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I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
,
p
p
.
2
4
3
1
~
2
4
5
3
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
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DOI
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1
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v
16
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5
.
pp
2
4
3
1
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4
5
3
2431
J
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s
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Mu
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ar
Facu
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f
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Un
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r
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p
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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O
N
T
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e
r
ap
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v
o
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tio
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o
f
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wer
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tr
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ic
tech
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o
lo
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p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
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wid
esp
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ea
d
a
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o
p
tio
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o
f
wid
e
-
b
an
d
g
ap
(
W
B
G)
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
e
v
ices,
h
as
e
n
ab
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
f
aster
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
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d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
wer
d
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s
it
y
.
W
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ile
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
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co
n
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ter
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o
m
p
ac
tn
ess
,
th
ey
also
in
ten
s
if
y
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tr
o
m
ag
n
eti
c
in
ter
f
er
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ce
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E
MI
)
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
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n
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r
ad
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ad
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o
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d
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,
o
r
r
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d
iatio
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p
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s
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allen
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eli
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co
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lian
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with
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tr
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m
ag
n
e
tic
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
(
E
MC)
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
[
1
]
.
So
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
v
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t
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o
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t
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Ma
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t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
26
:
2
4
3
1
-
2
4
5
3
2432
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
ax
im
ize
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
ap
tiv
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
l
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
Po
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
en
er
g
y
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
v
o
ltag
e
,
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
lev
els
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial,
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
e
x
ten
s
iv
ely
u
tili
ze
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
[
4
]
,
b
atter
y
-
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
]
,
an
d
m
o
t
o
r
-
d
r
iv
e
i
n
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
wh
er
e
f
ast
-
s
witch
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
ten
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
E
MI
ch
allen
g
es.
E
MC
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
ical
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
to
o
p
er
ate
r
eliab
ly
with
in
th
eir
ele
ctr
o
m
ag
n
etic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
with
o
u
t
g
en
er
atin
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o
r
b
ein
g
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
u
n
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
[
6
]
.
Ach
iev
in
g
E
MC is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
cr
u
cial
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
r
en
ewa
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le
en
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g
y
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y
s
tem
s
,
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tr
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icles,
ae
r
o
s
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ac
e,
a
n
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
au
to
m
atio
n
,
wh
e
r
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
p
er
ate
at
h
ig
h
s
witch
in
g
s
p
ee
d
s
an
d
in
ter
ac
t
with
s
en
s
itiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
s
en
s
in
g
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
[
7
]
.
E
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
is
also
a
cr
itical
co
n
ce
r
n
in
au
to
m
atio
n
an
d
d
ig
itally
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
o
wer
-
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
witch
in
g
n
o
is
e
ca
n
d
eg
r
ad
e
s
en
s
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
,
co
r
r
u
p
t
a
n
alo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
e
r
ter
(
ADC)
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
,
d
is
tu
r
b
p
h
ase
-
lo
c
k
ed
l
o
o
p
s
(
PLL
s
)
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
cu
r
r
en
t,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
m
o
tio
n
-
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
s
u
ch
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
m
ay
p
r
o
p
a
g
ate
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
in
ter
f
ac
es
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
th
e
r
eb
y
af
f
ec
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
ac
tu
ato
r
c
o
o
r
d
in
ati
o
n
,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
Mo
s
t
e
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
h
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
co
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
b
elo
w
3
0
MH
z,
with
d
e
tailed
an
aly
s
es
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
tia
l
-
m
o
d
e
(
DM
)
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
(
C
M)
n
o
is
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
1
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
W
B
G
d
ev
ices
h
as
am
p
lifie
d
r
a
d
iated
E
MI
an
d
co
m
p
lex
c
o
u
p
lin
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
t
h
at
ar
e
n
o
t
ad
e
q
u
ately
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
itig
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
As
E
MC
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
b
e
co
m
e
m
o
r
e
s
tr
in
g
en
t,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ilter
in
g
-
ce
n
tr
ic
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
alo
n
e
ar
e
o
f
ten
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t,
m
o
tiv
atin
g
th
e
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
E
MI
-
awa
r
e
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
2
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
E
MI
r
ev
iew
p
ap
er
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
,
m
o
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
o
n
c
o
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
m
o
d
elin
g
,
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
f
ilter
-
b
a
s
ed
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
co
n
t
r
ast,
th
e
r
ap
id
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
W
B
G
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
e
v
ices
s
u
ch
as
s
ilico
n
ca
r
b
id
e
(
SiC
)
an
d
g
alliu
m
n
itrid
e
(
G
aN)
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tally
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
E
MI
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
e
to
u
ltra
-
f
ast
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
ex
tr
em
e
ly
h
ig
h
d
v
/d
t
an
d
d
i/d
t
s
tr
ess
,
co
m
p
ac
t
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
,
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
p
ar
asit
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
eso
n
an
c
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
ex
ten
d
in
g
in
t
o
th
e
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
MH
z
an
d
GHz
r
an
g
es.
T
h
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
ten
s
if
y
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
n
o
is
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
,
r
a
d
iated
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
-
cu
r
r
en
t
co
u
p
lin
g
,
an
d
lay
o
u
t sen
s
itiv
ity
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
1
3
]
.
Un
lik
e
ea
r
lier
s
u
r
v
ey
s
,
t
h
is
r
e
v
iew
s
p
ec
if
ically
em
p
h
asizes
W
B
G
-
d
r
iv
en
E
MI
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
th
ei
r
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
n
e
x
t
-
g
en
e
r
atio
n
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
-
d
en
s
ity
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew
lies
in
its
in
teg
r
ated
s
o
u
r
ce
–
p
at
h
–
s
y
s
tem
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
E
MI
g
en
e
r
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
p
ar
asit
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
aly
s
is
,
co
n
d
u
cted
an
d
r
ad
iated
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
m
itig
atio
n
t
r
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
,
in
tr
in
s
ic
E
MC
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
W
B
G
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
e
v
iew
cr
itically
ex
am
i
n
es
wh
y
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
o
s
t
-
d
esig
n
f
ilter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
GaN
an
d
SiC
b
ased
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lay
o
u
t
-
awa
r
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
p
ac
k
ag
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
g
ate
-
d
r
iv
e
co
n
t
r
o
l,
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
E
MI
c
o
-
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
E
m
e
r
g
in
g
tr
en
d
s
in
c
lu
d
in
g
AI
-
ass
is
ted
E
MI
p
r
ed
ic
tio
n
,
co
m
p
ac
t
E
MI
f
ilter
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
in
tr
in
s
ic
E
MC
-
o
r
ien
ted
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
ar
e
also
co
m
p
ar
a
tiv
ely
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
o
r
war
d
-
lo
o
k
in
g
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
p
o
wer
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
4
]
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
ar
e
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
in
m
o
d
er
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
w
h
er
e
th
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
cr
itical
r
o
les
in
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
an
d
g
r
id
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
.
As
th
e
p
en
etr
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
cr
ea
s
es,
E
MI
g
en
er
ated
b
y
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
witch
in
g
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
ce
r
n
,
p
o
te
n
tially
lead
in
g
to
r
e
d
u
ce
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
s
y
s
tem
in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
with
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
an
d
ev
en
d
ev
ice
f
ailu
r
e
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
E
M
I
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
an
ess
en
tial
d
esig
n
o
b
jectiv
e
r
ath
er
th
a
n
a
p
o
s
t
-
co
m
p
lian
ce
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew
is
to
ex
am
in
e
E
MI
g
en
er
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
t
o
cr
itically
ass
e
s
s
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
a
teg
ies
with
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
ele
v
a
n
ce
to
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
-
d
e
n
s
ity
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
an
al
y
ze
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
tar
g
etin
g
E
MI
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
alo
n
g
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
p
at
h
s
,
an
d
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
lev
el,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
p
ass
iv
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
f
ilter
in
g
,
lay
o
u
t
an
d
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
m
o
d
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
R
eg
u
lato
r
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
th
eir
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esi
g
n
a
r
e
also
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
e
x
am
in
atio
n
o
f
E
MI
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
em
er
g
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
o
d
e
r
n
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es
an
d
id
en
tify
in
g
d
esig
n
-
o
r
ien
te
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
in
tr
in
s
ic
E
MC
co
m
p
lian
ce
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
e
r
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
it
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
u
n
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cr
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ef
f
ec
ts
,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
-
l
o
o
p
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tati
o
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
AI
-
ass
is
t
ed
E
MI
p
r
ed
ictio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
o
d
elin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
p
r
ac
tical
m
itig
a
tio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
also
r
em
ain
f
r
ag
m
en
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
em
e
r
g
in
g
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
t
h
ese
li
m
it
ati
o
n
s
,
t
h
is
r
e
v
iew
p
r
es
en
ts
a
c
o
n
s
o
li
d
at
e
d
s
o
u
r
c
e
–
p
a
th
–
s
y
s
t
e
m
-
o
r
ie
n
t
e
d
an
al
y
s
is
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
t
h
a
t
i
n
te
g
r
at
es
E
MI
f
u
n
d
am
en
tals
,
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
m
o
d
eli
n
g
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es,
m
i
ti
g
at
io
n
s
tr
ate
g
ies,
p
r
a
cti
ca
l
d
esi
g
n
t
r
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
,
a
n
d
e
m
e
r
g
i
n
g
r
ese
ar
ch
tr
e
n
d
s
i
n
t
o
a
u
n
i
f
i
ed
tec
h
n
ic
al
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
e.
Se
cti
o
n
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es
E
M
I
f
u
n
d
am
en
tals
,
class
i
f
i
ca
ti
o
n
p
r
i
n
ci
p
les
,
a
n
d
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
/r
ad
iat
e
d
E
MI
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
in
m
o
d
e
r
n
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
e
r
t
er
s
.
Sectio
n
3
an
aly
ze
s
E
MI
g
en
er
atio
n
m
e
ch
an
is
m
s
,
p
ar
asit
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
-
le
v
el
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
witch
in
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
Sectio
n
4
ex
am
in
es
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
E
MI
o
n
co
n
v
er
ter
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
s
en
s
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
ter
f
ac
es,
an
d
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Sectio
n
5
c
r
itically
r
ev
iews
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
E
MI
m
itig
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
s
o
u
r
ce
-
le
v
el
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
,
p
ass
iv
e
a
n
d
ac
tiv
e
f
il
ter
in
g
,
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
s
h
ield
in
g
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
,
p
ac
k
ag
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
p
r
in
ted
cir
cu
it
b
o
a
r
d
(
PC
B
)
lay
o
u
t
-
awa
r
e
d
esig
n
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
26
:
2
4
3
1
-
2
4
5
3
2434
an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
s
ec
tio
n
6
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ly
s
y
n
th
esizes
k
ey
tech
n
ical
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
d
esig
n
t
r
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
,
p
r
ac
tical
s
elec
tio
n
g
u
id
elin
es,
m
o
d
elin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
an
d
e
m
er
g
in
g
tr
en
d
s
s
u
ch
as
AI
-
ass
i
s
ted
E
MI
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
co
m
p
ac
t
f
ilter
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
in
tr
in
s
ic
E
MC
-
o
r
ien
ted
co
-
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies f
o
r
Ga
N
an
d
SiC
-
b
ased
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
S
ec
tio
n
7
o
u
tlin
es f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
co
n
clu
d
in
g
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
f
o
r
n
ex
t
-
g
en
e
r
atio
n
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
8
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
p
ap
er
with
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
R
a
d
i
a
t
e
d
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
M
o
d
e
N
o
i
s
e
C
o
m
m
o
n
M
o
d
e
N
o
i
s
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
y
p
es o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
2.
E
L
E
C
T
RO
M
AG
N
E
T
I
C
I
N
T
E
RF
E
R
E
NC
E
I
N
P
O
W
E
R
CO
NVER
T
E
R
S
E
MI
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
a
r
is
es
f
r
o
m
u
n
wan
te
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
em
is
s
io
n
s
g
en
er
ated
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
y
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
witch
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
u
n
a
v
o
id
a
b
le
p
a
r
asit
ic
elem
en
ts
with
in
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
d
ev
ices,
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
an
d
in
t
er
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
E
MC
d
en
o
tes
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
to
o
p
er
ate
r
eliab
ly
with
in
its
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
with
o
u
t
ca
u
s
in
g
o
r
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
u
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
t
o
war
d
wid
e
-
b
an
d
g
ap
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ice
s
,
co
u
p
led
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
p
o
wer
d
en
s
it
y
,
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
te
n
s
if
ied
E
MI
ch
allen
g
es
in
m
o
d
e
r
n
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
a
clea
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
E
MI
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
class
if
icat
io
n
s
,
an
d
co
u
p
l
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
is
ess
en
tial f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
esig
n
o
f
E
MC
-
co
m
p
lian
t
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
,
E
MI
d
ir
ec
tly
a
f
f
ec
ts
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
I
n
t
er
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
E
MI
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
i
n
p
u
t
f
ilter
s
ca
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
u
n
in
ten
d
ed
d
y
n
am
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
is
m
atch
an
d
r
eso
n
an
ce
,
wh
ich
m
ay
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
il
ity
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
p
o
in
t
-
of
-
l
o
a
d
(
POL)
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
2
2
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
E
MI
g
en
er
ated
b
y
f
ast
-
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices
ca
n
p
r
o
p
a
g
ate
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
an
d
r
ad
iativ
e
p
at
h
s
,
in
ter
f
er
in
g
with
n
ea
r
b
y
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
an
d
d
eg
r
a
d
in
g
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
o
n
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
v
er
te
r
s
h
a
v
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
o
p
tim
ize
d
E
MI
f
ilter
d
esig
n
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
b
o
th
C
M
an
d
DM
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
lian
ce
with
o
u
t
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
ize
o
r
s
atu
r
atio
n
o
f
m
a
g
n
etic
elem
en
ts
[
2
3
]
.
2
.
1
.
Cla
s
s
if
ica
t
io
n
o
f
elec
t
ro
m
a
g
net
ic
inte
rf
er
ence
E
MI
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
is
g
en
er
ally
class
if
ied
in
to
co
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
an
d
r
ad
iate
d
E
MI
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
C
o
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
t
y
p
ic
ally
d
o
m
in
ates
b
elo
w
3
0
M
Hz
an
d
p
r
o
p
ag
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
wer
a
n
d
s
ig
n
al
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
r
ad
iated
E
M
I
b
ec
o
m
es m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
a
t
h
ig
h
er
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
d
u
e
to
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
co
u
p
lin
g
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
r
ap
id
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
C
o
n
d
u
cted
E
M
I
is
f
u
r
th
er
d
iv
i
d
ed
i
n
to
C
M
a
n
d
DM
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
C
M
n
o
is
e
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
cu
r
r
en
ts
f
lo
win
g
i
n
t
h
e
s
am
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
a
co
m
m
o
n
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
u
s
u
ally
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
wh
ile
DM
n
o
is
e
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
eq
u
al
an
d
o
p
p
o
s
ite
cu
r
r
en
ts
f
l
o
win
g
b
etwe
en
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
p
o
wer
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
Ac
cu
r
ate
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
C
M
an
d
DM
p
ath
s
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
E
MI
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
co
m
p
ac
t,
h
i
g
h
-
d
en
s
ity
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ca
teg
o
r
ies o
f
E
MI
e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
[
2
4
]
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
Ra
dia
t
ed
E
M
I
R
ad
iated
E
MI
r
ef
er
s
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elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
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er
g
y
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itted
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
its
an
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
et
ic
wav
es.
I
t
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
h
ig
h
d
v
/
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t
an
d
d
i/d
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a
s
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o
ciate
d
with
f
ast
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
g
en
er
ate
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
in
g
elec
tr
i
c
an
d
m
ag
n
etic
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ield
s
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ab
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o
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p
lin
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to
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r
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its
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d
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tr
u
ctu
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R
ad
iated
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io
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o
m
e
i
n
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ea
s
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ly
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ig
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co
n
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ter
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ices d
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witch
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es a
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d
h
ig
h
er
o
p
er
atin
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f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
lectro
ma
g
n
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in
terf
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(
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2435
2
.
1
.
2
.
Co
nd
uct
ed
E
M
I
C
o
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
p
r
o
p
ag
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
p
ath
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
wer
lin
es,
g
r
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u
n
d
c
o
n
n
e
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
s
ig
n
al
tr
ac
es.
I
t is m
ain
ly
d
r
iv
en
b
y
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
r
a
p
id
s
witch
in
g
ev
en
ts
.
B
elo
w
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
MH
z,
co
n
d
u
cted
n
o
is
e
is
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
tly
d
i
f
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er
en
tial
m
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er
ea
s
at
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er
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cies,
co
m
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o
n
-
m
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e
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o
is
e
o
f
ten
d
o
m
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ates
d
u
e
to
p
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s
b
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witch
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g
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d
es
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
[
2
7
]
.
C
M
an
d
DM
co
n
d
u
cte
d
E
M
I
d
if
f
e
r
en
tly
f
u
n
d
am
en
tally
i
n
th
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c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
w
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
C
M
c
u
r
r
en
ts
ca
n
ex
is
t
ev
e
n
in
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
u
t
d
i
r
ec
t
ea
r
th
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
as
in
ter
n
al
p
ar
asit
ic
co
u
p
lin
g
s
e
n
ab
le
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
etu
r
n
p
ath
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
T
h
es
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
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s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
m
itig
ated
u
s
in
g
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m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
c
h
o
k
es
an
d
Y
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
DM
n
o
is
e
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
e
r
p
ath
an
d
is
ty
p
ically
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
tial
-
m
o
d
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
[
2
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
is
tin
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
r
ad
iated
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
u
cted
E
MI
,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
esen
ts
a
g
en
er
alize
d
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
C
M
an
d
DM
E
MI
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
.
B
o
th
C
M
an
d
DM
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
o
r
ig
i
n
ate
f
r
o
m
r
ap
id
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
witch
es
an
d
ca
n
ad
v
er
s
ely
af
f
ec
t
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
a
u
to
m
o
tiv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
elec
tr
o
n
ics
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
p
a
t
h
N
o
i
s
e
S
o
u
r
c
e
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
ad
iated
a
n
d
co
n
d
u
c
ted
E
MI
-
v
ictim
ized
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
T
o
t
a
l
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
M
a
i
n
P
o
w
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
E
x
c
e
s
s
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
D
M
N
o
i
s
e
)
I
m
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
C
M
N
o
i
s
e
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
G
r
o
u
n
d
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
D
M
C
M
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fra
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
o
n
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
tial m
o
d
e
E
MI
m
itig
atio
n
3.
E
M
I
G
E
N
E
RA
T
I
O
N
M
E
C
H
ANIS
M
S IN P
O
W
E
R
CO
NVER
T
E
RS
E
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
r
i
g
in
ates
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
r
o
m
r
ap
i
d
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
g
iv
e
r
is
e
to
h
ig
h
d
v
/d
t
an
d
d
i/d
t.
T
h
ese
f
as
t
tr
an
s
ien
ts
,
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
u
n
av
o
id
ab
le
p
ar
asit
ic
elem
en
ts
with
in
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices,
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
an
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
g
e
n
er
ate
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
n
o
is
e
th
at
p
r
o
p
a
g
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
c
o
n
d
u
cted
an
d
r
a
d
iated
p
ath
s
.
I
n
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
em
p
lo
y
in
g
wid
e
-
b
an
d
g
ap
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices,
th
ese
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
am
p
lifie
d
,
m
ak
i
n
g
E
MI
a
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
d
esig
n
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
r
ath
er
th
an
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
Par
asit
ic
in
d
u
ctan
ce
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
ev
i
ce
p
ac
k
ag
es,
PC
B
tr
ac
es,
an
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
f
o
r
m
r
eso
n
an
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
e
x
cite
o
s
cillatio
n
s
in
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
ese
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
n
o
is
e
am
p
litu
d
e,
ex
ten
d
E
MI
b
an
d
wid
th
,
an
d
co
m
p
licate
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
PC
B
lay
o
u
t,
im
p
r
o
p
e
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
,
an
d
in
a
d
eq
u
ate
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
etwe
en
n
o
is
y
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
e
cir
c
u
its
f
u
r
th
er
ex
ac
er
b
ate
E
MI
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
26
:
2
4
3
1
-
2
4
5
3
2436
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
co
u
p
lin
g
.
U
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
ese
p
h
y
s
ical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
tar
g
ete
d
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
E
MI
at
its
s
o
u
r
ce
r
ath
er
th
an
r
ely
i
n
g
s
o
lely
o
n
p
o
s
t
-
f
ilter
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
3
.
1
.
Curre
nt
-
re
la
t
ed
inte
rf
e
re
nce
a
t
t
he
inp
ut
R
ap
id
s
witch
in
g
o
f
p
o
wer
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
d
e
v
ices
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
s
teep
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
th
at
i
n
ject
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
n
o
is
e
in
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
ter
m
in
als
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
.
T
h
is
cu
r
r
en
t
-
r
elate
d
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
p
r
o
p
ag
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
ca
n
co
n
tam
in
a
te
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
o
r
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
Hig
h
d
i/d
t
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
o
p
s
,
in
co
m
b
in
atio
n
with
p
ar
asit
ic
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
s
,
ar
e
a
d
o
m
in
an
t
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
co
n
d
u
cte
d
E
MI
an
d
m
ay
also
ex
cite
r
ad
iated
em
is
s
io
n
s
wh
e
n
lo
o
p
ar
ea
s
ar
e
lar
g
e
.
3
.
2
.
P
a
ra
s
it
ic
elem
ent
s
a
nd
ph
y
s
ica
l c
o
m
po
nent
pla
ce
m
ent
Par
asit
ic
in
d
u
ctan
ce
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
in
h
er
en
t
to
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
p
ac
k
ag
es,
an
d
PC
B
lay
o
u
ts
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
E
MI
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
asit
ic
f
o
r
m
s
cr
ea
te
r
eso
n
an
t
p
ath
s
th
at
am
p
lify
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
b
o
th
co
n
d
u
c
ted
an
d
r
ad
iate
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Po
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
p
lace
m
en
t
—
s
u
ch
as
lo
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
lo
o
p
s
,
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
r
etu
r
n
p
ath
s
,
o
r
p
r
o
x
im
ity
b
etwe
en
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
s
witch
in
g
n
o
d
es
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
e
cir
cu
its
—
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
wo
r
s
en
s
E
MI
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
As
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
in
cr
ea
s
e,
lay
o
u
t
-
in
d
u
ce
d
p
ar
asit
ic
o
f
ten
d
o
m
in
ate
o
v
er
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
d
ev
ice
b
eh
av
io
r
.
3
.
3
.
E
lect
ric
-
f
ield
–
do
m
ina
t
e
d
E
M
I
s
o
urce
s
(
hig
h
-
im
peda
nce
no
des
)
Hig
h
-
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
n
o
d
es
ex
p
e
r
ien
cin
g
lar
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
win
g
s
ar
e
m
ajo
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
elec
tr
ic
-
f
ield
–
co
u
p
led
E
MI
.
R
ap
id
d
v
/d
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
at
s
witch
in
g
n
o
d
es
g
en
er
ate
s
tr
o
n
g
tim
e
-
v
a
r
y
in
g
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
th
at
ca
p
ac
itiv
ely
co
u
p
le
to
n
ea
r
b
y
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
,
h
ea
ts
in
k
s
,
an
d
c
h
ass
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
is
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
a
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
to
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
n
o
is
e
an
d
r
ad
iated
E
MI
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
co
m
p
ac
t
co
n
v
er
ter
lay
o
u
ts
wh
er
e
s
p
ac
in
g
b
etwe
en
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
is
lim
ited
[
3
3
]
.
3
.
4
.
M
a
g
net
ic
-
f
ield
–
do
m
ina
t
ed
E
M
I
s
o
urce
s
(
lo
w
-
im
peda
nce
lo
o
ps
)
L
o
w
-
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
ath
s
ca
r
r
y
in
g
h
ig
h
d
i/d
t
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
g
en
er
ate
in
ten
s
e
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
i
n
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
.
T
h
ese
f
ield
s
ca
n
in
d
u
ctiv
ely
co
u
p
le
in
to
ad
jace
n
t
lo
o
p
s
,
tr
ac
es,
o
r
ca
b
les,
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
b
o
th
c
o
n
d
u
cted
an
d
r
ad
iated
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
M
ag
n
etic
-
f
ield
–
d
o
m
in
ated
E
M
I
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
lo
o
p
ar
ea
,
co
n
d
u
cto
r
g
eo
m
etr
y
,
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
etu
r
n
p
ath
s
,
m
ak
in
g
PC
B
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
d
esig
n
c
r
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
in
E
MI
co
n
tr
o
l.
3
.
5
.
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
-
re
l
a
t
ed
inte
rf
er
ence
a
t
t
he
o
utput
At
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
u
t
p
u
t,
f
ast
v
o
ltag
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
s
an
d
s
witch
in
g
r
ip
p
le
ca
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
in
to
co
n
n
ec
te
d
lo
ad
s
an
d
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
-
r
elate
d
E
MI
m
ay
d
eg
r
ad
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
in
ter
f
er
e
with
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
cir
cu
its
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
ag
ate
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
ca
b
les,
ac
tin
g
as
u
n
in
ten
d
e
d
an
ten
n
as.
T
h
e
s
ev
er
ity
o
f
th
is
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
in
c
r
e
ases
with
h
ig
h
er
d
v
/d
t
s
witch
i
n
g
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ilter
in
g
o
r
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
m
atch
in
g
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
f
o
r
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
f
o
r
E
MI
an
d
E
MC is
s
k
etch
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
n
d
u
cted
E
M
I
/EM
C
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t setu
p
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2437
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
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s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
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g
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e
h
av
io
r
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ar
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ter
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tio
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s
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d
o
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eq
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id
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tify
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g
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e
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o
o
t
ca
u
s
es
o
f
E
MI
in
co
n
v
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ter
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
o
p
r
o
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id
e
th
is
in
teg
r
ated
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e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
m
a
jo
r
ca
u
s
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an
d
r
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ltin
g
im
p
a
cts
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
E
MI
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
r
ig
in
ates
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
elec
tr
ical
s
witch
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Hig
h
d
v
/d
t
an
d
d
i/d
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
g
en
er
ate
b
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
p
ar
asit
ic
in
d
u
ctan
ce
s
,
ca
p
ac
it
an
ce
s
,
an
d
p
o
o
r
lay
o
u
t
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
am
p
lify
t
h
ese
d
is
tu
r
b
an
c
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
eso
n
an
t
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
u
n
in
te
n
d
ed
c
o
u
p
lin
g
p
ath
s
.
I
t
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
h
o
ws
th
at
E
MI
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
ex
ten
d
b
ey
o
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
in
cl
u
d
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
au
lts
,
s
en
s
in
g
i
n
ac
cu
r
ac
ies,
lo
ca
lized
h
ea
tin
g
,
an
d
E
MC
n
o
n
-
co
m
p
lian
ce
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
E
MI
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tr
ea
ted
as
a
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
d
esig
n
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
,
th
er
m
al
lay
o
u
t
,
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
atio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
o
n
ly
a
f
ilter
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
teg
r
ated
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
E
MI
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
co
n
v
e
r
ter
-
lev
el
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
im
p
ac
ts
in
m
o
d
e
r
n
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
EM
I
S
o
u
r
c
e
/
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
sm
P
r
i
mary
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
n
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
-
Le
v
e
l
I
mp
a
c
t
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
R
i
s
k
s
Ref
H
i
g
h
d
v
/
d
t
a
n
d
d
i
/
d
t
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
B
r
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
n
o
i
se
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
-
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
s
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
ma
l
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s,
s
e
n
s
o
r
i
n
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
i
e
s,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
-
l
o
o
p
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
d
i
st
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
3
1
]
P
a
r
a
si
t
i
c
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
s
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
o
sc
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
s
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
p
e
a
k
s
,
a
n
d
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
d
E
M
I
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
,
E
M
C
n
o
n
-
c
o
m
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
,
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
g
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
s,
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
P
o
o
r
P
C
B
l
a
y
o
u
t
,
w
i
r
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
p
a
t
h
s,
g
r
o
u
n
d
l
o
o
p
s,
a
n
d
r
e
t
u
r
n
-
p
a
t
h
d
i
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
i
e
s
S
y
st
e
m i
n
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
l
o
c
a
l
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z
e
d
o
v
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t
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g
,
d
e
g
r
a
d
e
d
se
n
s
i
n
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a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
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n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
ssu
e
s
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
A
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
s
(
h
i
g
h
-
i
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
s)
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
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v
e
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
a
d
i
a
t
e
d
E
M
I
e
mi
ssi
o
n
s
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
s,
i
n
su
l
a
t
i
o
n
st
r
e
ss,
a
n
d
m
a
l
f
u
n
c
t
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o
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se
n
si
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
ms
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
A
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
n
g
ma
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
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tr
o
ller
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
u
s
es
s
u
ch
as C
AN,
R
S
-
4
8
5
,
Mo
d
b
u
s
,
an
d
E
th
er
n
et
-
b
ased
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
s
.
I
n
s
af
ety
-
cr
itical
au
to
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
ep
ea
ted
E
MI
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
ca
n
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
lead
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
E
MC
n
o
n
-
co
m
p
lian
ce
b
u
t
also
to
d
o
wn
tim
e,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
b
u
r
d
en
,
an
d
lo
s
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
e
liab
ilit
y
.
Fro
m
a
co
n
v
er
te
r
-
lev
el
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
E
MI
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
lo
s
s
es,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
o
v
er
al
l
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
C
o
n
d
u
cted
an
d
r
ad
iate
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
m
ay
p
r
o
p
a
g
ate
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ca
u
s
in
g
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
with
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
an
d
lea
d
in
g
to
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
.
I
n
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
n
d
v
eh
icle
-
b
ased
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
s
u
c
h
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
n
o
n
-
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
em
is
s
io
n
lim
it
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
y
s
tem
life
tim
e,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
ilter
in
g
o
r
s
h
ield
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
[
3
8
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
At
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
atio
n
lev
el,
E
MI
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
d
esig
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
im
p
o
s
ed
b
y
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
MC
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
s
.
C
o
m
p
lian
ce
with
th
ese
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
is
a
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ite
f
o
r
co
m
m
er
cial
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
an
d
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
e
cts
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
elec
tio
n
,
lay
o
u
t
s
tr
ateg
y
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
d
e
s
ig
n
.
Failu
r
e
to
m
ee
t
em
is
s
io
n
o
r
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
ca
n
d
elay
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ce
r
tific
atio
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
co
s
ts
,
an
d
lim
it
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
[
4
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
s
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
em
p
lo
y
wid
e
-
b
a
n
d
g
ap
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
e
v
ices
an
d
o
p
er
ate
at
h
ig
h
er
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
th
e
s
ev
er
ity
an
d
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
E
MI
co
n
tin
u
e
t
o
ex
p
a
n
d
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
am
p
lifie
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
E
MI
-
awa
r
e
d
esig
n
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
alo
n
g
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
p
ath
s
,
r
ath
er
t
h
a
n
r
ely
in
g
s
o
lely
o
n
p
o
s
t
-
d
esig
n
m
itig
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
4
2
]
.
B
ey
o
n
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
co
m
p
lian
ce
,
E
MI
ca
n
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
a
n
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
-
lev
el
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
o
illu
s
tr
ate
th
ese
b
r
o
ad
e
r
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
,
co
n
v
er
ter
-
lev
el
an
d
s
ec
to
r
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
im
p
ac
ts
.
T
h
e
m
er
g
ed
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
h
o
ws
th
at
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
witch
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
b
ec
a
u
s
e
f
aster
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
s
im
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
wh
i
le
b
r
o
ad
en
in
g
E
MI
s
p
ec
tr
a
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
in
g
co
u
p
lin
g
p
ath
s
.
I
n
ap
p
licat
io
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
au
to
m
o
tiv
e,
a
n
d
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
ese
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
m
ay
escalate
in
to
s
af
ety
-
cr
itical
f
ailu
r
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
o
d
er
n
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
m
u
s
t
b
alan
ce
s
witch
in
g
-
s
p
ee
d
a
d
v
an
tag
es
with
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
E
MI
-
awa
r
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
lay
o
u
t o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t c
o
n
tr
o
l
-
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
.
4
.
1
.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
E
M
I
o
n
co
ntr
o
l st
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
ins
t
rum
ent
a
t
io
n a
cc
ura
cy
E
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
e
g
r
ad
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
d
ig
itally
co
n
tr
o
lled
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
tial
-
m
o
d
e
n
o
is
e
m
ay
co
u
p
le
in
to
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
in
g
ci
r
cu
its
,
th
er
eb
y
c
o
r
r
u
p
tin
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
ig
n
als
u
s
ed
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
–
in
teg
r
al
(
PI)
,
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
–
r
eso
n
a
n
t
(
PR
)
,
m
o
d
el
-
p
r
ed
ictiv
e,
o
r
v
ec
to
r
-
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Dis
to
r
ted
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
ig
n
als
m
ay
lead
t
o
in
co
r
r
ec
t
d
u
ty
-
r
atio
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
,
s
lo
wer
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
o
r
lim
it
-
cy
cle
o
s
cillatio
n
[
4
6
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
-
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
E
MI
b
ec
au
s
e
e
v
en
s
m
all
s
en
s
in
g
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
ca
n
alter
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
I
n
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es
an
d
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
v
er
ter
s
,
th
is
m
ay
in
cr
ea
s
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
t
o
r
q
u
e
r
ip
p
le,
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
er
r
o
r
,
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t.
L
ik
ewise,
E
MI
af
f
ec
tin
g
o
u
t
er
v
o
ltag
e
-
c
o
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
s
m
ay
p
r
o
d
u
ce
p
o
o
r
lo
a
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
r
DC
lin
k
in
s
tab
ilit
y
u
n
d
e
r
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
4
7
]
.
Sy
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
ch
as
PLL
s
ar
e
also
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
to
E
MI
.
N
o
is
e
in
jecte
d
in
to
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
c
h
an
n
els
ca
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
p
h
ase
-
an
g
le
jitt
er
,
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
esti
m
atio
n
e
r
r
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
d
elay
ed
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
I
n
g
r
id
-
tied
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
th
ese
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
m
ay
r
e
d
u
ce
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
d
wea
k
e
n
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
g
r
id
-
co
d
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
[
4
8
]
.
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
tati
o
n
cir
cu
its
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
ar
e
s
im
ilar
ly
af
f
ec
ted
.
E
MI
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
at
io
o
f
ADCs
,
d
is
to
r
t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
r
Hall
-
s
en
s
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
s
,
co
r
r
u
p
t
en
co
d
er
p
u
l
s
es,
an
d
tr
ig
g
er
f
alse
alar
m
s
in
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
au
to
m
atio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
r
ep
ea
ted
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
co
r
r
u
p
tio
n
m
a
y
lead
to
in
ac
cu
r
ate
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ac
tio
n
s
,
o
r
d
e
g
r
a
d
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
4
9
]
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
im
m
u
n
ity
,
p
r
ac
tical
d
esig
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
m
b
i
n
e
s
h
ield
ed
s
en
s
in
g
p
ath
s
,
d
if
f
er
en
tial
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
i
n
ter
f
ac
es,
a
n
alo
g
f
r
o
n
t
-
e
n
d
f
ilter
in
g
,
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
s
am
p
lin
g
,
d
ig
ita
l
f
ilter
in
g
,
r
o
b
u
s
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
,
an
d
E
MI
-
awa
r
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
t
u
n
in
g
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
SiC
an
d
GaN
co
n
v
er
ter
p
latf
o
r
m
s
wh
er
e
f
aster
s
witch
in
g
ed
g
es i
n
ten
s
if
y
n
o
is
e
co
u
p
lin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
[
5
0
]
.
5.
E
M
I
M
I
T
I
G
AT
I
O
N
T
E
CH
NIQU
E
S IN P
O
W
E
R
CO
N
VE
R
T
E
R
S
E
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
b
e
m
it
ig
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
p
ath
s
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
d
esig
n
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
E
MI
m
itig
atio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
b
o
th
DM
an
d
C
M
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
u
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
b
alan
ce
atten
u
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
26
:
2
4
3
1
-
2
4
5
3
2440
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
co
s
t.
Mo
d
e
r
n
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies ex
ten
d
b
ey
o
n
d
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ilter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
in
clu
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
cir
cu
it
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
,
an
d
lay
o
u
t
-
aw
ar
e
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
a
r
e
p
r
esen
tativ
e
an
alo
g
E
MI
f
ilter
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
co
n
d
u
cted
em
is
s
io
n
s
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
4
]
.
L
L
I
S
N
C
L
I
S
N
R
L
I
S
N
L
I
S
N
P
o
w
e
r
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
A
C
I
n
p
u
t
L
C
M
L
C
M
R
2
R
1
C
I
N
C
M
C
h
o
k
e
A
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
an
a
n
alo
g
E
M
I
f
ilter
5
.
1
.
So
urce
-
lev
el
E
M
I
s
u
pp
re
s
s
io
n
So
u
r
ce
-
lev
el
E
MI
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
r
ed
u
ce
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
d
ir
ec
tly
a
t
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
g
en
e
r
atio
n
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
ts
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
lew
r
ates,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
m
m
u
tatio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
tar
g
et
h
ig
h
d
v
/d
t
a
n
d
d
i/d
t
tr
an
s
it
io
n
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
f
ast
-
s
witch
in
g
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices,
th
er
eb
y
lim
itin
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
n
d
r
ad
iated
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
p
r
o
p
ag
ate
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
m
o
d
er
n
GaN
an
d
SiC
-
b
ased
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
s
o
u
r
ce
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
h
as
b
e
co
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
u
ltra
-
f
ast
s
witch
in
g
ed
g
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
in
ten
s
if
y
E
MI
g
en
er
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
al
s
o
u
r
ce
-
lev
el
s
u
p
p
r
es
s
io
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
t
h
is
r
ev
iew
in
clu
d
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
s
n
u
b
b
er
/clam
p
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
m
eth
o
d
s
[
5
5
]
,
[
5
6
]
.
5
.
1
.
1
.
So
f
t
-
s
wit
ching
t
ec
hn
iqu
es
So
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
r
e
d
u
ce
E
MI
b
y
m
in
im
izin
g
d
v
/d
t
an
d
d
i/d
t
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
B
y
ac
h
iev
in
g
ze
r
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
VS)
o
r
z
er
o
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
C
S),
s
witch
i
n
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
n
o
is
e
g
en
er
atio
n
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
h
ar
d
-
s
witch
in
g
o
p
er
at
io
n
[
3
5
]
,
[
5
7
]
–
[
5
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ally
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
E
MI
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
u
x
iliar
y
r
eso
n
an
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
m
ay
c
r
ea
te
ad
d
itio
n
al
o
s
cillato
r
y
m
o
d
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
at
h
i
g
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies,
an
d
E
MI
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e,
an
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
en
s
itiv
ity
[
6
0
]
.
5
.
1
.
2
.
Sn
ub
ber
a
nd
cla
m
p c
i
rc
uits
Sn
u
b
b
er
cir
c
u
its
lim
it
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
ien
ts
b
y
d
am
p
in
g
s
witch
in
g
-
in
d
u
ce
d
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
W
h
ile
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
d
v
/d
t
an
d
d
i/d
t,
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
n
u
b
b
er
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
d
d
itio
n
al
lo
s
s
es
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
l
o
s
s
less
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
-
r
eg
e
n
er
ativ
e
s
n
u
b
b
er
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
m
itig
ate
th
ese
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
ey
in
cr
ea
s
e
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
l
ex
ity
an
d
p
ar
asit
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
6
1
]
,
[
6
2
]
.
5
.
2
.
Co
ntr
o
l
-
ba
s
ed
E
M
I
m
it
ig
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l
-
b
ased
E
MI
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
p
p
r
ess
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
witch
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
-
s
h
ar
in
g
d
y
n
am
ics
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Un
lik
e
p
ass
iv
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
es
e
m
eth
o
d
s
r
ed
u
ce
E
MI
with
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
ize
o
r
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
v
o
lu
m
e.
I
n
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
th
o
s
e
em
p
lo
y
in
g
GaN
an
d
SiC
d
ev
ices,
co
n
tr
o
l
-
o
r
ien
ted
m
itig
atio
n
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
s
witch
in
g
p
atter
n
s
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
E
MI
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
n
o
is
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
n
cip
al
co
n
tr
o
l
-
b
ased
m
itig
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
is
r
ev
iew
in
clu
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
in
ter
l
ea
v
in
g
-
b
ased
cu
r
r
en
t
-
r
i
p
p
le
r
ed
u
ctio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
[
6
3
]
–
[
6
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.