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nd
Resea
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I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
,
p
p
.
4
4
3
5
~
4
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5
5
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ime
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ll
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ss
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g
ra
p
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K
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w
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s
:
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lan
g
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ag
e
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if
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er
e
n
ce
s
Par
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tal
in
v
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m
e
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t
Pre
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m
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T
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
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CC B
Y
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SA
li
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se
.
C
o
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r
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s
p
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A
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So
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Yıld
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Facu
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tio
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n
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Uk
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y
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im
@
u
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co
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Par
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
is
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
v
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r
iab
le
th
at
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
i
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t,
s
o
cial
–
em
o
tio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
I
n
th
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liter
atu
r
e,
it
is
em
p
h
asized
th
at
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
is
n
o
t
a
u
n
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im
e
n
s
io
n
al
co
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s
tr
u
ct.
R
ath
er
,
it
is
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
an
d
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
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s
tr
u
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I
t
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co
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t
c
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m
m
u
n
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(
T
PC
)
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h
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m
e
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ased
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s
u
p
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t
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HB
L
S)
,
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
[
1
]
−
[
3
]
.
Gr
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
B
r
o
n
f
en
b
r
e
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n
er
[
4
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s
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d
ev
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g
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ap
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c
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tr
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T
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n
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n
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er
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th
is
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v
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lv
em
en
t
is
s
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ap
ed
.
T
h
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m
u
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atu
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also
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ig
h
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ass
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m
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t
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p
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in
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Stu
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c
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v
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t
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s
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tal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
4
3
5
-
4455
4436
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
s
ca
les
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
estru
ctu
r
ed
in
T
u
r
k
is
h
an
d
Alb
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ian
s
am
p
les,
th
at
th
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to
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s
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u
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d
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[
5
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,
[
6
]
.
Par
en
tal
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
ex
h
ib
i
ts
a
m
o
r
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co
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u
ctu
r
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
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u
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ltu
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ar
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t
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ativ
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n
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a
g
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p
ar
ticip
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with
in
th
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s
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tly
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lv
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th
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ch
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r
en
’
s
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u
ca
tio
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p
r
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ce
s
s
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T
h
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m
o
th
er
to
n
g
u
e
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m
o
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th
an
m
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ely
a
m
ea
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s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
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ca
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.
I
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is
clo
s
ely
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ciate
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with
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cu
ltu
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c
ap
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th
at
p
ar
en
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
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th
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s
e
o
f
s
ch
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o
l
b
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g
,
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h
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ey
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ee
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c
o
m
p
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with
in
th
e
s
ch
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o
l
en
v
ir
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n
m
en
t
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
Ko
s
o
v
o
’
s
p
o
s
t
-
war
s
o
cia
l
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
its
u
n
iq
u
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
n
ec
ess
itate
a
d
ee
p
er
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
m
in
o
r
ity
-
m
ajo
r
it
y
d
y
n
am
ics.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
d
o
m
in
an
t
lin
g
u
is
tic
co
d
es
d
o
n
o
t
m
er
ely
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
;
th
ey
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
p
r
im
ar
y
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
o
f
s
o
cial
p
o
wer
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
in
c
lu
s
io
n
.
Fo
r
m
i
n
o
r
ity
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
th
is
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
n
en
g
en
d
er
a
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
b
ar
r
ier
,
in
ten
s
if
y
in
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
is
m
atch
.
Op
er
atin
g
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
p
r
ev
ailin
g
cu
l
tu
r
al
ca
p
ital,
m
in
o
r
ity
p
ar
en
t
s
m
ay
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
as
an
id
eo
lo
g
ical
ex
ten
s
io
n
o
f
m
ajo
r
i
ty
au
th
o
r
ity
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
ey
m
ay
r
et
r
ea
t
to
home
-
b
ased
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
s
a
s
af
er
d
o
m
ain
an
d
a
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
y
s
tr
ateg
y
to
s
af
e
g
u
ar
d
an
d
n
u
r
tu
r
e
t
h
eir
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
es
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
n
u
a
n
ce
s
with
c
u
ltu
r
al
ca
p
ital
s
u
g
g
ests
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
is
m
atch
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
p
ar
en
ts
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
o
s
e
wh
o
lack
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
lin
g
u
is
tic
co
d
es
m
ay
en
co
u
n
ter
th
is
b
a
r
r
ier
[
7
]
,
[
9
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
eir
a
g
en
cy
p
o
ten
tially
s
h
if
ts
f
r
o
m
v
i
s
ib
le,
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t to
‘
in
v
is
ib
le’
y
et
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
h
o
m
e
-
b
ased
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
r
esear
c
h
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Ko
s
o
v
o
ex
em
p
lifie
s
th
is
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
I
t
is
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
in
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
an
d
Alb
a
n
ian
lan
g
u
a
g
e
tr
ac
k
s
,
r
ev
ea
ls
d
is
tin
ct
p
atter
n
s
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t.
E
m
p
i
r
ical
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Ko
s
o
v
o
in
d
icate
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
wh
o
s
e
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
Alb
an
ian
ten
d
to
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
m
o
r
e
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
s
ch
o
o
l
v
is
its
,
tea
ch
er
m
ee
tin
g
s
,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
T
u
r
k
is
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
ar
en
ts
ex
h
ib
it
m
o
r
e
h
o
m
e
-
b
ased
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
ac
ad
em
ic
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Su
c
h
em
p
ir
ical
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
t
h
e
n
o
tio
n
t
h
at
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
.
I
n
s
tead
,
it
s
er
v
es
as
an
i
n
d
icato
r
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
al
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
th
at
s
h
a
p
es h
o
w
p
ar
en
ts
en
g
ag
e
with
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Par
en
tal
g
en
d
er
em
er
g
es
as
a
n
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
v
ar
iab
le
af
f
ec
tin
g
lev
els
o
f
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
m
o
th
er
s
ta
k
e
a
m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
e
r
o
le
in
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
wh
er
ea
s
f
ath
er
s
ten
d
to
d
is
p
lay
m
o
r
e
lim
ited
,
in
d
ir
ec
t,
an
d
co
n
te
x
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
[
1
0
]
−
[
1
2
]
.
L
ar
e
au
[
8
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
is
s
h
ap
ed
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
g
en
d
e
r
r
o
les
an
d
th
at
h
o
m
e
-
b
ased
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
lar
g
ely
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
m
o
t
h
er
s
.
Sh
eld
o
n
an
d
E
p
s
t
ein
[
3
]
a
r
g
u
e
th
at
m
o
t
h
er
s
ex
h
ib
it
h
ig
h
er
le
v
els
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
f
ath
er
s
.
T
h
ey
em
p
h
as
ize
th
at
ev
en
i
n
f
am
ilies
with
lo
w
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
o
r
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
m
o
th
er
s
r
em
ain
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
f
ig
u
r
es
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
ev
en
wh
en
t
h
eir
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
f
o
r
m
ally
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
b
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Par
en
ts
’
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
is
also
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
f
ac
t
o
r
s
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
p
ar
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
attain
m
en
t
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
co
n
s
cio
u
s
ly
.
Su
c
h
p
a
r
en
ts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
g
r
ea
ter
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
s
et
clea
r
ac
ad
em
i
c
g
o
als
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
e
h
o
m
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
1
2
]
,
[
13
]
.
Stu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
T
u
r
k
ey
a
n
d
th
e
B
alk
an
s
in
d
icate
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
’
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
b
o
th
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
p
a
r
en
tal
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
b
elief
s
[
14
]
.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
B
an
d
u
r
a
[
15
]
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
it
ca
n
b
e
a
r
g
u
e
d
th
at
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
attain
m
en
t
em
p
o
we
r
s
p
ar
en
ts
to
ac
t
m
o
r
e
s
tr
ateg
ically
in
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
t
h
e
h
o
m
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ac
ad
em
ic
s
o
cializ
atio
n
[
16
].
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
in
t
h
e
f
am
ily
,
th
e
ch
i
ld
’
s
b
ir
th
o
r
d
er
,
a
n
d
th
e
g
r
a
d
e
lev
el
th
e
ch
ild
atten
d
s
ar
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
v
ar
iab
les
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t.
W
h
ile
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
m
ay
lead
p
ar
en
ts
to
d
iv
id
e
th
eir
tim
e
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
it
is
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
as
a
ch
ild
’
s
g
r
ad
e
lev
el
r
is
es,
p
ar
e
n
ts
ten
d
to
ex
h
ib
it
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
th
at
is
m
o
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
g
u
id
an
ce
r
ath
er
th
an
d
ir
ec
t
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
f
am
ily
s
ize
an
d
p
a
r
en
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
elu
cid
ated
b
y
D
o
wn
ey
[
17
]
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
ilu
tio
n
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
.
T
h
is
th
eo
r
y
p
o
s
its
th
at
p
a
r
en
tal
m
ater
ial
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
f
in
it
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
tim
e
an
d
en
er
g
y
av
ailab
le
p
er
ch
ild
is
p
ar
titi
o
n
ed
.
T
h
e
d
iv
is
io
n
p
o
ten
tiall
y
d
im
in
is
h
es
b
o
th
th
e
q
u
alit
y
an
d
q
u
a
n
tity
o
f
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
er
ely
d
is
s
ip
ate
as
a
ch
ild
’
s
g
r
ad
e
lev
el
in
cr
ea
s
es.
I
n
s
tead
,
it
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
a
q
u
alit
ativ
e
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
s
h
if
ts
f
r
o
m
d
ir
ec
t,
m
icr
o
-
lev
el
h
o
m
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t in
e
ar
ly
y
ea
r
s
to
war
d
m
o
r
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
,
g
u
i
d
an
ce
-
o
r
ien
ted
ac
ad
em
ic
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
[
18
].
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
ty
p
ically
ex
am
in
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
eir
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
ef
f
ec
ts
,
wh
ile
s
tu
d
ies
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
eir
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
s
r
em
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Par
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h
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,
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b
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m
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ltip
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in
ter
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elate
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f
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in
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lan
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a
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e,
g
en
d
er
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
a
n
d
f
am
ily
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
E
x
am
in
in
g
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
in
co
m
b
in
atio
n
,
th
er
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o
r
e,
p
r
o
v
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dem
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
etermin
a
n
ts
a
n
d
in
tera
ctio
n
effec
ts
o
n
p
a
r
en
ta
l in
vo
lvem
en
t:
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
…
(
S
erd
a
n
K
erva
n
)
4437
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
a
n
d
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
p
atte
r
n
s
[
5
]
.
W
h
ile
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
h
as
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
a
g
en
er
al
p
er
s
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ec
tiv
e,
f
ew
s
tu
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ies
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av
e
em
p
ir
ically
in
v
esti
g
ated
h
o
w
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e,
eth
n
icity
,
an
d
g
e
n
d
er
in
te
r
s
ec
t
with
in
Ko
s
o
v
o
’
s
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
c
o
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tex
t.
T
h
is
g
ap
is
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ar
ticu
lar
ly
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elev
a
n
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a
p
o
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ettin
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er
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g
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is
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ay
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in
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titu
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ce
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s
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d
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ib
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f
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ca
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ital.
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clea
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n
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e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
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t
h
ese
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g
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p
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ten
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d
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ip
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aly
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ay
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i
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u
te
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ess
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
eq
u
ali
ties
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
la
r
,
ex
a
m
in
in
g
n
ati
v
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ca
n
h
elp
i
d
en
tif
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o
ten
tial
b
ar
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ier
s
to
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ch
o
o
l
en
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ac
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s
d
if
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er
en
t
lin
g
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is
tic
g
r
o
u
p
s
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
m
o
r
e
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
a
p
p
r
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h
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I
n
a
d
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itio
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to
th
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p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
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co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
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esear
ch
o
f
f
er
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ited
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r
etica
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o
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o
w
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
f
ac
to
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s
f
u
n
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n
ac
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o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
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p
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t
s
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d
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co
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ce
p
tu
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p
b
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p
a
n
d
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g
th
e
th
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s
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p
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d
p
r
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m
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latio
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f
th
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an
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th
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ter
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ec
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ically
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th
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ter
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ef
f
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ts
o
f
v
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io
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s
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
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f
ac
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s
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elp
s
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if
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w
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ey
o
p
er
ate
in
r
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to
b
r
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ad
e
r
cu
ltu
r
al
a
n
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
th
is
d
o
u
b
le
-
f
o
ld
g
ap
(
b
o
th
co
n
tex
tu
al
an
d
t
h
eo
r
etica
l)
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
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a
s
y
s
tem
atic
em
p
ir
ical
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
o
f
p
a
r
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tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
with
in
Ko
s
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v
o
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s
p
o
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t
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co
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lict,
m
u
lti
-
eth
n
ic,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
ally
b
ilin
g
u
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t.
I
t
em
p
lo
y
s
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
f
r
a
m
ewo
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k
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ased
o
n
a
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
am
p
le,
m
o
v
in
g
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
tly
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
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al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
th
at
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
m
u
ch
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
les
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
ce
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
h
o
w
lin
g
u
is
tic
id
en
tity
in
ter
s
ec
ts
with
g
en
d
er
in
s
h
ap
in
g
p
atter
n
s
o
f
p
ar
en
t
al
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t,
with
p
a
r
ticu
lar
atten
tio
n
to
u
n
d
er
r
ep
r
esen
ted
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
u
ch
as
T
u
r
k
is
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
a
n
d
m
al
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
B
y
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
ese
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
a
t
m
ay
in
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
tar
g
eted
a
n
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
p
r
ac
tices,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
ilin
g
u
al
s
ch
o
o
l
–
h
o
m
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
g
r
ea
ter
p
ater
n
al
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
M
o
r
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ally
co
m
p
lex
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
m
ay
o
f
f
er
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
r
elev
an
t
to
o
th
er
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
A
g
a
in
s
t
th
is
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
,
[
19
]
.
I
t
aim
s
to
e
x
am
in
e
l
ev
els
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
with
in
a
h
o
lis
tic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
k
e
y
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
ar
ia
b
les
s
u
ch
as
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
g
e
n
d
er
,
ed
u
c
atio
n
lev
el,
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
,
an
d
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
g
r
ad
e
lev
el.
C
o
n
d
u
cted
with
p
ar
en
ts
wh
o
s
e
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
ar
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
a
n
d
Alb
an
ian
in
th
e
Ko
s
o
v
o
c
o
n
tex
t,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lev
el
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
u
t
also
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
es
ea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
g
u
id
es th
e
s
tu
d
y
:
−
D
o
es
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
e
r
b
ased
o
n
p
ar
e
n
ts
’
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
g
en
d
er
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
,
an
d
t
h
e
ch
ild
’
s
g
r
ad
e
lev
el?
−
D
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
b
etwe
en
m
ale
a
n
d
f
em
ale
p
ar
en
ts
d
if
f
er
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e?
−
D
o
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
p
ar
en
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
b
etwe
en
n
ativ
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
an
d
Alb
an
ian
-
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
p
ar
en
ts
v
ar
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
?
−
D
o
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
b
etwe
en
n
ativ
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
an
d
Alb
an
ia
n
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
ar
en
ts
v
ar
y
b
y
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el?
−
D
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
e
m
ale
p
ar
en
ts
v
ar
y
b
y
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Ad
o
p
tin
g
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
i
n
v
esti
g
ates
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
lev
el
s
an
d
th
ei
r
v
ar
iatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
em
p
lo
y
s
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
d
esig
n
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
l
v
em
e
n
t
am
o
n
g
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
a
ca
u
s
al
-
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
an
aly
ze
p
o
ten
tial
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
ased
o
n
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
an
d
th
e
ch
il
d
’
s
g
r
ad
e
le
v
el.
2.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nt
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
lev
els
o
f
p
ar
en
ts
wh
o
s
e
ch
ild
r
en
atten
d
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
Ko
s
o
v
o
,
a
cy
cle
th
at
en
co
m
p
ass
es
p
r
esch
o
o
l
an
d
g
r
ad
es
1
–
5
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
s
p
a
n
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
i
n
th
e
well‑
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
“g
r
ad
u
al
d
ec
lin
e”
in
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
as
ch
ild
r
en
m
atu
r
e
[
16
]
,
[
20
]
,
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
ese
f
o
r
m
ati
v
e
y
ea
r
s
a
“c
r
itical
th
r
esh
o
ld
”
f
o
r
s
h
ap
in
g
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
s
elf
‑
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
s
tu
d
y
h
ab
its
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
two
‑
s
tag
e
clu
s
ter
s
am
p
lin
g
d
esig
n
,
in
wh
ich
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
l
in
g
u
is
tic
an
d
u
r
b
an
cr
iter
ia,
an
d
all
p
ar
e
n
ts
with
in
th
ese
clu
s
ter
s
wer
e
in
v
ited
to
p
ar
ticip
ate.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e,
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
b
o
th
T
u
r
k
is
h
an
d
Alb
a
n
ian
lan
g
u
ag
es
—
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
ei
r
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
n
ativ
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lan
g
u
ag
e
s
tr
ea
m
s
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
—
wer
e
id
e
n
tif
ied
as
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
4
3
5
-
4455
4438
clu
s
ter
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h
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tio
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r
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h
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o
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ll
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n
t
s
w
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t
h
i
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te
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e
i
n
v
i
t
e
d
t
o
p
a
r
t
i
ci
p
a
t
e
.
Data
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
a
r
ig
o
r
o
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s
“sealed
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v
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r
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e
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p
r
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2
0
2
5
a
ca
d
e
m
ic
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r
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to
tal
o
f
1
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esti
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m
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o
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f
icial
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er
m
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s
io
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s
—
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e
d
is
tr
ib
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ted
to
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tu
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b
y
class
r
o
o
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teac
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ask
ed
to
r
etu
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n
th
e
co
m
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leted
s
u
r
v
ey
s
in
th
e
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am
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led
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h
is
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r
o
ce
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s
r
esu
lted
i
n
a
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
o
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8
v
alid
r
esp
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es
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a
9
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esp
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ate)
.
A
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ac
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ativ
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lan
g
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ag
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with
t
h
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ch
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’
s
lan
g
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ag
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o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
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lev
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was
u
tili
ze
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a
s
th
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p
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im
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r
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o
ci
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ec
o
n
o
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ic
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icato
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it
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r
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id
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m
o
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le
m
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r
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ltu
r
al
ca
p
ital
in
th
e
Ko
s
o
v
o
co
n
tex
t.
Deta
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ata
o
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p
e
cif
ic
h
o
u
s
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ld
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c
o
m
e
o
r
o
c
cu
p
atio
n
s
wer
e
n
o
t
co
llected
,
as
th
ese
m
etr
ic
s
o
f
ten
d
o
n
o
t
co
r
r
elate
d
ir
ec
tly
with
ac
tu
al
q
u
ality
o
f
life
o
r
s
o
cial
in
f
lu
en
ce
in
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ies,
d
u
e
t
o
n
o
n
‑
m
o
n
etar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
h
o
m
e
o
wn
er
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
is
ten
ce
f
ar
m
in
g
[
21
]
,
[
22
]
.
Fo
cu
s
in
g
o
n
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
en
s
u
r
ed
a
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
th
at
d
ir
ec
tly
s
h
ap
es
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
[
23
]
.
W
h
ile
th
i
s
clu
s
ter
‑
b
ased
s
tr
ateg
y
allo
w
ed
f
o
r
a
lar
g
e
‑
s
ca
le
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ea
ch
an
d
a
h
ig
h
r
esp
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s
e
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ate,
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e
r
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o
n
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lu
n
tar
y
p
ar
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n
with
in
th
ese
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ch
o
o
ls
is
a
p
o
ten
tial
lim
itatio
n
,
as
it
m
ay
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
s
elf
‑
s
elec
ti
o
n
b
ias.
Fo
r
d
etailed
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em
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g
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ap
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ic
in
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o
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m
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in
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d
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g
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e
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r
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/r
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r
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s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
As
f
o
r
t
h
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
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th
e
s
am
p
le,
4
9
3
(
4
0
.
1
%)
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wer
e
n
ativ
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
s
p
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k
er
s
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d
7
3
5
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5
9
.
9
%)
we
r
e
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ativ
e
Alb
a
n
ian
s
p
ea
k
er
s
.
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h
e
s
am
p
le
was
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r
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
tly
f
em
ale
(
n
=1
,
0
1
8
,
8
2
.
9
%),
wh
ile
m
ales
ac
c
o
u
n
t
ed
f
o
r
1
7
.
1
%
(
n
=
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1
0
)
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
R
eg
ar
d
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g
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tio
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al
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en
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ig
h
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g
r
a
d
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ates
r
e
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r
esen
ted
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e
lar
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est
s
eg
m
en
t
(
n
=
4
9
1
,
4
0
.
0
%),
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
u
n
iv
e
r
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ity
g
r
ad
u
ates
(
n
=3
4
2
,
27.
8
%).
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
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r
esch
o
o
l
a
n
d
p
r
im
ar
y
g
r
ad
es,
with
t
h
e
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ig
h
est
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n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
in
g
r
ad
e
3
(
1
9
.
5
%)
an
d
g
r
ad
e
4
(
1
8
.
6
%).
Fin
ally
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
m
ea
n
a
g
e
o
f
3
6
.
5
6
y
ea
r
s
(
SD
=6
.
3
7
)
,
with
ag
es r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
2
2
to
6
3
y
ea
r
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
Tu
r
k
i
s
h
N
(
%)
A
l
b
a
n
i
a
n
N
(
%)
To
t
a
l
N
(
%)
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
e
mal
e
4
0
8
(
8
2
.
8
)
6
1
0
(
8
3
.
0
)
1
,
0
1
8
(
8
2
.
9
)
M
a
l
e
8
5
(
1
7
.
2
)
1
2
5
(
1
7
.
0
)
2
1
0
(
1
7
.
1
)
P
a
r
e
n
t
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
P
r
i
mary
sc
h
o
o
l
6
4
(
1
3
.
0
)
1
1
1
(
1
5
.
1
)
1
7
5
(
1
4
.
3
)
H
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
1
9
5
(
3
9
.
6
)
2
9
6
(
4
0
.
3
)
4
9
1
(
4
0
.
0
)
V
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
sc
h
o
o
l
5
5
(
1
1
.
2
)
6
4
(
8
.
7
)
1
1
9
(
9
.
7
)
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
(
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
)
1
4
9
(
3
0
.
2
)
1
9
3
(
2
6
.
3
)
3
4
2
(
2
7
.
8
)
P
o
st
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
3
0
(
6
.
1
)
7
1
(
9
.
7
)
1
0
1
(
8
.
2
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
a
m
i
l
y
O
n
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
5
3
(
1
0
.
8
)
5
6
(
7
.
6
)
1
0
9
(
8
.
9
)
Tw
o
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
2
4
4
(
4
9
.
5
)
3
4
6
(
4
7
.
1
)
5
9
0
(
4
8
.
0
)
Th
r
e
e
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
1
5
9
(
3
2
.
3
)
2
4
9
(
3
3
.
9
)
4
0
8
(
3
3
.
2
)
F
o
u
r
o
r
m
o
r
e
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
3
7
(
7
.
5
)
8
4
(
1
1
.
4
)
1
2
1
(
9
.
9
)
C
h
i
l
d
’
s
g
r
a
d
e
l
e
v
e
l
P
r
e
sch
o
o
l
6
9
(
1
4
.
0
)
1
1
7
(
1
5
.
9
)
1
8
6
(
1
5
.
1
)
P
r
i
mary
S
c
h
o
o
l
G
r
a
d
e
1
7
2
(
1
4
.
6
)
1
4
7
(
2
0
.
0
)
2
1
9
(
1
7
.
8
)
P
r
i
mary
S
c
h
o
o
l
G
r
a
d
e
2
1
1
1
(
2
2
.
5
)
9
5
(
1
2
.
9
)
2
0
6
(
1
6
.
8
)
P
r
i
mary
S
c
h
o
o
l
G
r
a
d
e
3
7
7
(
1
5
.
6
)
1
6
2
(
2
2
.
0
)
2
3
9
(
1
9
.
5
)
P
r
i
mary
S
c
h
o
o
l
G
r
a
d
e
4
7
0
(
1
4
.
2
)
1
5
9
(
2
1
.
6
)
2
2
9
(
1
8
.
7
)
P
r
i
mary
S
c
h
o
o
l
G
r
a
d
e
5
9
4
(
1
9
.
1
)
5
5
(
7
.
5
)
1
4
9
(
1
2
.
1
)
2.
2
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n t
o
o
ls
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata
wer
e
c
o
llec
ted
u
s
in
g
a
2
5
-
item
s
ca
le
o
r
ig
in
ally
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Fan
t
u
zz
o
et
a
l.
[
24
]
an
d
ad
a
p
ted
in
t
o
Alb
an
ian
an
d
T
u
r
k
is
h
b
y
Yıld
ır
ım
et
a
l.
[
6
]
.
I
n
it
is
o
r
ig
i
n
al
f
o
r
m
,
th
e
s
ca
le
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
Fan
tu
zz
o
et
a
l.
[
24
]
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
th
r
ee
f
ac
t
o
r
s
an
d
3
3
item
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
u
r
in
g
its
a
d
ap
tatio
n
in
to
T
u
r
k
is
h
a
n
d
Alb
an
ian
with
in
th
e
Ko
s
o
v
o
s
am
p
le,
th
e
s
ca
le
wa
s
r
estr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
an
d
it
was
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
th
at
2
5
item
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
e
d
with
in
a
4
-
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
:
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
(
SB
AP)
(
9
item
s
)
,
T
PC
(
6
item
s
)
,
HB
L
S
(
5
item
s
)
,
a
n
d
h
o
m
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
(
HOAM
)
(
5
item
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
ca
l
e
was
r
ated
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
as:
5
=
alwa
y
s
,
4
=
o
f
ten
,
3
=so
m
etim
es,
2
=r
ar
ely
,
a
n
d
1
=n
ev
er
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
c
o
ef
f
i
cien
ts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ca
le
wer
e
.
7
9
5
f
o
r
SB
AP,
.
8
4
1
f
o
r
T
PC
,
.
7
8
8
f
o
r
HB
L
S,
an
d
.
7
1
3
f
o
r
HOAM
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
.
8
6
0
.
Fo
r
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
n
a
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
am
p
le,
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
a
lo
w
o
f
.
6
5
7
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dem
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
etermin
a
n
ts
a
n
d
in
tera
ctio
n
effec
ts
o
n
p
a
r
en
ta
l in
vo
lvem
en
t:
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
…
(
S
erd
a
n
K
erva
n
)
4439
th
e
HOAM
d
im
en
s
io
n
to
a
h
i
g
h
o
f
.
8
4
2
f
o
r
th
e
HB
L
S
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
I
n
th
e
Alb
an
ian
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
am
p
le,
s
im
ilar
r
esu
lts
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
,
with
th
e
lo
west
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t b
ein
g
.
7
3
8
f
o
r
HOAM
an
d
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
b
ein
g
.
8
4
2
f
o
r
HB
L
S,
in
d
icatin
g
v
alu
es
clo
s
e
to
th
o
s
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
s
am
p
le.
T
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
u
r
th
er
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
,
a
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
1
,
2
2
8
p
ar
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
o
b
u
s
tly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
2
5
item
s
,
as
th
e
co
m
p
lete
s
et
o
f
m
o
d
el
f
it
i
n
d
ices
f
ell
with
in
g
o
o
d
an
d
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
a
n
g
e
s
(
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
(
χ²)
=
9
9
9
.
4
8
,
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
(
d
f
)
=3
0
0
,
χ²/d
f
=
3
.
3
3
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A
)
=.
0
4
8
[
9
0
%
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
i
n
ter
v
al
(
CI
)
=.
0
4
5
,
.
0
5
1
]
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
M
R
)
=.
0
6
1
,
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
ex
(
C
FI
)
=.
9
2
1
,
T
u
ck
er
–
L
ewis
in
d
ex
(
T
L
I
)
=.
9
1
0
,
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
e
d
f
it
in
d
ex
(
NNFI
)
=.
9
1
0
,
in
cr
em
e
n
tal
f
it
in
d
ex
(
I
FI
)
=.
9
2
1
,
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
i
n
d
ex
(
GFI
)
=.
9
9
0
)
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
g
iv
e
n
th
at
th
e
χ²
f
it
test
is
h
ig
h
ly
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
lar
g
e
s
am
p
le
s
izes,
a
χ²/d
f
r
atio
b
etwe
en
3
.
0
an
d
5
.
0
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
d
i
ca
tiv
e
o
f
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
m
o
d
e
l
f
it
[
25
]
;
th
u
s
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
atio
o
f
3
.
3
3
r
ef
lects
a
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
alig
n
m
e
n
t.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
s
am
p
le
-
s
ize
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
χ²
test
,
e
v
alu
atin
g
alter
n
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
ices
th
at
ar
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
ag
ain
s
t
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
w
id
ely
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
[
25
]
,
[
26
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
an
R
MSE
A
v
alu
e
b
elo
w
.
0
5
an
d
an
SR
MR
b
elo
w
.
0
8
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
g
o
o
d
to
ex
ce
llen
t m
o
d
el
f
it,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
tr
u
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
i
n
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
o
f
th
e
lar
g
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
u
p
p
e
r
b
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
e
9
0
%
C
I
f
o
r
R
MSE
A
(
.
0
5
1
)
is
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
b
elo
w
th
e
s
tr
ict
.
0
8
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
ex
h
ib
its
a
h
ig
h
ly
s
tab
le
an
d
r
eliab
le
f
it
[
26
]
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
cr
em
e
n
tal
f
it
i
n
d
ices
(
C
FI,
T
L
I
,
NNFI
,
a
n
d
I
FI)
ar
e
n
o
t
ex
ce
p
ti
o
n
ally
h
ig
h
,
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
e
y
ar
e
all
well
ab
o
v
e
th
e
.
9
0
th
r
esh
o
ld
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
f
it
with
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
[
25
]
,
[
27
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
GFI
(
GFI
=.
9
9
0
)
—
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
an
d
c
o
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
c
o
u
n
ted
f
o
r
b
y
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
—
ca
n
b
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
it
is
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
v
alu
e,
e
v
alu
ated
a
lo
n
g
s
id
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
etr
ics
lik
e
R
MSE
A,
C
FI,
an
d
th
e
o
t
h
er
in
c
r
em
en
tal
f
it
in
d
ices
co
llectiv
ely
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
[
25
]
,
[
26
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
p
o
s
s
ess
e
s
s
tr
o
n
g
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
ity
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
f
u
lly
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
2.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
First,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
es
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
p
ar
en
ts
’
lev
els
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
i
n
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
Fo
r
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
al
y
s
es,
th
e
m
ea
n
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iati
o
n
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
o
ex
a
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
p
ar
en
ts
’
s
ch
o
o
l
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
d
if
f
e
r
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
g
en
d
er
,
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
el,
a
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
MA
NOVA
)
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
B
ef
o
r
e
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
MA
NOVA
,
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
wer
e
ch
ec
k
ed
.
First,
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
es
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
er
e
was
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
am
o
n
g
th
e
f
a
m
ily
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
s
ca
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
[
25
]
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
r
r
elatio
n
(
r
=.
5
8
6
,
p
<.
0
5
)
was
b
etwe
en
HOA
M
an
d
H
B
L
S,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
west
co
r
r
e
latio
n
(
r
=.
2
7
3
)
was
b
etwe
en
HOAM
an
d
SB
AP
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
o
t
h
er
v
a
r
iab
les
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
e
n
.
3
0
8
an
d
.
4
6
0
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
ca
tter
p
lo
ts
f
o
r
v
ar
iab
le
p
air
s
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
[
26
]
,
an
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
v
ar
ia
b
les
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
as
lin
ea
r
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
B
ar
tlett’s
test
o
f
s
p
h
er
icity
(
ap
p
r
o
x
.
χ²
=1
0
2
4
.
0
9
4
,
d
f
=6
,
p
=.
0
0
0
)
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
in
d
icatin
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
[
27
]
,
[
28
]
.
T
o
ass
e
s
s
wh
eth
er
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
m
et
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
,
Q
–
Q
p
lo
ts
an
d
Ma
h
ala
n
o
b
is
d
is
tan
ce
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
.
B
o
x
p
lo
ts
wer
e
also
r
ev
iewe
d
f
o
r
ea
c
h
lev
el
o
f
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
a
r
iab
les to
d
et
ec
t o
u
tlier
s
.
T
h
e
s
k
ewn
ess
v
alu
es
o
f
all
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
r
a
n
g
ed
b
et
wee
n
−.
4
7
3
an
d
−.
1
5
6
(
Std
.
E
r
r
o
r
=.
0
7
0
)
,
an
d
k
u
r
t
o
s
is
v
alu
es
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
−.
7
7
2
an
d
−.
3
8
9
(
Std
.
E
r
r
o
r
=.
1
4
0
)
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
lev
el
o
f
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
(
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
g
en
d
er
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
)
,
s
k
ewn
ess
v
alu
es
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
−.
5
6
5
an
d
.
3
4
0
,
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
−.
7
9
1
an
d
−.
3
9
3
[
26
]
,
[
29
]
.
Sk
e
wn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es
wer
e
clo
s
e
to
ze
r
o
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ev
i
d
en
ce
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
ali
ty
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
lar
g
e
(
n
=
1
,
2
2
8
)
,
v
io
latio
n
s
o
f
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
o
n
ly
a
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
T
y
p
e
I
er
r
o
r
,
an
d
th
e
F
test
is
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
ality
;
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
m
u
ltiv
a
r
iate
n
o
r
m
a
lity
was
ass
u
m
ed
.
T
o
ex
am
in
e
t
h
e
eq
u
ality
o
f
c
o
v
ar
ian
ce
m
atr
ices,
B
o
x
’
s
M
r
e
s
u
lts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
.
W
h
en
B
o
x
’
s
M>
.
0
5
,
W
ilk
s
’
L
am
b
d
a
(
λ
)
was
u
s
ed
;
wh
en
B
o
x
’
s
M<
.
0
5
,
Pil
lai’
s
T
r
ac
e
was
ap
p
lied
[
27
]
.
L
ev
e
n
e’
s
test
r
esu
lts
wer
e
also
ex
am
in
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
v
a
r
iab
le
to
ass
ess
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
is
a
d
is
p
ar
ity
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
izes
o
f
f
em
ale
(
n
=1
,
0
1
8
)
a
n
d
m
ale
(
n
=
2
1
0
)
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
,
th
e
lar
g
e
o
v
er
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
r
esu
lts
o
f
B
o
x
’
s
M
an
d
L
ev
en
e’
s
test
s
m
iti
g
ate
p
o
ten
tial
s
tatis
tical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
co
v
ar
ia
n
ce
m
atr
ices.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
o
f
th
e
MA
NOVA
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
v
alid
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
p
ar
tial
eta
-
s
q
u
a
r
ed
(
Ƞ
2
)
wa
s
ca
lcu
lated
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
s
ize
a
n
d
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
W
h
en
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
am
o
n
g
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les,
th
e
T
u
k
ey
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
an
aly
s
is
(
DA)
r
esu
lts
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
W
h
en
in
ter
a
ctio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
(
e.
g
.
,
g
en
d
er
×la
n
g
u
ag
e;
lan
g
u
ag
e×
c
h
ild
’
s
g
r
a
d
e
lev
el)
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t,
th
ese
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
I
f
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
s
im
p
le
ef
f
ec
ts
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
s
ep
ar
ate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
4
3
5
-
4455
4440
one
-
way
DAs
f
o
r
ea
c
h
lev
el
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
o
f
in
ter
est
[
30
]
.
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
ich
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
(
DVs)
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
u
n
c
tio
n
(
s
)
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
u
n
ctio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
wer
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
[
31
].
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
lev
el
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
b
aselin
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
d
ataset
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
a
n
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
id
en
tify
p
a
tter
n
s
o
f
p
ar
en
ta
l
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
ac
r
o
s
s
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
’
lin
g
u
is
tic,
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic,
an
d
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics.
T
h
ese
an
aly
s
es
o
u
tlin
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t a
cr
o
s
s
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
An
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
ar
en
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
t
h
e
HOAM
d
im
en
s
io
n
(
M
=4
.
0
6
,
SD
=.
6
7
)
.
T
h
is
was
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
HB
L
S
(
M
=4
.
0
0
,
SD
=.
7
5
)
an
d
T
PC
(
M
=3
.
7
9
,
SD
=.
8
5
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
(
M
=3
.
4
9
,
SD
=.
8
1
)
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
SB
AP
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
W
h
en
ex
am
in
ed
b
y
lan
g
u
ag
e,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
(
M
=4
.
1
8
,
SD
=.
6
4
)
in
th
e
HOAM
d
im
en
s
io
n
b
el
o
n
g
e
d
to
p
ar
en
ts
wh
o
s
e
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
T
u
r
k
is
h
.
T
h
e
lo
w
est
m
ea
n
(
M
=3
.
2
6
,
SD
=.
7
8
)
i
n
th
e
SB
AP
d
im
en
s
io
n
also
b
elo
n
g
ed
to
T
u
r
k
is
h
n
ativ
e
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
ar
en
ts
.
I
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
g
e
n
d
er
,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
(
M
=4
.
1
9
,
SD
=.
6
0
)
in
t
h
e
HOAM
d
im
en
s
io
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
am
o
n
g
f
em
ale
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
lo
wes
t
m
ea
n
(
M
=2
.
9
6
,
SD
=.
7
5
)
in
th
e
SB
AP
d
im
en
s
io
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
am
o
n
g
m
ales.
W
h
e
n
ex
am
in
e
d
b
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
(
M
=4
.
2
3
,
SD
=.
6
5
)
in
th
e
HB
L
S
d
im
en
s
io
n
b
elo
n
g
ed
to
p
ar
en
ts
with
o
n
ly
o
n
e
ch
il
d
,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
(
M
=3
.
4
4
,
SD
=.
7
9
)
in
th
e
SB
AP
d
im
en
s
io
n
b
elo
n
g
e
d
t
o
p
ar
e
n
ts
with
f
o
u
r
c
h
ild
r
en
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
ar
e
n
ts
’
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
(
M
=4
.
1
9
,
SD
=.
6
5
)
in
t
h
e
HOAM
d
im
en
s
io
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
am
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
with
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
(
M
=3
.
4
1
,
SD
=.
7
9
)
in
t
h
e
SB
AP
d
im
en
s
io
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
a
m
o
n
g
p
ar
en
ts
with
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
g
r
ad
e
lev
el,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est m
ea
n
(
M
=4
.
3
4
,
SD
=.
6
5
)
in
t
h
e
HOAM
d
im
en
s
io
n
b
elo
n
g
ed
t
o
p
ar
en
t
s
wh
o
s
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
wer
e
in
p
r
es
ch
o
o
l,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
(
M
=3
.
1
7
,
SD
=.
8
0
)
in
th
e
SB
AP d
im
en
s
io
n
b
elo
n
g
ed
to
p
ar
en
ts
wh
o
s
e
ch
ild
r
en
wer
e
in
f
if
th
g
r
ad
e.
T
ab
le
2
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
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3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dem
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
etermin
a
n
ts
a
n
d
in
tera
ctio
n
effec
ts
o
n
p
a
r
en
ta
l in
vo
lvem
en
t:
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
…
(
S
erd
a
n
K
erva
n
)
4441
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
SB
AP
(
F
(1,
1226)
=7
1
.
0
5
9
,
p
=
.
0
0
1
)
,
T
PC
(
F
(1,
1226)
=7
.
5
1
0
,
p
=
.
0
0
6
)
,
HB
L
S
(
F
(1,
1226)
=1
3
.
0
6
5
,
p
=
.
0
0
2
)
,
an
d
HOAM
(
F
(1,
1226)
=2
4
.
3
1
8
,
p
=.
0
0
7
)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
t
h
e
SB
AP
an
d
T
PC
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
p
ar
en
ts
wh
o
s
e
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
Alb
an
ian
h
a
d
h
ig
h
er
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es,
wh
er
ea
s
in
t
h
e
HB
L
S
an
d
HOAM
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
p
ar
en
ts
wh
o
s
e
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
T
u
r
k
is
h
h
a
d
h
ig
h
er
m
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n
s
co
r
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as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
Ho
wev
er
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b
as
ed
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th
e
e
f
f
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t
s
ize
(
Ƞ
2
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alu
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ile
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ativ
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g
u
ag
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m
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er
ate
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r
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tical
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f
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t
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n
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2
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5
5
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,
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ac
t
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r
em
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g
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im
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was
r
e
lativ
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m
all
(
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
0
0
6
to
.
0
1
9
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.
T
h
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an
aly
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t
ilized
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ar
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ized
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ical
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im
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t
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tr
u
ctu
r
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m
atr
ix
(
SM)
co
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f
icien
ts
f
o
r
a
d
etailed
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
n
ativ
e
lan
g
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ag
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d
if
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er
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n
ce
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T
h
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DA
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icate
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th
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o
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ly
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8
9
8
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ce
d
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d
th
at
it
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ig
n
if
ican
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5
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th
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a
b
s
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te
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th
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tan
d
ar
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ized
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n
o
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ical
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
(
SC
DF)
co
ef
f
icien
ts
—
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
r
elativ
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
—
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
,
SB
AP
(
.
9
1
5
)
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
e
n
tial
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
SB
AP
m
ad
e
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
T
u
r
k
is
h
-
a
n
d
Alb
an
ian
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
ar
en
ts
.
HOAM
f
o
llo
wed
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
e
n
tial
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
its
SC
DF=−
.
5
6
1
an
d
SM=
.
4
1
7
to
g
eth
er
,
th
is
d
im
en
s
io
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
g
r
o
u
p
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
u
t
d
i
d
n
o
t
p
lay
a
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
r
o
le.
T
u
r
k
is
h
p
ar
e
n
ts
s
h
o
wed
a
h
ig
h
e
r
p
r
o
f
ile
in
th
e
HB
L
S
an
d
HO
AM
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
Al
b
an
ian
p
ar
e
n
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
f
ile
in
SB
AP
an
d
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
etw
ee
n
-
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
was
s
m
a
ll,
in
th
e
T
PC
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
wh
en
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
th
e
ca
n
o
n
ical
co
r
r
e
latio
n
(
C
C
)
(
.
3
2
0
)
was
co
n
v
er
ted
to
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
,
Fu
n
cti
o
n
1
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
ex
p
lain
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
0
% o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
b
etwe
en
n
ativ
e
l
an
g
u
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
was
h
ig
h
est
f
o
r
th
e
SB
AP
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
it
m
ad
e
th
e
g
r
ea
t
est
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
F test an
d
DA
r
esu
lts
DVs
M
e
a
n
sq
u
a
r
e
F
(
1
,
1
2
2
6
)
S
i
g
.
(
Ƞ
2
)
S
C
D
F
SM
CC
G
r
o
u
p
c
e
n
t
r
o
i
d
Tu
r
k
i
s
h
A
l
b
a
n
i
a
n
S
B
A
P
4
4
.
4
4
7
7
1
.
0
5
9
.
0
0
0
*
.
0
5
5
.
9
1
5
.
7
1
3
.
3
2
0
-
.
4
1
2
.
3
2
0
TPC
5
.
5
0
7
7
.
5
1
0
.
0
0
6
*
.
0
0
6
.
1
0
9
.
2
3
2
H
B
LS
7
.
7
8
3
1
3
.
0
6
5
.
0
0
0
*
.
0
1
1
-
.
2
8
8
-
.
3
0
6
HOAM
1
0
.
9
8
4
2
4
.
3
1
8
.
0
0
0
*
.
0
1
9
-
.
5
6
1
-
.
4
1
7
*
p
<
.
0
1
7
3
.
3
.
Ana
ly
s
is
wit
h r
esp
ec
t
t
o
g
ender
MA
NOVA
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
eth
er
p
a
r
en
ta
l
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
d
if
f
er
ed
b
y
g
en
d
er
.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
an
aly
s
es
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
eq
u
ality
o
f
c
o
v
ar
ian
ce
m
atr
ices
(
B
o
x
’
s
M
=1
3
.
3
4
2
,
F
=
1
.
3
2
5
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
an
d
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
,
SB
AP
(
F
=.
5
3
9
,
p
>
.
0
5
)
,
T
PC
(
F
=.
0
1
5
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
HB
L
S
(
F
=.
4
9
5
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
a
n
d
HOAM
(
F
=2
.
5
7
4
,
p
>.
0
5
)
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
W
ilk
s
’
L
am
b
d
a
(
λ
)
test
was
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
g
en
d
er
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
DVs
(
λ
=.
7
1
8
,
F
(4,
1223)
=1
2
0
.
3
7
9
,
p
=.
0
0
0
,
Ƞ
2
=.
2
8
)
.
T
o
id
e
n
tify
wh
ich
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ac
c
o
u
n
te
d
f
o
r
th
ese
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
,
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
u
n
iv
ar
iate
F
test
s
an
d
DA
wer
e
f
o
llo
we
d
to
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ab
le
4
.
F test an
d
DA
r
esu
lts
DVs
M
e
a
n
S
q
u
a
r
e
F
(
1
,
1
2
2
6
)
S
i
g
.
Ƞ
2
S
C
D
F
SM
CC
G
r
o
u
p
c
e
n
t
r
o
i
d
F
e
mal
e
M
a
l
e
S
B
A
P
7
2
.
6
9
6
1
2
0
.
6
6
7
.
0
0
0
*
.
0
9
0
.
3
5
4
.
5
0
0
.
5
3
2
.
2
8
5
-
1
.
3
8
0
TPC
5
3
.
5
6
1
7
7
.
1
7
6
.
0
0
0
*
.
0
5
9
-
.
0
0
1
.
4
0
0
H
B
LS
1
5
2
.
2
1
3
3
4
0
.
5
6
2
.
0
0
0
*
.
2
1
7
.
5
7
9
.
8
4
0
HOAM
1
0
5
.
8
8
5
2
8
2
.
9
0
7
.
0
0
0
*
.
1
8
7
.
4
4
0
.
7
6
6
*
p
<
.
0
1
7
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
g
e
n
d
er
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
SB
AP
(
F
(1,
1226)
=1
2
0
.
6
6
7
,
p
=.
0
0
1
)
,
T
PC
(
F
(1,
1226)
=7
7
.
1
7
6
,
p
=.
0
2
2
)
,
HB
L
S
(
F
(1,
1226)
=3
4
0
.
5
6
2
,
p
=.
0
0
2
)
,
an
d
HOAM
(
F
(1,
1226)
=2
8
2
.
9
0
7
,
p
=.
0
0
7
)
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
.
I
n
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
f
em
ales
h
ad
h
ig
h
er
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
th
an
m
ales
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
(
Ƞ
2
)
in
d
icate
d
th
at
g
en
d
er
ex
e
r
ted
a
lar
g
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
ac
t
o
n
HB
L
S
(
Ƞ
2
=.
2
1
7
)
a
n
d
HOA
M
(
Ƞ
2
=.
1
8
7
)
.
M
o
d
er
ate
e
f
f
ec
ts
em
er
g
ed
f
o
r
SB
AP
(
Ƞ
2
=.
0
9
0
)
an
d
T
C
P
(
Ƞ
2
=.
0
5
9
)
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
g
en
d
e
r
as
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
eter
m
in
an
t,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
h
o
m
e
-
b
ased
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
ac
tiv
iti
es.
T
o
ex
am
in
e
g
e
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
f
am
ily
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
4
3
5
-
4455
4442
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
s
ca
le
in
g
r
ea
ter
d
etail,
th
e
SC
DF
an
d
SM
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
DA
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
o
n
ly
o
n
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
Fu
n
ctio
n
1
)
(
λ
=.
7
1
8
)
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<.
0
5
)
.
W
h
en
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
SC
DF
co
ef
f
icien
ts
—
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
r
elativ
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
i
n
p
r
e
d
ic
tin
g
g
en
d
er
—
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
,
HB
L
S
(
.
5
7
9
)
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
HB
L
S
m
ad
e
th
e
g
r
ea
test
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
f
em
ales
an
d
m
ales.
I
t
was
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
HOAM
(
.
5
7
9
)
in
s
ec
o
n
d
p
lace
an
d
SB
AP
(
.
3
5
4
)
in
th
ir
d
.
T
h
e
s
e
th
r
ee
v
ar
iab
les
p
lay
ed
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
les
in
d
if
f
er
en
tiatin
g
b
etwe
en
f
em
ale
an
d
m
ale
p
ar
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
T
PC
d
im
en
s
io
n
was
n
o
t
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
in
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
f
em
ale
an
d
m
ale
p
ar
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
wh
en
t
h
e
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
th
e
CC
(
.
5
3
2
)
was
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
a
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e,
Fu
n
ctio
n
1
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
ex
p
lain
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
ely
2
8
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
b
et
wee
n
g
en
d
er
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
E
x
a
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
(
g
r
o
u
p
m
ea
n
=−
1
.
3
8
0
an
d
+.
2
8
5
;
m
i
d
p
o
i
n
t=.
5
4
7
)
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
g
en
d
er
-
b
as
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiatio
n
in
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t.
T
h
e
a
b
s
o
lu
te
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
was
h
ig
h
est
f
o
r
th
e
HB
L
S
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
it m
ad
e
th
e
g
r
ea
test
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
g
en
d
e
r
s
.
3
.
4
.
Ana
ly
s
is
wit
h r
esp
ec
t
t
o
pa
re
nt
educa
t
io
n lev
el
MA
NOVA
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
ex
am
in
e
wh
et
h
er
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
ed
b
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
th
e
eq
u
ality
o
f
co
v
ar
ian
ce
m
atr
ices
was
s
atis
f
ied
(
B
o
x
’
s
M
=5
3
.
0
5
6
,
F=1
.
3
1
3
,
p
>.
0
5
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
L
ev
en
e
’
s
test
s
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
v
ar
ian
ce
s
wer
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
SB
AP
(
F
=2
.
1
3
9
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
T
PC
(
F
=1
.
4
4
2
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
HB
L
S
(
F
=1
.
4
6
4
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
an
d
HOAM
(
F
=.
8
3
6
,
p
>.
0
5
)
.
Usi
n
g
W
ilk
s
’
cr
iter
io
n
,
th
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
DVs
wer
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
te
d
b
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
(
λ
=.
9
6
8
,
F
(
16,
3727.
799)
=2
.
4
6
7
,
p
=.
0
0
1
,
Ƞ
2
=.
0
0
8
)
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
(
ce
ll
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
)
,
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
u
n
iv
a
r
iate
te
s
ts
an
d
T
u
k
e
y
p
o
s
t
h
o
c
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
T
y
p
e
I
e
r
r
o
r
,
B
o
n
f
e
r
r
o
n
i
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
was
ap
p
lied
u
s
in
g
a
cr
iti
ca
l
v
alu
e
o
f
.
0
1
2
5
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n
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asts
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er
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o
r
m
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
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lts
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e
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u
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tes
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u
k
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n
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e
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ted
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T
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le
5
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T
ab
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5
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F test an
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g
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5
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T
h
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aly
s
is
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ea
led
th
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
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ad
a
s
ig
n
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ic
an
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
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PC
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.
9
6
8
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0
1
9
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,
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(
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9
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,
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=.
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d
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2
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0
1
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d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
u
p
o
n
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
c
o
r
r
e
ctio
n
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
T
PC
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im
en
s
io
n
was
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l
o
n
g
er
s
tatis
tically
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ig
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if
ican
t.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
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L
S
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d
HOAM
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
p
o
s
t
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h
o
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co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
in
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icate
d
th
at
p
ar
e
n
ts
with
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
s
co
r
ed
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
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ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
with
p
r
im
ar
y
,
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l,
o
r
ass
o
ciate
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lev
el
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
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wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
ese
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ig
n
if
ican
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d
if
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en
ce
s
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ec
t
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izes
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2
r
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g
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g
f
r
o
m
.
0
1
9
to
.
0
0
5
)
r
em
ain
e
d
s
m
all
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
i
s
s
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g
g
e
s
ts
t
h
a
t
,
a
lt
h
o
u
g
h
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d
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c
a
t
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l
e
v
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l
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s
s
t
a
ti
s
t
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c
al
l
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s
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g
n
i
f
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c
a
n
t
,
i
ts
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
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b
u
t
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o
n
t
o
v
a
r
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a
n
c
e
i
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
al
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
a
m
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l
e
is
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
.
No
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
wa
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
SB
AP
d
im
en
s
io
n
(
p
>.
0
5
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
itially
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
th
e
T
PC
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
,
th
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
d
id
n
o
t
r
em
ain
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
af
te
r
th
e
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
p
>.
0
5
/
4
=.
0
1
2
5
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
a
r
en
ts
’
s
ch
o
o
l
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
T
PC
d
im
en
s
io
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
ap
p
ea
r
to
b
e
clea
r
ly
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiated
b
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el.
T
h
e
DA
r
esu
lts
r
e
v
ea
led
t
h
at
o
n
ly
o
n
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
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th
r
o
u
g
h
4
”)
(
λ
=.
9
6
8
)
was sig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<.
0
5
)
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
,
th
e
SC
DF
an
d
SM
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
5
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
e
a
b
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
SC
DF
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
elativ
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
le
in
p
r
ed
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
el.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
f
o
r
Fu
n
ctio
n
1
,
t
h
e
b
est
p
r
ed
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r
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
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s
wer
e
H
B
L
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(
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5
8
5
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0
0
)
,
f
o
ll
o
wed
b
y
HOAM
(
.
4
6
6
/.
8
5
9
)
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
th
e
CC
f
o
r
Fu
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n
1
(
r
c²=
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5
1
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was
c
o
n
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e
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ted
in
to
a
p
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ce
n
tag
e,
it
was
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
at
th
e
f
u
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n
e
x
p
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ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
% o
f
th
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v
a
r
ian
ce
.
3
.
5
.
Ana
ly
s
is
ba
s
ed
o
n t
he
nu
m
ber
o
f
child
re
n in t
he
f
a
m
ily
MA
NOVA
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
p
ar
en
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
in
th
e
f
am
ily
.
I
n
itial
ass
ess
m
en
ts
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
eq
u
ality
o
f
co
v
ar
ian
ce
m
at
r
ices
(
B
o
x
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s
M
=3
9
.
5
5
2
,
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.
3
0
5
,
p
>.
0
5
)
.
L
e
v
en
e’
s
test
s
also
i
n
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
s
wer
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
SB
AP
(
F
=1
.
4
1
3
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
T
PC
(
F=1
.
8
6
0
,
p
>
.
0
5
)
,
HB
L
S
(
F
=1
.
4
4
3
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
an
d
HOAM
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
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-
8
8
2
2
Dem
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g
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etermin
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iate
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f
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m
m
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ized
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6
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6
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e
a
n
s
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2
2
4
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g
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2
Tu
k
e
y
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C
D
F
1
(
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3
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7
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2
4
5
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.
2
1
7
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.
0
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7
1
1
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1
6
1
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9
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5
5
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7
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6
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1
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T
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m
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er
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ican
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t
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th
e
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AP
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3
2
0
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0
0
5
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,
T
P
C
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1
.
1
6
1
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0
0
0
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,
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L
S
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1
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0
3
6
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0
0
0
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,
a
n
d
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(
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3
8
4
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0
0
0
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d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
.
Af
ter
a
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
B
o
n
f
er
r
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n
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co
r
r
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n
,
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e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
r
em
ain
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
I
n
th
e
SB
AP
an
d
HB
L
S
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
p
ar
en
ts
with
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
ch
ild
h
a
d
h
ig
h
e
r
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es th
an
th
e
o
th
er
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
th
e
T
PC
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
p
a
r
en
ts
with
o
n
e
ch
ild
h
ad
h
ig
h
e
r
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es th
an
th
o
s
e
with
two
c
h
ild
r
en
,
an
d
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
a
d
h
i
g
h
er
s
co
r
es
th
an
p
ar
en
ts
with
th
r
ee
an
d
f
o
u
r
c
h
ild
r
en
.
I
n
th
e
HOAM
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
p
a
r
en
ts
with
o
n
e
an
d
two
ch
ild
r
en
h
ad
h
ig
h
er
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
with
th
r
ee
ch
ild
r
en
,
an
d
all
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
ad
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es
th
an
p
ar
en
ts
with
f
o
u
r
ch
ild
r
en
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
es
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
is
lim
ited
,
as
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
(
Ƞ
2
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
0
1
0
t
o
.
0
3
9
)
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
m
all.
T
h
is
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
am
o
n
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
,
wh
ile
s
tatis
tically
r
eliab
le,
h
av
e
a
m
in
im
al
p
r
a
ctica
l
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
p
r
o
f
ile.
T
h
e
DA
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
ee
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
;
am
o
n
g
th
em
,
Fu
n
ctio
n
1
(
“1
th
r
o
u
g
h
3
”)
(
λ
=.
9
3
9
)
a
n
d
Fu
n
ctio
n
2
(
“
2
th
r
o
u
g
h
3
”)
(
λ
=.
9
8
5
)
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<.
0
5
)
,
w
h
er
ea
s
Fu
n
ctio
n
3
was n
o
t sig
n
if
ican
t (
p
>.
0
5
)
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
e
r
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
th
e
SC
DF a
n
d
SM
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
SC
D
F
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
elativ
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
ar
ia
b
le
in
p
r
ed
ic
tin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
f
o
r
Fu
n
ctio
n
1
,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
am
o
n
g
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
was
HOAM
(
.
5
7
9
/.
8
7
4
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
H
B
L
S
(
.
2
7
4
/.7
2
2
)
a
n
d
T
PC
(
.
4
4
5
/.6
9
9
)
,
all
o
f
w
h
ich
m
a
d
e
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
Fo
r
Fu
n
ctio
n
2
,
HOAM
(
−1
.
0
1
6
/−.
4
3
0
)
was
t
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
n
eg
ativ
e
d
is
cr
im
i
n
ato
r
,
wh
ile
SB
AP
(
.
4
2
7
/.
5
2
3
)
an
d
T
PC
(
.
4
2
8
/.
4
5
5
)
s
h
o
wed
m
o
d
er
ate
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
an
d
HB
L
S
(
.
5
9
4
/.
2
4
5
)
h
a
d
a
lo
w
-
co
r
r
elate
d
u
n
iq
u
e
ef
f
ec
t.
W
h
en
th
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
CC
wer
e
co
n
v
er
ted
to
p
er
ce
n
tag
es,
Fu
n
ctio
n
1
(
r
c²=
.
2
1
7
)
ex
p
lain
ed
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
,
an
d
Fu
n
ct
io
n
2
(
r
c²=
.
1
1
4
)
e
x
p
lain
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
%.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
p
r
i
m
ar
ily
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
m
e
-
b
ased
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t,
wh
er
ea
s
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
em
p
h
asizes
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
,
a
n
d
th
u
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
al,
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
3
.
6
.
G
ra
de
lev
el
o
f
child
re
n
MA
NOVA
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
p
ar
en
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
ed
b
ased
o
n
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
g
r
a
d
e
lev
el.
I
n
it
ial
an
aly
s
es
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
e
q
u
al
co
v
ar
ian
c
e
m
atr
ices
was
m
et
(
B
o
x
’
s
M
=6
1
.
7
4
2
,
F
=
1
.
2
2
4
,
p
>.
0
5
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
L
ev
en
e
’
s
test
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
SB
AP
(
F
=.
7
6
9
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
T
PC
(
F
=.
9
9
4
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
HB
L
S
(
F
=2
.
1
3
2
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
a
n
d
HOAM
(
F
=.
6
4
9
,
p
>.
0
5
)
.
Giv
e
n
th
at
th
ese
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
wer
e
s
atis
f
ied
,
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
W
ilk
s
’
L
am
b
d
a
(
λ
)
,
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
led
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ain
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
g
r
ad
e
lev
el
(
λ
=.
8
5
6
,
F
(20,
4043
.
92)
=9
.
7
2
3
,
p
=.
0
0
0
,
Ƞ
2
=.
0
3
7
)
.
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
ich
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
(
ce
ll
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
)
,
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
u
n
iv
ar
iate
test
s
an
d
T
u
k
ey
p
o
s
t
h
o
c
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
to
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
T
y
p
e
I
e
r
r
o
r
,
a
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
was
ap
p
lied
u
s
in
g
a
c
r
itical
v
alu
e
o
f
.
0
1
2
5
(
.
0
5
/4
)
,
an
d
s
ev
er
al
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
c
o
n
tr
asts
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
test
s
(
T
u
k
e
y
a
n
d
DA)
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
7
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
t
h
e
ch
ild
’
s
g
r
ad
e
le
v
el
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
—
S
B
AP
(
F
(5,
1222)
=
1
8
.
4
7
0
,
p
=.
0
0
0
)
,
T
PC
(
F
(5,
1222)
=1
7
.
8
0
3
,
p
=.
0
0
0
)
,
HB
L
S
(
F
(5,
1222)
=2
0
.
6
1
2
,
p
=
.
0
0
0
)
,
an
d
HOAM
(
F
(5,
1222)
=1
0
.
9
6
0
,
p
=.
0
0
0
)
—
a
n
d
th
ese
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
r
em
ai
n
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
af
ter
th
e
B
o
n
f
e
r
r
o
n
i
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
is
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
th
at
th
e
ef
f
e
ct
s
ize
v
alu
es
wer
e
q
u
ite
lo
w.
T
u
k
ey
test
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
p
ar
e
n
ts
wh
o
s
e
ch
ild
r
en
wer
e
in
p
r
esch
o
o
l
an
d
Gr
ad
e
1
h
ad
h
ig
h
er
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
th
an
p
ar
en
ts
wh
o
s
e
ch
ild
r
en
wer
e
i
n
Gr
ad
es
4
an
d
5
.
As
th
e
ch
il
d
’
s
g
r
ad
e
lev
el
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
Desp
ite
th
e
h
ig
h
s
tatis
tic
al
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
t
h
ese
tr
en
d
s
,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
s
izes
(
Ƞ
2
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
.
0
0
5
to
.
0
1
7
)
i
n
d
icate
th
at
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
g
r
a
d
e
lev
el
h
as
a
n
eg
lig
ib
le
to
s
m
all
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
ac
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
4
4
3
5
-
4455
4444
o
n
th
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
ile
th
e
‘
g
r
ad
u
al
d
ec
lin
e
’
in
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le,
its
o
v
er
all
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
with
in
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
is
s
am
p
le.
T
o
ex
am
in
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
f
am
ily
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
s
ca
le
in
g
r
ea
ter
d
etail
b
y
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
g
r
ad
e
lev
el,
th
e
SC
DF
an
d
SM
co
ef
f
icien
ts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
DA
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
u
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
o
f
wh
ich
o
n
ly
two
—
Fu
n
ctio
n
1
(
“1
th
r
o
u
g
h
4
”)
(
λ
=.
8
5
6
)
an
d
Fu
n
ctio
n
2
(
“
2
th
r
o
u
g
h
4
”)
(
λ
=.
9
7
2
)
—
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
<.
0
5
)
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
th
e
SC
DF
an
d
SM
we
r
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
a
b
le
7
.
T
h
e
r
elativ
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
SC
DF
i
n
d
icate
s
th
e
r
elativ
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
l
e
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
t
h
e
ch
ild
’
s
g
r
ad
e
le
v
el.
T
ab
le
7
.
F test an
d
DA
r
esu
lts
DVs
M
e
a
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
F
(
4
,
1
2
2
3
)
S
i
g
.
(
Ƞ
2
)
Tu
k
e
y
S
C
D
F
1
(
S
M
1
)
S
C
D
F
2
(
S
M
2
)
S
C
D
F
3
(
S
M
3
)
S
C
D
F
4
(
S
M
4
)
CC
S
B
A
P
1
1
.
4
0
1
1
8
.
4
7
0
.
0
0
0
*
.
0
0
5
a
>
b
,
c
,
d
>
e
,
f
.
4
1
1
(
.
7
0
4
)
.
7
4
6
(
.
5
9
4
)
-
.
6
7
1
(
-
.
3
0
5
)
-
.
2
6
0
(
-
.
2
4
2
)
.
3
4
6
TPC
1
2
.
2
8
1
1
7
.
8
0
3
.
0
0
0
*
.
0
1
0
a
>
b
>
c
,
d
,
e
,
f
.
3
8
5
(
.
7
1
7
)
-
.
1
0
3
(
.
1
1
9
)
.
9
9
9
(
.
6
5
3
)
-
.
3
9
5
(
-
.
2
1
4
)
.
1
4
4
H
B
LS
1
0
.
8
9
1
2
0
.
6
1
2
.
0
0
0
*
.
0
1
9
a
,
b
>
d
>
e
,
f
.
5
2
9
(
.
7
5
4
)
-
.
9
6
4
(
-
.
5
5
6
)
-
.
4
7
9
(
-
.
2
5
1
)
-
.
2
2
4
(
.
2
4
4
)
.
0
7
8
HOAM
4
.
8
4
8
1
0
.
9
6
0
.
0
0
0
*
.
0
1
7
a
>
b
>
e
,
f
.
0
6
4
(
.
5
6
9
)
.
4
8
4
(
.
0
6
9
)
.
2
0
7
(
.
4
3
7
)
1
.
1
1
7
(
.
8
1
2
)
.
0
3
2
*
p
<
.
0
1
2
5
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
f
o
r
Fu
n
ctio
n
1
,
t
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
is
cr
im
i
n
ato
r
s
wer
e
HB
L
S
(
.
5
2
9
/.7
5
4
)
an
d
T
PC
(
.
3
8
5
/.
7
1
7
)
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
.
SB
AP
(
.
4
1
1
/.7
0
4
)
s
er
v
ed
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
,
wh
ile
HOAM
h
ad
a
m
o
d
er
ate
ef
f
ec
t.
HB
L
S
an
d
T
PC
wer
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
i
n
g
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
in
d
icate
s
th
at
as
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
g
r
ad
e
lev
el
in
cr
ea
s
es,
HBLS
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
th
e
teac
h
er
b
ec
o
m
es
less
f
r
eq
u
en
t.
W
h
en
th
e
s
q
u
a
r
ed
CC
f
o
r
Fu
n
ctio
n
1
(
r
c²=
.
3
4
6
)
was
co
n
v
er
ted
t
o
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e,
it
ex
p
lain
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
2
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
.
Fo
r
Fu
n
ctio
n
2
,
th
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
CC
(
r
c²=
.
1
4
4
)
ex
p
lain
ed
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
.
I
n
Fu
n
ctio
n
2
,
SB
AP
was
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
is
cr
im
in
ato
r
,
wh
er
ea
s
HB
L
S
was
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
n
eg
ativ
e
d
is
cr
im
in
ato
r
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ast
b
etwe
en
HB
L
S
an
d
SB
AP
s
u
g
g
est
s
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
an
d
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
ten
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
o
m
e
-
b
ased
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
b
u
t
as
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
g
r
ad
e
le
v
el
in
cr
ea
s
es,
p
a
r
en
t
s
with
d
r
aw
m
icr
o
-
lev
el
h
o
m
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
s
h
if
t
t
o
war
d
m
o
r
e
s
ch
o
o
l
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
3
.
7
.
Ana
ly
s
is
wit
h r
esp
ec
t
t
o
t
he
m
utua
l e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
bo
t
h na
t
iv
e
la
ng
ua
g
e
a
nd
g
ender
Facto
r
ial
MA
NOVA
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
jo
in
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
ar
en
t
s
’
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
g
en
d
er
(
two
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
es×two
g
en
d
er
s
)
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
test
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
s
h
o
w
in
g
eq
u
al
co
v
ar
ia
n
ce
m
atr
ices
(
B
o
x
’
s
M
=3
5
.
1
0
,
F
=1
.
1
7
4
,
p
>.
0
5
)
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
s
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
L
e
v
en
e’
s
T
est
f
o
r
SB
AP
(
F
=2
.
2
9
2
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
T
PC
(
F
=.
1
5
8
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
HB
L
S
(
F
=2
.
4
6
3
,
p
>.
0
5
)
,
an
d
HOAM
(
F
=1
.
1
8
1
,
p
>.
0
5
)
.
Giv
en
th
ese
r
esu
lts
,
W
ilk
s
’
L
am
b
d
a
(
λ
)
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Sig
n
if
ican
t
m
ain
e
f
f
ec
ts
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
o
th
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
λ
=.
9
0
3
,
F
(4
,
1221)
=3
2
.
6
3
8
,
p
=.
0
0
0
,
Ƞ
2
=.
1
0
)
,
g
en
d
er
(
λ
=.
7
2
6
,
F
(4,
1221)
=1
1
5
.
1
6
2
,
p
=.
0
0
0
,
Ƞ
2
=.
2
7
)
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
g
e
n
d
er
(
λ
=.
9
8
4
,
F
(4,
1221)
=4
.
9
3
1
,
p
=
.
0
0
1
,
Ƞ
2
=.
0
2
)
.
Usi
n
g
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
th
e
s
o
le
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le,
s
ep
ar
at
e
o
n
e
-
wa
y
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
f
u
n
ct
io
n
an
al
y
s
es
(
DFA)
wer
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
f
em
ales
an
d
m
ales.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
T
ab
le
8
.
T
ab
le
8
.
DA
f
o
r
f
em
ale
a
n
d
m
ale
G
e
n
d
e
r
ƒ
S
C
D
F
(
S
M
)
CC
G
r
o
u
p
c
e
n
t
r
o
i
d
s
S
B
A
P
TPC
H
B
LS
HOAM
Tu
r
k
i
s
h
A
l
b
a
n
i
a
n
F
e
mal
e
1
.
9
1
4
(
.
7
4
0
)
-
.
0
2
3
(
.
1
4
9
)
-
.
3
5
7
(
-
.
3
7
7
)
-
.
4
1
1
(
-
.
4
3
6
)
.
2
8
5
-
.
3
6
3
.
2
4
3
M
a
l
e
1
.
6
8
2
(
.
6
9
3
)
.
4
2
2
(
.
4
1
9
)
-
.
0
2
4
(
-
.
2
4
2
)
-
.
7
0
5
(
-
.
4
8
8
)
.
5
2
4
-
.
7
4
3
.
5
0
5
Ƒ
=
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
Fo
r
f
em
ales,
t
h
e
DA
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
o
n
ly
o
n
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
λ
=.
9
1
9
)
,
an
d
f
o
r
m
ales
also
o
n
ly
o
n
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
λ
=.
7
2
5
)
;
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
p
<
.
0
5
)
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
d
CC
was
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
p
er
ce
n
tag
es,
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
8
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
f
o
r
f
e
m
ales
(
r
c²=
.
2
8
5
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
lo
w
lev
el,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
7
%
f
o
r
m
ales
(
r
c²=
.
5
2
4
)
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el.
W
h
en
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
ef
f
icien
ts
an
d
SM
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
to
g
eth
er
,
SB
AP
(
.
9
1
4
)
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
atin
g
v
ar
iab
le
f
o
r
f
em
ale
p
ar
en
ts
.
Am
o
n
g
f
em
ales,
t
h
e
SB
AP
d
im
en
s
io
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
d
o
m
in
ate
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiatio
n
b
y
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
co
r
es o
n
th
is
f
ac
to
r
m
ad
e
th
e
g
r
ea
test
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
e
twee
n
T
u
r
k
is
h
-
an
d
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