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I
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O
N
On
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ass
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en
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h
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o
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tal
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d
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ca
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an
d
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
with
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
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s
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-
s
tak
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ass
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m
en
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b
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m
in
is
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ed
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is
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in
cr
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asin
g
tr
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t
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d
u
s
in
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m
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tem
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to
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th
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p
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g
n
itio
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o
f
ac
ad
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m
ic
ce
r
tific
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s
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
Alth
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u
g
h
ed
u
ca
tio
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r
esear
ch
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th
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ass
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th
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ab
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is
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o
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es
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b
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av
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it
also
in
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s
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d
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ass
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d
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r
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ak
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in
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tu
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[
4
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.
As
s
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s
u
p
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Un
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ality
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SDG
1
6
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p
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j
u
s
tice,
an
d
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tr
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i
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s
titu
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b
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th
in
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u
ca
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ti
tu
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s
[
5
]
.
T
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p
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[
6
]
,
[
7
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.
Stu
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h
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s
titu
tio
n
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
air
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
p
r
ac
tices
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
p
-
lev
el
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
o
u
tco
m
es r
ath
er
th
an
m
e
r
ely
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
[
1
2
]
.
Pro
ce
d
u
r
al
ju
s
tice
h
as
b
ee
n
a
g
r
o
win
g
ar
ea
o
f
s
tu
d
y
with
i
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
with
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ich
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
er
ce
iv
es
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
as
f
air
b
ein
g
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
h
o
w
ea
s
ily
o
n
e
ca
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
r
u
les
o
f
t
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t,
h
o
w
e
x
p
lain
ab
le
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e,
a
n
d
wh
eth
er
th
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
b
ased
o
n
ev
i
d
en
ce
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
ese
d
ig
ital
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
u
s
e
lo
g
f
iles
f
r
o
m
ce
n
tr
al
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
c
o
llectin
g
d
ata
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
v
er
if
y
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
,
leav
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
in
ca
s
es
o
f
tech
n
ical
e
r
r
o
r
s
o
r
d
is
p
u
ted
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
lack
o
f
v
er
if
iab
le
ev
id
en
ce
cr
ea
tes
a
‘
b
lack
b
o
x
’
in
ass
ess
m
en
t g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
p
o
wer
im
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
an
d
th
e
lear
n
er
is
m
o
s
t
ev
id
en
t.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
in
c
o
m
p
lete
o
r
u
n
v
er
if
iab
le
d
ata
in
a
p
p
ea
l
o
r
au
d
it
s
itu
atio
n
s
co
u
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ev
id
en
tial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
at
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lev
el
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
co
r
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
g
o
es f
ar
b
ey
o
n
d
id
e
n
tify
in
g
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
ac
tiv
ity
,
an
d
will
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
ta
m
p
er
-
ev
i
d
en
t
an
d
au
d
itab
le
w
o
r
k
f
lo
ws
to
e
n
ab
le
c
r
ed
ib
le
r
e
v
iews
an
d
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
[
1
8
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
r
em
o
te
p
r
o
cto
r
in
g
an
d
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
h
av
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
c
h
ea
tin
g
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
s
tu
d
e
n
t
an
x
iety
,
an
d
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
av
e
m
ain
ly
em
p
h
asized
cr
ed
en
tial
v
er
if
icatio
n
,
ce
r
tific
ate
au
th
en
ticity
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
ac
ad
em
ic
r
ec
o
r
d
k
ee
p
i
n
g
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
p
ar
allel,
e
x
is
tin
g
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
au
d
it
-
tr
ail
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
tech
n
ical
f
ea
s
ib
i
lity
o
f
tam
p
er
-
ev
id
en
t
lo
g
g
in
g
a
n
d
v
er
if
iab
l
e
ev
id
en
ce
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
d
o
n
o
t
ev
alu
ate
h
o
w
tam
p
e
r
-
ev
id
en
t
ev
i
d
en
ce
wo
r
k
f
lo
ws
af
f
ec
t
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
c
e
-
r
elate
d
o
u
tco
m
es
with
in
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
r
em
ain
s
li
m
ited
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
wh
eth
er
v
er
if
i
ab
le
ev
id
e
n
ce
c
h
ain
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
au
d
itab
ilit
y
,
r
e
d
u
ce
au
d
it
ef
f
o
r
t,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
ev
iewe
r
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
p
er
c
eiv
ed
leg
itima
cy
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
u
n
d
er
co
n
tr
o
lled
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
a
p
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ev
alu
ates
a
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
e
v
id
en
ce
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
i
n
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
an
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
co
m
p
a
r
at
iv
e
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
lay
er
s
er
v
es
as
an
in
teg
r
ity
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
v
e
r
if
y
in
g
an
d
au
d
itin
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
ev
id
en
ce
wh
ile
ap
p
ly
in
g
d
ata
-
m
in
im
izatio
n
p
r
in
cip
les
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
s
eu
d
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
id
en
tifie
r
s
,
tim
estam
p
s
,
an
d
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
h
ash
es
o
f
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
cr
itical
ev
id
en
ce
item
s
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
p
ilo
t
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
a
b
aselin
e
lo
g
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
a
n
d
a
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
tam
p
e
r
-
ev
id
en
t
led
g
er
(
T
E
L
)
wo
r
k
f
l
o
w
u
s
in
g
d
e
-
id
e
n
tifie
d
e
x
am
i
n
atio
n
-
s
ess
io
n
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
ce
-
r
el
at
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
es:
i
)
ex
am
i
n
ati
o
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
it
y
,
o
p
er
at
io
n
al
iz
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
au
d
it
a
b
ili
ty
,
e
v
i
d
e
n
ce
c
o
m
p
l
ete
n
ess
,
a
n
d
h
as
h
-
b
ase
d
v
e
r
if
i
ca
t
io
n
;
i
i)
f
ai
r
n
ess
o
f
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
,
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
alse
p
o
s
i
t
iv
es
,
r
e
v
e
r
s
a
ls
,
an
d
au
d
i
t
e
f
f
icie
n
cy
;
a
n
d
iii
)
t
r
u
s
t
a
n
d
a
c
ce
p
ta
n
c
e,
ass
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
e
r
ce
i
v
e
d
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
a
l
f
air
n
ess
,
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
,
t
r
u
s
t
i
n
a
s
s
ess
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
n
ti
o
n
t
o
u
s
e
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
tr
o
lled
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ev
a
lu
atio
n
o
f
a
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
ev
id
e
n
ce
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
ev
al
u
ates
h
o
w
cr
y
p
t
o
g
r
ap
h
ically
v
e
r
if
iab
le
e
v
id
en
ce
ch
ain
s
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
au
d
itab
ilit
y
,
au
d
it
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
ev
iewe
r
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
le
ar
n
er
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
in
r
em
o
te
ass
es
s
m
en
t
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
ic
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
a
d
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
iz
e
d
,
t
a
m
p
e
r
-
e
v
id
e
n
t
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
l
a
y
er
c
a
n
b
r
i
d
g
e
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
g
a
p
i
n
h
e
r
e
n
t
i
n
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
e
d
p
r
o
c
t
o
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
t
o
r
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
l
e
g
i
t
i
m
a
c
y
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
.
T
o
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
a
t
e
t
h
i
s
,
t
h
e
f
o
l
lo
w
i
n
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
s
(
R
Qs)
w
e
r
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
:
−
Ho
w
d
o
es
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
e
v
id
en
ce
c
h
ain
im
p
ac
t
th
e
v
er
if
iab
ilit
y
an
d
au
d
itab
ilit
y
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t ses
s
io
n
s
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
lo
g
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
?
(
R
Q1
)
−
T
o
wh
at
ex
ten
t
ca
n
v
er
if
iab
le
ev
id
en
ce
wo
r
k
f
lo
ws
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
m
itig
atin
g
f
air
n
ess
r
is
k
s
an
d
s
t
r
ea
m
lin
in
g
th
e
a
u
d
it p
r
o
ce
s
s
?
(
R
Q2
)
−
Do
p
er
ce
iv
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
f
air
n
ess
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
p
r
ed
ic
t
tr
u
s
t
in
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t,
an
d
d
o
es
tr
u
s
t
p
r
ed
ict
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
i
n
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e?
(
R
Q3
)
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n a
nd
s
et
t
ing
I
n
th
is
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tu
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y
,
a
two
-
co
n
d
itio
n
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
a
n
ev
id
en
ce
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
lay
er
o
n
th
e
q
u
al
ity
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
leg
itima
c
y
o
f
r
em
o
te
ass
ess
m
en
t
r
ev
iew.
T
h
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
0
6
8
-
4079
4070
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
Stu
d
y
.
k
z
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
a
n
ex
a
m
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
in
a
test
co
u
r
s
e.
T
h
e
ex
am
d
id
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
g
r
ad
es
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
h
a
d
n
o
b
ea
r
in
g
o
n
a
n
y
ac
ad
em
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
was
ap
p
lied
,
wh
ile
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
-
b
ased
e
v
id
en
ce
wo
r
k
f
l
o
w
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
lo
g
ic
o
f
au
to
m
ated
f
lag
g
i
n
g
an
d
r
ev
iewe
r
d
ec
is
io
n
g
u
i
d
elin
es r
em
ain
ed
u
n
ch
an
g
ed
[
2
4
]
.
Ses
s
io
n
s
wer
e
allo
ca
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
izatio
n
,
w
ith
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
u
s
in
g
a
1
:1
allo
ca
tio
n
r
atio
.
T
h
e
r
e
v
iewe
r
s
u
s
ed
t
h
e
s
am
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
v
io
latio
n
s
an
d
d
o
c
u
m
en
tatio
n
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
B
lin
d
in
g
was
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
ter
f
a
ce
an
d
in
teg
r
it
y
m
ar
k
e
r
s
d
if
f
er
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
b
ias,
th
e
r
e
v
iewe
r
s
ap
p
lied
th
e
s
am
e
v
io
latio
n
cr
iter
ia,
au
d
it
r
u
b
r
ic,
d
ec
is
io
n
th
r
esh
o
l
d
s
,
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
-
r
e
v
iew
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
au
to
m
ated
f
lag
g
i
n
g
lo
g
ic
r
em
ain
ed
u
n
ch
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
allo
win
g
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
o
u
t
co
m
es
to
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
p
r
im
a
r
ily
to
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
-
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
r
at
h
er
t
h
an
to
c
h
an
g
es in
d
etec
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
v
er
all
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
allo
ca
tio
n
,
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
an
d
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
ev
id
en
ce
-
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
life
c
y
cle,
d
ep
i
ctin
g
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
au
to
m
atic
f
lag
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tag
e
to
th
e
f
in
al
h
u
m
an
au
d
it
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
t
ag
e.
B
y
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
o
in
ts
at
wh
ich
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
i
n
teg
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
,
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
o
r
d
in
a
r
y
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
an
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
is
m
ad
e
clea
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
d
esig
n
s
ch
em
atic
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
e
v
id
e
n
ce
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
wo
r
k
f
lo
ws
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
s
o
urce
s
,
pa
rt
icipa
nts,
a
nd
pro
ce
du
re
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
So
f
twar
e
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
co
u
r
s
es
o
f
f
er
e
d
at
Ast
an
a
I
T
Un
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
I
.
Z
h
an
s
u
g
u
r
o
v
Z
h
ety
s
u
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
am
p
led
u
s
in
g
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
,
wh
er
e
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
was
to
r
ec
r
u
it
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wit
h
ad
eq
u
ate
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
R
an
d
o
m
allo
ca
tio
n
to
th
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
at
th
e
s
ess
io
n
lev
el.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
elig
ib
le
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
if
:
i)
t
h
ey
wer
e
en
r
o
lled
in
th
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
co
u
r
s
e;
ii)
th
e
y
wer
e
1
8
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
o
r
o
ld
er
;
an
d
iii)
th
ey
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t.
Ses
s
io
n
s
th
at
h
ad
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
r
f
ailed
d
u
e
t
o
n
etwo
r
k
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
attr
ib
u
tab
le
to
i
n
ter
n
et
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
(
I
SP
s
)
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
(
n
=1
6
0
s
ess
io
n
s
)
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
to
b
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
m
ed
iu
m
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
(
d
=0
.
5
)
with
a
s
tatis
tical
p
o
w
er
o
f
0
.
8
0
u
n
d
er
a
two
-
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
p
ilo
t
-
s
ca
le
s
am
p
le
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
-
r
elate
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
n
d
p
er
ce
p
tu
a
l
o
u
tco
m
es
u
n
d
er
co
n
tr
o
lled
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
T
wo
d
atasets
wer
e
co
llected
.
First,
a
d
ataset
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
1
6
0
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
s
ess
io
n
s
was
cr
ea
ted
,
wh
er
e
8
0
s
ess
io
n
s
wer
e
ass
ig
n
ed
to
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
c
o
n
d
itio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
8
0
s
ess
io
n
s
wer
e
allo
ca
ted
to
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
is
d
ataset
co
n
tain
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ea
ch
e
x
am
in
atio
n
s
ess
io
n
.
I
n
ca
s
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
va
lu
a
tin
g
i
n
teg
r
ity
a
n
d
g
o
ve
r
n
a
n
ce
efficien
cy
in
b
l
o
ck
ch
a
i
n
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
o
n
lin
e
a
s
s
ess
men
t
(
A
iva
r
S
a
kh
i
p
o
v
)
4071
wh
er
e
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
ac
tiv
ity
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
r
u
les,
an
en
cr
y
p
ted
s
cr
ee
n
ca
p
tu
r
e
was
tak
en
.
Ses
s
io
n
-
lev
el
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
ex
tr
ac
ted
af
ter
ea
ch
s
ess
io
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
ataset
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
u
r
v
ey
s
g
ath
e
r
ed
f
r
o
m
1
3
8
s
u
b
jects
(
6
8
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
C
G)
an
d
7
0
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
EG
)
)
.
Pa
r
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
m
p
letely
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
an
d
ab
i
d
ed
b
y
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
’
s
r
u
les
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
ilo
tin
g
o
f
n
ew
in
itiativ
es.
C
o
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
was
m
ain
tain
ed
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
all
co
llected
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
an
o
n
y
m
ized
.
Up
o
n
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
test
,
all
s
u
b
jects
f
illed
o
u
t
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
Ses
s
io
n
s
th
a
t
q
u
alif
ied
u
n
d
er
th
e
au
to
m
a
ted
r
u
les
wer
e
au
d
ited
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
am
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
2
.
3
.
E
v
idence
wo
rk
f
l
o
ws a
nd
a
ud
it
pro
ce
du
re
I
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
d
itio
n
,
r
ev
ie
wer
s
ac
ce
s
s
ed
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
’
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
ev
i
d
en
ce
e
x
p
o
r
t
an
d
in
ter
f
ac
e.
I
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
,
ev
id
en
ce
was
o
r
g
an
ized
in
t
o
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
b
u
n
d
le
alig
n
e
d
with
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
cr
itical
ev
id
en
ce
s
et.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
g
en
er
ated
in
teg
r
ity
m
et
ad
ata
f
o
r
ea
c
h
e
v
id
en
ce
b
u
n
d
l
e
an
d
an
c
h
o
r
ed
th
is
m
etad
ata
to
an
ap
p
e
n
d
-
o
n
ly
led
g
er
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
teg
r
ity
m
et
ad
ata
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
SHA
-
2
5
6
h
ash
es,
tim
estam
p
s
,
an
d
a
p
s
eu
d
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
s
ess
io
n
id
en
tifie
r
.
On
ly
in
teg
r
ity
m
etad
ata
wer
e
an
ch
o
r
ed
,
a
n
d
n
o
p
er
s
o
n
ally
id
en
tify
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
n
o
co
n
te
n
t
ar
tifa
cts
wer
e
s
to
r
ed
o
n
-
ch
ain
.
Fro
m
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
ce
s
tan
d
p
o
i
n
t,
th
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
im
p
lem
e
n
ts
a
p
r
o
c
ess
o
f
‘
v
er
if
iab
le
ev
id
en
ce
c
h
ain
.
’
C
r
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
lin
k
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ata
cr
ea
tes
a
tam
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
r
ec
o
r
d
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
to
co
n
d
u
ct
an
y
f
u
tu
r
e
au
d
it
o
r
ap
p
ea
l
u
s
in
g
a
s
et
o
f
r
ec
o
r
d
s
th
at
will
b
e
ab
s
o
lu
tely
id
en
tical
to
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
als.
All
ev
id
e
n
ce
a
r
tifa
cts,
in
clu
d
in
g
en
cr
y
p
ted
s
cr
ee
n
s
h
o
ts
tr
ig
g
e
r
ed
b
y
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
ev
en
ts
,
we
r
e
k
ep
t
o
f
f
-
c
h
ain
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
w
as
p
r
o
v
id
ed
o
n
ly
to
au
th
o
r
ize
d
au
d
ito
r
s
an
d
r
esear
c
h
er
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
ch
ec
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
h
ash
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
was
f
o
llo
we
d
wh
er
e
th
e
h
ash
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
p
ac
k
ag
e
was
r
ec
alcu
lated
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
a
u
d
it
an
d
ch
ec
k
e
d
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
an
ch
o
r
e
d
h
ash
.
I
f
th
e
r
ec
alcu
lated
h
ash
an
d
th
e
an
ch
o
r
e
d
h
ash
m
atc
h
ed
,
t
h
e
s
ess
io
n
was
m
ar
k
ed
as
a
h
ash
v
er
if
icatio
n
p
ass
.
On
ce
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
p
ac
k
ag
es
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
,
th
e
s
ess
io
n
s
w
er
e
au
d
ited
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
a
u
to
m
ated
r
u
les s
et
b
y
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
.
W
h
en
r
ev
iewe
r
s
d
if
f
er
ed
o
n
wh
eth
er
to
f
la
g
a
s
ess
io
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
lag
g
e
d
-
s
ess
io
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
th
e
r
ev
iewe
r
wo
u
ld
h
a
v
e
a
m
ee
tin
g
an
d
co
m
e
to
a
n
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
d
ec
id
e
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
r
u
b
r
ic
th
at
was
u
s
ed
as
th
e
b
asi
s
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
a
u
d
it
ca
s
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
co
m
in
g
to
an
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t,
r
ev
iewe
r
s
wo
u
ld
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
b
eh
in
d
th
eir
d
e
cisi
o
n
in
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
wa
y
s
o
th
at
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
u
ld
b
e
tr
ac
ed
b
y
d
o
cu
m
en
ti
n
g
wh
at
ev
i
d
en
ce
was
u
s
ed
to
m
ak
e
ea
c
h
d
ec
is
io
n
an
d
wh
y
ea
ch
d
ec
is
io
n
was
m
ad
e.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
ad
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
wh
en
ea
ch
d
ec
is
io
n
was
m
ad
e,
r
ev
iewe
r
s
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
o
in
t
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ev
id
en
ce
r
ev
iewe
d
an
d
in
clu
d
e
a
d
ate
a
n
d
tim
e
s
tam
p
with
th
eir
f
in
al
d
ec
is
io
n
i
n
th
e
au
d
it
wo
r
k
f
lo
w.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
ese
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
s
r
em
ain
ed
co
n
s
is
ten
t
b
etwe
en
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
way
s
in
wh
ic
h
th
e
d
ata
was
p
ac
k
ag
e
d
an
d
wh
eth
er
in
teg
r
it
y
m
ar
k
er
s
ex
is
ted
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
w
o
r
k
f
l
o
w
v
ar
ie
d
.
T
h
ese
s
im
ilar
ities
allo
w
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
attr
ib
u
te
p
o
ten
tial
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
wer
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
(
i.e
.
,
ev
id
e
n
ce
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
an
d
in
teg
r
ity
m
ar
k
er
s
)
,
an
d
n
o
t t
o
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
c
r
i
ter
ia
o
r
th
e
r
e
v
iew
cr
iter
ia.
2
.
4
.
M
ea
s
ures a
nd
qu
a
lita
t
iv
e
co
din
g
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
at
th
e
s
ess
io
n
lev
el
wer
e
d
ef
in
ed
b
e
f
o
r
eh
a
n
d
.
Flag
g
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
ch
ec
k
in
g
wh
eth
er
a
s
ess
io
n
was
f
lag
g
ed
in
th
e
r
u
le
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
.
Au
d
itab
ilit
y
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
wh
eth
er
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ev
id
en
ce
s
et
f
o
r
au
d
itin
g
was
p
r
esen
t.
Ses
s
io
n
s
wh
er
e
all
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
r
ev
iew
an
d
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
au
d
itab
le.
E
v
id
en
ce
co
m
p
lete
n
ess
in
d
icate
d
wh
eth
er
all
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
ata
f
ield
s
f
o
r
th
e
ev
i
d
en
ce
wer
e
co
llected
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ex
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
im
e
to
au
d
i
t w
as c
alcu
lated
as
th
e
tim
e
tak
en
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
an
d
en
d
o
f
a
u
d
itin
g
,
i
n
m
in
u
tes.
Hash
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
p
ass
was
n
o
ted
f
o
r
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
ess
io
n
s
wh
er
e
th
e
r
ec
o
m
p
u
ted
h
ash
m
atch
e
d
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al.
O
u
tco
m
es
r
ela
ted
to
f
air
n
ess
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
lag
g
e
d
s
ess
io
n
s
with
r
esp
e
ct
to
th
e
au
d
it
r
esu
lts
.
Fals
e
p
o
s
itiv
es
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
s
ess
io
n
s
th
at
wer
e
f
lag
g
ed
b
u
t
n
o
t
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
v
io
latio
n
s
a
f
ter
au
d
itin
g
.
R
ev
er
s
al
a
f
ter
a
u
d
it
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
to
t
h
e
o
v
er
tu
r
n
in
g
o
f
in
itial
ju
d
g
m
e
n
ts
af
ter
au
d
itin
g
.
A
g
r
ee
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
r
ater
s
o
n
f
la
g
g
ed
s
ess
io
n
s
was
as
s
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
C
o
h
en
’
s
k
a
p
p
a
co
e
f
f
icie
n
t w
ith
a
9
5
% c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
in
te
r
v
al
(
C
I
)
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
iv
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
an
d
ac
c
ep
tan
ce
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
wer
e
a
cc
ep
tan
ce
,
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
ju
s
tice,
tr
u
s
t,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
an
d
p
r
iv
a
cy
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
r
ated
u
s
in
g
item
s
o
n
a
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
o
f
1
–
5
,
an
d
th
e
s
ca
le
s
co
r
es
wer
e
av
er
ag
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
-
j
u
s
tice
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
p
r
io
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
r
esear
ch
.
C
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
was
estab
li
s
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ali
g
n
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
item
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
an
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
ts
.
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
i
n
clu
d
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
r
atio
n
ale
s
tatem
en
ts
g
en
er
ated
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
all
f
lag
g
ed
s
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tatem
en
ts
wer
e
co
d
ed
u
s
in
g
a
d
ir
ec
ted
co
d
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
r
u
b
r
ic
a
n
d
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ev
id
e
n
ce
p
ac
k
ag
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
0
6
8
-
4079
4072
T
h
e
co
d
in
g
s
ch
em
e
in
clu
d
e
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
tim
eli
n
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
c
e
in
lo
g
s
,
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
to
ev
id
e
n
ce
,
tim
estam
p
ed
s
tatem
en
ts
,
an
d
in
teg
r
ity
cr
iter
ia
s
u
ch
as
h
ash
in
g
o
r
led
g
er
c
h
ec
k
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
lin
k
ag
e
b
etwe
en
cited
ev
id
e
n
ce
an
d
th
e
f
in
al
d
ec
is
io
n
was
ex
p
licitly
c
o
d
ed
.
C
o
d
in
g
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
d
ec
is
io
n
s
wer
e
ju
s
tifie
d
an
d
h
o
w
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
v
ar
ied
b
etwe
en
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
in
ter
p
r
et
q
u
an
titativ
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
n
a
m
ec
h
an
is
tic
b
asis
.
All
co
d
in
g
ca
teg
o
r
ies
wer
e
d
ef
in
ed
p
r
io
r
to
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
an
c
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts m
ea
s
u
r
ed
q
u
an
tit
ativ
ely
.
2
.
5
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
et
hics
B
in
a
r
y
s
ess
i
o
n
r
es
u
lts
w
er
e
a
n
al
y
ze
d
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
es
b
e
twe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
v
ia
P
ea
r
s
o
n
c
h
i
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
t
ests
.
W
h
e
n
co
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
f
la
g
g
e
d
s
u
b
s
ets
w
h
e
r
e
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ell
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o
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n
ts
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er
e
e
x
p
ec
te
d
t
o
b
e
lo
w,
Fis
h
e
r
’
s
e
x
a
ct
test
s
we
r
e
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
al
o
n
g
wit
h
o
d
d
s
r
a
tio
s
wit
h
9
5
%
CI
.
T
h
e
tim
e
-
to
-
a
u
d
it
(
T
T
A
)
v
ar
i
a
b
le
was
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
wit
h
th
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
it
n
e
y
U
test
s
i
n
ce
its
v
a
lu
es
a
r
e
s
k
ewe
d
,
a
n
at
u
r
al
c
h
a
r
a
cte
r
is
tic
o
f
s
u
c
h
d
u
r
ati
o
n
v
a
r
i
ab
les;
th
e
r
a
n
k
-
b
is
er
ial
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
tatis
tic
was
r
ep
o
r
te
d
as
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize.
Su
r
v
ey
d
if
f
er
e
n
c
es
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
b
y
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
les
t
-
test
s
u
s
in
g
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
.
T
wo
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t m
o
d
el
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
f
air
n
ess
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
a
n
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
co
n
ce
r
n
o
n
tr
u
s
t,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
el
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
tr
u
s
t,
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
f
a
ir
n
ess
,
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
o
n
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
Stan
d
ar
d
ized
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
an
d
m
o
d
el
R
-
s
q
u
ar
e
d
v
alu
es
we
r
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
,
an
d
m
u
ltico
llin
e
ar
ity
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
v
ar
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
a
lo
w
-
s
tak
es
test
-
co
u
r
s
e
ex
am
co
n
tex
t,
an
d
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
c
o
n
s
en
t,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
,
a
n
d
with
d
r
a
wal
was
p
o
s
s
ib
le
at
an
y
tim
e
with
o
u
t
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
c
es.
Ses
s
io
n
lo
g
s
an
d
m
eta
d
ata
co
n
tain
ed
n
o
d
ir
ec
t
i
d
en
tifi
er
s
,
an
d
en
cr
y
p
te
d
s
cr
ee
n
s
h
o
ts
wer
e
s
to
r
ed
o
f
f
-
ch
ain
with
r
estricte
d
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
wer
e
u
s
ed
o
n
ly
f
o
r
au
d
it
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
On
ly
non
-
id
e
n
tify
in
g
in
teg
r
ity
m
etad
ata
wer
e
an
ch
o
r
ed
o
n
-
ch
ai
n
,
an
d
r
esu
lts
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
i
n
ag
g
r
e
g
ate.
T
h
ese
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
s
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
m
in
im
ize
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
wh
il
e
en
ab
lin
g
v
er
if
ia
b
le
ev
id
en
ce
h
an
d
lin
g
an
d
au
d
it
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
esear
ch
was
d
e
-
id
en
tifie
d
an
d
co
n
d
u
cted
u
n
d
er
lo
w
-
s
tak
es
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
er
e
g
r
ad
es
wer
e
n
o
t
af
f
ec
ted
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
cla
s
s
if
ied
a
s
an
i
n
ter
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
an
d
f
o
r
m
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
eth
ics ap
p
r
o
v
al
was n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
u
n
d
er
ap
p
licab
le
g
u
id
elin
es.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Q
ua
ntit
a
t
iv
e
re
s
ults
A
to
tal
o
f
1
6
0
m
o
ck
-
ex
am
s
ess
io
n
s
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
(
C
G=
8
0
,
E
G=
8
0
)
.
T
h
e
au
to
m
ated
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
f
lag
g
ed
2
9
s
ess
io
n
s
in
C
G
(
3
6
.
3
%)
an
d
2
7
s
ess
io
n
s
in
E
G
(
3
3
.
8
%),
with
n
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
f
lag
g
in
g
r
ates
(
χ²=
0
.
0
2
7
,
p
=
0
.
8
6
8
)
.
I
n
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
wo
r
k
f
lo
w,
led
g
er
an
ch
o
r
in
g
was
ap
p
lied
to
all
s
ess
io
n
s
an
d
h
ash
-
b
ased
v
er
if
icatio
n
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
in
7
9
/8
0
s
ess
io
n
s
(
9
8
.
8
%),
with
o
n
e
m
is
m
atch
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
T
h
ese
in
itial
s
ess
io
n
-
lev
el
in
t
eg
r
ity
a
n
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
u
tco
m
e
s
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
at
io
n
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
au
d
itab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
,
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
Au
d
itab
ilit
y
(
a
f
u
ll,
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
c
tab
le
ev
id
en
ce
s
et)
was
8
3
.
8
%
in
C
G
an
d
9
6
.
3
%
in
th
e
E
G,
s
h
o
win
g
a
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
χ²=
6
.
9
4
4
,
p
=0
.
0
0
8
;
r
elativ
e
r
is
k
(
R
R
)
=1
.
1
5
;
C
r
am
ér
’
s
V=
0
.
2
0
8
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
was
co
m
p
lete
(
h
ad
all
f
ield
s
as
d
ef
in
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
to
c
o
l)
was
8
6
.
3
%
in
th
e
C
G
an
d
9
3
.
8
%
in
th
e
E
G
an
d
t
h
er
e
wer
e
n
o
g
r
o
u
p
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
(
χ²=
2
.
5
0
0
,
p
=0
.
1
1
;
R
R
=1
.
0
9
;
V=
0
.
1
2
5
)
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
en
ab
led
s
y
s
tem
in
p
r
eser
v
in
g
a
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
s
et
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
au
d
itab
ilit
y
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
-
co
m
p
leten
ess
o
u
tc
o
m
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
C
G
an
d
E
G.
T
h
is
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
co
n
f
ir
m
s
t
h
at
th
e
E
G
ac
h
iev
e
d
s
u
p
er
io
r
r
esu
lts
in
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
a
v
er
if
iab
le
e
v
id
en
ce
c
h
ain
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
b
aselin
e
lo
g
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
tim
e
to
a
u
d
it
(
in
m
in
u
te
s
)
was
d
ef
in
e
d
as
a
n
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
im
e
to
au
d
it
was
ev
alu
ated
a
t
th
e
s
ess
io
n
lev
el
(
n
=
1
6
0
)
,
wi
th
a
m
ed
ia
n
tim
e
to
au
d
it
b
ein
g
1
8
.
6
m
i
n
u
tes
f
o
r
th
e
C
G
an
d
1
1
.
7
m
in
u
tes
f
o
r
t
h
e
E
G
(
m
ea
n
s
=1
9
.
4
0
m
in
v
s
1
2
.
4
3
m
in
)
.
A
n
a
n
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
U
-
test
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
av
er
ag
e
au
d
it
tim
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
wo
r
k
f
l
o
w
(
p
<0
.
0
0
1
;
U=
5
8
4
9
;
r
(
r
b
)
=−
0
.
8
2
8
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
au
d
it
d
u
r
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
h
o
r
ter
r
ev
iew
tim
es in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
al
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ses
s
io
n
-
lev
el
in
teg
r
it
y
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
u
tco
m
es (
N
=1
6
0
)
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
C
G
(
n
=
8
0
)
EG
(
n
=
8
0
)
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
p
Ef
f
e
c
t
F
l
a
g
g
e
d
sess
i
o
n
s
2
9
(
3
6
.
3
%)
2
7
(
3
3
.
8
%)
χ
²=0
.
0
2
7
0
.
8
6
8
V=
0
.
0
2
6
A
u
d
i
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
6
7
(
8
3
.
8
%)
7
7
(
9
6
.
3
%)
χ
²=6
.
9
4
4
0
.
0
0
8
R
R
=
1
.
1
5
;
V
=
0
.
2
0
8
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
c
o
mp
l
e
t
e
n
e
ss
6
9
(
8
6
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3
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7
5
(
9
3
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8
%)
χ
²=2
.
5
0
0
0
.
1
1
4
R
R
=
1
.
0
9
;
V
=
0
.
1
2
5
H
a
sh
v
e
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
s
s
(
EG
o
n
l
y
)
—
7
9
(
9
8
.
8
%)
—
—
—
TTA
(
mi
n
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M
e
d
i
a
n
1
8
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6
;
m
e
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n
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4
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M
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d
i
a
n
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1
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7
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e
a
n
1
2
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4
3
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8
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9
<
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.
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0
1
r
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r
b
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−
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.
8
2
8
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Fig
u
r
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2
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Au
d
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ilit
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an
d
e
v
i
d
en
ce
co
m
p
leten
ess
b
y
g
r
o
u
p
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dis
tr
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u
tio
n
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f
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b
y
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r
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p
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h
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in
d
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in
g
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u
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E
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7
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,
wh
e
r
e
a
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
ty
r
ev
iewe
r
p
lay
ed
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
t
r
u
th
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
et
h
er
a
f
lag
h
ad
b
ee
n
co
r
r
ec
tly
ap
p
lied
.
I
n
th
e
C
G,
th
e
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
ate
was
2
4
.
1
%,
wh
er
ea
s
in
th
e
E
G,
it
w
as
1
4
.
8
%.
Fis
h
er
’
s
ex
ac
t
test
f
ailed
to
d
etec
t
an
y
s
tatis
tical
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
p
-
v
alu
e=
0
.
5
0
6
,
o
d
d
s
r
atio
=1
.
8
3
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
4
7
,
7
.
1
3
]
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
e
v
er
s
als
o
f
f
air
n
ess
d
ec
is
io
n
s
af
ter
au
d
itin
g
h
ap
p
en
ed
i
n
a
n
eq
u
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ess
io
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
C
G=
3
.
4
5
%
v
s
.
E
G=
3
.
7
0
%),
as
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
Fis
h
er
’
s
ex
ac
t
test
(
p
=1
.
0
0
0
)
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
in
te
r
-
r
ater
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
v
er
y
h
ig
h
wh
e
n
m
a
k
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
f
lag
g
e
d
s
ess
io
n
s
(
C
o
h
en
’
s
κ=
0
.
8
4
6
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
6
7
9
,
1
.
0
0
0
]
)
.
Ult
im
ately
,
th
ese
s
tab
le
m
etr
ics
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
at
th
e
r
ev
iewe
r
s
ev
alu
ated
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
with
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
o
b
jectiv
ity
.
Of
u
tm
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
is
th
a
t
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
i
n
au
d
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
id
n
o
t
lead
to
an
y
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
es
in
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fair
n
ess
o
f
o
u
tco
m
es
was
s
im
ilar
f
o
r
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
er
e
was
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
r
an
g
e
in
th
e
o
d
d
s
r
atio
s
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
u
s
ed
d
id
n
o
t
af
f
o
r
d
s
u
f
f
icien
t
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
an
d
th
at
s
m
all
-
to
-
m
o
d
er
ate
d
is
cr
ep
an
ci
es
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
f
alse
-
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
atin
g
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ex
cl
u
d
ed
.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
an
aly
s
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
id
n
o
t
cr
ea
te
an
y
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
in
s
tab
ilit
ies
in
th
e
r
ev
iewe
r
s
’
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
.
Deta
iled
f
air
n
ess
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Fair
n
ess
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
tab
ilit
y
(
f
lag
g
ed
s
u
b
s
et,
n
=5
6
)
M
e
t
r
i
c
C
G
(
n
=
2
9
)
EG
(
n
=
2
7
)
Te
st
p
Ef
f
e
c
t
F
a
l
se
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
s
7
(
2
4
.
1
%)
4
(
1
4
.
8
%)
F
i
sh
e
r
0
.
5
0
6
O
R
=
1
.
8
3
;
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
4
7
,
7
.
1
3
]
R
e
v
e
r
sa
l
a
f
t
e
r
a
u
d
i
t
1
(
3
.
4
5
%)
1
(
3
.
7
0
%)
F
i
sh
e
r
1
.
0
0
0
—
I
n
t
e
r
-
r
a
t
e
r
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
—
—
κ=
0
.
8
4
6
—
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
6
7
9
,
1
.
0
0
0
]
Su
r
v
ey
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
1
3
8
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
C
G
=6
8
,
E
G=
7
0
)
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
was
ac
ce
p
tab
le
to
ex
ce
llen
t
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
r
a
n
g
e
0
.
7
7
6
–
0
.
9
0
1
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
s
co
r
es
u
s
ed
in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
an
aly
s
es.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
a
b
le
3
,
wh
ich
r
ep
o
r
ts
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
-
s
am
p
les
t
-
test
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
f
air
n
ess
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
tr
u
s
t,
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
an
d
p
r
i
v
ac
y
co
n
ce
r
n
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
E
G
r
e
p
o
r
ted
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
f
air
n
ess
(
t=−
4
.
8
4
7
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
(
t=−
3
.
1
1
1
,
p
=0
.
0
0
2
)
,
tr
u
s
t
(
t=−
4
.
9
6
3
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
an
d
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
(
t=−
4
.
5
0
5
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
C
G.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
es
o
f
th
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
p
r
ac
tically
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l:
th
e
E
G
m
ea
n
s
ex
ce
ed
ed
C
G
b
y
0
.
6
4
–
1
.
0
1
p
o
in
ts
o
n
a
1
–
5
s
ca
le
ac
r
o
s
s
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
in
d
icatin
g
a
b
r
o
a
d
s
h
if
t
in
p
er
ce
iv
ed
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
q
u
ality
r
ath
er
th
a
n
an
is
o
lated
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
a
s
in
g
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
a
s
t,
p
r
iv
ac
y
co
n
ce
r
n
d
id
n
o
t
d
if
f
er
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
b
etwe
en
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
t=1
.
3
9
1
,
p
=0
.
1
6
7
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ev
id
e
n
ce
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
an
d
au
d
it
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
id
n
o
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
in
th
is
lo
w
-
s
tak
es
s
ettin
g
.
T
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
p
a
th
way
,
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
w
er
e
ev
alu
ated
,
an
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
els
wer
e
esti
m
ated
lin
k
i
n
g
f
air
n
ess
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
to
tr
u
s
t,
a
n
d
tr
u
s
t
to
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
in
T
a
b
le
4
,
wh
ich
p
r
esen
ts
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
an
d
m
o
d
el
f
it
in
d
ices
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
o
d
els.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
els
wer
e
esti
m
ated
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
am
p
le
(
N=
1
3
8
)
an
d
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
0
6
8
-
4079
4074
T
ab
le
3
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
-
r
elev
an
t p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
(
L
ik
er
t scale
1
–
5)
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
α
C
G
(
n
=
6
8
)
M
±
S
D
EG
(
n
=
7
0
)
M
±
S
D
t
p
P
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
a
l
f
a
i
r
n
e
ss
0
.
8
5
2
2
.
8
2
±
0
.
9
7
3
.
6
6
±
1
.
0
7
−
4
.
8
4
7
<
0
.
0
0
1
Tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
0
.
8
3
6
2
.
8
0
±
1
.
2
0
3
.
4
4
±
1
.
2
1
−
3
.
1
1
1
0
.
0
0
2
Tr
u
st
0
.
8
8
5
2
.
6
7
±
1
.
2
0
3
.
6
8
±
1
.
2
0
−
4
.
9
6
3
<
0
.
0
0
1
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
0
.
9
0
1
2
.
5
3
±
1
.
4
3
3
.
5
8
±
1
.
3
1
−
4
.
5
0
5
<
0
.
0
0
1
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
0
.
7
7
6
3
.
0
1
±
1
.
0
2
2
.
7
7
±
1
.
0
4
1
.
3
9
1
0
.
1
6
7
T
ab
le
4
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
els (
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
β)
M
o
d
e
l
D
V
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
β
p
R²
Tr
u
st
P
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
a
l
f
a
i
r
n
e
ss
0
.
4
1
3
<
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
3
6
2
Tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
0
.
3
5
7
<
0
.
0
0
1
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
0
.
0
6
2
0
.
3
8
1
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
Tr
u
st
0
.
5
6
2
<
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
4
3
6
P
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
a
l
f
a
i
r
n
e
ss
0
.
1
4
3
0
.
0
5
8
Tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
0
.
0
3
5
0
.
6
3
7
3
.
2
.
Q
ua
lit
a
t
iv
e
re
s
ults
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
r
e
v
iewe
r
r
atio
n
al
e
n
o
tes
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
au
d
its
o
f
all
f
lag
g
ed
s
ess
io
n
s
(
n
=5
6
;
C
G=
2
9
,
E
G=
2
7
)
.
No
tes
wer
e
co
d
ed
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
e
-
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
ch
e
m
e
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
r
u
b
r
ic
an
d
ev
i
d
e
n
ce
p
ac
k
ag
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
co
v
er
in
g
:
tim
elin
e
co
h
er
en
ce
,
lo
g
alig
n
m
en
t,
ex
p
licit
ev
id
en
ce
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
,
tim
estam
p
an
ch
o
r
in
g
,
in
teg
r
ity
-
m
ar
k
er
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
(
h
ash
/led
g
er
)
,
a
n
d
ex
p
licit
lin
k
ag
e
b
etwe
en
ev
id
en
ce
an
d
f
in
al
d
ec
is
io
n
.
C
o
d
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
5
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
q
u
alitativ
e
in
s
ig
h
t in
to
h
o
w
r
e
v
iewe
r
s
ju
s
tifie
d
au
d
it d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
ev
id
e
n
ce
ar
tifa
c
ts
,
an
d
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
two
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
d
e
d
r
ev
iewe
r
r
atio
n
ale
f
ea
tu
r
es b
y
g
r
o
u
p
(
f
lag
g
e
d
s
u
b
s
et,
n
=5
6
)
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
i
n
r
e
v
i
e
w
e
r
n
o
t
e
s
C
G
(
n
=
2
9
)
EG
(
n
=
2
7
)
Ti
me
l
i
n
e
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
d
26
26
Lo
g
a
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
d
24
25
Ex
p
l
i
c
i
t
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
t
r
a
c
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
16
25
Ti
mes
t
a
m
p
a
n
c
h
o
r
i
n
g
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
d
0
23
H
a
sh
/
l
e
d
g
e
r
i
n
t
e
g
r
i
t
y
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
d
0
21
Ex
p
l
i
c
i
t
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
-
to
-
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
l
i
n
k
a
g
e
16
26
Acr
o
s
s
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
r
e
v
iewe
r
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
elied
o
n
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
ch
r
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
n
a
r
r
ativ
e
o
f
lear
n
er
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
ch
ec
k
in
g
th
at
n
ar
r
ativ
e
a
g
ain
s
t
s
y
s
tem
lo
g
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
tim
e
lin
e
co
h
er
en
ce
an
d
lo
g
alig
n
m
e
n
t
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
cu
es.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
n
o
tes
f
r
o
m
E
G
wer
e
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
ex
p
licitly
ev
id
en
tiar
y
ter
m
s
(
e.
g
.
,
r
ef
e
r
r
in
g
to
tr
ac
ea
b
le
ar
tifa
cts
o
r
an
ch
o
r
ed
tim
estam
p
s
)
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
ev
i
d
en
ce
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
in
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
wo
r
k
f
lo
w.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
h
ig
h
er
au
d
itab
ilit
y
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
E
G
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
lau
s
ib
le
q
u
alitativ
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
g
ai
n
s
.
R
atio
n
ales
in
C
G,
ten
d
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
le
m
is
co
n
d
u
ct
at
a
g
en
er
al
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
lev
el
(
i.e
.
,
u
n
u
s
u
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
;
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies)
wh
er
ea
s
,
in
E
G
r
atio
n
ales
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
e
x
p
licit
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
to
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
iece
s
o
f
ev
i
d
en
c
e
an
d
a
m
o
r
e
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
ev
id
en
ce
t
o
in
te
r
p
r
etatio
n
to
f
i
n
al
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
.
As
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
p
atter
n
u
s
ed
with
in
th
e
E
G,
th
er
e
is
a
g
r
ea
ter
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
r
e
f
er
en
ce
to
t
h
e
ev
id
en
ce
cited
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
m
a
d
e
b
ased
u
p
o
n
t
h
at
ev
id
en
ce
,
in
th
e
E
G;
th
u
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
E
G
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
o
th
a
m
o
r
e
r
ap
id
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
well
as
m
o
r
e
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
ju
s
t
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
v
iewe
r
’
s
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
ev
ie
wer
co
m
m
e
n
ts
also
in
d
icate
d
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
q
u
alitati
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
am
b
ig
u
ity
.
T
h
e
am
b
ig
u
ity
in
ca
s
es
r
ev
iewe
d
in
C
G
was
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
r
eso
lv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
an
u
al
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
a
v
ailab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
/o
r
a
b
ac
k
-
an
d
-
f
o
r
th
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
all
av
ailab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Am
b
ig
u
ity
in
ca
s
es
r
ev
iewe
d
in
th
e
E
G,
was
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
r
eso
lv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
te
g
r
ity
m
ar
k
er
s
an
d
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
e
v
id
en
c
e
p
ac
k
ag
e,
wh
ich
f
ac
ilit
ated
ex
p
ed
ited
co
n
f
ir
m
a
tio
n
o
f
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ev
id
en
ce
ar
tifa
cts
e
x
is
ted
,
w
er
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
an
d
co
m
p
lete.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alo
n
e
d
o
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
ca
u
s
ality
,
h
o
wev
er
,
wh
en
co
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
ey
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
E
G
was
en
h
an
ce
d
ev
id
en
ce
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
an
d
v
e
r
if
iab
ilit
y
,
r
ath
er
th
an
a
n
y
ch
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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N:
2252
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8
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2
2
E
va
lu
a
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r
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n
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A
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4075
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
Un
lik
e
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
av
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
“
d
e
tectio
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cu
r
ac
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asp
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
em
o
te
p
r
o
cto
r
i
n
g
d
eb
ate,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
a
b
r
o
ad
er
s
cien
tific
q
u
esti
o
n
:
wh
eth
er
a
v
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if
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l
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v
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lay
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s
p
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ap
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s
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f
in
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m
th
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itima
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cr
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u
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ated
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ase
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o
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t
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er
in
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e
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th
r
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ld
.
T
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r
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lts
also
r
eso
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ate
with
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Un
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Nat
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s
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d
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itima
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u
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ess
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en
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.
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wh
eth
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s
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p
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ted
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ea
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en
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o
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p
a
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g
in
g
.
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h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
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e
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n
d
a
n
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ly
tically
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ce
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r
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th
at
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th
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m
o
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f
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et
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ea
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g
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ter
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al
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ar
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o
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ld
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ec
o
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tr
u
ct
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ll
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ce
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et
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u
t
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ely
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g
s
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lely
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n
p
latf
o
r
m
tr
u
s
t.
T
h
is
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
cr
itiq
u
es
o
f
r
e
m
o
te
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r
o
cto
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ig
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h
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th
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itima
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r
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k
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wn
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o
t
a
t
th
e
m
o
m
en
t
o
f
f
lag
g
in
g
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b
u
t
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
p
u
tes,
ap
p
ea
ls
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an
d
escalatio
n
s
,
wh
en
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is
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n
s
m
u
s
t b
e
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r
ly
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p
l
ain
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d
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en
d
ed
.
Seco
n
d
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t
h
e
n
ea
r
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n
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al
h
ash
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er
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ic
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u
cc
ess
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ate
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th
e
E
G
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e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
ac
t
ical
v
alu
e
o
f
a
T
E
L
:
t
h
e
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
ev
id
e
n
ce
b
u
n
d
les
ca
n
b
e
v
er
if
ied
af
ter
th
e
f
ac
t u
s
in
g
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
,
with
o
u
t sto
r
in
g
s
en
s
itiv
e
co
n
ten
t o
n
-
c
h
ain
.
T
o
g
et
h
er
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
au
d
itab
ilit
y
an
d
T
E
L
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
r
e
d
u
ce
r
elian
ce
o
n
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
as
th
e
s
in
g
le
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
tr
u
th
b
y
a
d
d
i
n
g
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t,
v
er
if
iab
le
in
teg
r
it
y
lay
er
to
th
e
au
d
it p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
R
Q2
ex
am
in
ed
wh
eth
er
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
es
with
o
u
t
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
air
n
ess
r
is
k
s
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
f
i
n
d
in
g
was
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
TTA
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
e
v
id
en
ce
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ev
iewe
r
e
f
f
o
r
t
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
f
o
r
ev
i
d
en
ce
r
e
tr
iev
al,
r
ec
o
n
ciliatio
n
,
an
d
r
es
o
lv
in
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
.
I
n
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
ter
m
s
,
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
wo
r
k
lo
ad
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
au
d
it
p
h
ase.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
th
is
r
ed
u
ctio
n
r
e
f
lects
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
s
h
if
t
ac
r
o
s
s
ca
s
es
r
ath
er
th
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
ex
tr
em
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
o
u
tin
e
r
ev
iewe
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
r
ath
er
th
an
s
im
p
l
y
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
ea
s
ier
r
ev
iews.
F
air
n
ess
o
u
tco
m
es
with
in
th
e
f
l
ag
g
ed
s
u
b
s
et
d
id
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
s
ta
tis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
[
2
7
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
wid
e
CI
in
d
icate
s
lim
ited
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
m
ea
n
in
g
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
is
n
o
t
th
at
f
air
n
ess
is
id
en
tical,
b
u
t
th
at
n
o
f
air
n
ess
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
was
d
etec
ted
at
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
an
d
s
m
all
-
to
-
m
o
d
er
ate
ef
f
ec
ts
r
em
ain
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
ass
es
s
m
en
t
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
r
esear
ch
,
wh
er
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
f
ir
m
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
r
is
k
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
ates
ar
e
ev
a
lu
ated
o
n
ly
with
in
f
lag
g
ed
ca
s
es
[
2
8
]
.
Fro
m
a
r
i
s
k
-
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
s
tab
le
f
lag
g
in
g
r
ates,
s
tr
o
n
g
r
e
v
iewe
r
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
,
an
d
n
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
es
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
ev
id
en
ce
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
e
f
f
icien
cy
with
o
u
t
d
estab
ilizin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
is
ef
f
icien
cy
g
a
in
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
co
n
d
u
ct
s
ca
lab
le
au
d
it o
v
er
s
ig
h
t w
ith
o
u
t p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
wo
r
k
lo
a
d
.
R
Q
3
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
w
h
et
h
e
r
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
a
l
f
a
i
r
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
cy
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
t
r
u
s
t
,
a
n
d
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
r
u
s
t
p
r
e
d
i
c
ts
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
n
ti
o
n
t
o
u
s
e
.
R
e
s
u
lt
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
p
a
t
h
w
ay
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
f
a
i
r
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
i
n
t
h
e
E
G
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
t
r
u
s
t
i
n
t
h
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
t
u
r
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
es
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
.
R
e
g
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
f
a
i
r
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
p
r
e
d
ic
t
t
r
u
s
t
,
a
n
d
t
r
u
s
t
p
r
e
d
i
ct
s
ac
c
ep
t
a
n
c
e
,
w
h
i
l
e
f
ai
r
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
l
o
s
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
we
r
o
n
c
e
t
r
u
s
t
is
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
,
i
n
d
i
c
at
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
t
r
u
s
t
m
e
d
i
a
t
es
a
c
ce
p
t
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
i
s
is
co
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
p
r
i
o
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
at
p
e
r
c
ei
v
ed
l
e
g
i
t
i
m
a
c
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
a
l
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
d
r
i
v
e
a
c
c
e
p
ta
n
c
e
o
f
e
d
u
c
at
i
o
n
a
l
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
p
r
iv
ac
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
v
er
if
iab
le
ev
id
e
n
ce
an
d
d
ata
m
in
im
izatio
n
ca
n
in
c
r
ea
s
e
leg
itima
cy
with
o
u
t in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
p
r
i
v
a
cy
r
is
k
s
[
2
9
]
.
Qu
alitativ
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
clar
i
f
y
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
E
G
r
ev
iewe
r
s
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
s
p
ec
if
i
c
ev
id
en
c
e
ar
tifa
cts,
in
teg
r
ity
m
a
r
k
er
s
,
an
d
ex
p
licit
ev
id
en
ce
-
to
-
d
ec
i
s
io
n
lin
k
ag
e,
wh
ile
C
G
r
ati
o
n
ales
wer
e
m
o
r
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
an
u
al
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ev
id
e
n
ce
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
an
d
T
E
L
cu
es
r
ed
u
ce
co
g
n
itiv
e
ef
f
o
r
t,
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
clea
r
er
j
u
s
tific
atio
n
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
am
p
er
-
ev
i
d
en
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
er
ef
o
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
as
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
tr
o
ls
b
u
t
also
as
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
to
o
ls
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
r
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
s
i
s
ten
cy
.
T
h
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
im
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
is
th
at
r
em
o
te
p
r
o
cto
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tr
ea
ted
as
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ath
er
th
an
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
to
o
ls
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
at
le
g
itima
cy
in
o
n
lin
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
v
e
r
if
iab
le,
au
d
itab
le
d
ec
is
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
r
ath
er
th
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
Pro
v
id
in
g
a
v
er
if
iab
le
ev
id
e
n
ce
ch
ain
r
e
d
u
ce
s
asy
m
m
etr
y
b
etwe
en
in
s
titu
tio
n
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
an
d
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
es
th
e
“
b
lack
b
o
x
”
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
ass
ess
m
en
t
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
.
Fro
m
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
p
er
atio
n
a
lizes
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
:
au
d
itab
ilit
y
,
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
v
er
if
iab
ilit
y
.
E
x
ten
d
in
g
p
r
i
o
r
wo
r
k
o
n
r
e
m
o
te
p
r
o
cto
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
t
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
[
6
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
f
air
n
ess
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
c
an
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
v
id
en
ce
d
esig
n
r
ath
e
r
th
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
r
esu
lts
f
u
r
th
er
clar
if
y
th
at
tr
u
s
t
m
ed
iates
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
q
u
ality
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
0
6
8
-
4079
4076
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
Fro
m
a
p
r
ac
tical
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w
r
ed
u
ce
d
TTA
b
y
3
7
%
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tab
le
f
air
n
ess
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
n
o
t
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
co
n
c
er
n
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ev
id
e
n
ce
an
d
in
teg
r
ity
m
ar
k
er
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
with
o
u
t
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
is
k
s
an
d
with
o
u
t
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
.
I
n
li
n
e
with
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
b
y
Ma
p
h
alala
an
d
Nk
o
s
i
[
3
1
]
,
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
s
ca
le
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t w
h
ile
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
leg
i
tim
ac
y
,
with
o
u
t in
ten
s
if
y
i
n
g
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
in
th
r
ee
co
n
cr
ete
wa
y
s
.
First,
it
o
p
er
a
tio
n
alize
s
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
o
u
tco
m
es
th
at
ar
e
o
f
ten
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
u
t
r
ar
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
a
s
in
g
le
d
esig
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
au
d
itab
ilit
y
,
ev
id
en
ce
co
m
p
leten
ess
,
tam
p
er
-
ev
id
e
n
t
v
er
if
icatio
n
,
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
is
k
,
r
ev
er
s
al
s
ta
b
ilit
y
,
r
ev
iewe
r
ag
r
ee
m
en
t,
T
T
A,
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
ilo
t
tem
p
late
th
at
is
o
lates
ev
id
en
ce
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
f
r
o
m
d
etec
tio
n
ch
an
g
es
b
y
h
o
ld
in
g
th
e
f
la
g
g
i
n
g
lo
g
ic
an
d
r
u
b
r
ic
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
ir
d
,
it
o
f
f
er
s
a
d
esig
n
im
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tice:
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
tr
ea
t
ev
i
d
en
c
e
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
,
in
teg
r
ity
an
ch
o
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
t
r
ac
ea
b
le
d
ec
is
io
n
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
as
a
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
o
f
r
e
m
o
te
p
r
o
cto
r
in
g
,
r
ath
e
r
th
an
tr
ea
tin
g
r
em
o
te
p
r
o
ct
o
r
in
g
p
u
r
e
ly
as
a
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
.
Sev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
licitly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
.
Fir
s
t,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
a
lo
w
-
s
tak
es
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
co
n
tex
t,
wh
ich
m
ay
lim
it
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
h
ig
h
-
s
tak
es
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
in
ce
n
tiv
es
f
o
r
ac
ad
e
m
ic
m
is
co
n
d
u
ct
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
a
n
d
au
d
it
ca
s
es
m
ay
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
I
T
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
wh
o
ar
e
lik
ely
to
p
o
s
s
es
s
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
;
th
is
m
ay
h
av
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
o
th
th
eir
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
f
air
n
ess
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
cy
.
T
h
ir
d
,
r
ev
iewe
r
s
w
er
e
n
o
t
b
lin
d
ed
to
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
u
e
to
in
ter
f
ac
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
,
wh
ich
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
b
ias
in
au
d
it
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
F
o
u
r
t
h
,
f
a
i
r
n
e
s
s
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
w
e
r
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
te
d
o
n
l
y
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
f
l
a
g
g
e
d
s
u
b
s
e
t
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
ti
v
e
l
y
s
m
a
l
l
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
a
s
es
r
e
s
u
l
t
e
d
in
w
i
d
e
CI
,
l
i
m
it
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
e
c
is
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
es
t
i
m
a
t
es
.
F
i
n
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
a
p
i
l
o
t
-
s
ca
l
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
s
t
a
ti
s
t
i
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
f
o
r
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
n
g
s
m
al
l
e
r
e
f
f
e
ct
s
,
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
i
n
f
a
i
r
n
e
s
s
-
r
e
l
at
e
d
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
ad
d
r
es
s
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
b
y
r
ep
licat
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
h
ig
h
-
s
tak
es
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
r
e
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
is
cip
lin
es
with
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
.
L
ar
g
e
r
-
s
ca
le
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
f
air
n
ess
esti
m
a
tes
an
d
to
ex
am
in
e
p
o
ten
tial
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
es
an
d
ap
p
ea
l
o
u
tco
m
es.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
wo
u
l
d
b
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
alu
ab
l
e
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
wh
eth
er
v
er
if
iab
le
ev
id
en
ce
wo
r
k
f
lo
ws
r
ed
u
ce
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
is
p
u
te
r
ates
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ef
f
icien
cy
g
ain
s
o
v
er
tim
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
g
o
v
e
r
n
an
ce
-
o
r
ien
te
d
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
with
ex
is
tin
g
p
r
o
ct
o
r
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es
an
d
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
e
v
id
en
ce
g
r
an
u
lar
ity
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
a
f
f
ec
t u
s
er
tr
u
s
t a
n
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
-
b
ased
ev
id
en
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
in
o
n
lin
e
test
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
ass
ess
m
en
t
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
.
Fr
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
g
en
er
ated
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
s
y
s
te
m
s
ca
n
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
lack
o
f
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
cy
i
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
.
I
n
an
s
wer
in
g
R
Q1
an
d
R
Q2
,
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
led
to
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
s
es
s
io
n
au
d
itab
ilit
y
b
y
1
2
.
5
%
(
to
9
6
.
3
%)
an
d
a
r
e
d
u
c
tio
n
in
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
au
d
its
b
y
3
7
%.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
d
r
iv
en
,
ev
i
d
en
ce
-
g
o
v
er
n
e
d
,
a
n
d
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ically
v
alid
ated
a
u
d
itin
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
o
n
au
d
ito
r
s
with
o
u
t
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
R
Q3
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
clea
r
lin
k
b
et
wee
n
v
er
if
iab
ilit
y
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
leg
itima
cy
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
EG
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
etter
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
with
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
ju
s
tice
an
d
f
air
n
ess
.
T
h
u
s
,
an
ac
co
u
n
tab
le
d
ig
ital
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
ex
p
ec
ted
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
d
is
tr
u
s
t
to
war
d
o
n
lin
e
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
ese
r
esu
lts
lies
in
th
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
t
h
at
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
in
p
r
o
cto
r
in
g
is
n
o
t a
tech
n
i
ca
l im
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
b
u
t a
p
o
licy
ch
o
ice.
I
t
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
id
e
n
tify
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
as
th
ey
h
elp
to
s
et
th
e
lim
it
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
’
s
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
First,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
lo
w
-
s
tak
es
test
in
g
,
in
wh
ich
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
f
r
au
d
ar
e
less
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
h
ig
h
-
s
tak
es
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
3
7
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
au
d
it
tim
e
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
o
f
twar
e
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
ad
d
r
ess
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
ca
s
es
in
o
th
er
co
n
tex
ts
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
I
T
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
th
u
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
wh
ich
allo
wed
th
em
to
ad
o
p
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
l
y
,
p
o
ten
tially
lim
itin
g
th
e
g
en
e
r
aliza
b
ilit
y
to
g
r
o
u
p
s
with
lo
wer
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ca
l p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
.
Fu
tu
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m
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cr
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s
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-
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Ad
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,
lo
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r
eq
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s
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ec
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m
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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C
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m
all
in
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id
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c
lu
d
ed
in
t
h
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s
tu
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y
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H
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V
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h
e
s
tu
d
y
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co
n
d
u
cted
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
ap
p
licab
le
in
s
titu
tio
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al
p
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n
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al
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eg
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latio
n
s
.
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h
e
r
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ch
was
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r
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ied
o
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t
in
a
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o
w
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s
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tex
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u
s
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d
e
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id
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tifie
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p
latf
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d
ata.
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y
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d
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d
was
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d
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in
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s
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es
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n
tex
t
with
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u
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ac
ad
e
m
ic
o
u
tco
m
es,
f
o
r
m
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
eth
ic
s
ap
p
r
o
v
al
was
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
u
n
d
er
a
p
p
licab
le
g
u
id
elin
es.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
,
a
n
d
with
d
r
awa
l
was
p
o
s
s
ib
le
at
an
y
tim
e.
Data
w
er
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
ag
g
r
e
g
ate
f
o
r
m
with
r
estric
ted
ac
ce
s
s
to
au
d
it
ar
tifa
cts.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
a
v
ailab
l
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
a
u
t
h
o
r
,
[
LS
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
a
b
le
r
eq
u
est.
T
h
e
d
ataset
is
n
o
t
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
b
ec
au
s
e
it
in
clu
d
es
d
e
-
id
e
n
t
if
ied
p
latf
o
r
m
lo
g
s
an
d
en
cr
y
p
ted
a
u
d
it
ar
tifa
cts
t
h
at
m
ay
s
till
ca
r
r
y
a
r
is
k
o
f
r
e
-
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
co
u
ld
r
e
v
e
al
s
y
s
tem
s
ec
u
r
ity
-
r
elev
an
t d
etails if
d
is
clo
s
ed
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
K
.
B
u
t
l
e
r
-
H
e
n
d
e
r
s
o
n
a
n
d
J
.
C
r
a
w
f
o
r
d
,
“
A
s
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
e
x
a
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
s:
a
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
s
c
a
l
a
b
l
e
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
i
t
y
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
9
,
p
.
1
0
4
0
2
4
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
o
m
p
e
d
u
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
4
0
2
4
.
[
2
]
A
.
N
i
g
a
m,
R
.
P
a
sr
i
c
h
a
,
T.
S
i
n
g
h
,
a
n
d
P
.
C
h
u
r
i
,
“
A
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
A
I
-
b
a
sed
p
r
o
c
t
o
r
i
n
g
sy
st
e
ms:
p
a
st
,
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
4
2
1
–
6
4
4
5
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
0
6
3
9
-
021
-
1
0
5
9
7
-
x.
[
3
]
S
.
H
a
n
,
S
.
N
i
k
o
u
,
a
n
d
W
.
Y
.
A
y
e
l
e
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
p
r
o
c
t
o
r
i
n
g
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
sy
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
5
–
2
8
5
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
I
JEM
-
12
-
2
0
2
2
-
0
5
2
2
.
[
4
]
M
.
G
ł
ó
w
c
z
e
w
s
k
i
a
n
d
S
.
B
u
r
d
z
i
e
j
,
“
(
I
n
)
j
u
st
i
c
e
i
n
a
c
a
d
e
mi
a
:
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
a
l
f
a
i
r
n
e
ss
,
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
l
e
g
i
t
i
m
a
c
y
o
f
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
i
e
s,
”
H
i
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
–
1
8
4
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
7
3
4
-
022
-
0
0
9
0
7
-
8.
[
5
]
M
.
S
.
W
a
n
a
s
i
n
g
h
e
-
P
a
s
q
u
a
l
,
“
A
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
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l
o
p
m
e
n
t
g
o
a
l
s
4
a
n
d
1
6
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
r
w
a
r
-
t
o
r
n
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
e
a
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
C
o
l
o
m
b
o
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
u
l
t
i
-
D
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
a
r
y
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
–
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
–
1
4
8
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
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:
1
0
.
4
0
3
8
/
c
j
m
r
.
v
5
i
1
-
2
.
5
7
.
[
6
]
E.
M
a
r
a
n
o
,
P
.
M
.
N
e
w
t
o
n
,
Z.
B
i
r
c
h
,
M
.
C
r
o
o
mb
s,
C
.
G
i
l
b
e
r
t
,
a
n
d
M
.
J
.
D
r
a
p
e
r
,
“
W
h
a
t
i
s
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
o
f
r
e
mo
t
e
p
r
o
c
t
o
r
i
n
g
?
A
p
r
a
g
ma
t
i
c
sc
o
p
i
n
g
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
H
i
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
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