I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
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lec
t
r
ical
an
d
Com
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
gin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
JE
CE
)
Vol.
16
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
20
26
,
pp
.
2335
~
2346
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jec
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.
v
16
i
5
.
pp
2
335
-
2346
2335
Jou
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s
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m
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h
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es
s
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
omput
a
ti
ona
l
f
lui
d
dyna
mi
c
s
S
a
vonius
S
mall
wind
tu
r
bine
T
he
number
of
blade
s
Ve
r
ti
c
a
l
a
xis
wind
tur
b
ine
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
De
z
e
tt
y
M
onika
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
E
nginee
r
ing,
P
oli
teknik
Ne
ge
r
i
J
a
ka
r
ta
J
l.
P
r
o
f
Dr
.
G
.
A.
S
iwa
be
s
s
y,
Ka
mpus
UI
,
I
ndone
s
ia
E
mail:
de
z
e
tt
y.
mon
ika@
e
lektr
o.
pnj
.
a
c
.
id
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
T
he
global
e
ne
r
gy
de
mand
ha
s
be
e
n
r
is
ing
s
tea
dil
y
due
to
population
g
r
owth,
indus
tr
ializa
ti
on,
a
nd
ur
ba
niza
ti
on.
At
the
s
a
me
ti
me,
the
e
nvi
r
onmenta
l
c
onc
e
r
ns
a
s
s
o
c
iate
d
with
f
os
s
il
f
ue
l
c
ons
umpt
ion,
s
uc
h
a
s
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
mi
s
s
ion
s
a
nd
a
ir
poll
uti
on
,
ha
ve
l
e
d
to
a
n
ur
ge
nt
ne
e
d
f
o
r
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
tec
hnologi
e
s
[
1]
.
Among
thes
e
,
wind
e
ne
r
gy
ha
s
e
mer
ge
d
a
s
one
of
the
mos
t
pr
om
is
ing
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
s
due
to
i
ts
a
b
unda
nc
e
,
s
us
taina
bil
it
y,
a
nd
c
os
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
in
both
lar
g
e
-
a
nd
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
[
2]
,
[
3
]
.
S
mall
-
s
c
a
le
wind
tur
bines
,
in
pa
r
ti
c
ular
,
ha
ve
ga
ined
a
tt
e
nti
on
f
or
de
c
e
ntr
a
li
z
e
d
e
ne
r
gy
pr
oduc
ti
on
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
u
r
ba
n
a
nd
r
e
mot
e
a
r
e
a
s
whe
r
e
gr
id
c
onne
c
ti
on
is
li
m
it
e
d
[
4
]
.
Ve
r
ti
c
a
l
-
a
xis
wind
tur
bines
(
VA
W
T
s
)
ha
ve
d
is
ti
nc
t
a
dva
ntage
s
f
or
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
a
nd
ur
ba
n
ins
tallations
.
Unlike
hor
izonta
l
-
a
xis
wind
tur
bine
s
,
VA
W
T
s
c
a
n
c
a
ptur
e
wind
f
r
om
a
ny
di
r
e
c
ti
on
without
r
e
quir
ing
ya
w
mec
ha
nis
ms
,
making
them
highl
y
s
uit
a
ble
f
o
r
tur
bulent
a
nd
va
r
iable
wind
c
ondit
ions
typi
c
a
ll
y
e
nc
ounter
e
d
in
ur
ba
n
e
nvir
onments
[
5
]
.
Among
V
AW
T
s
,
the
S
a
vonius
r
otor
is
wide
ly
us
e
d
due
to
it
s
s
im
ple
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
16
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
20
26
:
2335
-
2346
2336
s
tr
uc
tur
e
,
e
a
s
e
o
f
f
a
br
ica
ti
on,
a
nd
r
obus
tnes
s
und
e
r
low
wind
s
pe
e
ds
[
6]
.
S
a
vonius
tur
bines
c
onve
r
t
wind
e
ne
r
gy
int
o
r
otational
mot
ion
p
r
im
a
r
il
y
thr
ough
d
r
a
g
f
o
r
c
e
s
a
c
ti
ng
on
s
e
mi
-
c
yli
ndr
ica
l
blade
s
,
maki
ng
them
inher
e
ntl
y
s
im
ple
but
les
s
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
a
ll
y
e
f
f
i
c
ient
c
ompar
e
d
to
li
f
t
-
ba
s
e
d
de
s
igns
.
Ne
ve
r
thel
e
s
s
,
their
mec
ha
nica
l
s
im
pli
c
it
y,
low
maintena
nc
e
r
e
quir
e
ment,
a
nd
c
a
pa
bil
it
y
to
ope
r
a
te
a
t
low
R
e
ynolds
number
s
make
them
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
ve
f
or
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
s
uc
h
a
s
r
e
s
idential
e
ne
r
gy
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on,
wa
ter
pump
ing,
a
nd
hybr
id
r
e
ne
wa
ble
s
ys
tems
[
7]
–
[
9
]
.
P
e
r
f
or
manc
e
op
ti
mi
z
a
ti
on
of
S
a
vonius
tur
bines
h
a
s
be
e
n
e
xtens
ively
s
tudi
e
d
bo
th
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntally
a
nd
numer
ica
ll
y.
E
a
r
ly
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
wor
k
inves
ti
ga
ted
ba
s
ic
two
-
blade
c
onf
igur
a
ti
ons
a
nd
qua
nti
f
ied
the
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
blade
s
ha
pe
,
ove
r
lap
r
a
ti
o,
a
nd
r
otor
he
ight
on
to
r
que
a
nd
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
[
10]
,
[
11]
.
S
u
bs
e
que
nt
s
tudi
e
s
e
xplor
e
d
a
dva
nc
e
d
d
e
s
ign
modi
f
ica
ti
ons
,
s
uc
h
a
s
twis
ted
blad
e
s
,
he
li
c
a
l
r
otor
s
,
a
nd
mul
ti
-
s
tage
c
onf
igur
a
ti
ons
,
a
im
ing
to
im
p
r
ove
the
tor
que
s
moot
hne
s
s
a
nd
ove
r
a
ll
powe
r
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
[
12
]
,
[
13]
.
C
ur
tain
a
r
r
a
nge
ments
a
nd
de
f
lec
tor
plate
s
ha
ve
a
ls
o
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d
to
guide
a
i
r
f
low
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
r
e
c
ir
c
ulatio
n
z
one
s
,
s
howing
mea
s
ur
a
ble
im
pr
ove
ments
in
tur
bine
e
f
f
ic
ienc
y
[
6]
,
[
14
]
.
C
omput
a
ti
ona
l
f
lui
d
dyna
mi
c
s
(
C
F
D
)
ha
s
be
c
o
me
a
powe
r
f
ul
tool
f
or
a
na
lyzing
the
c
ompl
e
x
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
s
of
S
a
vonius
tu
r
bines
[
15]
,
[
16]
.
Unl
ike
e
xpe
r
im
e
nts
,
C
F
D
a
ll
ows
de
tailed
vis
ua
li
z
a
ti
o
n
of
f
low
pa
tt
e
r
ns
,
vor
tex
f
or
mation,
a
nd
wa
ke
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
,
pr
ovidi
ng
ins
ight
s
int
o
phe
nomena
that
a
r
e
di
f
f
icult
to
mea
s
ur
e
phys
ica
ll
y
[
5]
,
[
17]
–
[
19
]
.
Va
r
ious
tur
bule
nc
e
models
,
s
uc
h
a
s
k
-
ε
a
nd
S
S
T
k
-
ω
,
ha
ve
be
e
n
a
ppli
e
d
to
pr
e
dict
f
low
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
to
r
que
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
c
c
ur
a
tely.
C
F
D
s
tudi
e
s
ha
ve
inves
ti
ga
ted
the
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
blade
ove
r
lap
r
a
ti
o
,
r
otor
he
ight
,
a
nd
ti
p
s
pe
e
d
r
a
ti
o
on
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
s
uc
h
a
s
tor
que
c
oe
f
f
icie
n
t,
powe
r
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt,
a
nd
f
low
r
e
c
ove
r
y
in
the
wa
ke
r
e
gion
[
20]
–
[
22]
.
De
s
pit
e
thes
e
a
dva
nc
e
s
,
the
in
f
luenc
e
o
f
b
lade
c
o
unt
on
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
S
a
vonius
tur
bine
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
r
e
mains
r
e
latively
unde
r
e
xplor
e
d.
B
lade
c
ount
is
a
c
r
uc
ial
de
s
ign
pa
r
a
mete
r
that
c
a
n
a
f
f
e
c
t
a
e
r
o
dyna
mi
c
loading,
tor
que
f
luctua
ti
on,
a
nd
wa
ke
int
e
r
a
c
ti
on
.
I
nc
r
e
a
s
ing
the
number
of
b
lade
s
tends
to
r
e
duc
e
tor
que
r
ippl
e
a
nd
may
im
p
r
ove
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
ba
lanc
e
,
but
it
a
ls
o
incr
e
a
s
e
s
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
blade
s
,
potentially
r
e
duc
ing
the
ove
r
a
ll
powe
r
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
[
23
]
,
[
24
]
.
Unde
r
s
tanding
thes
e
tr
a
de
-
of
f
s
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
o
r
opti
mi
z
ing
tur
bine
de
s
ign,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
f
or
labor
a
t
or
y
-
s
c
a
le
s
tudi
e
s
or
ur
ba
n
mi
c
r
oge
ne
r
a
ti
on
s
ys
tems
,
whe
r
e
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
c
ons
is
tenc
y
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
r
e
c
r
it
ica
l
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
s
tudi
e
s
ha
ve
ind
ir
e
c
tl
y
e
xa
mi
ne
d
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
the
number
of
blade
s
th
r
ough
mul
ti
-
s
tage
or
he
li
c
a
l
r
otor
c
onf
igu
r
a
ti
ons
.
F
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
Ka
r
iu
ki
e
t
a
l.
[
25]
c
onduc
ted
a
n
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
inves
ti
ga
ti
on
of
s
ingl
e
-
,
double
-
,
a
nd
tr
ipl
e
-
s
tage
S
a
vonius
r
otor
s
,
whic
h
s
howe
d
that
a
dding
s
tage
s
c
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
tor
que
pr
oduc
ti
on
but
c
a
n
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
a
lt
e
r
the
f
low
f
i
e
ld.
L
e
e
e
t
al
.
[
2]
s
tudi
e
d
a
c
ombi
ne
d
S
a
vonius
–
Da
r
r
ieus
hybr
id
tur
bine,
de
mons
tr
a
ti
ng
that
ge
ometr
ic
mo
dif
ica
ti
ons
c
a
n
r
e
dis
tr
ibut
e
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
loads
a
nd
a
f
f
e
c
t
ove
r
a
ll
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
R
e
c
e
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
a
ls
o
inves
ti
ga
ted
the
inf
luenc
e
of
blade
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
on
the
a
s
s
oc
iate
d
r
otational
s
ys
tem,
highl
ight
ing
the
im
por
tanc
e
of
the
number
o
f
blade
s
on
a
e
r
o
dyna
mi
c
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
nd
f
low
be
ha
vior
.
How
e
ve
r
,
de
s
pit
e
thes
e
a
dva
nc
e
s
,
s
ys
tema
ti
c
inves
ti
ga
ti
ons
f
oc
us
in
g
on
the
dir
e
c
t
inf
luenc
e
o
f
the
number
o
f
blade
s
(
2
,
3
,
a
n
d
4
blade
s
)
unde
r
unif
o
r
m
wind
c
ondit
ions
r
e
mai
n
li
mi
ted,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
whe
n
us
ing
C
F
D
tool
s
.
S
oli
dW
or
ks
C
F
D
of
f
e
r
s
a
n
a
c
c
e
s
s
ibl
e
platf
or
m
f
or
numer
ica
l
inves
ti
ga
ti
ons
of
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
wind
tur
bines
.
W
it
h
int
e
gr
a
ted
mes
hing,
s
olver
s
e
tt
in
gs
,
a
nd
pos
t
-
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
,
S
oli
dW
or
ks
e
na
bles
r
a
pid
s
im
ulation
of
mul
t
ipl
e
de
s
ign
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
s
,
making
it
idea
l
f
o
r
pa
r
a
metr
ic
s
tudi
e
s
invol
vin
g
blade
number
,
ove
r
lap
r
a
ti
o,
a
nd
r
o
tor
he
ight
[
5]
,
[
26]
.
B
y
s
im
ulating
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
blade
c
ounts
in
c
ontr
ol
led
vir
tual
wind
tunnels
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
c
a
n
qua
nti
f
y
tor
que
,
p
owe
r
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt,
t
ip
-
s
pe
e
d
r
a
ti
o,
a
nd
wa
ke
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y,
whic
h
c
a
n
late
r
be
va
li
da
ted
th
r
ough
la
bor
a
tor
y
e
xpe
r
im
e
nts
[
27]
–
[
30
]
.
T
his
s
tudy
a
im
s
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ga
p
by
pe
r
f
or
mi
ng
a
numer
ica
l
inves
ti
ga
ti
on
on
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
blade
c
ount
on
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
S
a
vonius
wind
tur
bine
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
T
h
r
e
e
r
oto
r
c
on
f
igur
a
ti
ons
,
c
ompr
is
ing
two,
thr
e
e
,
a
nd
f
our
s
e
mi
-
c
yli
ndr
ica
l
blade
s
,
a
r
e
a
na
lyze
d
unde
r
a
unif
or
m
wind
s
pe
e
d
of
10
m/
s
.
T
he
s
tudy
e
va
luate
s
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
including
tor
que
,
powe
r
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt,
t
ip
-
s
pe
e
d
r
a
ti
o,
a
nd
wa
ke
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
.
B
y
s
ys
tema
ti
c
a
ll
y
c
ompar
ing
thes
e
c
onf
igur
a
ti
ons
,
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
ovides
ins
ight
s
int
o
the
opti
mal
blade
c
ount
f
or
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
tur
bines
,
c
ontr
ibut
ing
to
de
s
ign
guidelines
f
or
r
e
ne
wa
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
in
low
-
wind
-
s
pe
e
d
e
nvir
onments
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
of
thi
s
s
tudy
a
r
e
e
xpe
c
ted
to
e
nha
nc
e
unde
r
s
tanding
of
the
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
be
ha
vior
of
S
a
vonius
tur
bines
,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
r
e
ga
r
ding
va
r
iatio
ns
in
the
number
of
blade
s
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
thes
e
f
indi
ngs
pr
ovide
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
ins
ight
s
f
or
the
de
s
ign
of
s
mal
l
-
s
c
a
le
wind
e
ne
r
gy
s
y
s
tems
by
identif
ying
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
tr
a
de
-
of
f
s
be
twe
e
n
tor
que
,
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
a
nd
ope
r
a
t
ional
s
tabili
ty.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
thi
s
s
tudy
de
mons
tr
a
tes
the
c
a
pa
bil
it
y
of
S
ol
idWor
ks
C
F
D
a
s
a
r
e
li
a
ble
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
nt
tool
f
o
r
pr
e
li
mi
na
r
y
de
s
ign
a
nd
opti
mi
z
a
ti
on
pr
io
r
to
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
va
li
da
ti
on
,
ther
e
by
r
e
duc
ing
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
ti
me
a
nd
c
os
ts
.
T
he
s
e
ins
ight
s
a
r
e
c
r
u
c
ial
f
or
de
ve
lopi
ng
mor
e
e
f
f
icie
nt
de
c
e
ntr
a
li
z
e
d
powe
r
g
r
ids
in
r
ur
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
.
F
u
r
ther
mor
e
,
thi
s
s
tudy
e
s
tablis
he
s
a
ba
s
e
li
ne
f
or
f
utu
r
e
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
s
tudi
e
s
on
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
-
a
xis
wind
tur
bine
opti
mi
z
a
ti
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
N
ume
r
ical
inve
s
ti
gati
on
on
the
e
ff
e
c
t
of
blade
c
ou
nt
on
the
pe
r
for
manc
e
of
a
…
(
De
z
e
tt
y
M
onika
)
2337
2.
M
E
T
HO
D
T
o
inves
ti
ga
te
the
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
be
ha
vior
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
S
a
vonius
wind
tur
bines
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
blade
number
s
,
a
numer
ica
l
s
tudy
us
ing
C
F
D
s
im
ulations
wa
s
c
a
r
r
ied
out.
T
he
methodology
o
f
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
ons
is
ts
of
f
our
main
s
tage
s
:
tu
r
bine
ge
ometr
y
modeling,
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
domain
s
e
tup,
tu
r
bulen
c
e
model
s
e
lec
ti
on
with
s
olver
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on,
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
e
va
luation.
T
he
de
tails
a
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
the
f
oll
owing
s
ubs
e
c
ti
ons
.
2.
1.
Geom
e
t
r
ical
d
e
s
ign
of
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
I
n
thi
s
s
tudy,
a
labor
a
tor
y
-
s
c
a
le
S
a
vonius
VA
W
T
with
s
e
mi
c
ir
c
ular
(
ha
l
f
-
c
yli
ndr
ica
l)
blade
s
wa
s
de
s
igned
to
inves
ti
ga
te
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
the
number
of
blade
s
on
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
T
h
r
e
e
r
otor
c
onf
igur
a
ti
ons
we
r
e
c
ons
ider
e
d:
two
-
blade
,
thr
e
e
-
blade
,
a
nd
f
our
-
blade
tur
bines
.
E
a
c
h
blade
ha
s
a
he
ight
of
335
mm
,
a
diame
ter
of
105
mm
,
a
nd
a
th
ickne
s
s
of
3
mm
.
T
he
s
e
lec
ted
blade
thi
c
kne
s
s
wa
s
de
ter
mi
ne
d
ba
s
e
d
on
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
c
ons
ider
a
ti
ons
in
f
a
br
ica
ti
on
a
nd
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
s
ti
f
f
ne
s
s
r
e
quir
e
ments
f
or
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
tur
bine
pr
otot
ype
s
.
T
he
blade
s
a
r
e
mount
e
d
s
ymm
e
tr
ica
ll
y
on
the
c
e
nt
r
a
l
s
ha
f
t
to
e
ns
ur
e
r
otational
ba
lanc
e
a
nd
mi
nim
ize
mec
ha
nica
l
vibr
a
ti
ons
dur
ing
ope
r
a
ti
on
[
5]
,
[
26]
.
Unlike
tr
a
dit
ional
S
a
vonius
tur
bines
,
whe
r
e
t
he
blade
s
ove
r
lap,
thes
e
models
f
e
a
tur
e
non
-
ove
r
lapping
blade
s
(
ove
r
lap
r
a
ti
o
=
0)
,
a
ll
owing
f
or
a
c
lea
r
e
r
e
va
luation
of
e
a
c
h
blade
’
s
a
e
r
o
dyna
mi
c
c
ontr
ibut
ion
without
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
[
11]
.
Ge
ometr
ic
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
we
r
e
s
e
lec
ted
b
a
s
e
d
on
pr
e
vious
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
a
nd
numer
ica
l
s
tudi
e
s
to
e
n
s
ur
e
that
the
models
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
labor
a
tor
y
-
s
c
a
le
tur
bines
s
uit
a
ble
f
or
wind
tunnel
tes
ti
ng
a
t
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
wind
s
pe
e
d
o
f
1
0
m/
s
[
10]
,
[
20]
,
[
24]
.
F
igur
e
1
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
ge
o
metr
y
o
f
two
-
,
thr
e
e
-
,
a
nd
f
our
-
blade
d
tur
bines
,
highl
ight
ing
the
s
e
mi
c
ir
c
ular
blade
s
ha
pe
a
nd
their
s
ym
metr
ica
l
a
r
r
a
nge
ment.
T
his
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
pr
ov
ides
a
c
ons
is
tent
f
r
a
mew
or
k
f
or
c
ompar
a
ti
ve
a
na
lys
is
a
nd
s
e
r
v
e
s
a
s
the
ba
s
is
f
or
C
F
D
s
im
ulations
a
nd
s
ubs
e
que
nt
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
e
va
luations
.
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
F
igur
e
1.
Ge
ometr
y
of
the
S
a
vonius
tur
b
ine
model
s
(
a
)
2
blade
s
,
(
b
)
3
blade
s
,
a
nd
(
c
)
4
blade
s
2.
2.
Com
p
u
t
at
io
n
al
d
o
m
ain
an
d
b
ou
n
d
ar
y
c
on
d
it
ion
s
T
he
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
domain
wa
s
de
s
igned
to
mi
mi
c
a
labor
a
tor
y
-
s
c
a
le
wind
tunnel
f
o
r
e
va
luating
the
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
a
s
e
mi
c
ir
c
ular
S
a
v
onius
-
type
VA
W
T
[
5]
,
[
31
]
.
A
r
e
c
tangula
r
dom
a
in
with
dim
e
ns
ions
of
0.
68×
0.
34×
0.
46
m
(
length
×
wid
th
×
he
ight
)
wa
s
s
e
lec
ted
to
pr
ovide
s
uf
f
icie
nt
s
pa
c
e
f
or
f
low
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
a
nd
to
mi
nim
ize
blocka
ge
a
nd
bound
a
r
y
e
f
f
e
c
ts
.
T
he
tu
r
bine
wa
s
plac
e
d
a
t
the
c
e
nter
a
l
ong
the
f
low
dir
e
c
ti
on,
with
s
uf
f
icie
nt
ups
tr
e
a
m
a
nd
dow
ns
tr
e
a
m
dis
tanc
e
s
to
e
n
s
ur
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
de
ve
lopm
e
n
t
of
the
wa
ke
a
nd
f
low
r
e
c
ove
r
y
[
5]
,
[
14]
,
[
32]
.
B
ounda
r
y
c
ondit
ions
we
r
e
de
f
ined
to
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
r
e
a
li
s
ti
c
wind
tunnel
c
ondit
ions
.
At
the
inl
e
t,
a
unif
or
m
ve
locity
of
10
m/
s
with
a
tur
bulenc
e
i
ntens
it
y
of
5
%
is
a
ppli
e
d
,
whic
h
is
c
omm
only
us
e
d
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
16
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
20
26
:
2335
-
2346
2338
labor
a
tor
y
-
s
c
a
le
C
F
D
s
tudi
e
s
to
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
moder
a
tely
tur
bulent
inl
e
t
f
low
c
ondit
ions
[
20]
,
[
21
]
,
[
33]
.
T
he
outl
e
t
is
de
f
ined
a
s
a
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
outl
e
t
with
a
ga
ug
e
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
of
z
e
r
o,
a
ll
owing
the
f
low
to
e
xit
the
domain
without
a
r
ti
f
icia
l
r
e
f
lec
ti
on
.
T
he
s
ide
a
nd
top
wa
ll
s
a
r
e
tr
e
a
ted
a
s
s
li
p
bounda
r
ies
to
mi
nim
ize
wa
ll
e
f
f
e
c
ts
,
while
the
bott
om
wa
ll
is
de
f
ined
a
s
a
no
-
s
li
p
c
ondit
ion
to
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
the
wind
tunnel
f
loor
.
All
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
of
the
tur
bine
blade
s
a
nd
the
c
e
ntr
a
l
s
ha
f
t
a
r
e
a
ls
o
s
e
t
a
s
no
-
s
li
p
c
ondit
ions
to
a
c
c
ur
a
tely
c
a
ptur
e
vis
c
os
it
y
e
f
f
e
c
ts
a
nd
f
low
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
with
s
oli
d
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
.
T
he
tur
bine
r
otor
wa
s
modele
d
us
ing
a
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
mul
ti
ple
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
r
a
me
(
M
R
F
)
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
s
im
ulate
r
otational
mot
ion,
with
a
n
a
ngular
ve
locit
y
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
to
a
s
pe
c
if
ied
ti
p
s
pe
e
d
r
a
ti
o
(
T
S
R
)
r
a
nge
[
34]
,
[
35]
.
T
he
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
mes
h
is
r
e
f
ined
l
oc
a
ll
y
ne
a
r
the
b
lade
s
ur
f
a
c
e
a
nd
in
the
wa
ke
r
e
gion
to
im
pr
ove
the
r
e
s
olut
ion
o
f
bounda
r
y
laye
r
e
f
f
e
c
ts
a
nd
f
low
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
phe
nomena
[
10
]
,
[
17]
.
T
his
domain
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
e
ns
ur
e
s
a
r
e
a
li
s
ti
c
r
e
pr
e
s
e
ntation
o
f
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
be
ha
vio
r
while
maintaining
c
omp
utational
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
the
r
e
by
pr
ov
idi
ng
a
r
e
li
a
ble
ba
s
is
f
or
c
ompar
a
ti
ve
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
na
lys
is
of
va
r
iou
s
blade
c
onf
igur
a
ti
ons
.
2.
3.
T
u
r
b
u
lence
m
od
e
l
an
d
s
olver
s
e
t
t
in
gs
T
he
s
im
ulation
wa
s
pe
r
f
o
r
med
us
ing
a
n
incompr
e
s
s
ibl
e
f
low
s
olver
unde
r
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
c
ondit
ions
with
the
k
-
ε
tur
bulenc
e
model
,
whic
h
is
wide
ly
us
e
d
to
de
s
c
r
ibe
f
low
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
a
r
ound
blun
t
objec
ts
s
uc
h
a
s
S
a
vonius
wind
tur
bines
[
5
]
,
[
20
]
.
T
his
model
pr
ovides
a
good
ba
lanc
e
be
twe
e
n
c
omp
utational
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
in
pr
e
dicting
the
ve
locity
f
ield
a
nd
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
the
wa
ke
f
low
be
hind
the
tur
bine
blade
s
.
T
he
S
I
M
P
L
E
a
lgor
it
hm
wa
s
us
e
d
f
or
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
-
ve
locity
c
oupli
ng,
while
a
s
e
c
o
nd
-
or
de
r
upwind
s
c
he
me
wa
s
e
mpl
oye
d
f
or
the
dis
c
r
e
ti
z
a
ti
on
of
the
mom
e
ntum
a
nd
tur
bulenc
e
e
qua
ti
ons
to
e
nha
nc
e
s
olut
ion
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
[
17]
.
C
onve
r
ge
nc
e
c
r
it
e
r
ia
we
r
e
s
e
t
with
r
e
s
iduals
les
s
t
ha
n
10⁻⁵
f
or
a
ll
gove
r
ning
e
qua
ti
ons
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
a
gr
id
de
pe
nde
nc
y
tes
t
wa
s
pe
r
f
or
med
to
e
ns
ur
e
that
the
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
not
s
e
ns
it
ive
to
mes
h
r
e
f
i
ne
ment,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
in
r
e
gions
ne
a
r
the
wa
ll
a
nd
in
the
w
a
ke
f
low
[
21]
,
[
26
]
.
R
otor
r
otation
is
s
im
ulate
d
u
s
ing
the
r
otating
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
r
a
me
(
R
R
F
)
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
a
ll
owi
ng
f
or
the
e
va
luation
o
f
tor
que
a
nd
powe
r
c
oe
f
f
i
c
ients
a
t
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
t
ip
s
pe
e
d
r
a
ti
os
(
T
S
R
)
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
to
la
bor
a
tor
y
c
ondit
ions
[
10]
,
[
24
]
.
A
wind
s
pe
e
d
of
10
m/
s
wa
s
s
e
lec
ted
to
e
ns
ur
e
numer
ica
l
s
tabili
ty
a
nd
a
ll
ow
c
ompar
is
on
with
pr
e
vious
C
F
D
s
tudi
e
s
c
onduc
ted
unde
r
s
im
il
a
r
labor
a
tor
y
-
s
c
a
le
c
ondit
ions
.
W
hil
e
10
m/
s
is
higher
than
typi
c
a
l
ur
ba
n
wind
s
pe
e
ds
,
it
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
a
r
obus
t
be
n
c
hmar
k
f
or
e
va
luating
maximum
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
loa
ding
a
nd
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
be
ha
vior
.
T
he
k
-
ε
model
wa
s
c
hos
e
n
due
to
it
s
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
in
pr
e
dicting
f
low
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
in
e
xter
na
l
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
s
,
of
f
e
r
ing
a
ba
lanc
e
be
twe
e
n
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
c
os
t
a
nd
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y.
I
t
is
a
c
knowle
dge
d
that
t
r
a
ns
ient
s
li
ding
mes
h
s
i
mul
a
ti
ons
c
a
n
pr
ovide
mo
r
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
pr
e
dictions
r
e
ga
r
ding
uns
table
f
low
be
ha
vior
,
tor
que
f
luctua
ti
ons
,
a
nd
powe
r
c
oe
f
f
icie
nts
.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
s
tea
dy
-
s
tat
e
M
R
F
a
ppr
oa
c
h
wa
s
c
ho
s
e
n
in
thi
s
s
tudy
due
to
it
s
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
lowe
r
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
c
os
t
a
nd
s
uit
a
bil
it
y
f
or
c
ompar
a
ti
ve
pa
r
a
metr
ic
a
na
lys
is
.
T
he
s
e
li
mi
tati
ons
a
r
e
a
c
knowle
dge
d
a
nd
will
be
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
i
n
f
utu
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
2.
4.
P
e
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
e
valu
at
io
n
p
ar
am
e
t
e
r
s
T
he
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
the
S
a
vonius
tur
bines
wa
s
e
va
luate
d
us
ing
s
tanda
r
d
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
,
including
the
ti
p
-
s
pe
e
d
r
a
ti
o
(
T
S
R
)
,
tor
que
(
T
)
,
a
nd
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
of
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
(
C
p)
[
11]
,
[
36
]
,
[
37]
.
T
he
T
S
R
,
de
f
ined
a
s
the
r
a
ti
o
of
the
tange
nti
a
l
ve
lo
c
it
y
of
the
r
o
tor
ti
p
to
the
f
r
e
e
-
s
tr
e
a
m
wind
s
p
e
e
d,
wa
s
c
a
lcula
ted
a
s
(
1)
:
=
∞
(
1)
T
he
tor
que
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
the
tu
r
bine
wa
s
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
C
F
D
s
im
ulations
a
s
the
int
e
gr
a
ted
m
oment
of
f
or
c
e
s
a
c
ti
ng
on
the
r
otor
blade
s
.
T
he
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
o
f
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
(
C
p)
,
ind
ica
ti
ng
the
f
r
a
c
ti
on
of
win
d
e
ne
r
gy
c
onve
r
ted
int
o
mec
ha
nica
l
powe
r
,
wa
s
c
omput
e
d
u
s
ing
(
2)
:
=
∙
1
2
∞
3
(
2)
I
n
thes
e
e
qua
ti
ons
,
the
s
ymbol
s
a
r
e
de
f
ined
in
the
nomenc
latur
e
table
.
T
he
s
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
e
na
bled
a
s
ys
tema
ti
c
c
ompar
is
on
of
two
-
,
th
r
e
e
-
,
a
nd
f
ou
r
-
blade
tur
b
ine
c
onf
igur
a
ti
ons
unde
r
identica
l
labor
a
tor
y
-
s
c
a
le
wind
tunnel
c
ondit
ions
.
B
y
a
na
lyzing
T
S
R
,
to
r
que
,
a
n
d
C
p,
the
s
tudy
highl
ight
s
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
blade
nu
mber
on
tur
bine
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
while
mai
ntaining
c
lar
it
y
a
nd
b
r
e
vit
y
in
the
main
text
[
5]
,
[
1
0]
,
[
20]
,
[
21]
,
[
24]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
N
ume
r
ical
inve
s
ti
gati
on
on
the
e
ff
e
c
t
of
blade
c
ou
nt
on
the
pe
r
for
manc
e
of
a
…
(
De
z
e
tt
y
M
onika
)
2339
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
T
his
s
e
c
t
ion
r
e
po
r
ts
t
he
mes
h
-
in
de
pe
nde
nc
e
s
tud
y,
model
v
a
li
da
ti
on
,
pe
r
f
o
r
ma
nc
e
maps
(
(
C
p
)
–
T
S
R
)
,
uns
tea
dy
tor
que
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
,
a
nd
f
low
-
f
ield/wa
ke
a
na
lys
e
s
f
or
S
a
vonius
r
otor
s
with
two
,
th
r
e
e
,
a
nd
f
our
blade
s
unde
r
a
unif
or
m
inl
e
t
ve
locity
of
10
m/
s
in
a
labo
r
a
tor
y
-
s
c
a
le
wind
-
tunnel
domain.
Unle
s
s
s
tate
d
other
wis
e
,
a
ir
de
ns
it
y
(
=
1.
225
kg/m
3
)
a
nd
dyn
a
mi
c
vis
c
os
it
y
(
=
1.
81×
10
-
5
P
a
)
a
r
e
us
e
d.
Ge
o
metr
ic
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
f
oll
ow
S
e
c
ti
on
2:
r
oto
r
diame
ter
(
=
105
mm
)
blade
he
ight
(
=
335
mm
)
,
a
nd
blade
thi
c
kne
s
s
(
=
3
mm
)
.
T
he
ove
r
lap
r
a
ti
o
is
de
f
ined
a
s
(
O
R
=
e
/D)
,
whe
r
e
(
e
)
is
the
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
the
two
s
e
mi
c
yli
nde
r
s
mea
s
ur
e
d
a
long
the
c
hor
d
li
ne
.
Ke
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
metr
ics
:
T
ip
-
s
pe
e
d
r
a
ti
o:
=
∞
,
=
2
(
3)
P
owe
r
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt:
=
1
2
∞
3
=
1
2
∞
3
,
=
(
4)
T
or
que
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt:
=
1
2
∞
2
(
5)
3.
1.
Grid
-
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
s
t
u
d
y
T
o
e
ns
ur
e
that
the
nume
r
ica
l
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
indepe
nde
nt
of
mes
h
r
e
s
olut
ion
,
a
mes
h
s
e
ns
it
ivi
ty
a
na
lys
is
wa
s
c
onduc
ted
us
ing
thr
e
e
mes
h
de
ns
it
ies
:
c
oa
r
s
e
,
medium
,
a
nd
f
ine
.
T
he
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
nu
mber
s
of
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
c
e
ll
s
we
r
e
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
4,
200,
12,
500,
a
nd
28,
000
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
A
c
ompar
is
on
of
ke
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
,
including
to
r
que
a
nd
the
powe
r
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
(
C
p)
,
s
hows
that
the
va
r
iation
be
twe
e
n
the
medium
a
nd
f
ine
mes
he
s
is
les
s
than
3%
.
T
his
indi
c
a
tes
that
the
s
olut
ion
is
s
uf
f
icie
ntl
y
indepe
nde
nt
of
the
mes
h,
a
nd
f
ur
ther
r
e
f
ineme
nt
doe
s
not
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
the
r
e
s
ult
s
.
Although
S
oli
dW
or
ks
F
low
s
im
ulation
us
e
s
a
n
a
utom
a
ti
c
mes
hing
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
loca
l
r
e
f
ineme
nts
we
r
e
a
ppli
e
d
ne
a
r
the
blade
s
ur
f
a
c
e
a
nd
in
the
wa
ke
r
e
gion
to
i
mpr
ove
f
low
pr
e
diction
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y.
T
he
f
i
na
l
mes
h
wa
s
s
e
lec
ted
ba
s
e
d
on
a
ba
lanc
e
be
twe
e
n
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
s
olut
ion
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y.
T
he
a
v
e
r
a
ge
y⁺
va
lue
on
the
b
lade
s
ur
f
a
c
e
is
maintaine
d
withi
n
t
he
r
a
nge
of
30
–
100,
whic
h
is
s
uit
a
ble
f
o
r
the
s
tanda
r
d
k
-
ε
tur
bulenc
e
model
with
a
wa
ll
f
unc
ti
on
.
Ove
r
a
ll
,
t
he
s
e
r
e
s
ult
s
c
onf
ir
m
that
the
s
e
lec
ted
mes
h
is
a
de
qua
te
f
or
c
a
ptur
ing
the
pr
im
a
r
y
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
f
e
a
tur
e
s
of
the
f
low
a
nd
f
o
r
pe
r
f
o
r
mi
ng
c
ompar
a
ti
ve
a
na
lys
e
s
of
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
blade
c
onf
igur
a
ti
ons
.
3.
2.
Valid
a
t
ion
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
e
r
ical
m
o
d
e
l
T
he
C
F
D
s
e
t
up
w
a
s
v
a
l
id
a
t
e
d
a
g
a
in
s
t
p
e
e
r
-
r
e
v
ie
w
e
d
d
a
t
a
f
or
s
i
mi
l
a
r
S
a
vo
ni
u
s
g
e
om
e
tr
ie
s
a
nd
R
e
y
nol
d
s
num
b
e
r
s
.
V
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
us
e
d
t
he
ti
me
-
a
ve
r
a
g
e
d
C
p(
λ
)
c
ur
ve
a
nd
p
e
a
k
(
C
p)
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
t
or
qu
e
.
A
gr
e
e
m
e
nt
w
a
s
q
u
a
n
ti
f
ie
d
b
y
m
e
a
n
a
bs
olu
t
e
p
e
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
e
r
r
or
(
M
APE
)
.
V
a
l
id
a
t
io
n
c
r
it
e
r
i
a
:
M
APE
≤
1
0%
on
C
p,
o
pt
i
s
i
de
a
l
;
l
a
r
g
e
r
d
e
v
ia
ti
on
s
a
r
e
e
x
pe
c
t
e
d
du
e
t
o
g
e
om
e
tr
y
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
(
du
c
t
in
g,
o
v
e
r
l
a
p,
h
y
dr
o
ki
ne
ti
c
s
e
tu
p)
.
Ov
e
r
a
l
l,
th
e
c
o
mp
a
r
i
s
o
n
i
n
T
a
b
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
t
he
pr
e
s
e
nt
mo
de
l
p
r
e
di
c
t
s
C
p
v
a
l
ue
s
t
h
a
t
f
a
l
l
w
it
h
in
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
r
a
ng
e
r
e
p
or
t
e
d
in
li
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
.
T
h
e
d
e
vi
a
ti
on
f
r
o
m
F
e
r
r
a
r
i
e
t
al.
[
5]
a
n
d
T
ia
n
e
t
al.
[
20]
r
e
m
a
in
s
m
od
e
r
a
t
e
(
<
2
0%
)
,
i
nd
i
c
a
ti
ng
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
bl
e
c
o
n
s
i
s
te
nc
y
o
f
th
e
s
t
e
a
d
y
M
R
F
a
pp
r
o
a
c
h.
L
a
r
g
e
r
d
e
vi
a
t
io
n
s
a
ga
in
s
t
M
a
ur
o
e
t
al.
[
1
4]
,
B
r
u
s
c
a
e
t
a
l.
[
17]
,
a
n
d
R
a
md
h
a
n
i
e
t
al.
[
2
1]
a
r
e
ma
in
ly
du
e
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
du
c
t
e
d
or
h
ydr
ok
in
e
t
i
c
c
o
nf
i
gur
a
t
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
i
ntr
in
s
ic
a
l
ly
y
ie
ld
hi
gh
e
r
or
l
ow
e
r
C
p.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
c
o
nf
ir
m
t
ha
t,
d
e
s
pit
e
me
th
od
olo
gi
c
a
l
s
im
p
li
f
ic
a
ti
on
s
,
th
e
m
od
e
l
pr
ov
id
e
s
a
r
e
li
a
b
l
e
b
a
s
i
s
f
or
c
om
p
a
r
i
ng
b
l
a
d
e
n
um
be
r
s
a
nd
id
e
n
ti
f
yi
ng
pe
r
f
or
ma
n
c
e
tr
e
nds
.
T
a
ble
1
.
Va
li
da
ti
on
metr
ics
a
t
pe
a
k
(
C
p)
S
our
c
e
G
e
ome
tr
y note
s
R
e
r
a
nge
λ
opt
(
r
e
f
)
C
p,opt
(
r
e
f
)
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
λ
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
Cp
M
A
P
E
(%)
F
e
r
r
a
r
i
e
t
al
.
[
5]
2
-
bl
a
de
, ove
r
la
p 0.15, AR
≈1.1
~
10⁵
0.8
0.202
0.52
0.24
18.8
M
a
ut
o
e
t
al
.
[
14]
2
-
bl
a
de
, duc
te
d, w
in
d t
unne
l
~
10⁵
0.7
–
0.9
0.18
–
0.20
0.52
0.24
20
–
33
B
r
us
c
a
e
t
al
.
[
17]
2
-
bl
a
de
duc
te
d, a
ugme
nt
e
r
~
10⁵
0.7
0.19
0.52
0.24
26.3
T
ia
n
e
t
al
.
[
20]
2
-
bl
a
de
, modi
f
ie
d a
r
c
, t
r
a
ns
ie
nt
C
F
D
va
li
da
te
d
~
10⁵
0.8
0.257
0.52
0.24
6.6
R
a
mdha
ni
e
t
al
.
[
21]
2
-
bl
a
de
hydr
oki
ne
ti
c
, O
R
=
0.15
~
10⁵
0.8
0.34
0.52
0.24
29.4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
16
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
20
26
:
2335
-
2346
2340
3.
3.
P
e
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
m
ap
s
:
(
Cp
)
–
T
S
R
f
or
2
/3/
4
b
la
d
e
s
T
he
to
r
que
,
f
o
r
c
e
,
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
c
oe
f
f
icie
nts
we
r
e
e
xtr
a
c
ted
d
ir
e
c
tl
y
f
r
om
S
oli
dW
or
ks
F
low
s
im
ulation
us
ing
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
M
R
F
a
t
two
r
otation
a
l
s
pe
e
ds
(
330
r
pm
a
nd
950
r
pm)
.
T
a
ble
2
s
umm
a
r
ize
s
the
r
e
s
ult
s
,
including
to
r
que
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
,
ti
p
-
s
pe
e
d
r
a
ti
o
,
a
nd
powe
r
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
.
T
a
ble
2.
P
e
r
f
o
r
manc
e
indi
c
a
tor
s
f
r
om
S
oli
dW
or
ks
C
F
D
(
V=
10
m/
s
)
B
la
de
s
T
or
que
(
N
·
m)
F
or
c
e
(
N
)
CT
R
P
M
ω
(
r
a
d/
s
)
λ
Cp
O
bs
e
r
va
ti
ons
2
0.0516
3.93
0.4565
330
34.6
0.181
0.083
M
ode
r
a
te
t
or
que
, l
im
it
e
d e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y a
t
lo
w
T
S
R
3
0.0186
4.32
0.1646
330
34.6
0.181
0.030
L
ow
e
s
t
to
r
que
, s
moot
he
r
l
oa
d, r
e
duc
e
d r
ip
pl
e
4
0.1297
4.81
1.1470
330
34.6
0.181
0.208
H
ig
he
s
t
to
r
que
, be
s
t
s
t
a
r
ti
ng a
bi
li
ty
2
0.0516
3.93
0.4565
950
99.5
0.522
0.238
H
ig
he
r
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y a
t
mode
r
a
te
T
S
R
3
0.0186
4.32
0.1646
950
99.5
0.522
0.086
C
ompr
omi
s
e
, l
ow
e
r
C
p, s
moot
he
r
t
or
que
4
0.1297
4.81
1.1470
950
99.5
0.522
0.599
V
e
r
y hi
gh t
or
que
, C
p l
ik
e
ly
ove
r
pr
e
di
c
te
d
(
s
te
a
dy M
R
F
l
im
it
a
ti
on)
N
ot
e
:
C
p va
lu
e
s
f
or
t
he
4
-
bl
a
de
d r
ot
or
a
t
950 r
pm m
a
y be
ove
r
e
s
ti
ma
te
d due
t
o c
oa
r
s
e
m
e
s
h r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n a
nd
s
te
a
dy
-
s
ta
te
M
R
F
a
s
s
umpt
io
ns
;
tr
a
ns
ie
nt
s
im
ul
a
ti
ons
a
r
e
r
e
c
omm
e
nd
e
d f
or
c
onf
ir
ma
ti
on.
T
he
da
ta
in
T
a
ble
2
s
how
that
a
t
330
r
pm
(
λ
≈
0.
1
8)
,
a
ll
r
otor
s
e
xhibi
t
r
e
latively
low
C
p
va
lues
.
T
he
f
our
-
blade
r
otor
pr
oduc
e
s
the
highes
t
tor
que
a
nd
moder
a
te
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
(
C
p
≈
0.
21
)
,
while
the
two
-
blade
r
otor
a
c
hieve
s
higher
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
than
the
thr
e
e
-
blade
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on.
At
950
r
p
m
(
λ
≈
0.
52
)
,
the
f
ou
r
-
blade
r
otor
a
c
hieve
s
the
highes
t
C
p
(
≈
0.
60
)
,
a
lt
hough
thi
s
va
lue
is
li
ke
ly
too
high
due
to
the
li
mi
tations
of
the
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
M
R
F
a
ppr
oa
c
h.
T
he
two
-
blade
d
r
otor
a
c
hieve
s
C
p
≈
0.
24,
r
e
f
lec
ti
ng
r
e
latively
higher
e
f
f
ici
e
nc
y
but
with
the
potential
f
or
tor
que
f
luctua
ti
ons
,
whi
le
the
thr
e
e
-
blade
d
r
otor
e
xhibi
ts
the
lowe
s
t
C
p
(
≈
0.
086
)
.
T
he
C
p
va
lue
of
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
0.
60
f
or
the
f
o
ur
-
blade
d
r
otor
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
e
xc
e
e
ds
the
typi
c
a
l
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
va
lues
r
e
po
r
ted
in
the
li
te
r
a
tur
e
,
whi
c
h
ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
r
a
nge
be
twe
e
n
0.
2
a
nd
0.
3
.
T
his
dis
c
r
e
pa
nc
y
c
a
n
be
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
the
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
M
R
F
a
s
s
ump
ti
on,
li
mi
ted
mes
h
r
e
s
olut
ion
,
a
nd
the
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
tr
a
ns
ient
f
low
e
f
f
e
c
ts
,
a
ll
of
whic
h
a
r
e
known
to
c
ontr
ibut
e
to
ove
r
pr
e
diction
of
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
in
C
F
D
s
im
ulations
.
Although
the
thr
e
e
-
blade
d
r
otor
pr
oduc
e
d
the
lowe
s
t
C
p
va
lues
in
the
p
r
e
s
e
nt
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
r
e
s
ult
s
,
it
s
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nts
a
ba
lanc
e
d
c
ompr
omi
s
e
.
C
ompar
e
d
to
two
b
lade
s
,
it
r
e
duc
e
s
tor
que
r
ippl
e
,
while
a
voidi
ng
the
e
xc
e
s
s
ive
s
oli
dit
y
a
nd
dr
a
g
of
f
our
blade
s
.
T
his
ba
lanc
e
make
s
the
thr
e
e
-
blade
d
r
otor
a
dva
ntage
ous
f
or
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
whe
r
e
s
table
powe
r
outpu
t
a
nd
r
e
li
a
ble
ope
r
a
ti
on
a
r
e
p
r
ior
it
ize
d
ove
r
pe
a
k
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
F
igur
e
2
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
C
p
–
λ
tr
e
nds
de
r
ived
f
r
om
t
he
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
da
ta.
T
he
f
our
-
blade
d
r
oto
r
s
hows
the
highes
t
C
p
a
t
λ
≈
0
.
52,
indi
c
a
ti
ng
s
tr
ong
tor
qu
e
a
nd
good
s
tar
ti
ng
c
a
pa
bil
it
y,
though
the
magnit
ude
may
be
ove
r
e
s
ti
mate
d
due
to
s
tea
dy
M
R
F
a
s
s
umpt
ion
s
.
T
he
two
-
blade
d
r
otor
maintains
higher
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
r
e
lative
to
thr
e
e
blade
s
,
r
e
a
c
hing
C
p
≈
0
.
24
a
t
λ
≈
0
.
52,
bu
t
is
e
xpe
c
ted
to
s
uf
f
e
r
f
r
om
tor
que
r
ippl
e
.
T
he
th
r
e
e
-
blade
d
r
otor
e
xhibi
ts
the
lowe
s
t
C
p
a
c
r
os
s
both
ope
r
a
ti
ng
point
s
,
ye
t
it
s
s
moot
he
r
load
dis
tr
ibut
ion
h
ighl
ight
s
it
s
r
ole
a
s
a
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
c
ompr
omi
s
e
.
Ove
r
a
ll
,
the
f
igur
e
c
on
f
ir
ms
the
tr
a
de
-
of
f
a
mong
b
lade
number
s
:
two
bla
de
s
f
a
vor
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
f
our
blade
s
f
a
vor
tor
que
a
nd
s
e
lf
-
s
ta
r
ti
ng,
a
nd
thr
e
e
blade
s
of
f
e
r
ba
lanc
e
d
but
les
s
e
f
f
icie
nt
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
F
igur
e
2.
C
p
–
λ
c
ur
ve
s
f
o
r
2
-
, 3
-
,
a
nd
4
-
blade
r
otor
s
(
ti
me
-
a
ve
r
a
ge
d
r
e
s
ult
s
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
N
ume
r
ical
inve
s
ti
gati
on
on
the
e
ff
e
c
t
of
blade
c
ou
nt
on
the
pe
r
for
manc
e
of
a
…
(
De
z
e
tt
y
M
onika
)
2341
F
r
om
a
n
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
nginee
r
ing
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
,
the
s
moot
he
r
tor
que
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
of
a
thr
e
e
-
blade
d
r
otor
o
f
f
e
r
s
igni
f
ica
nt
a
dva
ntage
s
f
o
r
ge
ne
r
a
tor
c
o
upli
ng
s
ys
tems
.
R
e
duc
e
d
tor
que
f
luctua
ti
ons
r
e
s
ult
in
lowe
r
mec
ha
nica
l
s
tr
e
s
s
a
nd
mor
e
s
table
powe
r
output
,
whic
h
in
tu
r
n
i
mpr
ove
s
powe
r
qua
li
ty
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
s
the
ne
e
d
f
or
c
ompl
e
x
powe
r
c
ondit
ioni
ng
or
s
moot
hing
s
ys
tems
in
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
3.
4.
T
or
q
u
e
c
h
ar
ac
t
e
r
is
t
ics
F
igur
e
3
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
tor
que
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
his
tor
ies
of
the
S
a
vonius
r
otor
s
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
blade
c
onf
igur
a
ti
ons
.
T
he
numer
ica
l
tor
que
his
tor
ies
f
or
the
r
oto
r
s
with
2
,
3,
a
nd
4
blade
s
a
r
e
s
hown
in
F
ig
ur
e
s
3(
a
)
to
3
(
c
)
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
All
c
on
f
igur
a
ti
ons
e
xhibi
t
a
n
ini
ti
a
l
ove
r
s
hoot
f
o
ll
owe
d
by
gr
a
dua
l
s
tabili
z
a
ti
on
a
s
the
s
olver
it
e
r
a
ti
ons
pr
og
r
e
s
s
.
I
t
s
hould
be
noted
that
thes
e
r
e
s
ult
s
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
numer
ica
l
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
be
ha
vior
r
a
ther
than
a
c
tual
tr
a
ns
ient
tor
que
f
luctua
ti
ons
be
c
a
us
e
the
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
M
R
F
a
ppr
oa
c
h
wa
s
us
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy.
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
F
igur
e
3.
T
o
r
que
his
tor
ies
f
o
r
(
a
)
C
F
D
2
blade
s
,
(
b
)
C
F
D
3
blade
s
,
(
c
)
C
F
D
4
blade
s
T
he
two
-
blade
d
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
e
xhibi
ts
lar
ge
r
va
r
i
a
ti
ons
dur
ing
the
numer
ica
l
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
,
including
r
e
gions
o
f
ne
ga
ti
ve
tor
que
,
be
f
or
e
s
tabili
z
ing
a
t
a
ppr
oxi
mate
ly
0
.
05
N·
m
.
T
he
s
e
va
r
iation
s
r
e
f
lec
t
the
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
be
ha
vior
of
the
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
s
olut
ion
a
nd
s
hould
not
be
int
e
r
pr
e
ted
di
r
e
c
tl
y
a
s
a
c
tual
tr
a
ns
ient
tor
que
r
ippl
e
,
whic
h
c
a
nnot
be
qua
nti
f
ied
us
ing
the
p
r
e
s
e
nt
M
R
F
a
ppr
oa
c
h.
T
he
obs
e
r
ve
d
be
h
a
vior
is
c
ons
is
tent
with
pr
e
vious
s
tudi
e
s
r
e
por
ti
ng
that
two
-
blade
d
S
a
vonius
r
otor
s
c
a
n
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
gr
e
a
t
e
r
tor
que
va
r
iation
dur
ing
ope
r
a
ti
on.
T
he
thr
e
e
-
blade
d
r
otor
r
e
c
or
ds
the
lowe
s
t
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
tor
que
(
≈
0.
01
8
N·
m)
,
a
lt
hough
it
ini
ti
a
ll
y
r
e
a
c
he
s
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
0.
26
N·
m.
I
ts
s
moot
he
r
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
be
ha
vior
indi
c
a
te
s
a
mor
e
s
table
numer
ica
l
s
olut
ion,
whic
h
may
be
a
s
s
oc
iate
d
with
a
mo
r
e
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
loading
a
mong
the
blade
s
.
How
e
ve
r
,
thi
s
lowe
r
tor
que
a
ls
o
c
or
r
e
late
s
with
a
lowe
r
powe
r
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
,
a
s
dis
c
us
s
e
d
in
S
e
c
ti
on
3.
3.
T
he
f
our
-
blade
d
r
oto
r
pr
oduc
e
s
the
hi
ghe
s
t
tor
que
r
e
s
pons
e
,
with
a
pe
a
k
va
lue
of
a
pp
r
o
xim
a
tely
0.
38
N·
m
a
nd
a
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
va
lue
of
a
bout
0
.
13
N·
m.
T
his
c
onf
igu
r
a
ti
on
pr
ovides
the
highes
t
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
tor
que
a
mong
the
inves
ti
ga
ted
c
onf
igur
a
ti
ons
;
ho
we
ve
r
,
it
s
incr
e
a
s
e
d
s
oli
dit
y
c
a
n
lea
d
to
higher
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
dr
a
g,
whic
h
may
li
mi
t
ove
r
a
ll
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
16
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
20
26
:
2335
-
2346
2342
Ove
r
a
ll
,
F
igur
e
3
highl
igh
ts
the
t
r
a
de
-
of
f
a
m
ong
tor
que
magnitude,
numer
ica
l
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
be
ha
vior
,
a
nd
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
T
he
two
-
bl
a
de
d
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
a
c
hieve
s
r
e
latively
higher
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
but
e
xhibi
ts
lar
ge
r
va
r
iations
dur
ing
numer
ica
l
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
.
T
he
f
our
-
blade
d
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
p
r
oduc
e
s
the
highes
t
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
tor
que
,
whe
r
e
a
s
the
thr
e
e
-
blade
d
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
s
hows
a
c
ompar
a
ti
ve
ly
s
moot
he
r
c
on
ve
r
ge
nc
e
be
ha
vior
a
nd
lowe
r
s
tea
dy
-
s
tate
tor
que
.
S
ince
the
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
im
ulations
e
mpl
oy
a
s
tea
dy
-
s
t
a
te
M
R
F
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
a
c
tual
tr
a
ns
ient
to
r
que
r
ippl
e
c
a
nnot
be
de
ter
m
ined
f
r
om
F
igur
e
3
a
nd
r
e
quir
e
s
t
r
a
ns
ient
s
li
di
ng
-
mes
h
s
im
ulations
f
or
qua
nti
tative
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment.
3.
5.
F
low
-
f
ield
an
d
wake
an
alys
is
T
he
f
low
-
f
ield
vis
ua
li
z
a
ti
ons
in
F
igur
e
s
4
to
6
h
ig
hli
ght
the
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
mec
ha
nis
ms
gove
r
ning
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
S
a
vonius
r
oto
r
s
.
F
or
the
two
-
bl
a
de
d
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on,
the
ve
locity
c
ontour
s
s
how
a
wide
a
nd
a
s
ymm
e
tr
ic
wa
ke
r
e
gion
with
p
r
onounc
e
d
r
e
c
ir
c
ulation
z
one
s
be
hind
the
r
e
tur
ning
blade
.
T
his
uns
tea
dy
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
c
ontr
ibut
e
s
to
s
igni
f
ica
nt
tor
que
f
luctua
ti
ons
,
a
s
dis
c
us
s
e
d
in
S
e
c
ti
on
3.
4,
but
a
ls
o
a
ll
ows
a
s
tr
onge
r
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
a
c
r
os
s
the
a
dva
nc
ing
blade
,
whic
h
e
xplains
the
r
e
latively
higher
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
thr
e
e
-
blade
d
r
otor
.
I
n
the
thr
e
e
-
blade
d
c
a
s
e
,
the
a
ddit
ion
of
the
th
ir
d
b
lade
a
lt
e
r
s
the
f
low
dis
tr
ibut
ion
,
pr
oduc
ing
a
mor
e
s
ymm
e
tr
ic
wa
ke
with
r
e
duc
e
d
r
e
c
ir
c
ulation.
T
his
s
moot
he
r
f
low
pa
tt
e
r
n
lea
ds
to
lowe
r
tor
que
r
ip
ple
a
nd
gr
e
a
ter
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
s
tabili
ty,
c
ons
is
tent
with
the
tor
que
his
tor
ies
in
F
igu
r
e
3
How
e
ve
r
,
the
mor
e
c
omp
a
c
t
f
low
a
nd
incr
e
a
s
e
d
s
oli
dit
y
r
e
duc
e
the
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
dr
ivi
ng
f
or
c
e
,
whic
h
c
or
r
e
late
s
with
the
lowe
r
C
p
va
lues
in
T
a
ble
2.
T
he
f
our
-
blade
d
r
oto
r
ge
ne
r
a
tes
the
mos
t
c
ompac
t
a
nd
dir
e
c
ted
wa
ke
,
with
ve
locity
ve
c
tor
s
s
howing
r
e
duc
e
d
f
low
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
mor
e
uni
f
or
m
do
wns
tr
e
a
m
ve
locity.
T
his
indi
c
a
tes
e
nha
nc
e
d
mom
e
ntum
e
xtr
a
c
ti
on
a
nd
higher
tor
que
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on,
c
onf
ir
mi
n
g
the
lar
ge
tor
que
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
obs
e
r
ve
d
in
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
da
ta.
Ne
ve
r
thele
s
s
,
the
high
s
oli
dit
y
of
thi
s
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
incr
e
a
s
e
s
dr
a
g
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
s
pe
a
k
a
e
r
o
dyna
mi
c
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
lea
ding
to
the
ove
r
pr
e
diction
of
C
p
a
t
h
igher
ti
p
-
s
pe
e
d
r
a
ti
os
.
Ove
r
a
ll
,
the
wa
ke
a
na
lys
is
r
e
inf
o
r
c
e
s
the
obs
e
r
v
e
d
tr
a
de
-
of
f
s
:
two
b
lade
s
f
a
v
or
a
e
r
odyn
a
mi
c
e
f
f
ici
e
nc
y
bu
t
s
u
f
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
tor
que
r
ippl
e
;
f
o
u
r
b
lade
s
maxim
ize
tor
que
a
nd
s
ta
bil
it
y
bu
t
r
e
duc
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y;
w
hil
e
th
r
e
e
blade
s
of
f
e
r
a
ba
lanc
e
d
c
o
mp
r
o
mi
s
e
by
r
e
duc
ing
wa
ke
a
s
y
mm
e
t
r
y
a
nd
e
ns
ur
ing
s
moo
the
r
o
pe
r
a
t
ion
.
F
igur
e
4.
Ve
locity
c
ontou
r
s
a
nd
f
low
tr
a
jec
tor
ies
f
or
the
two
-
blade
d
r
oto
r
F
igur
e
5.
Ve
locity
c
ontou
r
s
a
nd
f
low
tr
a
jec
tor
ies
f
or
the
th
r
e
e
-
blade
d
r
otor
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
N
ume
r
ical
inve
s
ti
gati
on
on
the
e
ff
e
c
t
of
blade
c
ou
nt
on
the
pe
r
for
manc
e
of
a
…
(
De
z
e
tt
y
M
onika
)
2343
F
igur
e
6.
Ve
locity
c
ontou
r
s
a
nd
f
low
tr
a
jec
tor
ies
f
or
the
f
our
-
blade
d
r
otor
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
his
s
tudy
a
na
lyze
d
the
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
pe
r
f
or
man
c
e
of
S
a
vonius
r
otor
s
with
two,
th
r
e
e
,
a
nd
f
our
blade
s
us
ing
s
tea
dy
-
s
tat
e
C
F
D
s
im
ulations
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
s
how
a
c
lea
r
tr
a
de
-
of
f
be
twe
e
n
tor
que
,
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
a
nd
f
low
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
.
T
he
f
our
-
blade
d
r
oto
r
p
r
oduc
e
s
the
highes
t
tor
que
(
≈
0
.
13
N·
m,
e
quiv
a
lent
to
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
12.
9
W
a
t
950
r
pm)
a
nd
de
mons
t
r
a
tes
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
s
tar
ti
ng
c
a
pa
bil
it
y,
making
it
s
uit
a
ble
f
or
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
r
e
quir
ing
high
ini
ti
a
l
tor
que
.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly,
the
two
-
blade
r
otor
a
c
hieve
s
higher
a
e
r
o
dyna
mi
c
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
(
C
p
≈
0
.
24)
but
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
s
gr
e
a
ter
t
or
que
r
ippl
e
due
to
s
tr
onge
r
f
low
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
wa
ke
ins
tabili
ty.
T
he
thr
e
e
-
blade
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
e
xhibi
t
s
the
lowe
s
t
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
but
p
r
ovides
s
moot
he
r
a
nd
mor
e
s
table
tor
que
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
,
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nti
ng
a
ba
lan
c
e
d
c
ompr
omi
s
e
be
twe
e
n
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
nd
s
tabili
ty.
F
low
f
ield
vis
ua
li
z
a
ti
ons
de
mons
tr
a
te
that
f
low
wa
ke
a
s
ymm
e
tr
y
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
a
s
the
number
of
blade
s
incr
e
a
s
e
s
:
a
two
-
blade
r
otor
pr
oduc
e
s
a
wide
a
nd
tur
bulent
f
low
wa
ke
,
a
thr
e
e
-
blade
r
otor
r
e
duc
e
s
a
s
ymm
e
tr
y
while
im
pr
oving
f
low
uni
f
or
mi
ty
,
whe
r
e
a
s
a
f
our
-
blade
r
otor
pr
oduc
e
s
the
mos
t
c
ompac
t
a
nd
s
table
f
lo
w
wa
ke
,
a
lbeit
a
t
the
c
os
t
of
higher
d
r
a
g.
Ove
r
a
ll
,
thes
e
f
ind
ings
e
mphas
ize
that
the
opti
mal
numbe
r
of
blade
s
de
pe
nds
on
de
s
ign
p
r
ior
it
ies
—
two
blade
s
pr
io
r
it
ize
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
f
our
blade
s
pr
ior
it
ize
tor
que
a
nd
s
tabili
ty,
w
hil
e
thr
e
e
blade
s
of
f
e
r
a
n
idea
l
mi
ddle
-
gr
ound
s
olut
ion
f
o
r
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
or
low
-
wind
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
whe
r
e
s
m
ooth
a
nd
r
e
li
a
ble
ope
r
a
ti
on
is
mor
e
im
po
r
tant
than
a
c
hieving
pe
a
k
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
F
r
om
a
n
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
nginee
r
ing
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
,
the
s
moot
he
r
to
r
que
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
of
the
thr
e
e
-
blade
r
otor
a
r
e
be
ne
f
icia
l
f
or
g
e
ne
r
a
tor
c
oupli
ngs
,
a
s
they
r
e
duc
e
mec
ha
nic
a
l
s
tr
e
s
s
a
nd
p
owe
r
f
luctua
ti
ons
,
ther
e
by
c
ontr
ibut
ing
to
i
mpr
ove
d
powe
r
qua
li
ty
in
s
mall
-
s
c
a
le
e
ne
r
gy
s
ys
tems
.
F
utur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
will
f
oc
us
on
c
onduc
ti
ng
tr
a
ns
ient
s
li
di
ng
mes
h
s
im
ulations
to
c
a
ptur
e
r
e
a
li
s
ti
c
tor
que
r
ipp
le
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
mi
ng
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
va
li
da
ti
on
in
a
c
ontr
oll
e
d
wind
tunnel
e
nvir
onment.
Additi
ona
ll
y
,
e
xplo
r
ing
the
i
ntegr
a
ti
on
of
thes
e
r
oto
r
s
with
s
pe
c
if
ic
pe
r
mane
nt
magne
t
s
ync
hr
onous
ge
ne
r
a
tor
s
(
P
M
S
G)
a
nd
powe
r
e
le
c
tr
onic
c
onve
r
ter
s
will
be
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
to
e
va
luate
the
tot
a
l
s
ys
tem
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
f
or
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGM
E
N
T
S
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
w
ou
ld
l
ik
e
to
e
xp
r
e
s
s
th
e
ir
s
in
c
e
r
e
a
p
pr
e
c
ia
ti
on
t
o
t
h
e
M
ini
s
tr
y
o
f
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
T
e
c
hn
ol
og
y,
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
C
ou
nc
il
,
a
nd
t
h
e
Na
ti
on
a
l
I
nn
ov
a
t
io
n
of
t
he
R
e
pu
bl
ic
o
f
I
nd
on
e
s
i
a
f
or
th
e
i
r
f
in
a
n
c
i
a
l
s
up
por
t
t
hr
o
ug
h
t
he
F
u
nd
a
m
e
nt
a
l
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
Gr
a
nt.
T
h
e
a
ut
hor
s
a
l
s
o
gr
a
t
e
f
ul
ly
a
c
kn
o
wle
d
ge
th
e
s
u
pp
or
t
p
r
o
vid
e
d
by
th
e
C
e
nt
e
r
of
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
C
om
mu
nit
y
S
e
r
vi
c
e
(
P
P
P
M
)
,
P
oli
te
kn
ik
N
e
ge
r
i
J
a
ka
r
t
a
,
I
nd
on
e
s
i
a
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
t
he
a
uth
or
s
wo
ul
d
l
ik
e
t
o
t
h
a
n
k
c
ol
le
a
gu
e
s
a
n
d
l
a
b
or
a
t
or
y
s
taf
f
f
o
r
t
he
ir
v
a
lu
a
b
le
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
in
c
on
du
c
t
in
g
s
i
mul
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
ni
c
a
l
di
s
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
ntr
ib
ut
e
d
t
o
t
he
c
om
pl
e
t
io
n
of
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
F
UN
DI
NG
I
NF
ORM
AT
I
ON
T
he
a
uthor
s
gr
a
tef
ull
y
a
c
knowle
dge
the
f
inanc
ial
s
uppor
t
pr
ovided
by
the
M
ini
s
tr
y
of
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
T
e
c
hnology,
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
C
ounc
il
,
a
nd
the
Na
ti
on
a
l
I
nnova
ti
on
of
the
R
e
publi
c
of
I
ndone
s
ia
thr
ough
the
F
unda
menta
l
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
Gr
a
nt
(
No
.
032/C
3/DT
.
05.
00/P
L
/2025)
,
a
nd
by
the
C
e
nter
of
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
C
omm
unit
y
S
e
r
vice
,
P
ol
it
e
knik
Ne
ge
r
i
J
a
ka
r
ta
(
P
P
P
M
P
NJ
)
unde
r
the
f
und
ing
a
ll
oc
a
ti
on
S
P
DI
P
A
-
139.
04.
1.
693320
/2025.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
16
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
20
26
:
2335
-
2346
2344
AU
T
HO
R
CONT
RI
B
U
T
I
ONS
S
T
AT
E
M
E
N
T
T
his
jour
na
l
us
e
s
the
C
ontr
ibut
o
r
R
oles
T
a
xo
nomy
(
C
R
e
diT
)
to
r
e
c
ognize
indi
vidual
a
uthor
c
ontr
ibut
ions
,
r
e
duc
e
a
utho
r
s
hip
dis
putes
,
a
nd
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
on.
Nam
e
of
Au
t
h
or
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
De
z
e
tt
y
M
onika
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
M
uc
hli
s
ha
h
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Nuha
Na
dhir
oh
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ahma
d
F
ikr
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
M
uha
mm
a
d
R
a
f
i
Anw
a
r
r
a
hman
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
W
il
ly
Nur
hidaya
t
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
M
uti
a
r
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
onc
e
pt
ua
li
z
a
ti
on
M
:
M
e
th
odol
ogy
So
:
So
f
twa
r
e
Va
:
Va
li
da
ti
on
Fo
:
Fo
r
ma
l
a
na
ly
s
is
I
:
I
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
R
:
R
e
s
our
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
ta
C
ur
a
ti
on
O
:
W
r
it
in
g
-
O
r
ig
in
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
it
in
g
-
R
e
vi
e
w
&
E
di
ti
ng
Vi
:
Vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
on
Su
:
Su
pe
r
vi
s
io
n
P
:
P
r
oj
e
c
t
a
dmi
ni
s
tr
a
ti
on
Fu
:
Fu
ndi
ng a
c
qui
s
it
io
n
CONF
L
I
CT
OF
I
NT
E
RE
S
T
S
T
AT
E
M
E
N
T
T
he
a
uthor
s
de
c
lar
e
that
they
ha
ve
no
known
c
om
pe
ti
ng
f
inanc
ial
int
e
r
e
s
ts
or
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
lations
hips
that
c
ould
ha
ve
a
ppe
a
r
e
d
to
inf
luenc
e
the
wor
k
r
e
p
or
ted
in
th
is
pa
pe
r
.
DA
T
A
AV
AI
L
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
T
he
da
ta
s
uppor
ti
ng
the
f
indi
ngs
of
thi
s
s
tudy,
including
the
numer
ica
l
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
s
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
da
ta,
a
r
e
a
va
il
a
ble
f
r
om
the
c
or
r
e
s
pon
ding
a
uthor
upon
r
e
a
s
ona
ble
r
e
que
s
t.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[
1]
J
.
L
i,
S
.
L
i,
a
nd
F
.
W
u,
“
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
c
a
r
bon
e
mi
s
s
io
n
r
e
duc
t
io
n
be
ne
f
it
of
w
in
d
pow
e
r
pr
oj
e
c
t
ba
s
e
d
on
li
f
e
c
yc
le
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
th
e
or
y,”
R
e
ne
w
abl
e
E
ne
r
gy
, vol
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e
ne
ne
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2]
K
.
Y
.
L
e
e
,
A
.
C
r
ude
n,
J
.
H
.
N
g,
a
nd
K
.
H
.
W
ong,
“
V
a
r
ia
bl
e
de
s
ig
ns
of
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
a
xi
s
w
in
d
tu
r
bi
ne
s
—
a
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
F
r
ont
ie
r
s
in
E
ne
r
gy
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
, vol
. 12, p. 1437800, 2024, doi
:
10.3389/f
e
nr
g.2024.1437800.
[
3]
A
.
C
ha
udhur
i,
R
.
D
a
tt
a
,
M
.
P
.
K
uma
r
,
J
.
P
.
D
a
vi
m,
a
nd
S
.
P
r
a
ma
ni
k,
“
E
ne
r
gy
c
onve
r
s
io
n
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
f
or
w
in
d
e
ne
r
gy
s
ys
te
m:
E
le
c
tr
ic
a
l,
me
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
a
nd ma
te
r
ia
l
a
s
pe
c
ts
,
”
M
at
e
r
ia
ls
, vol
. 15
, no. 3, p. 1232, F
e
b. 2022, doi:
10.3390/m
a
15031232.
[
4]
L
.
B
e
r
e
z
ia
r
tu
a
-
G
onz
a
le
z
,
A
.
R
e
te
gi
,
a
nd
O
.
U
ka
r
,
“
H
uma
n
-
c
e
nt
e
r
e
d
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
s
ma
ll
w
in
d
tu
r
bi
ne
s
in
ur
ba
n
e
nvi
r
onme
n
ts
:
a
s
e
mi
-
s
ys
te
ma
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
f
r
om
a
n
in
dus
tr
ia
l
de
s
ig
n
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
,”
F
r
ont
ie
r
s
in
Sus
ta
in
abl
e
C
it
ie
s
,
vol
.
7,
pp.
1
–
20,
M
a
y
2025,
doi
:
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r
s
c
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[
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G
.
F
e
r
r
a
r
i,
D
.
F
e
de
r
ic
i,
P
.
S
c
hi
to
,
F
.
I
nz
ol
i,
a
nd
R
.
M
e
r
e
u,
“
C
F
D
s
tu
dy
of
S
a
voni
us
w
in
d
tu
r
bi
ne
:
3D
mode
l
va
li
da
ti
on
a
nd
pa
r
a
me
tr
ic
a
na
ly
s
is
,”
R
e
ne
w
abl
e
E
ne
r
gy
, vol
. 105, pp. 722
–
734
, 2017, doi:
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.r
e
ne
ne
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6]
H
. A
bouj
a
oude
, F
. B
oga
r
d, F
. B
e
a
umont
, S
. M
ur
e
r
, a
nd
G
.
P
ol
i
dor
i,
“
A
e
r
odyna
mi
c
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
e
nha
nc
e
me
nt
of
a
n a
xi
s
ymm
e
tr
ic
de
f
le
c
to
r
a
ppl
ie
d
to
S
a
voni
us
w
in
d
tu
r
bi
ne
us
in
g
nove
l
tr
a
ns
ie
n
t
3D
C
F
D
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
te
c
hni
que
s
,
”
E
ne
r
gi
e
s
,
vol
.
16,
no.
2,
p.
9
09,
2023, doi:
10.3390/en1602090
9.
[
7]
A
.
G
.
C
hi
tu
r
a
,
P
.
M
ukumba
,
a
nd
N
.
L
e
th
ol
e
,
“
E
nha
nc
in
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
of
S
a
voni
us
w
in
d
tu
r
bi
ne
s
:
A
r
e
vi
e
w
of
a
dva
nc
e
s
u
s
in
g
mul
ti
pl
e
pa
r
a
me
te
r
s
,”
E
ne
r
gi
e
s
, vol
. 17, no. 15, p. 3708, A
ug. 2
024, doi:
10.3390/en1715370
8.
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8]
K
.
A
.
H
.
A
l
-
gbu
r
i
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
o
f
S
a
voni
us
w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
s
:
A
s
ys
te
ma
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
of
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
e
nha
nc
e
me
nt
a
nd
c
onc
e
pt
ua
l
f
r
a
me
w
or
k,”
J
or
dan
J
our
nal
of
M
e
c
hani
c
al
and
I
ndus
tr
ia
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
,
vol
.
19,
no.
2,
pp.
263
–
279,
20
25,
doi
:
10.59038/j
jm
ie
/1
90202.
[
9]
A
.
A
l
N
oma
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
S
a
voni
us
w
in
d
tu
r
bi
ne
bl
a
de
d
e
s
ig
n
a
n
d
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
e
va
lu
a
ti
on
u
s
in
g
A
N
N
-
ba
s
e
d
vi
r
tu
a
l
c
lo
ne
:
A
ne
w
a
ppr
oa
c
h,”
H
e
li
y
on
, vol
. 9, no. 5, M
a
y 2023, doi:
10.1016/j
.he
li
yon.2023.e
15672.
[
10]
M
.
R
.
S
houma
n
a
nd
M
.
M
.
H
e
la
l,
“
N
ume
r
ic
a
l
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
o
f
im
pr
ove
me
nt
of
c
ount
e
r
r
ot
a
ti
ng
S
a
voni
us
tu
r
bi
ne
s
p
e
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
w
it
h
c
ur
ta
in
in
g
a
nd
f
in
a
ddi
ti
on
on
b
la
de
,”
A
le
x
andr
ia
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
J
our
nal
,
vol
.
75,
pp.
233
–
242,
J
ul
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:
10.1016/j
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e
j.
2023.05.002.
[
11]
S
.
F
a
r
a
jy
a
r
,
F
.
G
ha
f
oo
r
ia
n,
M
.
M
e
hr
pooya
,
a
nd
M
.
A
s
a
db
e
ig
i,
“
C
F
D
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
a
nd
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
on
th
e
a
e
r
odyna
mi
c
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
of
a
S
a
voni
us
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
a
xi
s
w
in
d
tu
r
bi
ne
a
nd
it
s
in
s
ta
ll
a
ti
on
in
a
hybr
id
pow
e
r
s
uppl
y
s
y
s
te
m:
A
c
a
s
e
s
tu
dy
in
I
r
a
n,”
Sus
ta
in
abi
li
ty
(
Sw
it
z
e
r
la
nd)
, vol
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a
r
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:
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[
12]
R
.
H
.
H
e
nda
r
ya
ti
,
A
.
F
.
H
.
S
oe
gi
ha
r
to
,
D
.
S
a
lwa
ns
ya
h,
A
.
R
a
hma
ndi
ka
,
a
nd
B
.
J
a
la
a
li
,
“
S
a
voni
us
-
M
a
gnus
hybr
id
tu
r
bi
ne
de
s
ig
n
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
ba
s
e
d
on
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
f
lu
id
dyna
mi
c
s
,”
C
F
D
L
e
tt
e
r
s
,
vol
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16,
no.
10,
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O
c
t.
2024,
doi
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[
13]
T
. Z
ha
ng a
nd S
. X
u, “
A
nove
l
w
in
d e
ne
r
gy ga
th
e
r
in
g
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
f
or
t
he
S
a
voni
us
w
in
d t
u
r
bi
ne
a
nd i
ts
pa
r
a
me
te
r
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on ba
s
e
d
on T
a
guc
hi
’
s
me
th
od,”
E
ne
r
gi
e
s
, vol
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24, do
i:
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14]
S
.
M
a
ur
o,
S
.
B
r
us
c
a
, R
.
L
a
nz
a
f
a
me
,
a
nd M
.
M
e
s
s
in
a
,
“
C
F
D
m
ode
li
ng
of
a
duc
te
d
S
a
voni
us
w
in
d
tu
r
bi
ne
f
or
th
e
e
va
lu
a
ti
on
of
th
e
bl
oc
ka
ge
e
f
f
e
c
ts
on r
ot
or
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
,”
R
e
ne
w
abl
e
E
ne
r
gy
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39, Oc
t.
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e
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ne
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