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I
J
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Vo
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16
,
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.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
,
p
p
.
2
2
7
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8
1
I
SS
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2088
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v
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.
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2272
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Tem
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ly
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an Io
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S
o
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p
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a
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ted
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l
tem
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e
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p
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n
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n
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b
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l
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e
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larity
.
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e
se
fin
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
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t
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g
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ti
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n
a
b
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o
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iza
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o
f
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p
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rm
a
n
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e
.
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ro
p
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d
s
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ste
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o
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a
p
ra
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ti
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d
sc
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lab
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in
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imp
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fficie
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c
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a
b
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a
n
d
lo
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g
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term
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p
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ti
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s.
K
ey
w
o
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d
s
:
B
ly
n
k
I
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T
C
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lin
g
s
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s
tem
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
er
f
o
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m
a
n
ce
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
el
clea
n
in
g
Su
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
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T
h
er
m
al
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ajen
g
B
en
in
g
Ku
s
u
m
an
i
n
g
ty
a
s
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
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ee
r
in
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Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
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r
in
g
,
State
Po
ly
tech
n
ic
o
f
J
ak
ar
ta
J
l.
Pro
f
.
DR
.
G.
A.
Siwab
ess
y
,
Ku
k
u
s
an
,
B
eji,
Dep
o
k
C
ity
,
W
est
J
av
a
1
6
4
2
5
E
m
ail: a
jen
g
.
b
en
i
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k
u
s
u
m
an
i
n
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ty
as@
elek
tr
o
.
p
n
j.a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
So
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
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g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
d
u
e
to
its
s
u
s
tain
ab
i
lity
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
wid
e
a
p
p
licab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
r
esid
en
tial,
co
m
m
e
r
cial,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
en
ab
les
d
ir
ec
t
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
in
to
elec
tr
i
ca
l
en
er
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
-
b
ased
d
ev
ices,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
clea
n
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
PV sy
s
tem
s
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
en
d
en
t o
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
o
p
er
ati
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
PV
ef
f
icien
cy
[
2
]
is
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
E
lev
ated
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
lead
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
o
v
er
all
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
als
o
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
PV
ef
f
icien
cy
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ials
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
ca
n
g
en
e
r
ally
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
u
s
in
g
a
lin
ea
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
m
o
d
el
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
w
h
er
e
ef
f
icien
cy
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Temp
era
tu
r
e
imp
a
ct
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
n
p
h
o
to
vo
lt
a
ic
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er u
s
in
g
a
n
…
(
A
jen
g
B
en
in
g
K
u
s
u
ma
n
in
g
tya
s
)
2273
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
io
r
is
m
ain
ly
c
au
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
o
p
e
n
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
,
wh
ic
h
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
tem
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
f
o
r
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
PV
m
o
d
u
les,
e
f
f
icien
cy
ty
p
ically
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
4
–
0
.
5
%
p
er
°C
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
4
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
th
er
m
al
ef
f
ec
ts
,
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
p
ar
ticu
late
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
n
th
e
p
an
e
l
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
in
cid
en
t
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
r
e
ac
h
in
g
th
e
PV
ce
lls
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
eg
r
a
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
ese
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
ef
f
ec
ts
r
esu
lt
in
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
an
d
m
ay
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
o
v
e
r
tim
e,
th
er
e
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
life
s
p
a
n
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
clea
n
i
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
m
itig
ate
th
ese
is
s
u
es.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
Hab
ib
et
a
l.
[
7
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
air
-
b
ased
clea
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
87
–
9
6
%
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
d
u
s
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
wate
r
-
b
ased
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
b
y
u
p
to
3
0
%
[
9
]
,
wh
ile
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
y
s
tem
s
o
p
er
atin
g
at
2
5
–
30
°C
ca
n
f
u
r
th
e
r
en
h
an
ce
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
0
]
,
b
ey
o
n
d
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
o
th
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
ch
as
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
f
lo
atin
g
PV
in
s
tallatio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
l
o
r
e
d
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
an
d
PV
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
m
e
th
o
d
s
o
f
ten
in
v
o
lv
e
h
ig
h
e
r
m
e
ch
an
ical
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cy
,
o
r
in
s
tallatio
n
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
m
ak
in
g
t
h
em
less
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
g
en
er
al
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
v
ar
io
u
s
co
o
lin
g
an
d
clea
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
Activ
e
co
o
li
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
wate
r
-
b
ased
an
d
air
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
a
n
el
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
b
y
u
p
to
2
9
–
30
°C
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
4
–
7
%
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
r
ad
iativ
e
co
o
lin
g
an
d
p
h
ase
ch
a
n
g
e
m
ater
ials
,
o
f
f
er
en
e
r
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
alter
n
at
iv
es,
alth
o
u
g
h
with
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
ely
lo
wer
th
er
m
al
r
ed
u
ctio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
R
ec
en
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
-
b
ased
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
i
s
itio
n
an
d
r
em
o
te
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
en
ab
le
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
in
g
,
d
ec
is
io
n
-
b
ased
ac
tu
atio
n
,
an
d
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
o
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
r
ath
er
th
a
n
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
d
ap
tiv
e
an
d
au
to
m
ated
c
o
o
lin
g
co
n
tr
o
l.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
m
o
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
s
till
o
p
er
ate
in
a
f
ix
ed
o
r
m
an
u
ally
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
ed
m
an
n
e
r
,
lim
itin
g
th
eir
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
d
y
n
am
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
e
v
elo
p
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
au
to
m
atic
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
PV
p
an
els
th
at
en
ab
les
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
to
m
ain
tain
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
en
h
a
n
c
e
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
r
eliab
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
I
o
T
m
o
del sy
s
t
em
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
an
a
u
to
m
atic
s
o
lar
p
an
el
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
p
latf
o
r
m
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
its
au
to
m
atic
clea
n
in
g
ca
p
ab
i
lity
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
r
em
o
te
-
co
n
tr
o
l
f
ea
tu
r
e
v
ia
th
e
B
ly
n
k
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
is
I
o
T
in
teg
r
atio
n
en
ab
les
ef
f
icien
t
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
wh
ile
allo
wi
n
g
u
s
er
s
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ev
ice
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
f
r
o
m
r
em
o
te
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
e
r
atio
n
b
eg
i
n
s
with
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
b
atter
y
as
th
e
m
ai
n
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
a
PV
f
u
s
e
f
o
r
o
v
er
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
an
d
a
lo
a
d
d
is
c
o
n
n
ec
t
s
witch
th
at
co
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
d
ev
ice
to
th
e
en
tire
cir
cu
it.
On
ce
th
e
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
is
en
ab
led
,
o
p
e
r
atin
g
m
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
ch
o
s
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
elec
to
r
s
witch
th
at
o
f
f
e
r
s
two
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
m
an
u
al
a
n
d
au
to
m
atic
m
o
d
e.
I
n
m
a
n
u
al
m
o
d
e,
th
e
in
p
u
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
u
s
h
b
u
tto
n
,
i
f
th
e
p
u
s
h
b
u
tto
n
ac
tiv
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
itiates
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
DC
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
in
te
g
r
a
ted
wate
r
p
u
m
p
.
T
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
r
ec
ip
r
o
ca
tin
g
(
f
o
r
war
d
–
b
ac
k
war
d
)
m
o
v
em
en
t
alo
n
g
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
lin
ea
r
p
at
h
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
m
o
tio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
tili
ze
s
an
in
f
r
ar
ed
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
a
s
et
o
f
lim
it
s
witch
e
s
to
d
etec
t
th
e
m
o
to
r
’
s
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
p
o
s
itio
n
s
in
b
o
t
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
s
en
s
o
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
m
o
to
r
’
s
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
m
o
v
em
en
t
p
atter
n
ac
c
u
r
ately
.
Pu
s
h
b
u
tto
n
is
u
s
ed
to
s
to
p
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
m
o
t
o
r
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
alt
im
m
ed
iately
in
s
tead
,
it
is
d
ir
ec
ted
to
r
etu
r
n
to
its
in
itial
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
v
er
if
ies
th
e
r
etu
r
n
p
o
s
itio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
f
r
ar
ed
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
lim
it
s
witch
es,
af
ter
wh
ich
b
o
th
th
e
DC
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
wate
r
p
u
m
p
a
r
e
d
ea
ctiv
ated
.
I
n
au
to
m
atic
m
o
d
e,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
e
r
ates
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
b
ased
o
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
in
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
W
h
en
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ea
c
h
es
th
e
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
au
to
m
atica
lly
ac
tiv
ates
th
e
DC
m
o
to
r
an
d
wate
r
p
u
m
p
.
T
h
e
m
o
to
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
r
ec
ip
r
o
ca
tin
g
clea
n
i
n
g
m
o
tio
n
f
o
r
a
f
ix
e
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
5
m
in
u
tes.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
in
f
r
ar
ed
s
en
s
o
r
a
n
d
lim
it
s
wit
ch
es
co
n
tin
u
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
o
s
itio
n
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
a
n
d
s
tab
le
m
o
to
r
m
o
tio
n
.
T
h
e
in
te
r
v
al
tim
e
th
e
ac
tiv
ated
m
o
to
r
is
ar
o
u
n
d
5
m
in
u
tes
u
n
til
it
s
t
o
p
s
au
to
m
atica
lly
,
th
e
m
o
to
r
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
d
to
r
etu
r
n
to
its
in
itial
p
o
s
itio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
p
o
wer
ed
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
s
h
u
td
o
wn
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
is
ex
ec
u
ted
o
n
ly
af
te
r
b
o
th
p
o
s
itio
n
s
en
s
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
m
o
to
r
’
s
r
etu
r
n
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
i
n
t,
af
ter
wh
ich
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
ea
ctiv
ates
th
e
DC
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
wate
r
p
u
m
p
au
to
m
atica
lly
.
I
n
b
o
th
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
etu
r
n
to
its
d
ef
a
u
lt
p
o
s
itio
n
f
o
llo
win
g
ea
ch
clea
n
in
g
c
y
cle.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
26
:
2
2
7
2
-
2
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1
2274
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
m
ain
t
ain
s
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
,
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d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
r
ep
ea
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
clea
n
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
2
.
2
.
H
a
rdwa
re
mo
del sy
s
t
em
Th
is
is
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
with
wate
r
wip
er
in
teg
r
ated
with
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
as
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
with
wate
r
wip
er
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
wip
er
-
b
ased
cl
ea
n
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
d
u
s
t
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
T
h
e
clea
n
er
o
p
er
ates
au
to
m
atica
lly
wh
en
t
h
e
p
an
el
’
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ea
ch
es
a
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
an
I
o
T
p
la
tf
o
r
m
,
en
a
b
lin
g
r
em
o
te
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l,
as
well
a
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
f
u
ll
y
au
to
m
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
with
o
u
t m
an
u
al
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
d
esig
n
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
Data
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
-
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
t.
All
d
ata
ar
e
co
llected
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
b
y
a
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
in
t
eg
r
ated
with
a
n
I
o
T
p
latf
o
r
m
,
en
ab
lin
g
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
a
clo
u
d
s
er
v
er
o
r
lo
ca
l
d
atab
ase
f
o
r
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
a
th
r
esh
o
l
d
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
W
h
en
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ex
ce
ed
s
a
p
r
e
d
ef
in
ed
lim
it,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
au
to
m
atica
lly
ac
tiv
ates
th
e
wip
er
co
o
lin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
,
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
es
wate
r
s
p
r
ay
in
g
an
d
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
clea
n
in
g
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
allo
ws
d
y
n
am
ic
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
th
at
m
ain
tain
s
o
p
tim
al
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
en
h
a
n
ce
s
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
o
v
er
all
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
th
at
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esu
lt o
f
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
with
wate
r
wip
e
r
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
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Temp
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imp
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A
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2275
T
ab
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v
o
l
t
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
was
d
esig
n
ed
as
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
id
e
-
by
-
s
id
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
u
s
in
g
two
id
en
tical
PV
p
an
els
o
p
er
atin
g
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
am
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
v
alid
ity
an
d
f
air
n
ess
.
B
o
th
p
an
els
wer
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
to
id
en
tical
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
lev
els
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
test
in
g
p
e
r
io
d
.
On
e
p
an
el
was
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
wate
r
-
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
t
h
er
o
p
er
ated
u
n
d
er
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
(
n
o
n
-
co
o
led
)
co
n
d
itio
n
s
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
was
co
n
d
u
cted
f
r
o
m
0
9
:0
0
to
1
5
:0
0
u
n
d
e
r
d
ay
lig
h
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
au
to
m
atic
m
o
d
e
t
h
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
ac
tiv
ated
if
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
an
el
r
ea
ch
ed
4
2
C
,
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
ac
tiv
ated
f
o
r
3
m
in
u
tes
,
an
d
th
en
s
to
p
au
to
m
atica
lly
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
co
n
d
u
cted
co
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
to
m
in
im
ize
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
E
lectr
ic
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
p
o
we
r
,
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
f
o
r
b
o
th
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
etu
p
allo
ws
a
r
eliab
le
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
wate
r
c
o
o
lin
g
o
n
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
,
ef
f
icien
c
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
an
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
er
m
al
lo
s
s
es u
n
d
er
id
en
tica
l o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
l
y
s
is
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
s
ev
er
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
,
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
s
h
ad
i
n
g
,
an
d
m
o
d
u
le
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
(
)
o
p
en
-
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
(
)
an
d
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
(
FF
)
.
So
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
p
r
ed
o
m
in
a
n
tly
af
f
ec
t
s
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
ce
lls
,
wh
ile
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e.
Var
iatio
n
s
in
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le.
Du
e
to
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
PV
ce
lls
,
o
n
ly
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
1
5
–
2
0
%
o
f
th
e
i
n
cid
en
t
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
is
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
p
o
r
tio
n
is
r
elea
s
ed
as
h
ea
t
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
ac
cu
m
u
lated
h
ea
t
elev
ates
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
an
el.
As
th
e
p
an
el
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es,
its
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
t
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ly
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
o
lar
ce
ll tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
PV o
u
tp
u
t p
o
we
r
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
[
1
0
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
o
f
P
-
V
C
u
r
v
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
i
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
th
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
0
,
2
5
,
5
0
,
an
d
75
C
,
wh
en
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ea
ch
ed
0
C
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
h
av
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e,
if
th
e
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
la
r
PV
2
5
C
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t is d
ec
r
ea
s
e
an
d
th
e
lo
west v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t o
f
s
o
lar
PV
is
in
75
C
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
cu
r
v
e
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
at
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
is
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
lar
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
is
u
s
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
i
f
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
wer
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
.
Po
wer
(
watt)
in
s
o
l
ar
PV
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
ca
lcu
late
with
th
is
(
1
)
:
=
×
(
1
)
wh
er
e
is
p
o
wer
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
,
is
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
is
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
B
esid
e
p
o
wer
in
th
is
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
th
er
e
is
also
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
(
)
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
(
)
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
at
ea
ch
p
o
in
t
o
n
th
e
I
–
V
cu
r
v
e,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Gr
ap
h
ically
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
o
cc
u
r
s
at
t
h
e
p
ea
k
p
o
in
t
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
lar
g
est
a
r
ea
.
T
h
is
p
ea
k
p
o
in
t
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
(
)
in
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
s
h
o
wn
:
(
)
=
×
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
26
:
2
2
7
2
-
2
2
8
1
2276
=
×
×
(
3
)
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
(
2
)
a
n
d
(
3
)
is
two
eq
u
atio
n
th
at
ca
n
u
s
ed
to
c
alcu
lated
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
m
a
x
im
u
m
in
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
W
h
er
e
th
e
(
)
is
p
o
wer
m
ax
im
u
m
,
is
v
o
ltag
e
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
is
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ax
im
u
m
,
a
n
d
in
th
e
(
3
)
is
eq
u
atio
n
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
wh
er
e
th
e
is
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
o
p
en
cir
cu
it,
is
cu
r
r
en
t
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
,
an
d
FF
is
f
ill
f
ac
to
r
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
.
T
o
an
aly
ze
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ca
n
ca
lcu
late
d
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
4
)
:
(
%
)
=
/
(
×
)
(
4
)
is
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
s
o
lar
PV,
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
er
u
n
it
ar
ea
,
u
s
u
ally
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
W
/m
²
an
d
p
an
el
ar
ea
is
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
an
el
th
at
is
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
s
o
l
ar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
in
m
²
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
th
at
u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
5
0
W
p
,
w
ith
th
e
p
an
el
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
e
is
0
.
3
7
m
²
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
t
h
e
r
elativ
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
ef
f
icien
cy
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
co
e
f
f
i
cien
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
to
th
er
m
al
ch
a
n
g
es a
n
d
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
p
er
d
e
g
r
ee
C
elsi
u
s
(
%/
°C
)
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
h
o
wn
b
elo
w:
=
∆
η
η
.
∆
T
(
5
)
is
a
r
elativ
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
ef
f
icie
n
cy
p
er
C
(
co
ef
f
icien
t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e)
,
∆
is
th
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
,
∆
th
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
with
o
u
t a
n
d
with
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
-
V
C
u
r
v
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
s
o
lar
PV
in
d
if
f
er
en
t te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
[
1
0
]
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
-
V
cu
r
v
e
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
th
er
e
ar
e
two
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
o
f
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
te
s
tin
g
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
test
in
g
i
s
to
a
n
aly
s
is
th
e
co
m
p
ar
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
wit
h
o
u
t
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
with
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
lar
PV
.
3
.
1
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
s
o
la
r
PV
wit
ho
ut
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
t
em
a
nd
s
o
la
r
PV
wit
h c
o
o
li
ng
s
y
s
t
em
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
ata
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
T
ab
le
3
is
d
ata
PV
s
y
s
tem
with
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
o
lar
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
d
ata
with
o
u
t
a
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
u
r
f
ac
e
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
r
e
ac
h
es
5
0
.
3
6
°C
,
wh
ile
th
e
l
o
west
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
4
1
.
1
1
C
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
o
lar
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
with
a
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
ap
p
lied
.
B
ased
o
n
T
a
b
le
3
,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
3
0
.
6
6
°C
to
3
7
.
9
°C
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
PV.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
is
also
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
les 1
an
d
2
,
at
an
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
o
f
7
8
4
W
/m
²,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
o
u
t
a
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
4
1
.
1
1
°C
,
with
an
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
4
.
9
6
V
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
3
1
.
8
6
W
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
en
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
a
ctiv
ated
at
th
e
s
am
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
7
8
4
W
/m
²)
,
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
3
0
.
6
6
°C
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
lig
h
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
to
1
4
.
9
8
V,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
in
c
r
ea
s
es
to
3
3
.
5
6
W
.
T
h
ese
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s
h
o
w
th
at
a
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ed
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ctio
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in
p
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r
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s
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p
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(
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.
3
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)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Temp
era
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r
e
imp
a
ct
a
n
a
lysi
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o
n
p
h
o
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lt
a
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t p
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s
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g
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A
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B
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K
u
s
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2277
T
h
is
im
p
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v
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e
n
t
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cc
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r
s
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s
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ico
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s
s
es
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d
s
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ilizin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
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t
v
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ltag
e.
Fu
r
th
er
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o
r
e,
alth
o
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g
h
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
v
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ely
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ican
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im
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th
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all
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t.
T
h
is
in
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icate
s
th
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
tr
o
l
is
a
cr
itica
l
f
ac
to
r
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
PV
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
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m
a
n
ce
,
esp
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ially
u
n
d
er
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ig
h
ir
r
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d
ian
ce
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n
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itio
n
s
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h
e
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m
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ativ
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aly
s
is
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em
o
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s
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ates
th
at
lo
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o
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atin
g
tem
p
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at
u
r
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ir
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tly
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ib
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te
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ical
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er
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m
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ce
,
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ar
ticu
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ly
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ter
m
s
o
f
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o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wi
th
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r
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s
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tu
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ies
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s
o
lar
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el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
en
h
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ce
m
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
au
to
m
ated
wate
r
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
wh
ich
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
r
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lts
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
an
au
to
m
atic
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
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ef
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e
in
m
ain
tai
n
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o
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tim
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er
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co
n
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itio
n
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
o
v
er
all
PV p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
ab
le
2
.
So
lar
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
w
ith
o
u
t c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m²
)
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
C)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(A)
O
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(W)
7
8
4
4
1
.
1
1
1
4
.
9
6
2
.
1
3
3
1
.
8
6
7
8
4
.
2
4
7
.
8
9
1
5
.
7
6
2
.
2
2
3
4
.
9
9
7
8
6
.
7
4
7
.
3
6
1
5
.
7
1
2
.
3
3
3
6
.
6
7
9
4
.
5
5
0
.
2
4
1
5
.
6
5
2
.
3
7
3
7
.
0
9
8
1
0
4
6
.
7
6
1
5
.
6
7
2
.
4
2
3
7
.
9
2
8
1
3
.
4
4
4
.
5
6
1
5
.
6
7
2
.
3
3
3
6
.
5
1
8
1
5
.
2
4
7
.
3
1
1
5
.
9
1
2
.
4
1
3
8
.
3
4
8
2
4
.
5
5
0
.
3
6
1
5
.
6
8
2
.
4
3
7
.
6
3
8
3
1
.
8
4
9
.
0
6
1
5
.
8
3
2
.
5
1
3
9
.
7
3
8
4
2
.
2
46
1
5
.
9
2
2
.
4
7
3
9
.
3
2
T
ab
le
3
.
So
lar
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
w
ith
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m²
)
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
C)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(A)
O
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(W)
7
8
4
3
0
.
6
6
1
4
.
9
8
2
.
2
4
3
3
.
5
6
7
8
3
.
2
3
5
.
6
5
1
5
.
6
9
2
.
3
1
3
6
.
2
4
7
8
6
.
3
3
7
.
6
4
1
5
.
8
2
.
5
6
4
0
.
4
5
7
9
8
.
5
3
3
.
4
4
1
5
.
8
9
2
.
4
7
3
9
.
2
5
8
1
0
3
5
.
2
5
1
5
.
7
6
2
.
5
3
3
9
.
8
7
8
1
3
.
4
3
3
.
5
9
1
5
.
6
3
2
.
4
3
3
7
.
9
8
8
1
5
.
2
3
4
.
6
5
1
5
.
9
1
2
.
5
4
4
0
.
4
1
8
2
3
.
2
3
5
.
7
6
1
5
.
8
9
2
.
4
4
3
8
.
7
7
8
3
4
.
4
3
7
.
9
1
5
.
8
3
2
.
5
9
41
8
4
2
.
2
3
4
.
3
2
1
5
.
9
2
.
5
9
4
1
.
1
8
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
ic
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
o
u
t
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5.
Fig
u
r
e
5
is
a
g
r
ap
h
ic
o
f
s
o
lar
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
o
u
t
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ic
ab
o
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
with
o
u
t
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
with
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
o
n
e
o
f
h
ig
h
est
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
e
ac
h
ed
ab
o
u
t
5
0
.
1
3
C
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
u
n
til
1
5
.
2
2
v
o
lt,
it
s
h
o
wn
th
at
if
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ten
d
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
ic
o
f
s
o
lar
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
o
u
t c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
14.
2
14.
4
14.
6
14.
8
15
15.
2
15.
4
15.
6
15.
8
16
16.
2
Volt
age
(V)
T
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
o
f
solar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic (
C)
S
o
la
r
P
V
per
forma
nc
e
wit
ho
ut
co
o
li
ng
s
ys
t
em
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
26
:
2
2
7
2
-
2
2
8
1
2278
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
i
s
a
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
b
o
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
n
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
w
it
h
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
l
o
we
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
o
li
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
o
n
e
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
tem
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
n
s
o
l
a
r
PV
w
it
h
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
e
a
c
h
e
d
a
b
o
u
t
3
9
.
9
8
C
a
n
d
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
s
1
5
.
7
3
v
o
l
t
,
i
t
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
a
t
i
f
t
h
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
t
e
n
d
s
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
as
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
ic
o
f
s
o
lar
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
t
em
3
.
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
s
o
la
r
PV
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
a
co
o
li
n
g
s
y
s
tem
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
4
,
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
h
e
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
At
an
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
le
v
el
o
f
7
8
4
W
/m
²,
th
e
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
r
ea
c
h
ed
4
1
.
1
1
°C
u
n
d
er
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Af
ter
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
was
ac
tiv
ated
,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
to
3
0
.
6
6
°C
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
to
3
3
.
5
6
W
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
,
PV
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Hig
h
er
ir
r
ad
ia
n
c
e
lev
els
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
wh
ic
h
r
aises
th
e
P
V
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
Alth
o
u
g
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
g
en
er
ally
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
g
en
er
ated
p
h
o
t
o
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
n
e
g
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
er
m
al
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
is
s
ip
ates
ex
ce
s
s
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
th
er
e
b
y
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
lo
wer
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
t
h
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
PV p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
S
o
l
a
r
PV
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
S
o
l
a
r
PV
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
c
r
e
me
n
t
(
%)
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
%/
⸰
C)
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m²
)
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
⸰
C)
O
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m²
)
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
⸰
C)
O
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
7
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6
0
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4
1
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
a
f
ter
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
in
T
ab
le
4
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
o
la
r
PV
th
e
in
c
r
em
en
t
o
f
e
f
f
icie
n
cy
af
ter
ac
tiv
ated
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
3
7
−
1
.
3
3
%
its
in
d
icate
s
th
at
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
1
4
.
2
1
4
.
4
1
4
.
6
1
4
.
8
15
1
5
.
2
1
5
.
4
1
5
.
6
1
5
.
8
16
1
6
.
2
16
.
4
Volt
age
(v
)
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
(
C)
S
o
la
r
per
forma
nc
e
wit
h c
o
o
li
ng
s
ys
t
em
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Temp
era
tu
r
e
imp
a
ct
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
n
p
h
o
to
vo
lt
a
ic
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er u
s
in
g
a
n
…
(
A
jen
g
B
en
in
g
K
u
s
u
ma
n
in
g
tya
s
)
2279
s
o
lar
PV.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
al
s
o
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
af
ter
ac
tiv
ated
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
p
er
c
e
n
tag
e
o
f
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
2
1
−
3
3
%
its
in
d
icate
s
th
at
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
in
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
s
o
if
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
wer
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
its
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
1
3
%
u
n
til
1
.
5
7
%,
d
esp
ite
th
is
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
b
u
t
its
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
,
with
t
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
b
ef
o
r
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
3
7
W
att
an
d
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
af
ter
ap
p
lied
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
3
8
.
8
watt,
th
at’
s
in
d
icate
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
5
%.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
t
h
e
r
elativ
e
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
ef
f
icien
cy
with
r
esp
ec
t
t
o
tem
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
co
ef
f
icien
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
to
th
er
m
al
ch
an
g
es
an
d
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
p
er
d
e
g
r
ee
C
elsi
u
s
(
%/°
C
)
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
lated
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
v
alu
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
2
%/°
C
to
1
.
0
9
%/°
C
,
with
an
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
4
3
6
%/°
C
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
ty
p
ical
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
PV
m
o
d
u
les,
wh
ich
g
en
e
r
ally
l
ies
b
etwe
en
0
.
4
%
an
d
0
.
5
%/°
C
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
v
alu
es
m
ay
b
e
a
ttrib
u
ted
to
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
in
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
t
ain
ed
av
er
ag
e
v
alu
e
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
an
ce
s
PV
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
ch
a
r
a
cter
is
tics
,
s
tab
iliz
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
.
3
.
3
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
net
g
a
in ener
g
y
o
f
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
t
em
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wat
er
-
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
a
n
et
e
n
er
g
y
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
b
o
th
th
e
PV
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
th
e
au
x
iliar
y
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
o
lin
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Un
lik
e
i
n
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
we
r
an
aly
s
is
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
en
a
b
lin
g
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
tical
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
o
v
er
al
l e
n
er
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
c
o
o
li
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
was
ass
u
m
e
d
t
o
o
p
er
ate
f
o
r
1
0
m
i
n
u
t
es
p
e
r
d
a
y
(
0
.
1
6
7
h
)
u
n
d
e
r
h
i
g
h
-
tem
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
(
4
2
C
)
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
t
o
t
al
au
x
il
ia
r
y
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
DC
wat
er
p
u
m
p
,
DC
g
ea
r
m
o
t
o
r
,
E
SP
-
b
as
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
u
n
i
t,
a
n
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
w
as
es
tim
at
ed
at
3
0
.
4
3
W
.
B
ase
d
o
n
th
e
d
at
a
p
r
ese
n
te
d
in
T
a
b
l
e
3
,
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
wit
h
c
o
o
li
n
g
was
3
8
.
8
7
1
W
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e,
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
1
0
-
m
i
n
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ased
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atic
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atin
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itio
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ig
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ir
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th
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AUTHO
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[
1
]
J.
Y
e
r
r
a
ms
e
t
t
i
,
D
.
S
.
P
a
r
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t
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a
,
a
n
d
R
.
Jay
a
r
a
ma
n
,
“
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[
2
]
A
.
B
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a
a
n
d
P
.
S
.
K
u
l
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[
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M
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AUTH
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a
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tri
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c
a
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c
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