I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
,
p
p
.
4
6
1
4
~
4
6
2
4
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
15
i
5
.
397
94
4614
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Dev
elo
ping
com
munica
tive a
nd in
te
rcultural
co
mpete
nce
throug
h int
eg
ra
ti
ng
art in
la
ng
ua
g
e t
ea
ching
Z
ha
nel
M
a
ng
a
zina
1
,
Sh
y
na
r
T
a
zhiba
y
ev
a
1
,
M
a
g
ira
M
o
lda
ba
y
ev
a
2
,
Arda
k
Nurg
a
liy
e
v
a
2
,
Aliy
a
Z
ha
k
up
o
v
a
2
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
R
u
ssi
a
n
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
K
a
z
a
k
h
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
W
o
m
e
n
’
s T
e
a
c
h
e
r
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
A
l
m
a
t
y
,
K
a
z
a
k
h
st
a
n
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
H
u
ma
n
i
t
a
r
i
a
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s,
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
A
l
m
a
t
y
,
K
a
z
a
k
h
s
t
a
n
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ap
r
4
,
2
0
2
6
R
ev
is
ed
Au
g
5
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Au
g
21
,
2
0
2
6
Th
e
a
rti
c
le
e
x
p
l
o
re
s
th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
v
e
a
n
d
in
terc
u
lt
u
ra
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
ies
in
lan
g
u
a
g
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
wit
h
th
e
h
e
lp
o
f
th
e
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
a
rti
stic
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
t
h
e
so
c
i
o
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
th
e
o
r
y
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
e
is
a
n
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
lan
g
u
a
g
e
c
o
n
stru
c
t,
wh
il
e
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
terc
u
lt
u
ra
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
is
a
m
e
ta
-
c
o
n
stru
c
t
th
a
t
re
g
u
late
s
lan
g
u
a
g
e
u
se
.
Th
e
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
a
rt
is
u
n
d
e
rsto
o
d
n
o
t
a
s a
su
p
p
lem
e
n
tary
tea
c
h
in
g
to
o
l,
b
u
t
a
s
a
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
m
e
d
iato
r
th
a
t
tran
sfo
rm
s
lea
rn
in
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s
th
ro
u
g
h
e
x
p
e
rien
ti
a
l
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
sy
m
b
o
li
c
in
terp
re
tati
o
n
,
e
m
o
t
io
n
a
l
in
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
re
flec
ti
v
e
d
ialo
g
u
e
.
Th
e
a
rti
c
le
is
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
m
ix
e
d
-
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
th
a
t
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
ra
tes
a
q
u
a
si
-
e
x
p
e
rime
n
t,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
ro
u
p
,
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
g
ro
u
p
o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts.
Th
e
re
su
l
ts
o
f
th
e
stu
d
y
su
g
g
e
st
th
a
t
t
h
e
re
is
a
c
o
rre
latio
n
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
a
rt
-
b
a
se
d
in
str
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
in
c
re
a
se
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
v
e
a
c
ti
v
it
y
,
in
terc
u
lt
u
ra
l
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
,
a
n
d
st
u
d
e
n
ts
’
o
w
n
re
flec
ti
v
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
th
e
re
su
lt
s
a
re
se
e
n
a
s
in
d
ica
ti
v
e
ra
th
e
r
th
a
n
c
a
u
sa
l.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
o
f
th
e
st
u
d
y
su
p
p
o
rt
th
e
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
v
a
lu
e
o
f
in
str
u
c
ti
o
n
t
h
a
t
is
o
rien
ted
to
wa
rd
s
a
rt
a
s
a
m
e
a
n
s
o
f
c
re
a
ti
n
g
a
c
u
lt
u
ra
ll
y
rich
a
n
d
d
ial
o
g
ic
lea
rn
in
g
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
th
e
re
su
lt
s
a
lso
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
th
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
f
u
tu
re
re
se
a
rc
h
in
t
o
h
o
w
d
iffere
n
t
a
rt
f
o
rm
s in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Fo
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
Fo
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
c
u
ltu
r
e
I
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
I
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
d
ialo
g
u
e
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
tiv
ity
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Aliy
a
Z
h
ak
u
p
o
v
a
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
So
cial
Hu
m
an
i
tar
ian
Scien
ce
s
,
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
C
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
0
5
0
0
0
0
,
2
8
R
y
s
k
u
lb
e
k
o
v
Str.
,
Alm
aty
,
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
E
m
ail:
zh
ak
ip
alia@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
an
d
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
f
o
r
ei
g
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
is
cr
itically
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
g
lo
b
al
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
in
ten
s
if
ied
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tacts,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
th
e
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
s
p
h
er
es
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ce
ases
to
m
ea
n
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
teac
h
in
g
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es;
it
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
ab
i
lity
to
in
ter
ac
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
eth
ically
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
s
en
s
itiv
ely
in
a
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
,
if
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
,
is
n
o
t o
n
ly
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
task
b
u
t a
ls
o
a
s
o
cial
n
ec
ess
ity
th
at
d
eter
m
in
es th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
tr
ain
in
g
.
Mo
d
er
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
lan
g
u
a
g
e
teac
h
in
g
c
r
itically
r
eth
in
k
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l
-
tr
an
s
latio
n
al
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
els,
wh
ich
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
en
th
eir
lim
itatio
n
s
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
cio
-
cu
l
tu
r
al
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
an
d
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
I
n
s
tead
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
a
co
m
p
eten
ce
-
b
ased
a
n
d
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
p
a
r
ad
ig
m
,
with
i
n
wh
ich
lan
g
u
a
g
e
is
v
iewe
d
a
s
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
o
cial
p
r
ac
tice,
i
m
b
u
ed
with
cu
ltu
r
al
m
ea
n
in
g
s
an
d
v
alu
es
[
2
]
,
[
5
]
.
I
n
s
u
ch
co
n
tex
t,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
ar
tis
tic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
in
g
co
mmu
n
ica
tive
a
n
d
in
tercu
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
a
r
t in
…
(
Zh
a
n
el
Ma
n
g
a
z
in
a
)
4615
f
o
r
m
s
in
t
o
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
liter
atu
r
e,
v
is
u
al
ar
ts
,
m
u
s
ic
,
th
ea
ter
,
an
d
f
ilm
will
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
r
ea
lis
tic
cu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
wh
ich
will
f
ac
ilit
ate
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
e.
T
h
is
h
el
p
s
to
d
ee
p
en
e
m
o
tio
n
al
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t,
em
p
ath
y
an
d
r
ef
lex
iv
it
y
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
a
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Ar
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
f
e
r
a
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
ac
tiv
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
al
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
d
ialo
g
ic
lear
n
in
g
.
Stu
d
en
ts
,
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
an
aly
ze
liter
ar
y
tex
ts
,
as
well
a
s
co
r
r
elate
th
em
with
th
eir
o
wn
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
d
ev
el
o
p
ab
il
ities
in
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
d
ialo
g
u
e
in
th
e
tar
g
et
lan
g
u
a
g
e
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
h
elp
s
to
m
ak
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
r
e
r
ef
lectiv
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tical,
wh
er
e
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
is
u
s
ed
as
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
s
elf
-
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
,
th
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
ar
tis
tic
p
r
ac
tice
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
s
tu
d
ied
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
eith
er
o
n
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
m
o
d
els
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
[
1
1
]
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
to
o
ls
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
to
o
ls
an
d
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
im
p
a
ct
o
f
u
s
in
g
t
h
em
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
g
en
r
es
o
f
ar
t
as
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
allo
ws
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
a
n
d
in
ter
cu
lt
u
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
i
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lies
in
th
e
en
r
ich
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
with
a
n
ar
tis
tically
o
r
ien
ted
asp
ec
t
as
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
m
ed
iatio
n
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
v
alu
e
co
m
es
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
ar
t
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
,
b
u
ild
cu
ltu
r
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
k
ill
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tic
al
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
is
t
h
at
i
ts
r
es
u
lts
c
a
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
t
ly
u
s
e
d
b
y
f
o
r
e
ig
n
la
n
g
u
ag
e
tea
ch
er
s
t
o
u
p
d
ate
t
ea
c
h
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
d
e
v
el
o
p
in
te
g
r
at
ed
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
c
o
u
r
s
es,
a
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
ess
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
izi
n
g
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
c
a
n
b
e
ap
p
l
i
ed
t
o
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
m
a
n
a
g
e
r
s
a
n
d
p
o
li
cy
m
a
k
e
r
s
i
n
th
e
f
iel
d
o
f
la
n
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
in
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
la
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
ete
n
cy
-
b
ase
d
le
ar
n
i
n
g
s
t
a
n
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
ai
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
is
t
o
an
al
y
z
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
v
e
a
n
d
i
n
te
r
cu
lt
u
r
al
c
o
m
p
et
en
ce
i
n
l
an
g
u
a
g
e
le
ar
n
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
i
n
t
eg
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
r
t
f
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
t
iv
es
ar
e
to
s
u
b
s
t
an
tia
te
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ic
al
p
o
te
n
t
ial
o
f
a
r
t
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
d
ete
r
m
i
n
e
th
ei
r
i
m
p
a
ct
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
s
p
e
ec
h
ac
ti
v
i
ty
,
c
u
lt
u
r
al
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
i
n
t
er
cu
lt
u
r
al
s
en
s
i
ti
v
it
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
m
o
d
e
r
n
r
es
ea
r
c
h
i
n
t
h
e
f
ie
l
d
o
f
ar
t
-
o
r
ie
n
t
e
d
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as:
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
tain
s
a
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
s
cien
tific
liter
at
u
r
e
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
as
well
as
ar
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
lan
g
u
ag
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
ec
tio
n
is
d
e
v
o
ted
to
th
e
r
esear
c
h
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ar
t
f
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
f
if
t
h
s
ec
tio
n
i
n
ter
p
r
ets
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
th
e
o
r
ies
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
last
s
ec
t
io
n
p
r
esen
t
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ar
t
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
r
esear
ch
is
d
ev
o
ted
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tiv
e
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
s
as
k
ey
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
le
ar
n
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
an
d
th
e
in
ten
s
if
icatio
n
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
th
ese
co
m
p
e
ten
ce
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
lear
n
er
s
in
a
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
At
th
e
s
a
m
e
tim
e,
in
s
cien
tific
d
is
co
u
r
s
e,
a
g
ap
r
em
ain
s
b
et
wee
n
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
els
o
f
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
s
an
d
th
eir
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
i
n
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
wh
ich
is
esp
ec
ially
ev
id
en
t
in
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
an
d
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
W
ith
i
n
th
e
f
r
a
m
ew
o
r
k
o
f
cl
a
s
s
ical
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
es
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
ati
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
e
is
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
ed
a
m
u
lti
-
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
t
h
at
i
n
cl
u
d
es
li
n
g
u
is
ti
c,
s
o
ci
o
l
in
g
u
is
t
ic
,
d
is
c
o
u
r
s
e
,
a
n
d
s
tr
ate
g
i
c
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
H
o
w
ev
e
r
,
m
o
d
er
n
r
es
ea
r
c
h
i
n
c
r
e
asi
n
g
ly
cr
i
tic
izes
t
h
es
e
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
s
u
f
f
i
ci
en
t
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
it
y
to
t
h
e
c
u
lt
u
r
al
c
o
n
te
x
t
o
f
r
e
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
o
n
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
p
a
r
ti
cu
la
r
,
P
a
h
s
k
o
a
n
d
Pi
n
c
h
u
k
[
1
9
]
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
d
t
h
at
m
aste
r
y
o
f
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
d
o
es
n
o
t
g
u
ar
a
n
te
e
th
e
a
b
ili
ty
to
a
d
e
q
u
at
el
y
i
n
te
r
ac
t
w
it
h
o
u
t
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
cu
lt
u
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
,
v
al
u
es
,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
a
l
c
o
d
es
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
c
o
n
c
ep
tu
al
s
h
i
f
t
f
r
o
m
a
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
al
to
a
c
u
lt
u
r
all
y
-
o
r
i
e
n
te
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
ti
v
e
co
m
p
et
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
g
r
ad
u
ally
i
n
teg
r
ates
lin
g
u
is
tic,
co
g
n
itiv
e
,
af
f
ec
tiv
e,
a
n
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
.
Stu
d
ies
b
y
Fan
tin
i
an
d
T
ir
m
izi
[
1
1
]
an
d
Dea
r
d
o
r
f
f
[
2
0
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
its
co
m
p
lex
m
u
ltid
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
n
a
tu
r
e;
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
s
in
g
le
ag
r
ee
d
m
o
d
el
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
f
o
r
its
o
p
er
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
W
ith
in
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
e
m
p
a
th
y
,
to
ler
a
n
ce
f
o
r
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
s
ter
eo
ty
p
es,
an
d
r
e
f
lectio
n
o
n
o
n
e’
s
o
wn
cu
ltu
r
al
id
en
ti
ty
ar
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
as
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
[
5
]
,
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
d
ec
lar
ativ
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
with
o
u
t
ex
p
lain
in
g
h
o
w
th
e
y
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
in
r
ea
l
lea
r
n
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t
,
th
e
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ac
ts
as
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
o
cial
p
r
ac
tice.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
o
cc
u
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
au
t
h
en
tic
cu
ltu
r
al
d
is
co
u
r
s
es
to
c
r
ea
te
a
b
asis
f
o
r
ar
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
6
1
4
-
4624
4616
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
d
er
n
r
esear
c
h
is
f
r
ag
m
en
ted
:
ar
t
is
m
o
s
t
ly
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
au
x
iliar
y
d
id
ac
tic
r
eso
u
r
ce
,
r
ath
e
r
th
a
n
a
s
y
s
tem
ic
m
ed
iato
r
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
it
i
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
alize
ar
t
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
b
etwe
en
la
n
g
u
ag
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e,
th
at
is
,
as
a
to
o
l
th
at
illu
s
tr
a
tes
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
ten
t
an
d
m
ed
iates
it
s
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
ass
im
ilatio
n
.
I
n
s
u
ch
a
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
liter
atu
r
e,
m
u
s
ic
,
th
ea
ter
,
cin
e
m
a,
an
d
v
is
u
al
ar
ts
d
o
n
o
t
ac
t
as
m
ea
n
s
o
f
p
r
ese
n
tin
g
m
ater
ial
b
u
t
b
ec
o
m
e
a
m
ed
i
u
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
p
r
etativ
e
a
n
d
r
e
f
lectiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
lea
r
n
er
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
a
cr
itical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
is
p
o
te
n
tial
is
m
o
s
tly
d
escr
ib
ed
d
e
clar
ativ
ely
,
with
o
u
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t e
m
p
ir
ical
co
n
f
ir
m
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
o
f
in
f
lu
en
ce
.
Stu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
em
p
h
a
s
ize
it
s
r
o
le
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
in
t
er
cu
ltu
r
al
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
,
b
u
t
o
f
ten
ig
n
o
r
e
o
th
e
r
ar
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
th
em
in
is
o
latio
n
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Sch
at
et
a
l.
[
7
]
em
p
h
asize
liter
atu
r
e
as
a
v
eh
icle
f
o
r
cu
lt
u
r
al
m
o
d
els
o
f
t
h
o
u
g
h
t;
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
o
n
o
t
an
aly
ze
its
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
o
th
er
ar
t
f
o
r
m
s
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
m
u
ltimo
d
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
v
is
u
al
an
d
au
d
ito
r
y
ar
t
f
o
r
m
s
ex
p
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
s
tim
u
li,
ac
tiv
ate
n
o
n
-
v
er
b
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
em
o
tio
n
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
9
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
r
em
ain
f
r
ag
m
en
tar
y
an
d
ar
e
n
o
t in
teg
r
ated
in
to
a
co
h
er
en
t t
h
eo
r
etica
l m
o
d
el.
I
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice,
f
o
r
ei
g
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
er
s
f
ac
e
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
i
f
f
icu
lties
:
lim
ited
teac
h
in
g
tim
e,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
ep
ar
ati
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ar
tis
tic
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
la
ck
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
ass
ess
in
g
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
A
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
f
o
r
in
te
r
p
r
etativ
e
an
d
r
ef
lecti
v
e
ac
tiv
ities
r
em
ain
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
e,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
i
n
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
th
e
ar
tis
tic
m
ater
ial
is
d
etac
h
ed
f
r
o
m
lear
n
er
s
’
d
ir
ec
t c
u
ltu
r
al
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
[
2
5
]
.
Alt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
e
is
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
r
es
ea
r
c
h
o
n
in
te
r
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
iv
e
c
o
m
p
et
en
ce
an
d
ar
ts
-
b
as
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
e
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
,
s
o
m
e
g
a
p
s
e
x
is
t
.
F
ir
s
t
,
e
x
is
ti
n
g
s
tu
d
i
es f
o
c
u
s
m
o
s
tl
y
o
n
o
n
e
a
r
t
f
o
r
m
,
li
k
e
lit
e
r
at
u
r
e
,
d
r
a
m
a
o
r
v
is
u
al
ar
ts
,
r
at
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
o
n
t
h
em
b
e
in
g
p
ar
t o
f
a
u
n
i
f
ie
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
.
S
ec
o
n
d
,
th
er
e
h
as b
ee
n
litt
le
att
en
ti
o
n
p
ai
d
to
t
h
e
e
x
p
la
n
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
h
o
w
a
r
tis
t
ic
p
r
a
ctic
es
a
ct
as
m
e
d
iat
o
r
s
b
etw
ee
n
l
an
g
u
a
g
e
le
ar
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
t
er
cu
lt
u
r
al
co
m
p
et
en
ce
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
ir
d
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
h
ar
d
l
y
a
n
y
e
m
p
i
r
ic
al
s
tu
d
i
es
th
at
e
x
p
lo
r
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
v
e
a
n
d
in
t
er
c
u
lt
u
r
al
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
e
i
n
a
s
in
g
l
e
an
al
y
ti
ca
l
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
g
a
p
in
t
h
e
lit
er
at
u
r
e
is
t
h
e
e
m
p
i
r
ic
al
ex
p
l
an
ati
o
n
o
f
h
o
w
a
r
tis
tic
p
r
a
ctic
es c
a
n
b
e
i
n
te
g
r
at
ed
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
v
e
a
n
d
i
n
te
r
c
u
lt
u
r
al
c
o
m
p
ete
n
c
e
in
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
t
o
em
p
i
r
ically
v
e
r
if
y
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
a
r
t
f
o
r
m
s
in
to
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
ess
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
tu
d
ies.
I
n
v
ie
w
o
f
its
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
h
as
an
a
p
p
lied
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
At
th
is
p
o
in
t
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
we
in
v
esti
g
ated
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
i
n
th
e
latest tr
en
d
s
i
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
id
ac
tics
,
ar
ts
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
r
i
n
cip
les.
At
th
is
p
o
in
t
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
wer
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
b
o
th
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
was
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal.
T
h
e
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
o
f
th
is
d
esig
n
en
ab
led
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lt o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
A
m
ix
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
was
u
s
ed
to
co
m
b
in
e
s
tatis
tical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
with
q
u
alitativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ef
lectiv
e
an
d
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
p
ar
t
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
,
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
s
tatis
tical
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
p
ar
t
in
v
o
l
v
ed
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ef
l
ec
tiv
e
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
class
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
s
an
d
g
av
e
f
u
r
th
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
cu
ltu
r
al
a
war
en
ess
,
r
ef
lectiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
em
o
tio
n
al
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
t
h
e
ar
ts
-
in
teg
r
ated
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
allo
wed
f
o
r
a
h
o
lis
tic
v
iew
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
t
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
a
r
tis
tic
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
1
2
0
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tu
d
y
in
g
E
n
g
l
is
h
as
a
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e.
P
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
t
o
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
(
n
=6
0
)
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
(
n
=6
0
)
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
s
tr
atif
ied
r
an
d
o
m
izatio
n
,
w
h
ich
in
v
o
lv
ed
p
r
io
r
d
iv
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
in
to
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
s
tr
ata)
b
ased
o
n
k
e
y
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
co
u
ld
p
o
ten
tia
lly
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
l
ts
.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iab
les
in
clu
d
e
d
:
lev
el
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
(
b
ased
o
n
th
e
en
tr
an
ce
test
)
,
g
en
d
e
r
,
a
g
e,
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Af
ter
th
at,
wi
th
in
ea
ch
s
tr
atu
m
,
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
ass
ig
n
ed
to
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
ed
th
eir
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
elp
e
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
r
elativ
e
s
am
p
le
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
an
d
m
i
n
im
ize
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
s
.
B
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
tr
ai
n
ed
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
s
am
e
b
asic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
th
e
s
am
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ials
wer
e
u
s
ed
,
class
d
u
r
atio
n
was
id
en
tical,
a
n
d
th
e
te
ac
h
in
g
s
taf
f
h
ad
th
e
s
am
e
lev
el
o
f
q
u
alif
icatio
n
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
ed
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
e
x
ter
n
al
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
v
ar
iab
les.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
in
g
co
mmu
n
ica
tive
a
n
d
in
tercu
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
a
r
t in
…
(
Zh
a
n
el
Ma
n
g
a
z
in
a
)
4617
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
th
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
,
a
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
in
itial
le
v
el
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
to
o
ls
i
n
clu
d
ed
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
a
n
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
d
ia
r
ies
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
test
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tiv
e
task
s
aim
ed
at
ass
ess
in
g
s
u
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
as
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
,
c
o
h
er
e
n
ce
o
f
d
is
co
u
r
s
e,
f
lu
en
c
y
o
f
s
p
ee
c
h
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
wa
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
an
an
aly
tical
r
u
b
r
ic
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
f
o
u
r
m
ain
cr
iter
ia
(
f
lu
en
cy
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
co
h
er
en
ce
,
an
d
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
ity
)
,
ea
ch
o
f
w
h
ich
was
ass
ess
ed
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
r
u
b
r
ic
was
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
t
r
ev
iew
(
th
r
ee
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
tea
ch
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
wer
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
)
an
d
test
ed
d
u
r
in
g
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
o
n
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
0
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
wh
ich
all
o
wed
to
clar
if
y
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
cr
iter
ia
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t.
An
ad
ap
ted
s
ca
le
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
Dea
r
d
o
r
f
f
m
o
d
el
[
2
0
]
,
wh
ich
co
v
er
s
co
g
n
itiv
e,
af
f
ec
tiv
e
,
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
was
u
s
ed
to
as
s
es
s
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
co
n
tain
ed
2
0
s
tatem
en
t
s
r
ated
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
c
ale.
T
h
e
a
d
ap
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
in
clu
d
e
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
an
d
b
ac
k
-
t
r
an
s
latio
n
,
ex
p
er
t
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
o
f
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
d
ex
(
α
=0
.
8
7
)
,
wh
ich
i
n
d
icate
d
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
test
in
g
s
h
o
wed
th
e
ab
s
en
c
e
o
f
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
e
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
p
>0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
i
s
en
ab
led
u
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
eq
u
iv
alen
t
at
th
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
to
in
ter
p
r
et
f
u
r
th
e
r
c
h
an
g
es
as
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
.
Af
ter
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
,
a
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
ar
t
(
v
is
u
al
ar
t,
m
u
s
ic,
an
d
d
r
am
a)
in
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
a
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
ied
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
tr
ad
it
io
n
al
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
with
o
u
t
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
ar
tis
tic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ar
tis
tic
p
r
ac
tices
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
is
cip
lin
es
an
d
was
aim
ed
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
a
l
co
m
p
eten
ce
s
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ar
tis
tic
tech
n
iq
u
es in
to
s
tan
d
ar
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
T
h
e
less
o
n
s
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
o
n
e
s
em
ester
,
twice
a
wee
k
,
f
o
r
9
0
m
in
u
tes,
u
s
in
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
jects,
cr
ea
tiv
e
task
s
,
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
av
o
id
s
y
s
tem
atic
er
r
o
r
s
.
Af
ter
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
,
th
e
f
in
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
(
p
o
s
t
-
t
est)
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
th
at
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
s
tag
e.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
an
d
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
p
et
en
cies:
test
in
g
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
(
g
r
am
m
a
r
,
v
o
c
ab
u
lar
y
,
an
d
d
is
co
u
r
s
e)
;
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
ad
ap
te
d
f
r
o
m
Dea
r
d
o
r
f
f
’
s
m
o
d
el)
;
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
ar
tis
tic
ac
tiv
ities
;
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ef
lect
iv
e
jo
u
r
n
als,
wh
ic
h
allo
wed
tr
ac
k
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
e
co
g
n
izin
g
cu
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
a
r
ef
lectiv
e
s
tan
ce
.
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
c
o
llected
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ef
lectiv
e
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
s
.
An
al
y
s
is
in
clu
d
ed
s
ev
er
al
s
tep
s
:
f
am
iliar
izatio
n
with
th
e
d
ata,
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
u
n
its
th
at
r
ec
u
r
r
ed
,
in
itial
co
d
in
g
,
an
d
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
r
elate
d
co
d
es
in
to
lar
g
e
r
th
em
atic
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
Sp
ec
if
ic
f
o
cu
s
was
g
iv
e
n
to
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
r
ef
lectiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
6
1
4
-
4624
4618
em
o
tio
n
al
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t,
em
p
a
th
y
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
T
h
e
th
em
es
id
e
n
tifie
d
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
m
a
in
tain
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
a
n
d
we
r
e
t
h
en
u
s
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
y
ad
d
i
n
g
d
ep
th
to
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
a
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
ar
ts
-
in
teg
r
ated
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
ata
in
v
o
lv
e
d
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
u
s
in
g
t
-
test
s
a
n
d
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
AN
OVA)
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
o
f
ch
an
g
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
a
r
tis
tic
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ete
n
cies.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
g
av
e
th
eir
co
n
s
en
t
to
p
ar
ticip
at
e.
Data
co
llectio
n
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
ly
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
u
s
ed
o
n
ly
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
,
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
n
o
t a
s
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t c
o
n
ce
p
ts
b
u
t a
s
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
b
asic
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
icie
n
cy
lev
el,
wh
ich
i
n
v
o
lv
es
lex
ical
-
g
r
am
m
atica
l
co
r
r
ec
tn
ess
,
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
,
f
l
u
en
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
e,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
.
I
n
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
is
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
a
m
eta
-
le
v
el
th
at
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
cu
ltu
r
ally
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
an
d
in
v
o
lv
es c
o
g
n
i
tiv
e,
af
f
ec
tiv
e,
a
n
d
r
e
f
lectiv
e
a
s
p
ec
ts
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ar
tis
tic
p
r
ac
tices
in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
tr
ea
ted
as
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
ed
iato
r
th
at
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ac
tiv
ates
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
ac
tiv
ity
,
cr
ea
tes
a
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
ich
co
n
tex
t
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
ef
lectio
n
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
ar
t
is
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
in
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
d
y
n
am
i
cs
o
f
b
o
t
h
ty
p
es
o
f
c
o
m
p
ete
n
cies.
T
h
e
ad
a
p
ted
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e,
b
a
s
ed
o
n
Dea
r
d
o
r
f
f
’
s
m
o
d
el
[
2
0
]
,
was
tr
an
s
lated
a
n
d
c
u
ltu
r
all
y
ad
ap
te
d
to
f
it
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
at
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
a
d
ap
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
co
n
ten
t
r
ele
v
an
ce
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
item
s
b
y
ex
p
e
r
ts
an
d
p
i
lo
t
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
i
s
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
was
esti
m
ated
b
y
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t.
T
h
e
to
tal
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
w
as
α
=0
.
8
7
,
wh
ic
h
is
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
in
te
r
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
e
alp
h
as
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
ca
les
v
ar
ied
b
etwe
en
0
.
7
9
an
d
0
.
8
5
,
w
h
ich
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
in
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
f
i
eld
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
cien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
ed
wr
itten
an
d
v
er
b
al
task
s
with
clea
r
ly
s
p
ec
if
ied
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
to
o
l
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
ar
tis
tic
ac
tiv
ities
was
o
f
an
an
aly
tical
n
at
u
r
e
an
d
was
u
s
ed
as
a
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
t
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
p
atte
r
n
s
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
d
ata
d
id
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
a
n
y
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
ta
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
n
an
y
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
o
r
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
is
h
elp
ed
to
c
o
n
f
ir
m
th
e
eq
u
ality
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
b
asis
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
d
ata.
B
ef
o
r
e
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
ar
am
et
r
ic
test
s
,
th
e
m
ain
s
ta
tis
tica
l
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
wer
e
ch
ec
k
ed
.
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
w
as
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Sh
ap
i
r
o
–
W
ilk
test
,
an
d
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
ity
o
f
v
ar
ia
n
ce
s
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
ev
en
e
test
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
id
n
o
t
r
ev
ea
l
an
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
ality
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
ity
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
s
(
p
>0
.
0
5
)
,
wh
ich
ju
s
tifie
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
t
-
t
est
f
o
r
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
am
p
les.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
wh
ich
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
em
p
lo
y
e
d
th
at
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
2
0
item
s
o
r
g
an
ized
i
n
to
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
s
ca
les:
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
s
k
ills
,
attitu
d
es
a
n
d
o
p
en
n
ess
,
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
a
n
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
.
All
item
s
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le.
A
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
r
e
wer
e
s
tatis
ticall
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
n
all
s
u
b
s
ca
les
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
f
o
u
n
d
,
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
(
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
)
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
b
tain
e
d
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
d
=
0
.
8
5
to
1
.
2
0
,
wh
ich
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
lar
g
e
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
in
d
icate
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t im
p
ac
t o
f
th
e
ar
ts
-
in
teg
r
ated
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
o
n
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
r
esu
lts
(
m
ea
n
±
SD)
S
u
b
s
c
a
l
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
6
0
)
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
6
0
)
t
-
t
e
s
t
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
3
.
2
1
±
0
.
4
2
4
.
1
3
±
0
.
3
8
9
.
8
7
<
0
.
0
0
1
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
3
.
0
8
±
0
.
5
1
4
.
0
5
±
0
.
4
1
8
.
9
2
<
0
.
0
0
1
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s a
n
d
o
p
e
n
n
e
s
s
3
.
4
5
±
0
.
4
7
4
.
2
8
±
0
.
3
6
7
.
9
5
<
0
.
0
0
1
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
3
.
1
2
±
0
.
3
9
4
.
1
8
±
0
.
4
2
1
0
.
2
1
<
0
.
0
0
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
in
g
co
mmu
n
ica
tive
a
n
d
in
tercu
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
a
r
t in
…
(
Zh
a
n
el
Ma
n
g
a
z
in
a
)
4619
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
er
e
a
r
e
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
all
in
d
icato
r
s
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
wh
o
s
tu
d
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ar
tis
tic
f
o
r
m
s
(
th
ea
te
r
,
r
o
le
-
p
la
y
in
g
,
an
d
elem
en
t
s
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
r
ac
tices),
h
ad
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
h
i
g
h
er
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
n
all
cr
iter
i
a
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
test
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
s
u
b
s
ca
les
“
r
ef
lectio
n
a
n
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
”
(
t=1
0
.
2
1
)
a
n
d
“c
u
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e”
(
t=9
.
8
7
)
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
w
a
g
r
ea
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ca
p
ac
ity
to
id
en
tify
cu
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
cr
itically
ev
alu
ate
t
h
eir
o
wn
cu
ltu
r
al
b
elief
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
e
v
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tiv
e
c
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
i
n
g
wr
itte
n
an
d
o
r
al
tas
k
s
,
as
wel
l
as
r
o
le
-
p
la
y
i
n
g
ac
t
iv
ities
,
b
ase
d
o
n
f
o
u
r
cr
ite
r
i
a:
le
x
ic
al
-
g
r
am
m
at
ica
l
ac
c
u
r
a
cy
,
d
is
c
o
u
r
s
e
c
o
m
p
ete
n
c
e,
f
lu
e
n
c
y
,
an
d
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
ess
in
i
n
t
e
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
i
n
t
er
ac
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
t
est
r
esu
lts
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
te
d
s
t
at
is
tic
all
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
an
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
e
twe
en
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
i
n
d
ic
at
o
r
s
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
d
s
h
o
w
ed
l
ar
g
e
ef
f
e
cts
f
o
r
a
ll
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
v
e
c
o
m
p
ete
n
c
e
(
d
=0
.
8
0
–
1
.
1
0
)
,
i
n
d
ica
ti
n
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
s
tat
is
tic
al
b
u
t
also
t
h
e
p
r
ac
t
ic
al
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
es
f
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
i
n
d
i
ca
t
e
th
at
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
al
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
as
m
a
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
n
al
l
a
r
ea
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
e.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
h
as
b
ee
n
n
o
t
e
d
in
t
h
e
a
r
e
as
o
f
“f
lu
e
n
c
y
”
a
n
d
“in
te
r
a
cti
o
n
ef
f
e
cti
v
en
ess
,
”
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
ati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
at
er
a
n
d
r
o
le
-
p
l
a
y
i
n
g
ac
ti
v
ities
is
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
io
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
s
c
o
r
es
wer
e
ca
l
c
u
la
te
d
a
g
ai
n
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
s
ca
le
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a:
(
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
s
c
o
r
e
÷
5
)
×
1
0
0
%
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
ar
tis
tic
ac
tiv
ities
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
t
h
at
in
clu
d
ed
in
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
ac
tiv
ities
,
u
s
e
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t,
cr
ea
ti
v
ity
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
k
ills
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
av
e
r
ag
e
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
o
n
all
cr
iter
ia
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
izes
f
o
r
ar
ts
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
also
h
ig
h
(
d
=0
.
9
0
–
1
.
3
0
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
f
i
n
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
n
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
an
d
ac
tiv
ity
a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ar
tis
tic
ac
tiv
itie
s
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
cr
ea
tiv
it
y
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
in
ter
ac
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
er
e
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
an
d
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
wh
o
atten
d
e
d
ar
ts
-
in
teg
r
ated
class
es
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
r
esu
lts
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
r
e
f
lectio
n
,
f
lu
en
t
s
p
ee
ch
,
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
in
g
r
o
u
p
ac
tiv
ities
,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
th
at
ar
ts
in
teg
r
atio
n
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
eten
cies [
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
s
co
r
es o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
s
k
ills
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
6
0
)
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
6
0
)
t
-
t
e
s
t
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
Le
x
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
g
r
a
mm
a
t
i
c
a
l
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
3
.
4
2
±
0
.
4
9
4
.
1
1
±
0
.
3
7
6
.
9
8
<
0
.
0
0
1
D
i
sco
u
r
se
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
3
.
2
1
±
0
.
5
3
4
.
0
5
±
0
.
4
0
7
.
2
1
<
0
.
0
0
1
F
l
u
e
n
c
y
3
.
1
5
±
0
.
4
8
4
.
1
2
±
0
.
4
2
8
.
1
4
<
0
.
0
0
1
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
3
.
3
0
±
0
.
5
0
4
.
2
5
±
0
.
3
5
9
.
0
2
<
0
.
0
0
1
6
4
.
2
0
%
6
1
.
6
0
%
6
9
.
0
0
%
6
2
.
4
0
%
8
2
.
6
0
%
8
1
.
0
0
%
8
5
.6
0
%
8
3
.
6
0
%
1
8
.4
0
%
1
9
.
4
0
%
1
6
.
6
0
%
2
1
.
2
0
%
0
.
0
0
%
1
0
.
0
0
%
2
0
.
0
0
%
3
0
.
0
0
%
4
0
.
0
0
%
5
0
.
0
0
%
6
0
.
0
0
%
7
0
.
0
0
%
8
0
.
0
0
%
9
0
.
0
0
%
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
o
p
e
n
n
e
ss
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
6
0
)
,
%
Ex
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
6
0
)
,
%
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
6
1
4
-
4624
4620
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
s
co
r
es o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
s
k
ills
T
ab
le
3
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
s
co
r
es o
f
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
ar
tis
tic
ac
tiv
ities
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
6
0
)
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
6
0
)
t
-
t
e
s
t
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
En
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
t
a
s
k
s
3
.
0
5
±
0
.
4
4
4
.
2
1
±
0
.
3
5
1
0
.
1
2
<
0
.
0
0
1
U
se
o
f
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
3
.
1
2
±
0
.
4
6
4
.
1
8
±
0
.
3
8
9
.
0
1
<
0
.
0
0
1
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
2
.
9
8
±
0
.
5
0
4
.
2
5
±
0
.
3
3
1
1
.
3
4
<
0
.
0
0
1
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
3
.
2
0
±
0
.
4
2
4
.
3
2
±
0
.
3
6
1
0
.
2
2
<
0
.
0
0
1
T
h
e
r
ec
alcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es
in
to
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
h
as
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
in
all
c
r
iter
ia
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
i
n
a
r
tis
tic
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
lar
g
est
in
c
r
ea
s
e
was
r
ev
ea
led
in
cr
ea
tiv
ity
in
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
+2
5
.
4
%),
an
d
th
e
s
m
allest,
alth
o
u
g
h
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
was
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
(
+2
1
.
2
%).
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
d
ata
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
h
i
g
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ar
t
f
o
r
m
s
in
to
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
as s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
L
e
v
el
o
f
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
ar
tis
tic
ac
tiv
ities
T
h
er
e
wer
e
s
o
m
e
co
m
m
o
n
th
em
es
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
e
f
lectiv
e
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t th
em
e
was
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
e
n
ess
,
wh
ich
was
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
ca
p
ac
ity
to
id
en
tify
c
u
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
a
n
d
d
r
aw
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
with
o
wn
cu
ltu
r
al
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
th
em
e
was
em
o
tio
n
al
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
m
ain
ly
in
d
r
a
m
a
-
b
a
s
ed
an
d
n
ar
r
ativ
e
ac
tiv
ity
,
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
th
ey
wer
e
m
o
r
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
lear
n
in
g
task
s
.
T
h
e
t
h
ir
d
th
em
e
was
r
ef
lectiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
wh
ich
was
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ev
id
en
t w
ith
s
tu
d
en
ts
cr
itically
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
cu
ltu
r
al
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
ac
tices.
6
8
.
4
0
%
6
4
.
2
0
%
6
3
.
0
0
%
6
6
.
2
0
%
8
2
.
2
0
%
8
1
.
0
0
%
8
2
.
4
0
%
8
5
.
0
0
%
1
3
.
8
0
%
1
6
.
8
0
%
1
9
.
4
0
%
1
9
.
0
0
%
0
.0
0
%
1
0
.
0
0
%
2
0
.
0
0
%
3
0
.
0
0
%
4
0
.
0
0
%
5
0
.
0
0
%
6
0
.
0
0
%
7
0
.
0
0
%
8
0
.
0
0
%
9
0
.
0
0
%
L
e
x
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
g
r
a
m
ma
t
i
c
a
l
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
D
i
sc
u
r
si
v
e
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
F
l
u
e
n
t
sp
e
e
c
h
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(n
=6
0
)
,
%
Ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
al
g
r
o
u
p
(n
=
6
0
)
,
%
D
i
f
f
er
e
n
c
e,
%
6
1
.
0
0
%
6
2
.
4
0
%
5
9
.
6
0
%
6
4
.
0
0
%
8
4
.
2
0
%
8
3
.
6
0
%
8
5
.
0
0
%
8
6
.
4
0
%
2
3
.
2
0
%
2
1
.
2
0
%
2
5
.
4
0
%
2
2
.
4
0
%
0%
1
0
%
2
0
%
3
0
%
4
0
%
5
0
%
6
0
%
7
0
%
8
0
%
9
0
%
1
0
0
%
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
t
a
sk
s
U
se
o
f
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
6
0
)
,
%
Ex
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
6
0
)
,
%
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
in
g
co
mmu
n
ica
tive
a
n
d
in
tercu
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
a
r
t in
…
(
Zh
a
n
el
Ma
n
g
a
z
in
a
)
4621
L
astl
y
,
th
er
e
wer
e
h
ig
h
er
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
ar
ts
in
teg
r
ated
ac
tiv
ities
d
u
r
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
al
itativ
e
r
esu
lts
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esu
lts
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
way
s
in
wh
ich
ar
tis
tic
p
r
ac
tice
en
ab
led
d
ee
p
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t w
ith
lan
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
ar
ts
-
in
teg
r
ate
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
i
n
g
is
r
elate
d
to
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
is
is
wh
y
th
e
h
ig
h
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
ca
l
es
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
to
ler
an
ce
,
a
n
d
r
ef
lectio
n
in
d
icate
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
ar
t
as
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
o
r
a
d
ee
p
e
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
m
ea
n
in
g
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
em
p
ir
ically
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
r
ath
er
th
an
d
ir
ec
t
ca
u
s
al
ef
f
ec
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
(
r
=0
.
3
9
–
0
.
4
6
)
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wit
h
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
ar
t
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
b
etwe
en
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
r
ef
lec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
in
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
o
r
th
ea
tr
ical
an
d
n
a
r
r
ativ
e
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
i
n
ten
s
if
y
e
m
o
tio
n
al
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
id
en
tific
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
ese
t
y
p
es
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
p
r
i
n
c
ip
les
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
,
s
in
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
er
ce
iv
e
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
ten
t,
b
u
t
also
“li
v
e”
it
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
o
le
-
p
lay
in
g
a
n
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
An
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
is
also
th
e
m
u
ltimo
d
ality
o
f
s
u
ch
p
r
ac
tices,
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
es
v
er
b
al,
v
is
u
al
an
d
au
d
ito
r
y
c
h
an
n
els,
th
er
e
b
y
ex
p
an
d
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies f
o
r
d
ee
p
er
ass
im
ilatio
n
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
m
ea
n
in
g
s
.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
in
d
icate
s
a
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ar
tis
tically
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
s
u
ch
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ex
p
lain
a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
h
ar
e
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
i
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
u
s
to
in
ter
p
r
et
ar
tis
tic
p
r
ac
tices
as
an
elem
en
t
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
o
p
tim
izes
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
au
th
e
n
tic
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
m
u
ltimo
d
al
a
n
d
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
m
ats
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
t
r
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
f
o
r
m
al
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
u
s
e
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
to
it
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
al
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
th
ir
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e,
esp
ec
ially
in
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
ag
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
T
h
is
m
a
y
b
e
d
u
e
to
g
r
ea
ter
o
p
en
n
ess
to
n
ew
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
an
d
h
ig
h
er
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
em
o
tio
n
ally
s
atu
r
ated
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tim
u
li.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
s
u
ch
v
ar
iab
l
es
as
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
n
o
v
elty
ef
f
ec
t
,
an
d
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ig
n
o
r
ed
.
Sin
ce
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
ed
s
ev
er
al
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les,
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
one
-
way
ANOV
A
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
wh
ich
also
s
h
o
wed
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Su
m
m
a
r
i
zi
n
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
s
tat
e
d
th
at
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
cti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
ar
t
-
in
te
g
r
at
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
is
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
ir
ab
ilit
y
t
o
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
em
o
t
i
o
n
al
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
ce
,
c
o
g
n
iti
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
u
lti
m
o
d
al
p
e
r
ce
p
ti
o
n
,
w
h
i
c
h
cr
ea
t
es
th
e
p
r
er
e
q
u
is
ites
f
o
r
a
d
e
ep
e
r
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
ti
v
e
an
d
in
te
r
c
u
lt
u
r
al
c
o
m
p
et
en
ce
s
.
At
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
,
th
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
en
ess
o
f
t
h
es
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
a
ctic
al
f
a
ct
o
r
s
,
i
n
p
ar
tic
u
la
r
t
h
e
l
e
v
el
o
f
tea
ch
er
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
,
th
e
d
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
i
cu
la
,
t
h
e
a
v
ai
la
b
il
it
y
o
f
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
ic
al
r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
i
n
te
r
d
is
c
ip
li
n
a
r
y
co
o
r
d
in
ati
o
n
.
M
o
d
e
r
a
te
v
al
u
es
o
f
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
i
n
d
i
ca
t
o
r
s
in
d
ic
at
e
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ic
al
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
d
m
o
d
els
o
f
a
r
t
i
n
t
eg
r
a
ti
o
n
i
n
la
n
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
e
d
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
teg
r
at
io
n
o
f
ar
tis
tic
p
r
ac
tices
in
to
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
m
u
n
icati
v
e
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ar
ts
-
in
teg
r
ated
g
r
o
u
p
h
ad
h
i
g
h
er
s
co
r
es
o
n
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
r
ef
lectiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
f
lu
en
c
y
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
th
an
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
R
ef
lectiv
e
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
th
e
q
u
alit
ativ
e
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
:
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
in
t
h
e
a
r
ts
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
b
ase
o
f
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ar
t
as
a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
to
o
l
i
n
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
th
e
id
ea
o
f
a
r
t
as
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
ed
iato
r
b
etwe
en
la
n
g
u
ag
e,
cu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
th
e
s
o
cio
c
u
ltu
r
al
v
i
ew
o
f
th
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
an
d
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
cu
ltu
r
al
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
in
th
is
r
esp
ec
t,
ad
d
s
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
a
n
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
b
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
t
h
e
ar
tis
tic
o
u
tp
u
t c
an
lin
k
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
with
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
r
ef
lectio
n
an
d
f
ee
lin
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lies
in
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ica
lly
s
o
u
n
d
way
in
wh
ich
it
p
r
esen
ts
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
v
is
u
al
a
r
ts
,
m
u
s
ic,
d
r
am
a,
an
d
n
ar
r
ati
o
n
in
t
o
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ar
ts
-
in
teg
r
ated
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
e
v
elo
p
m
o
r
e
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e,
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
ic
h
,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
u
s
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
cr
ea
tiv
ely
an
d
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
ally
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
to
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
i
n
th
e
lig
h
t o
f
t
h
e
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
; th
u
s
,
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
in
v
o
lv
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
o
r
f
u
lly
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
s
an
d
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
ar
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
n
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tiv
e
an
d
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
6
1
4
-
4624
4622
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Z
h
an
el
Ma
n
g
az
i
n
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Sh
y
n
ar
T
az
h
ib
ay
ev
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ma
g
ir
a
Mo
ld
ab
a
y
ev
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ar
d
ak
Nu
r
g
aliy
ev
a
✓
✓
✓
Aliy
a
Z
h
ak
u
p
o
v
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
t
h
o
r
,
[
AZ
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
C
o
r
b
e
t
t
,
An
i
n
t
e
rc
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
En
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
,
2
n
d
e
d
.
B
r
i
s
t
o
l
,
U
.
K
.
:
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
V
i
e
w
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
2
0
2
2
.
[
2
]
W
.
B
a
k
e
r
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
ELT
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
7
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
2
–
2
1
5
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
e
l
t
/
c
c
a
d
0
4
0
.
[
3
]
A
.
M
i
r
z
a
e
i
a
n
d
F
.
F
o
r
o
u
z
a
n
d
e
h
,
“
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
sh
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
L
2
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
I
r
a
n
i
a
n
EFL
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
rc
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
0
0
–
3
1
8
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
7
4
7
5
7
5
9
.
2
0
1
3
.
8
1
6
8
6
7
.
[
4
]
H
.
A
l
i
s
o
y
,
“
T
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
o
n
ES
L
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s’
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
c
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
u
ro
G
l
o
b
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
i
n
g
u
i
st
i
c
s
a
n
d
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
–
1
7
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
6
9
7
6
0
/
0
q
z
sw
g
0
4
.
[
5
]
Z.
M
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
“
A
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
:
n
o
n
-
e
sse
n
t
i
a
l
i
sm
a
n
d
e
p
i
st
e
mi
c
j
u
s
t
i
c
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
7
–
2
6
3
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
4
6
7
5
9
8
6
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
0
6
9
3
9
3
.
[
6
]
M
.
F
l
e
mi
n
g
,
“
A
r
t
s,
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
Re
se
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
6
1
–
2
7
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
3
6
2
1
6
8
8
2
1
1
0
4
4
2
4
4
.
[
7
]
E.
S
c
h
a
t
,
E
.
v
a
n
d
e
r
K
n
a
a
p
,
a
n
d
R
.
d
e
G
r
a
a
f
f
,
“
K
e
y
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
f
o
r
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
r
y
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
:
a
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
o
n
a
r
t
s
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
,
”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
2
–
3
5
8
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
3
6
2
1
6
8
8
2
1
1
0
4
5
0
1
2
.
[
8
]
O
.
C
h
u
g
a
i
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
o
f
ESL
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
i
n
a
g
l
o
b
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
7
–
5
8
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/
j
o
i
m
-
2
0
1
7
-
0
0
2
0
.
[
9
]
L.
F
.
C
.
Á
l
v
a
r
e
z
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
:
i
n
-
serv
i
c
e
EFL
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
t
u
d
y
g
r
o
u
p
s,”
Pr
o
f
i
l
e
:
I
ssu
e
s i
n
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs´
Pro
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
7
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
4
4
6
/
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
.
v
2
2
n
1
.
7
6
7
9
6
.
[
1
0
]
S
.
F
i
i
a
l
k
a
,
O
.
Tr
i
s
h
c
h
u
k
,
N
.
F
i
g
o
l
,
a
n
d
T.
F
a
i
c
h
u
k
,
“
A
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
o
f
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
i
sm
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
l
y
a
n
d
i
n
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
–
1
2
2
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
0
5
3
5
/
2
4
1
0
-
8
2
8
6
.
1
7
8
8
4
3
.
[
1
1
]
A
.
E.
F
a
n
t
i
n
i
a
n
d
A
.
Ti
r
mi
z
i
,
“
Ex
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
ssess
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
,
”
2
0
0
6
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
o
p
e
n
s
c
h
o
l
a
r
sh
i
p
.
w
u
s
t
l
.
e
d
u
/
c
g
i
/
v
i
e
w
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
.
c
g
i
?
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
=
1
8
1
5
&
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
=
c
s
d
_
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
[
1
2
]
A
.
S
e
v
i
me
l
-
S
a
h
i
n
,
“
A
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
o
f
EL
T
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
”
E
u
ra
s
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
L
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
–
1
5
3
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
6
0
1
/
e
j
a
l
.
7
7
5
7
9
3
.
[
1
3
]
N
.
T.
V
u
,
“
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
e
se
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
o
f
f
sh
o
r
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s:
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
i
n
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
se
n
si
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
–
2
5
3
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
7
4
7
5
7
5
9
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
9
7
0
6
1
2
.
[
1
4
]
O
.
A
r
d
e
l
i
a
n
,
L.
K
r
y
v
a
,
О
.
V
l
a
s
e
n
k
o
,
O
.
B
o
i
k
o
,
a
n
d
N
.
B
e
n
k
o
v
sk
a
,
“
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
c
r
o
ss
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
d
y
n
a
mi
c
s
i
n
E
u
r
o
p
e
:
e
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
h
e
r
i
t
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
s
h
a
r
e
d
i
d
e
a
l
s
,
”
Mu
l
t
i
d
i
sc
i
p
l
i
n
a
ry
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
p
.
2
0
2
4
ss
0
7
0
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
8
9
3
/
mu
l
t
i
sc
i
e
n
c
e
.
2
0
2
4
ss0
7
0
8
.
[
1
5
]
M
.
P
o
r
t
o
,
I
.
G
o
l
u
b
e
v
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
B
y
r
a
m
,
“
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
l
i
n
g
d
i
s
c
o
mf
o
r
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
a
r
t
s
:
a
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
t
e
l
e
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
,
”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
6
–
2
9
8
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
3
6
2
1
6
8
8
2
1
1
0
5
8
2
4
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
in
g
co
mmu
n
ica
tive
a
n
d
in
tercu
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
a
r
t in
…
(
Zh
a
n
el
Ma
n
g
a
z
in
a
)
4623
[
1
6
]
J.
Jac
k
s
o
n
,
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
3
r
d
e
d
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
U
.
K
.
:
R
o
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
2
0
2
4
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
3
2
4
/
9
7
8
1
0
0
3
3
3
2
4
4
2
.
[
1
7
]
J.
B
.
A
l
l
r
e
d
,
S
.
P
.
C
o
n
n
o
r
s,
a
n
d
C
.
Z
.
G
o
e
r
i
n
g
,
“
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
n
n
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
i
a
l
o
g
i
c
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
r
t
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ad
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
&
A
d
u
l
t
L
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
1
5
–
5
2
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
j
a
a
l
.
1
3
8
2
.
[
1
8
]
H
.
C
h
e
n
a
n
d
K
.
M
e
i
,
“
E
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
a
mo
b
i
l
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
ra
c
t
i
v
e
M
o
b
i
l
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
(
i
J
I
M)
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
6
2
–
7
5
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
9
9
1
/
i
j
i
m
.
v
1
8
i
1
8
.
5
1
4
9
1
.
[
1
9
]
A
.
P
a
h
sk
o
a
n
d
I
.
P
i
n
c
h
u
k
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
o
f
f
u
t
u
r
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
b
y
mea
n
s
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
a
p
p
s,
”
i
n
Ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
M
e
d
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
7
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(
AI
ME
E
2
0
2
3
)
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
7
4
6
–
7
5
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
3
3
/
A
TD
E2
3
1
3
8
9
.
[
2
0
]
D
.
K
.
D
e
a
r
d
o
r
f
f
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
c
e
:
ma
p
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
a
g
e
n
d
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
rc
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
Re
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
p
p
.
3
–
5
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
i
n
t
r
e
l
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
3
.
0
0
2
.
[
2
1
]
K
.
E.
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
a
n
d
P
.
R
.
G
o
l
o
m
b
e
k
,
“
I
n
f
o
r
mi
n
g
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
i
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
,
”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
–
1
2
7
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
3
6
2
1
6
8
8
1
8
7
7
7
5
3
9
.
[
2
2
]
K
.
M
.
En
g
e
l
k
e
,
V
.
H
a
se
,
a
n
d
F
.
W
i
n
t
t
e
r
l
i
n
,
“
O
n
mea
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
r
u
s
t
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
r
u
s
t
i
n
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
i
sm
:
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
u
s
q
u
o
a
n
d
su
g
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
o
a
d
a
h
e
a
d
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
T
r
u
s
t
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
6
–
8
6
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
2
1
5
1
5
5
8
1
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
5
8
8
7
4
1
.
[
2
3
]
S
.
F
.
B
o
r
a
,
“
D
r
a
m
a
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
i
n
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
a
t
r
e
t
e
x
t
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
t
r
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
n
L2
s
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
”
R
e
se
a
rc
h
i
n
D
ra
m
a
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
T
h
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
T
h
e
a
t
r
e
a
n
d
Pe
r
f
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
0
7
–
5
2
3
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
5
6
9
7
8
3
.
2
0
2
1
.
2
0
1
9
5
7
8
.
[
2
4
]
N
.
U
.
K
a
p
l
a
n
a
n
d
G
.
E.
C
o
ş
g
u
n
,
“
E
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
m
i
n
d
s,
b
r
i
d
g
i
n
g
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
s:
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
s
c
a
p
e
r
o
o
m
g
a
m
e
s,
”
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
6
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
5
0
–
4
6
6
,
2
0
2
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
4
7
0
3
2
9
7
.
2
0
2
5
.
2
5
4
9
2
7
5
.
[
2
5
]
Y
.
Y
u
a
n
a
n
d
J
.
Y
a
n
g
,
“
A
n
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
u
si
n
g
a
u
d
i
o
-
v
i
su
a
l
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
a
r
t
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
o
u
t
c
o
me,
”
Re
v
i
s
t
a
d
e
C
e
rc
e
t
a
re
s
i
I
n
t
e
rve
n
t
i
e
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
,
v
o
l
.
8
7
,
p
p
.
2
5
2
–
2
6
4
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
7
8
8
/
r
c
i
s.
8
7
.
1
5
.
[
2
6
]
C
.
A
r
c
h
e
t
t
i
,
“
R
e
sea
r
c
h
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
i
n
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
i
sm
:
t
h
e
o
r
y
,
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
a
n
d
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
i
sm
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
9
7
4
–
9
9
7
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
4
6
1
6
7
0
X
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
0
6
1
5
7
6
.
[
2
7
]
S
.
F
e
n
g
,
X
.
(
Le
a
h
)
L
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
N
.
W
a
k
e
,
“
H
e
a
l
t
h
n
e
w
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
:
a
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
i
st
i
c
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
,
”
Au
st
ra
l
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
i
sm
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
1
–
2
4
2
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
8
6
/
a
j
r
_
0
0
1
9
3
_
7
.
[
2
8
]
I
.
Ly
t
o
v
c
h
e
n
k
o
,
O
.
O
g
i
e
n
k
o
,
A
.
S
b
r
u
i
e
v
a
,
a
n
d
H
.
S
o
t
s
k
a
,
“
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
En
g
l
i
sh
f
o
r
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
t
o
a
d
u
l
t
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
a
t
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
:
met
h
o
d
s
t
h
a
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
6
9
–
7
5
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
0
5
3
5
/
2
4
1
0
-
8
2
8
6
.
1
4
9
7
4
1
.
[
2
9
]
Y
.
C
h
i
me
v
a
a
n
d
M
.
Tr
e
n
c
h
s
-
P
a
r
e
r
a
,
“
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
l
o
c
u
t
o
r
s,
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
EF
L
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
:
a
c
a
se
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
t
e
l
e
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
i
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
ms,
”
Re
C
ALL
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
–
1
1
8
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
7
/
S
0
9
5
8
3
4
4
0
2
3
0
0
0
2
2
8
.
[
3
0
]
M
.
A
.
A
sh
w
i
l
l
a
n
d
D
.
T.
H
.
O
a
n
h
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
g
l
o
b
a
l
l
y
c
o
mp
e
t
e
n
t
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s:
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
a
st
i
n
g
c
a
s
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
a
n
d
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
,
”
i
n
T
h
e
S
AG
E
H
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
I
n
t
e
rc
u
l
t
u
ra
l
C
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
,
D
.
K
.
D
e
a
r
d
o
r
f
f
,
Ed
.
,
Th
o
u
sa
n
d
O
a
k
s,
C
A
:
S
A
G
E
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
I
n
c
.
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
–
1
5
7
.
[
3
1
]
S
.
F
e
n
g
,
X
.
(
Le
a
h
)
L
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
N
.
W
a
k
e
,
“
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
i
s
t
i
c
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
i
s
t
s:
a
s
y
s
t
e
mat
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
f
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
u
s
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s,”
Me
d
i
a
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
9
–
8
6
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
3
2
9
8
7
8
X
2
5
1
3
6
1
5
6
4
.
[
3
2
]
R
.
C
a
mer
e
r
,
“
T
e
st
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
i
n
(
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
)
E
n
g
l
i
sh
:
s
o
me
b
a
si
c
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
s
u
g
g
e
st
e
d
a
n
sw
e
r
s
,
”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
i
n
H
i
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
7
–
2
3
6
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/
c
e
r
c
l
e
s
-
2
0
1
4
-
0
0
1
2
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Zh
a
n
e
l
M
a
n
g
a
z
in
a
is
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
P
h
i
lo
l
o
g
y
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Ru
ss
ian
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
Li
tera
tu
re
,
a
t
Ka
z
a
k
h
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Wo
m
e
n
’
s
Tea
c
h
e
r
Train
in
g
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
S
h
e
h
o
l
d
s
a
m
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
a
n
d
sp
e
c
ialize
s
in
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
tea
c
h
i
n
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
isc
ip
l
in
e
s.
He
r
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
li
tera
tu
re
a
n
d
a
rt
stu
d
ies
,
i
n
terd
isc
i
p
li
n
a
r
y
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
in
p
h
il
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
tea
c
h
in
g
stra
teg
ies
in
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
m
o
d
e
rn
m
e
th
o
d
s
o
f
tea
c
h
in
g
R
u
ss
ian
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
li
tera
tu
re
,
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
li
tera
ry
stu
d
ies
with
c
u
l
tu
ra
l
a
n
d
a
rti
stic
a
n
a
ly
sis,
a
n
d
i
n
terd
isc
i
p
li
n
a
r
y
m
o
d
e
ls i
n
h
u
m
a
n
it
ies
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
n
g
a
z
in
a
1
6
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
S
h
y
n
a
r
Ta
z
h
i
b
a
y
e
v
a
is
a
c
ti
n
g
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
P
h
il
o
l
o
g
y
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Ru
ss
ian
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
Li
tera
t
u
re
,
a
t
Ka
z
a
k
h
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
W
o
m
e
n
’
s
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
S
h
e
h
o
ld
s
th
e
d
e
g
re
e
o
f
Ca
n
d
id
a
te
o
f
P
h
il
o
lo
g
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
Ru
ss
ian
a
n
d
Ka
z
a
k
h
l
it
e
ra
tu
re
,
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
li
tera
ry
stu
d
ies
,
a
n
d
i
n
terd
isc
ip
li
n
a
r
y
re
se
a
rc
h
in
p
h
il
o
lo
g
y
.
He
r
sc
h
o
larly
wo
r
k
e
x
p
lo
re
s
li
tera
ry
i
n
tera
c
ti
o
n
b
e
twe
e
n
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
trad
it
io
n
s,
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
i
d
e
n
ti
t
y
i
n
li
tera
tu
re
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
tem
p
o
ra
ry
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
ica
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
to
tea
c
h
in
g
li
tera
ry
d
isc
i
p
li
n
e
s
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
taz
h
ib
a
e
v
a
.
sh
@q
y
z
p
u
.
e
d
u
.
k
z
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.