s
e
f
in
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
is
n
o
t
p
u
r
ely
r
atio
n
al
—
it
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f o
n
lin
e
p
u
b
lic
r
ela
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
s
o
cia
l i
n
flu
en
ce
o
n
c
u
s
to
mer b
eh
a
vio
r
a
t
…
(
Th
a
o
P
h
u
o
n
g
N
g
u
ye
n
)
1021
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
[
3
1
]
.
Z
h
ao
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
tr
u
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
s
wh
en
th
e
y
o
b
s
er
v
e
au
th
en
tic
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
s
h
ar
e
d
b
y
o
th
er
s
o
n
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
as
s
u
ch
s
h
ar
ed
n
ar
r
ativ
es
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
s
o
cial
p
r
o
o
f
.
L
ik
e
wis
e,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
—
s
u
ch
as
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
em
p
ath
y
,
an
d
r
ea
s
s
u
r
an
ce
—
p
la
y
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
’
f
in
an
cial
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
attitu
d
es to
war
d
b
r
an
d
s
.
W
ith
in
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
OPR
s
er
v
es
as
b
o
th
a
r
atio
n
al
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
d
u
it
f
o
r
tr
u
s
t
-
b
u
ild
in
g
.
W
h
en
b
an
k
s
u
s
e
OPR
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
C
SR
in
itiativ
es
o
n
SM
,
th
ese
e
f
f
o
r
ts
e
x
te
n
d
b
ey
o
n
d
s
im
p
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
h
ar
in
g
;
t
h
ey
ev
o
k
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
,
f
o
s
te
r
f
av
o
r
ab
le
b
r
an
d
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
,
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
en
g
ag
e
with
b
an
k
in
g
s
er
v
ices
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
co
m
p
lem
e
n
ts
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
OPR
b
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
to
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
v
alu
e,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
wh
en
m
ess
ag
es
ar
e
d
eliv
er
e
d
i
n
a
tim
ely
,
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
,
an
d
v
is
u
ally
e
n
g
ag
in
g
f
o
r
m
at.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
im
m
ed
iate
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
SM
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
p
lay
a
d
ec
is
iv
e
r
o
le
i
n
d
ee
p
en
in
g
cu
s
to
m
e
r
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t.
L
i
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
u
p
d
ates
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
au
d
ie
n
ce
s
to
in
ter
ac
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
b
y
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
b
r
ea
d
th
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t)
b
u
t
also
b
y
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
(
d
ep
th
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t)
.
Su
ch
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
e
n
h
an
ce
s
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
cr
e
d
ib
ilit
y
,
m
itig
ates
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
a
n
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
b
r
an
d
tr
u
s
t.
Similar
ly
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
p
r
o
m
p
t
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
o
n
SM
f
o
s
ter
f
ee
li
n
g
s
o
f
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
ass
u
r
an
ce
am
o
n
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
,
f
u
r
th
er
s
o
lid
if
y
in
g
t
r
u
s
t [
2
9
]
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
t
h
at
OPR
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
CB
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
in
ter
twin
ed
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
:
co
g
n
itiv
e
(
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
b
ased
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
tr
u
s
t)
an
d
af
f
ec
tiv
e
(
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
an
d
attac
h
m
e
n
t)
.
T
h
e
d
ef
i
n
in
g
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
OPR
—
T
im
,
Per
,
an
d
SM
in
ter
ac
ti
v
ity
—
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
a
l
ch
an
n
e
ls
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
th
ese
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ar
e
ac
tiv
ated
.
I
n
th
e
b
an
k
in
g
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
,
wh
er
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
p
r
icin
g
is
lim
ited
,
OPR
th
u
s
em
er
g
es
as
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
e.
B
y
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
,
em
p
ath
y
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
OPR
en
ab
les
b
an
k
s
to
cu
ltiv
at
e
d
ig
ital
tr
u
s
t,
en
h
a
n
ce
cu
s
to
m
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
lo
y
alty
in
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
etitiv
e
an
d
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
d
r
iv
en
f
in
an
cial
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
:
H8
:
OPR
s
m
ed
iat
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
Per
,
SM
,
T
im
,
an
d
CB
.
2
.
4
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
ch
mo
d
e
l
Af
ter
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
as
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
et
wee
n
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
Per
,
SM
,
an
d
T
im
af
f
ec
t
CB
,
with
O
PR
ac
tin
g
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
an
d
So
c
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
m
o
d
er
ato
r
o
f
t
h
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
R
es
e
a
r
c
h
m
o
d
e
l
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
s
a
m
i
x
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
in
t
eg
r
atin
g
b
o
th
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
Per
,
SM,
T
im
,
OP
R
,
So
c
,
an
d
CB
.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
p
h
ase
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
ev
el
o
p
th
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
ati
o
n
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
m
o
d
el,
wh
ile
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
h
ase
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
test
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
ca
les,
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el,
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
v
er
if
y
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
b
in
atio
n
e
n
ab
les
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tatis
tical
te
s
tin
g
an
d
a
llo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
ac
r
o
s
s
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial c
u
s
to
m
er
b
ase.
H
7
(
+)
H
6
(
+)
So
c
ia
l
I
n
f
lu
en
ce
P
e
rso
n
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
So
cial
Me
d
ia
T
im
elin
ess
On
lin
e
Pu
b
li
c
R
elatio
n
s
C
u
s
to
m
er
b
eh
av
io
r
H
2
(
+)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
6
:
1
0
1
5
-
1
0
2
8
1022
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
cu
s
to
m
er
s
cu
r
r
en
tly
u
s
in
g
o
n
lin
e
s
er
v
ices
at
f
iv
e
lead
in
g
Vietn
am
ese
J
S
C
B
s
,
as
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
2
0
2
4
Vietn
am
B
an
k
in
g
B
r
an
d
R
an
k
in
g
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
B
r
an
d
Fin
an
ce
.
T
h
ese
b
an
k
s
in
clu
d
e
th
e
B
an
k
f
o
r
I
n
v
estme
n
t a
n
d
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
Vietn
am
(
B
I
DV)
,
th
e
J
o
in
t Sto
ck
C
o
m
m
er
cial
B
an
k
f
o
r
Fo
r
eig
n
T
r
ad
e
o
f
Vietn
am
(
Vietco
m
b
an
k
)
,
th
e
Vietn
am
J
o
in
t
Sto
ck
C
o
m
m
er
cial
B
an
k
f
o
r
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
a
n
d
T
r
ad
e
(
Vietin
B
an
k
)
,
th
e
Militar
y
C
o
m
m
er
cia
l
J
o
in
t
Sto
ck
B
an
k
(
MB
B
an
k
)
,
an
d
th
e
Vietn
am
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ical
an
d
C
o
m
m
er
cial
J
o
in
t
Sto
ck
B
an
k
(
T
ec
h
co
m
b
an
k
)
.
T
h
ese
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ar
k
et
s
h
ar
e,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
er
v
ice
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
,
an
d
d
iv
er
s
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ch
an
n
els
with
cu
s
to
m
er
s
—
m
ak
in
g
th
em
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
ca
s
es
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
o
n
lin
e
cu
s
to
m
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
in
th
e
Vietn
am
ese
b
an
k
in
g
s
ec
to
r
.
A
s
elf
‐
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
em
p
lo
y
in
g
f
iv
e‐
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
les
(
1
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
to
5
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
was u
s
ed
,
in
a
cc
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
with
estab
lis
h
ed
p
r
ac
tices in
b
u
s
in
ess
r
esear
ch
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t i
te
m
s
f
o
r
e
a
ch
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
ct
we
r
e
a
d
ap
te
d
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
o
r
s
t
u
d
ies
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
ali
d
i
ty
:
i)
Per
:
f
o
u
r
item
s
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
Dav
id
o
w
[
3
4
]
ass
ess
th
e
ex
t
en
t
to
wh
ich
b
an
k
s
tailo
r
m
ess
ag
e
co
n
ten
t,
fo
r
m
at,
a
n
d
d
eliv
e
r
y
tim
in
g
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
ea
ch
c
u
s
to
m
er
’
s
p
r
o
f
ile,
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
an
d
n
ee
d
s
.
ii)
SM
:
th
r
ee
item
s
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
W
ib
o
wo
et
a
l
.
[
3
5
]
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
t
o
wh
ich
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
in
ter
ac
t
with
an
d
d
is
s
em
in
ate
b
an
k
‐
r
elate
d
co
n
ten
t o
n
s
o
cial
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
iii)
T
im
:
th
r
ee
item
s
ad
ap
te
d
f
r
o
m
Dav
id
o
w
[
3
4
]
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
s
p
ee
d
with
wh
ich
cu
s
to
m
er
s
r
ec
eiv
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
cr
is
is
u
p
d
ates f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
a
n
k
.
iv
)
OPR
s
:
f
o
u
r
item
s
b
ased
o
n
Yu
p
in
g
[
3
6
]
an
d
C
h
en
g
et
a
l
.
[
3
7
]
ev
alu
ate
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
tr
an
s
p
a
r
e
n
cy
,
two
‐
way
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
,
an
d
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
b
an
k
’
s
OPR
ac
tiv
ities
.
v)
So
c
:
f
o
u
r
item
s
a
d
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
B
o
o
k
an
d
T
a
n
f
o
r
d
[
3
8
]
g
au
g
e
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
wh
ic
h
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
p
ee
r
ev
alu
atio
n
s
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
v
i)
CB
:
item
s
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
Par
asu
r
am
an
et
a
l
.
[
3
9
]
m
ea
s
u
r
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
b
an
k
in
g
s
er
v
ices,
ac
tu
al
u
s
ag
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
wo
r
d
‐
o
f
‐
m
o
u
th
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
4.
RE
S
E
ARCH
F
I
N
DING
S
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
co
n
d
u
cted
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
ly
v
ia
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
o
r
ea
d
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
e
d
in
g
to
an
s
wer
.
N
o
em
ail
ad
d
r
ess
es
wer
e
co
llected
,
n
o
lo
g
in
was
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
an
d
all
p
er
s
o
n
all
y
id
en
tifi
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
r
em
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ataset
p
r
io
r
to
an
al
y
s
is
.
On
ly
ag
g
r
e
g
ated
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
an
y
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
re
-
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
.
An
in
itial
s
o
f
t
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
5
0
r
esp
o
n
s
es
was
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
;
h
o
wev
er
,
13
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
d
ee
m
e
d
i
n
v
alid
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
f
in
al
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
3
3
7
v
alid
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
PLS
-
SEM
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
J
in
et
a
l.
[
4
0
]
,
PLS
-
SEM
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
els
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
b
o
th
m
ed
iatin
g
an
d
m
o
d
er
atin
g
v
a
r
iab
les,
as
it
en
ab
les
th
e
s
im
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
els
wh
ile
test
in
g
in
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
3
3
7
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
5
5
.
2
%
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wer
e
f
em
ale
an
d
4
4
.
8
%
wer
e
m
ale.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
m
a
r
ital
s
tatu
s
,
6
5
.
9
%
wer
e
m
ar
r
ie
d
,
an
d
3
4
.
1
%
wer
e
s
in
g
le.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ag
e,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
ad
u
lts
:
3
1
.
5
%
wer
e
a
b
o
v
e
3
5
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
2
7
%
b
etwe
en
3
1
an
d
3
5
,
2
4
%
b
etwe
en
2
5
an
d
3
0
,
a
n
d
1
7
.
5
%
u
n
d
er
2
5
.
As
f
o
r
ex
p
e
r
ien
c
e
with
o
n
lin
e
b
an
k
i
n
g
s
er
v
ice
s
,
7
2
.
1
%
h
ad
u
s
ed
s
u
ch
s
er
v
ices
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
an
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
,
1
4
.
5
%
f
o
r
t
h
r
ee
to
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
,
an
d
1
3
.
4
%
f
o
r
les
s
th
an
th
r
ee
y
ea
r
s
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
attain
m
e
n
t
was
r
e
lativ
ely
h
ig
h
,
with
8
0
.
7
%
h
o
ld
in
g
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
an
d
1
3
.
1
%
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
a
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
q
u
alif
icatio
n
.
I
n
co
m
e
lev
els
wer
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
ed
b
etwe
en
7
an
d
1
3
m
illi
o
n
Vietn
am
ese
Do
n
g
(
VND
)
p
er
m
o
n
th
(
6
3
.
5
%),
wh
ile
1
5
.
4
%
r
e
p
o
r
ted
ear
n
in
g
s
ab
o
v
e
1
3
m
illi
o
n
VND,
a
lig
n
in
g
clo
s
ely
with
Vietn
am
’
s
n
atio
n
al
av
er
a
g
e
m
o
n
th
ly
in
c
o
m
e
o
f
8
.
8
m
illi
o
n
VND.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
m
atu
r
e
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
u
s
er
s
o
f
o
n
lin
e
b
an
k
i
n
g
s
er
v
ices
—
attr
ib
u
tes
th
at
lik
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
g
r
ea
te
r
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
r
is
k
an
d
tr
u
s
t
i
s
s
u
es.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
d
an
d
cr
itically
r
esp
o
n
d
to
o
n
lin
e
m
ess
ag
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
lig
h
t
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
ce
o
f
f
em
ale
a
n
d
m
ar
r
ied
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
ef
lects
a
g
en
er
al
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
wa
r
d
f
in
a
n
cial
ca
u
tio
n
an
d
a
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
wh
en
e
n
g
ag
in
g
in
d
i
g
ital b
an
k
in
g
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
i
n
d
icate
th
at
all
v
alu
es
ex
ce
ed
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
o
f
0
.
7
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
in
th
e
d
ataset.
Similar
ly
,
b
o
th
an
d
co
ef
f
icien
ts
s
u
r
p
ass
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
alu
es,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
ar
i
an
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
v
al
u
es
ar
e
all
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
5
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
co
l
lectiv
ely
in
d
icate
th
at
all
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
ca
les
m
ee
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
tatis
tical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
e
x
h
ib
it h
ig
h
lev
els o
f
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f o
n
lin
e
p
u
b
lic
r
ela
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
s
o
cia
l i
n
flu
en
ce
o
n
c
u
s
to
mer b
eh
a
vio
r
a
t
…
(
Th
a
o
P
h
u
o
n
g
N
g
u
ye
n
)
1023
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t m
o
d
el
ass
es
s
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
F
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
's
a
l
p
h
a
C
o
m
p
o
si
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
)
C
o
m
p
o
si
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
)
AVE
CB
C
B
1
0.
8
0
6
0.
8
1
6
0.
8
2
4
0.
8
7
9
0.
6
4
6
C
B
2
0
.
8
7
0
C
B
3
0.
7
6
6
C
B
4
0.
7
6
6
O
P
R
O
P
R
1
0.
8
8
6
0.
8
2
2
0.
8
2
8
0.
8
9
4
0.
7
3
7
O
P
R
2
0.
8
5
7
O
P
R
3
0.
8
3
1
P
e
r
P
e
r
1
0.
8
7
3
0.
8
4
6
0.
8
6
9
0.
8
9
6
0.
6
8
3
P
e
r
2
0
.
8
4
0
P
e
r
3
0.
7
7
4
P
e
r
4
0.
8
1
7
SM
S
M
1
0.
8
8
6
0.
8
7
9
0
.
8
8
0
0.
9
2
6
0.
8
0
6
S
M
2
0.
9
0
4
S
M
3
0.
9
0
3
Ti
m
Ti
m
1
0.
8
7
3
0.
7
9
1
0.
7
9
2
0.
8
7
8
0.
7
0
6
Ti
m
2
0.
7
9
9
Ti
m
3
0.
8
4
6
4
.
1
.
P
re
dict
iv
e
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
T
h
e
m
o
d
el’
s
f
it
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR)
in
d
ex
,
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
th
i
s
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
y
ield
ed
an
SR
MR
o
f
0
.
0
6
1
—
u
n
d
er
th
e
0
.
0
8
0
th
r
esh
o
l
d
—
in
d
icatin
g
a
m
in
im
al
av
er
a
g
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
b
etwe
en
th
e
esti
m
ated
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
co
v
ar
ian
ce
m
atr
ices
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
[
4
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
n
o
r
m
ed
f
it
in
d
ex
(
NFI
)
r
eg
is
ter
ed
at
0
.
8
0
7
,
s
u
r
p
as
s
in
g
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
[
4
2
]
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
esti
m
ated
m
o
d
el’
s
an
d
v
alu
es
ex
h
i
b
ited
o
n
ly
m
a
r
g
i
n
al
in
cr
ea
s
es
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
s
atu
r
ated
m
o
d
el,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
n
ea
r
l
y
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
c
o
v
a
r
ian
ce
m
atr
ix
i
n
its
en
tire
ty
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
at
io
n
(
R
2
)
in
T
a
b
le
3
,
as
em
p
h
asized
b
y
Hair
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
,
s
e
r
v
es
as
a
ce
n
tr
al
cr
iter
io
n
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
i
n
PLS
-
SEM
.
T
h
e
R
2
v
alu
e
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
e
x
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
les
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
e
n
d
o
g
en
o
u
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
th
er
eb
y
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
p
r
ed
i
ctiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
,
th
e
R
2
v
alu
e
f
o
r
OPR
is
0
.
1
7
4
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
th
r
ee
an
tece
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
—
Per
,
SM,
an
d
T
im
—
co
llectiv
ely
ex
p
l
ain
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
7
.
4
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
OPR
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Hair
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
,
th
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
m
o
d
er
ate
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
lev
el
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
r
esear
ch
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
R
2
v
alu
e
f
o
r
C
B
is
0
.
1
3
0
,
i
n
d
ic
a
tin
g
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
ex
p
lain
s
1
3
%
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
i
n
CB
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
v
alu
e
is
m
o
d
est,
it
is
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
an
d
ac
c
ep
tab
le
with
in
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
r
esear
ch
s
ettin
g
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
g
o
al
is
to
u
n
co
v
e
r
n
ew
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
r
at
h
er
th
an
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
O
v
e
r
all,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
p
o
s
s
ess
e
s
s
ati
s
f
ac
to
r
y
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
u
n
d
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
o
lid
f
o
u
n
d
at
io
n
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
an
d
m
ed
iat
io
n
–
m
o
d
er
atio
n
an
al
y
s
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
R
2
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
also
ev
alu
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
(
f
2
)
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Hair
e
t
a
l.
[
4
1
]
,
th
e
f²
s
tatis
tic
h
elp
s
ass
es
s
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
y
id
e
n
tify
in
g
wh
ich
v
ar
iab
les ex
e
r
t a
s
u
b
s
tan
t
ial
im
p
ac
t o
n
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
ex
p
l
an
ato
r
y
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Mo
d
el
f
it testi
n
g
M
o
d
e
l
f
i
t
i
n
d
e
x
S
a
t
u
r
a
t
e
d
mo
d
e
l
Est
i
m
a
t
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
S
R
M
R
0.
0
6
1
0.
0
6
1
0.
5
6
5
0.
5
7
7
0.
2
3
2
0.
2
3
3
C
h
i
-
sq
u
a
r
e
4
8
7
.
9
0
4
4
8
8
.
6
9
6
N
F
I
0.
8
0
8
0.
8
0
7
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
ete
r
m
in
atio
n
En
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
R
2
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
R
2
CB
0
.
1
3
0
0.
1
2
2
O
P
R
0.
1
7
4
0.
1
6
7
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
f
2
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
Per
h
as
an
f
2
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
9
9
in
its
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
OPR
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
to
ex
p
lain
i
n
g
v
ar
ian
ce
in
OPR
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
T
im
s
h
o
ws
an
f
2
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
1
0
in
its
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
C
B
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
it
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
l
u
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
in
e
x
p
lain
in
g
CB
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
B
y
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ex
h
ib
it
s
m
all
o
r
n
eg
lig
i
b
le
f
2
v
al
u
es,
im
p
ly
in
g
t
h
at
th
eir
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el
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C
o
llectiv
ely
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ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
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er
s
co
r
e
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at
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ile
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ev
er
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en
ts
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Per
an
d
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i
m
r
e
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r
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t
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ac
tically
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ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ak
en
to
g
et
h
er
,
th
e
R
2
a
n
d
f
2
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
u
r
n
is
h
ev
id
e
n
c
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
an
a
cc
e
p
tab
le
lev
el
o
f
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
:
th
e
an
tece
d
e
n
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ex
er
t
m
o
d
er
ate
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
OPR
,
an
d
OPR
,
in
tu
r
n
,
p
ar
tially
tr
an
s
lates
th
ese
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
i
n
to
CB
,
alb
eit
with
a
m
o
d
est
f
in
al
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
ese
o
u
tco
m
es
ju
s
tify
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
r
o
les
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
co
n
s
titu
en
t f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t sizes
f
2
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
CB
O
P
R
P
e
r
SM
Ti
m
CB
O
P
R
0
.
0
1
0
P
e
r
0.
0
0
5
0.
0
9
9
0.
0
2
6
SM
0.
0
5
5
Ti
m
0.
1
0
8
0.
0
1
2
0.
0
0
4
4
.
2
.
M
edia
t
ing
v
a
ri
a
ble t
est
re
s
ult
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
t
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
OPR
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
m
o
n
g
Per
,
SM,
T
im
,
an
d
C
B
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
an
aly
s
is
r
e
v
e
aled
in
T
ab
le
5
th
at
th
e
p
ath
f
r
o
m
OPR
to
C
B
was
s
tatis
t
ically
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
β
=
0
.
0
9
9
,
t
=
1
.
6
1
9
,
an
d
p
=
0
.
1
0
5
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
OPR
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
er
t
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
CB
wi
th
in
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
Fu
r
th
er
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
e
d
iated
p
ath
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
—
Per
→
OPR
→
C
B
(
β
=
0
.
0
3
2
,
p
=
0
.
1
3
1
)
,
SM
→
OPR
→
C
B
(
β
=
0
.
0
2
1
,
p
=
0
.
1
5
2
)
,
a
n
d
T
im
→
OPR
→
C
B
(
β
=
0
.
0
1
3
,
p
=
0
.
3
3
3
)
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
Per
(
β
=
0
.
0
6
7
,
p
=
0
.
2
8
3
)
,
SM
(
β
=
0
.
0
3
1
,
p
=
0
.
1
5
2
)
,
a
n
d
T
im
(
β
=
0
.
1
1
0
,
p
=
0
.
1
0
4
)
o
n
C
B
wer
e
also
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Hair
et
a
l.
[
4
3
]
,
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
PLS
-
SEM
,
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
ath
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
tatis
ticall
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
wh
en
th
e
t
-
v
alu
e
e
x
ce
ed
s
1
.
9
6
,
an
d
th
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
is
u
n
d
er
0
.
0
5
at
a
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
lev
el.
Sin
ce
all
test
ed
p
ath
s
in
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
f
ailed
to
m
ee
t
th
ese
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ee
m
ed
non
-
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
in
b
o
th
s
tatis
ti
ca
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ter
m
s
.
C
o
n
s
i
s
ten
t
with
Hay
es
[
4
4
]
,
wh
en
n
eith
er
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
n
o
r
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
class
if
i
ed
as
n
o
-
ef
f
ec
t
n
o
n
-
m
ed
iatio
n
,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
m
ed
iato
r
d
o
es
n
o
t
tr
an
s
m
it
o
r
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
o
n
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le.
Similar
ly
,
Hair
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
em
p
h
asize
th
at
p
-
v
alu
es
an
d
t
-
s
tatis
tics
r
em
ain
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
b
ases
f
o
r
h
y
p
o
th
esis
v
alid
atio
n
in
SEM
;
th
u
s
,
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
alu
es
in
b
o
th
p
at
h
way
s
n
ec
e
s
s
itate
th
e
r
ejec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
th
e
o
r
etica
l
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
e
v
id
en
ce
,
t
h
e
p
r
es
en
t
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
OPR
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
lay
a
m
e
d
iatin
g
r
o
le
in
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
am
o
n
g
Per
,
SM,
T
im
,
a
n
d
C
B
.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at,
with
in
th
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
co
n
tex
t,
CB
is
lik
ely
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
m
o
r
e
d
ir
ec
tly
b
y
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
b
ey
o
n
d
OPR
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
alter
n
ativ
e
m
ed
iatin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
o
d
els.
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
e
m
ed
iatin
g
v
ar
iab
le
test
r
esu
lt
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
(
P
a
t
h
)
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
s
a
mp
l
e
(O)
S
a
mp
l
e
m
e
a
n
(
M
)
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
TD
EV
)
T
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
(
|
O
/
S
TD
EV
|
)
P
v
a
l
u
e
s
R
e
s
u
l
t
O
P
R
→
CB
0
.
0
9
9
0
.
1
0
3
0
.
0
6
1
1
.
6
1
9
0
.
1
0
5
P
e
r
→
CB
0
.
1
0
0
0
.
1
0
2
0
.
0
5
9
1
.
6
7
9
0
.
0
9
3
P
e
r
→
O
P
R
0
.
3
2
7
0
.
3
3
1
0
.
0
5
9
5
.
5
6
1
0
P
e
r
→
SM
0
.
1
6
1
0
.
1
6
6
0
.
0
5
9
2
.
7
2
2
0
.
0
0
7
S
M
→
CB
0
.
0
2
2
0
.
0
2
3
0
.
0
1
5
1
.
4
3
2
0
.
1
5
2
S
M
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2
1
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2
1
8
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3
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3
2
7
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6
2
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1
6
9
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0
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1
1
4
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.
1
1
6
0
.
0
6
5
1
.
7
4
8
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.
0
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1
Ti
m
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0
.
0
6
1
0
.
0
6
2
0
.
0
5
8
1
.
0
4
9
0
.
2
9
4
4
.
3
.
M
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h
ip
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r
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r
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ip
[
4
4
]
.
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esti
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I
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m
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So
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as
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.
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h
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b
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f
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s
wh
eth
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So
c
am
p
lifie
s
o
r
atten
u
ates
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