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n
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ly
se
s
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d
th
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n
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t,
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a
n
d
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lf
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in
d
in
g
s
i
n
d
ica
te
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t
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d
-
su
p
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K
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s
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lead
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Facu
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Str.
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cc
1.
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O
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Hig
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ca
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[1
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–
[
3
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.
T
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C
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in
m
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f
r
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SDT
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[
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p
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wh
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a
g
e
m
en
t
[4
],
[
5
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.
In
h
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ca
tio
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m
an
ag
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ial
b
eh
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o
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g
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s
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[6
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[
7
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.
Pre
v
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u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
ex
ten
s
i
v
ely
d
o
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ted
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f
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SDT
on
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t
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o
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ati
o
n
[7
]
–
[
9]
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
[
6
]
,
but
f
ew
r
esear
ch
ex
is
ts
in
n
o
n
-
W
ester
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
on
t
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
of
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
on
f
ac
u
lty
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
esp
ec
ially
u
s
in
g
a
m
u
ltil
ev
el
or
b
eh
av
io
r
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
an
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
So
v
iet
r
eg
io
n
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
,
th
er
eb
y
m
ak
i
n
g
th
e
SDT
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
r
elev
an
t
[
1
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ev
e
n
with
th
e
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
,
m
a
n
y
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ar
e
s
till
u
s
in
g
a
h
ier
ar
ch
ica
l
s
y
s
tem
th
at
d
o
es
not
ad
eq
u
ately
m
ee
t
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
of
teac
h
er
s
,
lead
in
g
to
lo
w
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
b
u
r
n
o
u
t,
an
d
p
o
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
s
it
u
atio
n
of
th
e
C
ar
ee
r
an
d
T
ale
n
t
C
en
tr
e,
a
f
ac
u
lty
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
atr
ix
an
d
a
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
r
eser
v
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
at
T
o
r
ai
g
h
y
r
o
v
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
is
o
n
e
of
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
th
at
ar
e
clo
s
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
wit
h
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
q
u
ality
,
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
,
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
[2
],
[
3
],
[
1
1
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
tr
ait
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
(
E
I
)
is
ad
d
ed
as
a
m
o
d
er
ato
r
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
r
elate
d
to
teac
h
in
g
co
n
f
id
en
ce
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
[
1
2
],
[
1
3
]
.
Ma
n
a
g
em
en
t
-
cy
cle
q
u
ality
(
MCQ)
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
th
at
is
,
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
m
an
a
g
e
r
s
o
f
f
er
ch
o
ice,
clea
r
e
x
p
la
n
atio
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
r
o
u
tin
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
of
Deci
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
lace
s
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
as
a
d
eter
m
in
an
t
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
’
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
lite
r
atu
r
e
in
th
r
ee
k
ey
way
s
.
First,
it
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
m
ea
s
u
r
e
of
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
MCQ)
,
m
o
v
i
n
g
b
ey
o
n
d
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Seco
n
d
,
it
ap
p
lie
s
a
m
u
ltil
ev
el
m
o
d
el
to
ex
a
m
in
e
h
o
w
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
a
n
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
c
u
ltu
r
e
jo
in
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
f
ac
u
lty
o
u
t
co
m
es.
T
h
ir
d
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
a
C
en
tr
al
Asi
an
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
o
n
tex
t,
wh
ich
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
ess
en
tial
not
o
n
ly
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
well
-
b
ein
g
but
also
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
cin
g
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
,
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
y
s
tem
s
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
r
ap
id
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
u
ch
as
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
B
ased
on
SDT
an
d
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
of
MCQ
as
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
s
ix
h
y
p
o
th
eses
:
i)
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
will
be
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
by
lo
wer
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
(
H1
)
;
ii)
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
will
p
o
s
itiv
ely
p
r
ed
ict
wo
r
k
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
(
H
2
)
;
iii)
th
e
tr
ait
EI
wo
u
ld
be
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
d
to
MCQ
an
d
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
H3
)
;
iv
)
t
he
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
f
r
o
m
MCQ
to
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
is
h
y
p
o
th
esized
to
o
cc
u
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
H4
)
;
v
)
c
lan
an
d
ad
h
o
cr
ac
y
cu
ltu
r
es
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
h
av
e
more
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
th
an
m
ar
k
et
an
d
h
ier
ar
ch
y
c
u
ltu
r
es
(
H5
)
;
an
d
v
i)
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
is
ex
p
ec
ted
b
etwe
en
th
e
EI
m
ea
s
u
r
es
of
E
m
I
n
a
n
d
T
E
I
Qu
e
-
SF
(
H6
)
.
T
h
ese
h
y
p
o
th
eses
co
n
s
titu
te
an
in
teg
r
ativ
e
m
u
ltil
ev
el
m
o
d
el
of
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
f
ac
u
lty
well
-
b
ein
g
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
f
ac
u
lty
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
co
n
tex
t,
ex
p
lain
in
g
f
ac
u
lty
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
a
n
d
s
th
e
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
of
SDT
to
r
e
v
ea
l
h
o
w
t
h
e
n
ee
d
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
can
be
s
ee
n
as
a
m
u
ltil
ev
el
p
ath
way
b
etwe
en
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
a
n
d
t
ea
ch
er
o
u
tco
m
es
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
C
o
n
cr
etely
,
it
p
o
in
ts
to
ac
tio
n
ab
le
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
to
f
o
s
ter
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
av
o
i
d
b
u
r
n
o
u
t,
e.
g
.
,
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
d
eleg
atio
n
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
to
th
in
k
ab
o
u
t
th
is
in
ter
m
s
of
ev
er
y
d
ay
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
len
s
of
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
wh
ile
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
r
o
le
of
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
c
u
ltu
r
e,
an
d
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
is
is
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
lev
er
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
f
ac
u
lty
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
m
ain
n
o
v
elty
of
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
of
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
p
r
ac
tices
wi
th
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ic
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
th
eo
r
y
of
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
at
io
n
.
In
co
n
tr
ast
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
ty
p
ically
an
aly
ze
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
les
u
s
in
g
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
ally
c
o
d
ed
MCQ
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
in
d
icato
r
of
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
ev
er
y
d
ay
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
p
r
o
x
im
al
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
a
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
ed
iatio
n
of
b
asic
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
u
r
th
er
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
a
tu
r
e
by
em
p
ir
ically
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
ca
r
ee
r
ce
n
ter
s
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
r
eser
v
e
s
y
s
tem
s
as
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
r
at
h
er
th
an
s
o
lely
h
u
m
a
n
r
eso
u
r
c
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
to
o
ls
.
2.
SE
L
F
-
DE
T
E
RM
I
NATI
O
N
T
H
E
O
RY
,
NE
E
D
-
SU
P
P
O
R
T
I
VE
I
NST
RUCTI
O
NAL
L
E
ADERS
H
I
P
,
AND
F
ACULT
Y
P
RO
F
E
SS
I
O
NAL
DE
VE
L
O
P
M
E
NT
SDT
clas
s
if
ies
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
to
two
ty
p
es:
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
r
ee
n
ee
d
s
(
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
,
c
o
m
p
eten
c
e,
an
d
r
elate
d
n
ess
)
,
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
of
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
g
r
ea
ter
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
4
0
0
-
4411
4402
well
-
b
ein
g
,
a
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
of
m
a
n
ag
er
ial
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
of
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
(
e.
g
.
,
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
of
ch
o
ice,
r
atio
n
ale,
non
-
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
)
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
[6
],
[
7
],
[
1
5
]
,
a
n
d
n
ee
d
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ill
-
b
e
in
g
[
1
6
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
m
o
s
t
of
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
on
in
d
iv
id
u
al
lev
el
f
ac
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
do
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
A
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
of
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
on
g
en
er
al
th
eo
r
ies
of
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
(
e.
g
.
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lea
d
er
s
h
i
p
)
with
o
u
t
r
elatin
g
th
e
m
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
p
r
ac
tices
s
u
ch
as
p
la
n
n
in
g
,
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
d
ele
g
atio
n
,
a
n
d
how
t
h
ese
m
an
if
e
s
t
th
em
s
elv
es
in
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
of
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
a
n
d
th
eir
o
u
tco
m
es.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
wh
il
e
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
h
as
b
ee
n
lin
k
e
d
with
teac
h
i
n
g
q
u
a
lity
,
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
lin
k
of
b
asic
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
r
e
m
ain
s
r
elativ
ely
u
n
d
er
-
r
esear
ch
ed
esp
ec
ially
in
m
u
ltil
ev
el
s
ettin
g
s
.
A
lo
t
of
th
e
av
ai
lab
le
ev
id
en
ce
is
also
f
r
o
m
W
ester
n
co
n
tex
ts
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
o
n
ly
r
elev
an
t
to
r
ef
o
r
m
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
test
s
th
ese
SDT
p
ath
way
s
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tex
t
of
a
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
i
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
cy
cle
as
a
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
d
ex
of
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
f
o
r
th
e
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
of
Hig
h
e
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
Scien
ce
2
0
2
3
–
2029
e
x
p
licitly
p
r
i
o
r
itizes
f
ac
u
lty
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
n
ew
s
taf
f
in
g
m
o
d
els,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
of
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
as
ce
n
tr
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
a
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
b
ased
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
1
0
]
.
W
h
en
d
ig
ital
an
aly
tics
an
d
lear
n
in
g
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
as
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
at
h
er
th
an
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
th
eir
v
al
u
e
lies
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
[
1
7
]
−
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
of
s
u
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
at
eth
ical
a
n
d
e
q
u
ity
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
tr
ea
ted
as
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
not
a
f
ter
th
o
u
g
h
ts
[
2
0
],
[
2
1
]
.
3.
P
S
Y
C
H
O
-
P
E
DA
G
O
G
I
C
AL
L
E
A
RN
I
N
G
E
N
VI
R
O
NM
E
N
T
AT
T
O
RA
I
G
H
Y
R
O
V
UN
I
VE
RSI
T
Y
:
C
A
RE
E
R
CE
NT
RE
,
P
E
RS
O
N
N
E
L
R
E
SE
R
VE
,
AN
D
M
AN
A
G
E
M
E
NT
M
AT
RI
X
T
o
r
aig
h
y
r
o
v
Un
iv
er
s
ity
em
p
l
o
y
s
th
r
ee
lin
k
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
f
ac
u
lty
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t:
ca
r
ee
r
an
d
talen
t
ce
n
ter
,
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el
r
eser
v
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
m
atr
ix
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
not
j
u
s
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
but
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
o
r
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
f
u
lf
illme
n
t
of
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ic
al
n
ee
d
s
or
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ca
r
ee
r
ce
n
ter
,
wh
ic
h
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
co
ac
h
in
g
,
EI
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
co
u
n
s
ellin
g
,
t
h
e
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
r
eser
v
e
(
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
,
p
ee
r
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
)
,
an
d
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
atr
ix
(
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
(
MCQ)
)
ar
e
all
d
esig
n
ed
to
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
m
an
a
g
er
ial
b
e
h
av
io
r
q
u
ality
.
T
h
ey
co
n
s
titu
te
a
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
SD
T
th
at
co
n
n
ec
ts
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
of
n
ee
d
s
to
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
[4
],
[
22
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
r
eser
v
e
is
tar
g
eted
at
ea
r
ly
ca
r
ee
r
f
ac
u
lty
id
en
tifi
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
ca
r
ee
r
ce
n
ter
’
s
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
clea
r
ly
lin
k
e
d
to
th
e
SDT
an
d
f
o
cu
s
on
th
e
m
ain
a
r
ea
s
of
ca
r
ee
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
C
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
an
d
s
elf
-
awa
r
en
ess
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
by
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
an
d
co
ac
h
in
g
(
in
clu
d
in
g
E
m
I
n
–
b
ased
EI
ass
ess
m
en
t)
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
MCQ
ass
ess
m
en
t
ca
p
tu
r
es
ev
id
en
ce
of
th
e
q
u
ality
of
p
la
n
n
in
g
,
d
eleg
atio
n
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
in
d
icato
r
s
of
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
i
p
.
Self
-
ef
f
icac
y
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
u
s
in
g
m
aster
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
s
o
cial
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
aster
class
es
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
(
m
icr
o
-
teac
h
in
g
,
p
ee
r
co
ac
h
in
g
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
task
s
)
[
1
1
]
.
E
x
p
er
t
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
a
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
on
an
d
r
ag
o
g
ic
p
r
in
cip
les
[
2
2
]
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
-
d
esig
n
s
ess
io
n
s
b
u
ild
r
elate
d
n
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ca
r
ee
r
ce
n
ter
an
d
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
r
eser
v
e,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
atr
ix
,
o
f
f
er
an
in
teg
r
ated
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
s
y
s
tem
wh
er
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
f
o
s
t
er
SDT
ar
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
lly
cr
ea
t
ed
:
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
ce
n
ter
en
h
an
ce
s
f
ac
u
lty
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
s
elf
-
awa
r
en
ess
,
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
r
eser
v
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
allo
ws
f
o
r
r
elate
d
n
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
en
to
r
i
n
g
an
d
p
ee
r
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
m
atr
ix
allo
ws
f
o
r
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
i
p
as
a
m
ea
n
s
of
f
ac
u
lty
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[7
],
[
2
5
]
.
In
g
en
er
al,
t
h
ese
HR
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ar
e
“
p
s
y
ch
o
-
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
,
”
th
at
s
er
v
e
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
of
s
atis
f
y
in
g
b
asic
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
an
d
t
h
u
s
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
well
-
b
ein
g
,
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
of
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
taf
f
.
4.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
T
o
r
aig
h
y
r
o
v
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
in
2
0
2
1
ca
r
r
ie
d
out
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
au
d
it
of
m
an
ag
er
ial
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
was
b
ased
on
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
ev
alu
atio
n
of
m
an
ag
er
s
an
d
s
taf
f
,
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
co
d
in
g
of
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
cy
cle
(
p
lan
n
in
g
–
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
–
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
–
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
)
u
s
in
g
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
’
s
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
m
atr
ix
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
38
ca
s
e
-
au
d
it
d
o
s
s
ier
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
c
r
ea
ted
to
cr
o
s
s
-
ch
ec
k
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Qu
alitativ
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
was
d
o
n
e
with
th
ese
d
o
s
s
ier
s
an
d
th
e
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
h
o
r
t
-
wid
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
N
ee
d
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tive
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
l
lea
d
ers
h
ip
,
b
a
s
ic
p
s
yc
h
o
lo
g
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l n
ee
d
s
…
(
A
n
a
r
a
Zh
a
kish
ev
a
)
4403
T
h
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
m
atr
ix
th
at
em
er
g
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
m
an
ag
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
s
taf
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
It
u
s
es
th
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
cy
cle
(
p
lan
n
in
g
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
)
an
d
is
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
d
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
MCQ)
.
E
ac
h
s
tag
e
is
m
ar
k
ed
not
ju
s
t
f
o
r
co
m
p
letio
n
but
also
th
e
q
u
ality
of
au
to
n
o
m
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
b
u
ild
in
g
th
at
is
o
f
f
er
ed
to
f
ac
u
lty
.
It
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
n
e
ed
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
an
d
to
en
h
a
n
ce
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
q
u
ality
.
A
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
of
100
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
(
5
0
%
f
em
ale)
f
r
o
m
18
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
an
d
6
f
ac
u
lties
of
T
o
r
aig
h
y
r
o
v
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
h
ea
d
s
o
f
th
e
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
an
d
o
th
er
ac
ad
em
ic
m
an
a
g
er
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
ag
e
was
3
9
.
8
y
ea
r
s
(
SD
=
8
.
7
)
a
n
d
m
e
d
ian
m
an
ag
er
ial
ex
p
er
ien
ce
was
6
y
ea
r
s
.
E
lig
ib
ilit
y
was
b
ased
on
a
m
in
im
u
m
of
0
.
5
f
u
ll
-
tim
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
(
FTE
)
a
n
d
1
y
ea
r
in
p
o
s
t
(
ex
clu
d
in
g
ex
ten
d
ed
leav
e
s
taf
f
)
.
Data
co
llectio
n
in
clu
d
ed
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
an
d
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
of
wo
r
k
ar
tef
ac
ts
f
o
r
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
co
d
in
g
,
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
at
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
tal
lev
el
was
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
in
a
n
a
ly
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Ma
n
a
g
em
en
t
m
atr
ix
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
clu
s
ter
ed
s
tu
d
y
on
18
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
ts
in
6
f
ac
u
lties
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ac
ad
em
ic
or
ac
ad
e
m
ic
-
r
elate
d
s
taf
f
,
with
a
m
in
im
u
m
of
0
.
5
FTE
,
wh
o
wer
e
elig
ib
le
an
d
not
on
te
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
leav
e
or
p
r
o
b
atio
n
.
A
s
am
p
le
of
N=
1
0
0
was
o
b
tain
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ep
ar
tm
en
tal
m
ailin
g
lis
ts
an
d
a
b
r
ie
f
in
g
to
s
taf
f
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
of
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata
was
0%
to
6%
an
d
ch
ec
k
ed
f
o
r
m
is
s
in
g
co
m
p
letely
at
r
an
d
o
m
test
(
MCAR
)
s
tatu
s
b
ef
o
r
e
im
p
u
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
o
cio
-
em
o
tio
n
al
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
th
e
lev
el
of
EI
,
d
ef
in
e
d
as
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
of
em
o
tio
n
s
in
th
e
s
elf
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
th
e
wo
r
k
p
l
ac
e
in
th
e
R
u
s
s
ian
lan
g
u
ag
e,
u
s
in
g
th
e
E
m
I
n
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
A
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
c
o
m
p
leted
t
h
e
tr
ait
EI
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
–
s
h
o
r
t
f
o
r
m
(
T
E
I
Qu
e
-
SF)
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
h
all
em
o
tio
n
al
q
u
o
tien
t
qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
u
s
e
d
o
n
ly
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
C
ar
ee
r
C
en
tr
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
e
x
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
in
f
er
e
n
tial
an
aly
s
es.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
-
d
o
m
ai
n
v
er
s
io
n
of
th
e
B
PNSF
S
was
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
wo
r
k
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
on
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
c
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
a
n
d
r
elate
d
n
ess
in
th
e
wo
r
k
d
o
m
ain
.
Sin
ce
th
e
r
e
was
no
v
alid
ated
Kaz
ak
h
tr
an
s
latio
n
av
ailab
le,
a
d
etailed
cu
ltu
r
al
a
d
ap
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
ed
f
o
r
war
d
a
n
d
b
ac
k
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
,
ex
p
er
t
r
ec
o
n
ciliatio
n
,
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
in
ter
v
iews
(
n
≈
1
2
)
an
d
p
ilo
ti
n
g
th
e
co
n
f
i
r
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
(
n
≈
6
0
s
taf
f
)
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
f
it
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
last
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
f
u
ll
s
am
p
le
an
aly
s
is
.
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
teac
h
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
T
ea
ch
er
s
’
Sen
s
e
o
f
E
f
f
icac
y
Scale
(
T
SES
-
1
2
)
t
h
a
t
in
clu
d
es
th
e
s
u
b
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
It
wa
s
th
e
s
am
e
a
d
ap
tatio
n
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
r
e
is
a
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
teac
h
e
r
s
elf
-
ef
f
ic
ac
y
,
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
A
b
eh
av
io
r
al
r
u
b
r
ic
f
o
r
d
ele
g
a
tio
n
of
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
q
u
ality
,
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
ac
tio
n
s
w
as
u
s
ed
to
co
d
e
th
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
m
atr
ix
.
All
10
-
m
in
u
te
ar
tef
ac
t
s
am
p
les
p
er
p
ar
ticip
an
t
(
m
ee
tin
g
s
,
b
r
ief
in
g
s
,
r
ef
lectiv
e
lo
g
s
)
wer
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
s
co
r
ed
by
two
tr
ain
ed
r
ater
s
,
in
ter
-
r
ater
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
in
tr
ac
lass
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
(
I
C
C
)
,
two
-
way
r
an
d
o
m
)
was
p
r
e
-
estab
lis
h
ed
an
d
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
wer
e
s
ettled
by
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
I
n
d
ices
wer
e
th
en
o
b
tain
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
as
b
eh
av
io
r
al
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
alo
n
g
with
s
u
r
v
ey
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
Data
wer
e
g
ath
e
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
ec
u
r
e
p
latf
o
r
m
on
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
web
s
ite
(
R
u
s
s
ian
lan
g
u
ag
e,
with
th
e
o
p
tio
n
to
ch
o
o
s
e
Kaz
ak
h
)
.
B
eh
av
io
r
al
ar
tef
ac
ts
wer
e
g
ath
er
ed
with
in
f
o
u
r
wee
k
s
of
s
u
r
v
e
y
co
m
p
le
tio
n
.
B
ef
o
r
e
u
s
e,
b
o
th
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
(
B
PN
SF
S
an
d
T
SES
-
12)
wer
e
tr
an
s
lated
an
d
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
p
ilo
t
C
FA,
wh
ile
th
e
co
d
er
s
wer
e
ca
lib
r
ated
on
s
ix
ca
s
es
b
ef
o
r
e
co
d
in
g
.
•
per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
m
o
ni
to
r
i
ng
•
devi
at
i
o
ns
detec
ti
o
n
an
d
an
al
ys
i
s
•
ta
ki
ng
m
eas
ur
es
to
ad
dr
es
s
devi
at
i
o
ns
c
au
s
es
•
pl
an
c
ha
ng
e
•
r
es
o
ur
c
es
di
s
tr
i
but
i
o
n
•
p
r
ep
a
r
a
r
o
r
y
w
o
r
k
•
exec
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
l
a
n
•
s
et
t
i
n
g
g
o
a
l
s
•
d
et
erm
i
n
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
•
p
l
a
n
d
evel
o
p
m
en
t
•
r
es
o
u
r
c
es
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
Pl
an
n
i
n
g
R
e
a
l
i
za
t
i
o
n
C
ont
ro
l
Co
r
r
e
c
tion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
4
0
0
-
4411
4404
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
g
av
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wa
s
ap
p
r
o
v
e
d
by
th
e
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee.
Data
wer
e
an
o
n
y
m
ized
a
n
d
s
to
r
e
d
on
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
er
v
er
s
an
d
r
ep
o
r
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
of
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
in
ep
i
d
em
io
lo
g
y
(
STROB
E
)
g
u
id
el
in
es.
Ps
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
v
alid
atio
n
co
m
p
r
is
ed
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
ω,
C
FA
,
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
test
s
.
C
lu
s
ter
-
r
o
b
u
s
t
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
d
m
u
ltil
ev
el
m
o
d
els
with
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
-
lev
el
r
an
d
o
m
in
ter
ce
p
ts
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les.
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
b
ias
-
co
r
r
ec
ted
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
als
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
test
m
ed
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Mu
ltip
le
im
p
u
tatio
n
(
m
=2
0
)
was
u
s
ed
to
d
ea
l
with
th
e
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata
with
s
en
s
itiv
ity
test
s
ag
ain
s
t
co
m
p
lete
ca
s
e
an
aly
s
is
.
Prim
ar
y
o
u
tco
m
es
wer
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
f
o
r
f
alse
d
is
co
v
e
r
y
r
ate
(
FDR
)
(
B
en
jam
in
i
–
Ho
ch
b
er
g
)
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
co
n
s
is
ts
of
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
v
alid
ated
in
R
u
s
s
ian
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
co
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
-
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
of
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t.
E
m
I
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
tr
ait
EI
an
d
T
E
I
Qu
e
–
SF
is
an
in
ter
n
ati
o
n
al
c
o
m
p
ar
at
o
r
.
T
h
e
b
asic
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
/f
ailu
r
e
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
B
PNSF
S.
T
SES
-
12
m
ea
s
u
r
es
teac
h
in
g
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
C
o
p
en
h
ag
en
B
u
r
n
o
u
t
I
n
v
en
to
r
y
(
C
B
I
)
m
ea
s
u
r
es
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
,
an
d
Utr
ec
h
t
W
o
r
k
E
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
Scale
(
UW
E
S
-
9
)
m
ea
s
u
r
es
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
(
OC
AI
)
is
a
c
o
n
t
ex
t
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
c
u
ltu
r
e
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
c
o
m
p
lem
e
n
t
each
o
th
er
with
cu
ltu
r
al
f
it,
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
q
u
a
lity
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
r
elev
an
ce
.
C
FA
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
d
ef
in
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
f
o
r
each
s
ca
le,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
m
o
d
el,
th
e
MCQ
m
o
d
el.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
e
x
(
C
FI)
/
T
u
ck
er
-
L
ewis
in
d
ex
(
T
L
I
)
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
of
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A)
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
d
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR)
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
m
o
d
el
f
it.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
er
e
wer
e
1
0
0
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
taf
f
f
r
o
m
18
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
ts
in
s
ix
f
ac
u
lties
p
ar
ticip
ated
(
5
0
%
f
em
ale;
M_
ag
e=
3
9
.
8
,
SD=8
.
7
;
an
d
m
ed
ian
=6
y
ea
r
s
)
.
L
o
w
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata
(0
–
6
%)
wer
e
ad
d
r
e
s
s
ed
with
m
u
ltip
le
im
p
u
tatio
n
by
th
e
ch
ain
e
d
eq
u
atio
n
s
o
r
MI
C
E
(
m
=2
0
)
wit
h
co
m
p
lete
ca
s
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
ch
ec
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
was
r
eliab
le
(
I
C
C
=.
7
6
–
.
8
4
)
f
o
r
MCQ
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
a
n
al
y
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
g
o
o
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
ad
eq
u
ate
C
FA
f
it
an
d
p
ar
tial
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
by
g
en
d
er
an
d
r
o
le.
Descr
ip
tiv
ely
,
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
was
at
a
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
el
(
UW
E
S
-
9
)
;
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
was
m
o
d
er
ate
(
C
B
I
)
;
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
was
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
(
B
PNSF
S)
an
d
EI
was
in
t
h
e
m
id
-
to
u
p
p
er
-
r
a
n
g
e
(
E
m
I
n
an
d
T
E
I
Q
u
e
-
SF
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
teac
h
e
r
’
s
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
was
m
o
d
er
ate
(
T
SES
-
12)
,
as sh
o
w
n
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
an
d
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
(
N=
1
0
0
)
M
e
a
su
r
e
S
c
a
l
e
r
a
n
g
e
M
e
a
n
SD
EmI
n
(
t
r
a
i
t
EI
,
t
o
t
a
l
)
1
–
5
3
.
4
8
0
.
5
2
TEI
Q
u
e
-
SF
(
t
r
a
i
t
EI
,
t
o
t
a
l
)
*
1
–
7
4
.
6
1
0
.
7
8
B
P
N
S
F
S
–
N
e
e
d
S
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
1
–
5
4
.
2
7
0
.
6
1
B
P
N
S
F
S
–
N
e
e
d
F
r
u
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
1
–
5
2
.
3
1
0
.
6
8
TSES
-
12
(
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
sel
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
)
1
–
9
6
.
1
0
0
.
8
0
U
W
ES
-
9
(
w
o
r
k
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
)
0
–
6
4
.
3
2
0
.
8
6
CBI
(
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
,
t
o
t
a
l
)
0
–
1
0
0
3
9
.
5
1
3
.
2
O
C
A
I
–
c
l
a
n
0
–
1
0
0
2
9
.
8
1
0
.
4
O
C
A
I
–
a
d
h
o
c
r
a
c
y
0
–
1
0
0
2
6
.
7
9
.
8
O
C
A
I
–
m
a
r
k
e
t
0
–
1
0
0
2
2
.
4
9
.
1
O
C
A
I
–
h
i
e
r
a
r
c
h
y
0
–
1
0
0
2
1
.
1
8
.
7
*
S
u
b
sa
mp
l
e
n
=
6
0
f
o
r
TEI
Q
u
e
-
SF.
C
FA
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
in
ten
d
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
2
,
B
PNSF
S
(
two
co
r
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
:
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
)
s
h
o
wed
C
FI/T
L
I
≥
.
9
4
/.
9
2
a
n
d
R
MSE
A≤
.
0
6
;
UW
E
S
-
9
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
(
v
ig
o
r
,
d
ed
icatio
n
,
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
)
s
h
o
wed
C
FI=
.
9
5
;
T
SES
-
12
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
C
FI=
.
9
6
;
E
m
I
n
b
if
ac
to
r
/o
b
liq
u
e
m
o
d
el
C
FI=
.
9
3
.
In
th
e
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
(
n
=6
0
)
,
E
m
I
n
–
T
E
I
Q
u
e
-
SF
co
n
v
er
g
ed
as
h
y
p
o
th
esized
(
r
=.
6
2
,
95%
CI
.
4
3
–
.
7
5
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
H6
.
T
h
e
C
FA
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
all
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
h
ad
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
to
g
o
o
d
f
it
(
C
FI>
.
9
0
an
d
T
L
I
>.
9
0
,
an
d
R
MSE
A<
.
0
5
an
d
SR
M
R
<.
0
6
)
an
d
in
d
icate
d
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
of
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
v
alid
ity
.
Gen
d
er
(
co
n
f
ig
u
r
al,
m
etr
ic,
s
ca
lar
)
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
with
Δ
C
FI≤
.
0
1
0
an
d
Δ
R
MSE
A≤
.
0
1
5
;
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
v
a
r
ian
ce
was
u
n
d
er
p
o
wer
ed
a
n
d
was
tr
ea
ted
as
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
.
All
m
o
d
els
wer
e
f
itted
with
all
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
p
lu
s
clu
s
ter
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
MI
C
E
(
m
=
2
0
)
was
u
s
ed
to
d
ea
l
with
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
f
o
r
th
e
ty
p
e
of
d
ata.
T
r
ac
e
p
lo
ts
an
d
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
er
r
o
r
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
f
ir
m
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
;
r
esu
lts
wer
e
co
m
b
in
ed
u
s
in
g
R
u
b
in
’
s
r
u
les.
Mu
ltil
ev
el
m
o
d
elin
g
with
r
an
d
o
m
in
ter
ce
p
ts
at
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
-
le
v
el
was
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
r
ess
k
ey
o
u
tco
m
es
(
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
b
u
r
n
o
u
t,
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
)
on
th
e
MCQ
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ica
l
n
ee
d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
N
ee
d
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tive
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
l
lea
d
ers
h
ip
,
b
a
s
ic
p
s
yc
h
o
lo
g
ic
a
l n
ee
d
s
…
(
A
n
a
r
a
Zh
a
kish
ev
a
)
4405
=
0
+
1
∗
+
2
∗
+
3
∗
+
4
∗
+
5
∗
_
+
_
+
_
W
h
er
e
,
_
~
(
0
,
²
_
)
an
d
_
~
(
0
,
²
)
.
I
C
C
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
f
o
r
e
ac
h
o
u
tco
m
e.
T
ab
le
2.
C
FA
f
it
in
d
ices
M
e
a
su
r
e
χ
²(
d
f
)
C
F
I
TLI
R
M
S
EA
[
9
0
%
C
I
]
S
R
M
R
B
P
N
S
F
S
(
n
e
e
d
sa
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
/
f
r
u
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
)
1
1
2
.
3
4
(
5
3
)
.
9
4
.
9
2
.
0
5
8
[
.
0
4
1
–
.
0
7
2
]
.
0
4
9
U
W
ES
-
9
(
w
o
r
k
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
)
4
8
.
2
1
(
2
4
)
.
9
5
.
9
4
.
0
5
4
[
.
0
3
9
–
.
0
6
8
]
.
0
4
5
TSES
-
12
(
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
sel
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
)
7
1
.
8
8
(
5
1
)
.
9
6
.
9
5
.
0
5
1
[
.
0
3
7
–
.
0
6
6
]
.
0
4
1
EmI
n
(
t
r
a
i
t
EI
)
1
8
4
.
6
5
(
9
7
)
.
9
3
.
9
1
.
0
6
3
[
.
0
4
9
–
.
0
7
8
]
.
0
5
7
M
C
Q
h
i
g
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
e
r
mo
d
e
l
3
.
8
7
(
2
)
.
9
9
.
9
8
.
0
8
9
*
.
0
2
1
*
R
M
S
EA
sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
c
a
u
t
i
o
n
b
e
c
a
u
se
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
h
a
s
l
o
w
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
o
f
f
r
e
e
d
o
m
(
d
f
=
2
)
.
T
h
e
FDR
was
co
n
tr
o
lled
by
B
en
jam
in
i
–
Ho
ch
b
er
g
with
in
o
u
tco
m
e
f
am
ilies
.
I
n
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
test
ed
u
s
in
g
a
b
ias
-
co
r
r
ec
ted
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
(
1
0
,
0
0
0
r
esam
p
les)
with
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
-
lev
el
clu
s
ter
in
g
.
In
m
u
ltil
ev
el
m
o
d
els
(
I
C
C
≈
.
0
4
–
.
0
7
)
,
MCQ
h
ad
an
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
h
ig
h
e
r
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
en
g
a
g
em
e
n
t,
an
d
with
lo
wer
b
u
r
n
o
u
t.
Nee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
p
r
ed
icted
h
ig
h
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
lo
wer
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
af
ter
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
a
n
d
MCQ
h
ad
s
m
aller
but
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
ts
)
.
Fo
r
teac
h
er
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
EI
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
be
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
a
n
d
th
e
MCQ
ef
f
ec
t
was
less
s
tr
o
n
g
,
wh
ich
in
t
u
r
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
H1
-
H3
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
of
th
e
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
an
aly
s
es
(1
0
,
0
0
0
r
esam
p
les)
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iatio
n
of
MCQ
v
ia
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
f
o
r
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
(
b
=.
1
4
,
95%
CI
[
.
0
6
,
.
2
5
]
)
,
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
(
b
=
−.
1
2
,
95%
CI
[
−.
2
3
,
−.
0
4
]
)
,
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
(
b
=.
1
0
,
95%
CI
[
.
0
2
,
.
2
0
]
)
,
with
~5
7
%
m
ed
iatio
n
f
o
r
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
of
t
h
e
MCQs
wer
e
of
th
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
s
ig
n
with
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
H4
.
Hig
h
er
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
lo
wer
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
we
r
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
cl
an
/ad
h
o
cr
ac
y
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
ts
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et/h
ier
ar
ch
y
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
of
ad
ju
s
ted
m
u
ltil
ev
el
m
o
d
els
wer
e
in
lin
e
with
s
m
all
-
to
-
m
o
d
er
ate
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
(
all
q
<.
0
5
)
wh
ic
h
co
n
f
ir
m
s
H
5
.
Mo
d
el
f
it
was
ad
eq
u
ate
(
m
ar
g
in
al
R
²=
.
2
8
–
.
3
6
;
co
n
d
itio
n
al
R
²=
.
3
3
–
.
4
1
)
,
with
no
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
(
VI
F<2
.
1
)
.
R
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
was
es
tab
lis
h
ed
with
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
es
(
co
m
p
lete
ca
s
es
an
d
alter
n
ativ
e
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es).
Dep
ar
tm
en
ts
with
m
o
r
e
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
cy
cles
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
wh
ich
is
ass
o
ciate
d
wi
th
h
ig
h
e
r
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
lo
wer
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
teac
h
er
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
.
Self
-
ef
f
icac
y
h
as
an
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
r
o
m
EI
,
ec
h
o
in
g
m
o
d
els
of
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
S
D
T
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
of
th
e
test
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
v
a
r
ian
ce
in
d
icate
d
f
u
ll
s
ca
lar
in
v
ar
ian
ce
by
g
e
n
d
er
(
Δ
C
FI≤
.
0
0
6
;
Δ
R
MSE
A≤
.
0
0
5
;
Δ
S
R
MR≤
.
0
0
6
)
.
Fo
r
all
r
o
les,
f
u
ll
s
ca
lar
in
v
ar
ian
ce
was
a
ch
iev
ed
f
o
r
B
PNSF
S
an
d
U
W
E
S
-
9,
an
d
p
ar
tial
s
ca
lar
in
v
ar
ian
ce
(≤2
f
r
ee
d
i
n
ter
ce
p
ts
,
Δ
C
FI≈
.
0
1
1
–
.
0
1
2
)
was
ac
h
iev
ed
f
o
r
T
SES
-
12
a
n
d
E
m
I
n
,
all
wh
ile
leav
in
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
in
tact
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
ith
th
e
co
r
e
m
o
d
el
,
in
wh
ich
b
asic
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
n
ee
d
s
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
p
r
ed
icts
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
wh
ich
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
is
r
el
ated
to
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
an
d
teac
h
er
s
e
lf
-
ef
f
icac
y
.
T
h
is
f
its
well
with
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
-
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
v
iew
o
n
HR
to
o
ls
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
au
to
n
o
m
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
ty
le
o
f
m
a
n
ag
er
ial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
th
at
is
lik
ely
to
s
tim
u
late
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
th
at
lead
s
to
m
o
t
iv
atio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
SDT
[
7
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
two
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
s
(
f
ac
et
lo
a
d
in
g
s
)
f
o
r
th
e
MCQ
wer
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
/co
r
r
e
ctio
n
q
u
ality
,
a
n
d
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
d
eleg
atio
n
,
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ab
le
3.
I
n
d
ir
ec
t
(
m
ed
iated
)
e
f
f
ec
ts
v
ia
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
,
1
0
,
0
0
0
r
esam
p
les)
P
a
t
h
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
b
9
5
%
CI
P
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
d
(
%)
M
C
Q
→
n
e
e
d
sa
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
→
e
n
g
a
g
e
men
t
.
1
4
[
.
0
6
,
.
2
5
]
57
M
C
Q
→
n
e
e
d
sa
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
→
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
−
.
1
2
[
−
.
2
3
,
−
.
0
4
]
51
M
C
Q
→
n
e
e
d
sa
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
→
se
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
.
1
0
[
.
0
2
,
.
2
0
]
41
T
ab
le
4.
B
eh
av
io
r
al
co
d
in
g
:
in
ter
-
r
ater
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
f
ac
to
r
R
u
b
r
i
c
i
n
d
e
x
I
C
C
(
2
,
k
)
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
o
n
M
C
Q
(
λ
)
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
A
u
t
o
n
o
m
y
-
su
p
p
o
r
t
i
v
e
d
e
l
e
g
a
t
i
o
n
.
8
2
.
7
8
.
3
9
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
.
7
9
.
8
2
.
3
3
P
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
r
i
g
o
r
.
7
6
.
6
7
.
5
5
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
d
i
sc
i
p
l
i
n
e
.
8
1
.
7
1
.
5
0
M
o
d
e
l
f
i
t
(
h
i
g
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
e
r
M
C
Q
)
:
χ
²(
2
)
=
3
.
8
7
,
C
F
I
=
.
9
9
,
TLI
=
.
9
8
,
R
M
S
EA
=
.
0
8
9
[
l
o
w
d
f
]
,
S
R
M
R
=
.
0
2
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
4
0
0
-
4411
4406
T
h
ese
ca
n
b
e
tar
g
eted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
ac
u
lty
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
ac
tiv
ities
:
co
ac
h
in
g
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
p
ee
r
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
an
d
m
icr
o
-
teac
h
in
g
with
v
id
e
o
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
ec
is
ely
th
e
p
r
ac
t
ices
SDT
r
esear
ch
id
en
tifie
s
a
s
r
aisi
n
g
p
er
ce
iv
ed
au
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
MCQ
r
etain
ed
d
ir
ec
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
with
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
ev
en
af
ter
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
was
co
n
tr
o
lled
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
,
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
tar
g
et
b
o
t
h
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
(
B
PNSF
S in
d
ices)
an
d
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
lev
er
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
T
ab
le
5.
Mu
ltil
ev
el
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
s
(
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
,
9
5
%
C
I
s
;
FD
R
-
ad
ju
s
ted
q)
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
β
9
5
%
CI
q
U
W
ES
-
9
(
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
)
M
C
Q
.
2
1
[
.
0
4
,
.
3
7
]
.
0
3
6
N
e
e
d
s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
.
4
4
[
.
2
7
,
.
5
9
]
<
.
0
0
1
EmI
n
.
1
2
[
−
.
0
3
,
.
2
7
]
.
1
8
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more
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m
o
tiv
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[
3
0
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.
OC
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p
r
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f
ilin
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f
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m
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m
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ty
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f
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C
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p
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En
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U
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CBI
↑
En
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m
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↓
b
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r
e.
T
h
is
r
eth
in
k
s
HR
as
th
eo
r
y
-
b
ased
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
f
h
u
m
an
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t in
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
b
ased
o
n
S
D
T
.
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Me
ch
a
n
is
m
d
iag
r
a
m
lin
k
in
g
MCQ
to
o
u
tc
o
m
es
6.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
alig
n
with
th
e
SD
T
m
o
d
el
as
it
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
m
an
ag
er
s
’
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
m
an
ag
er
ial
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
en
t
,
l
o
wer
b
u
r
n
o
u
t,
a
n
d
teac
h
er
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
.
I
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
a
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
f
ac
u
l
ty
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
r
ait
EI
also
p
lay
s
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
o
le
in
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
at
th
e
r
o
le
of
tr
ait
EI
s
h
o
u
ld
not
be
ad
d
r
es
s
ed
as
a
s
ep
ar
ate
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
but
r
ath
e
r
em
b
ed
d
e
d
in
o
n
g
o
in
g
,
p
r
ac
tice
-
b
ased
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
Alb
er
t
B
an
d
u
r
a
’
s
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
t
h
eo
r
y
,
wh
er
e
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
d
eleg
atio
n
,
an
d
c
o
ac
h
in
g
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
aster
y
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
an
d
s
o
cial
p
er
s
u
asio
n
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
of
s
elf
-
ef
f
ica
cy
[
1
1
]
,
[
3
1
]
−
[
3
3
]
.
As
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
h
ig
h
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
l
o
wer
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
was
r
elate
d
to
clan
/ad
h
o
cr
a
cy
cu
ltu
r
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
ar
k
et/h
ier
a
r
ch
y
cu
ltu
r
e
[
3
4
]
,
wh
ich
alig
n
e
d
w
ith
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
e
ed
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
well
-
b
ein
g
in
th
ese
u
n
its
[
35
]
,
[
36
]
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
ca
r
ee
r
/talen
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
wo
r
k
b
est
wh
en
th
e
y
ar
e
p
ar
t
of
a
lar
g
e
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
of
cu
ltu
r
e
ch
an
g
e
th
at
m
o
v
es
to
war
d
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
(
a
d
h
o
cr
ac
y
/clan
)
v
alu
es
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
C
au
s
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
by
th
e
u
s
e
of
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
d
ata,
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
co
d
in
g
,
v
alid
ate
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ics
an
d
m
u
ltil
ev
el
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
b
u
t
by
its
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
n
atu
r
e,
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
e
n
c
es
ca
n
n
o
t
be
m
ad
e
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
n
ee
d
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
m
an
ag
er
ial
b
e
h
av
io
r
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
a
n
d
f
ac
u
lty
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
a
n
d
is
m
ed
iated
by
c
u
ltu
r
e
[
4
1
]
−
[
4
5
]
.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
or
s
tep
p
ed
-
wed
g
e
d
esig
n
s
,
m
u
lti
-
in
f
o
r
m
a
n
t
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
tailo
r
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
be
u
s
ed
in
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
c
h
.
I
ts
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
t
h
at
n
ee
d
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
an
d
tr
ain
ab
le
f
ac
to
r
th
at
lead
s
to
teac
h
er
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
in
C
en
tr
al
Asi
a.
It
o
f
f
e
r
s
non
-
wester
n
em
p
i
r
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
a
f
ac
u
lty
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
b
ased
on
S
D
T
,
an
d
ass
er
ts
th
at
in
v
esti
n
g
in
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
is
in
v
esti
n
g
in
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
q
u
ality
.
T
o
r
aig
h
y
r
o
v
Un
iv
er
s
ity
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
o
d
el
of
HR
s
y
s
tem
s
(
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
r
eser
v
e
a
n
d
ca
r
ee
r
/talen
t
ce
n
ter
s
)
a
n
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
th
eo
r
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
ac
u
lty
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
of
o
b
v
io
u
s
r
e
lev
an
ce
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
licy
.
T
h
e
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
at
f
ac
u
lty
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
can
be
en
h
an
ce
d
n
o
t
o
n
ly
by
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
ef
o
r
m
,
but
also
by
more
s
u
b
tle
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
ev
er
y
d
ay
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
la
n
n
in
g
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
d
eleg
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
4
0
0
-
4411
4408
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
m
ed
iated
th
e
lin
k
s
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
an
d
th
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
e
x
p
licitly
ad
d
r
ess
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
co
m
p
e
ten
ce
an
d
r
elate
d
n
ess
is
s
u
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
an
ag
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
p
r
a
ctice
s
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
can
also
co
u
n
ter
ac
t
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
an
d
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ch
an
g
e
in
r
ef
o
r
m
in
ten
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
MCQ
in
d
ex
is
a
u
s
ef
u
l
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
to
o
l
th
at
can
be
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
m
an
ag
er
ial
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
tal
le
v
el.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
t
h
at
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
q
u
ality
(
as
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
by
M
C
Q
in
d
ex
)
in
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
teac
h
er
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
asic
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ica
l
n
ee
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
f
ac
u
lty
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
a
n
d
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
It
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
MCQ
is
a
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
d
icato
r
of
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
an
d
not
ju
s
t
a
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
it
u
s
es
ca
r
ee
r
ce
n
ter
s
,
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
r
eser
v
es
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
m
atr
ices
as
p
s
y
ch
o
-
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
to
o
ls
th
at
allo
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
,
co
m
p
eten
t
an
d
r
elate
d
as
p
ar
t
of
SDT,
wh
ich
is
ap
p
lied
to
a
c
o
n
tex
t
of
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
C
en
tr
al
Asi
a.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
b
o
th
teac
h
in
g
r
ef
o
r
m
s
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
not
en
o
u
g
h
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
;
ev
er
y
d
ay
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
also
p
lay
a
r
o
le.
In
th
is
ty
p
e
of
cu
ltu
r
e,
s
u
ch
as
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
lead
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
of
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ically
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
p
r
o
m
o
te
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
.
L
ea
d
e
r
s
h
ip
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
well
-
b
ein
g
in
d
icato
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
be
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
of
q
u
ality
as
s
u
r
an
ce
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
of
teac
h
in
g
in
g
en
er
al
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
by
b
o
th
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
ce
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
cu
ltu
r
e
of
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
u
n
d
er
lin
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
of
ev
i
d
en
ce
b
ased
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
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[
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