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s
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m
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iate
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ic
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teg
rit
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n
d
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ll
b
e
in
g
,
a
d
a
p
tatio
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,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
rt.
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h
e
fi
n
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
g
g
e
st
th
a
t
AI
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i
n
tertwin
e
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wit
h
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o
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t
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e
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c
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ti
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ly
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e
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tere
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n
th
e
sis
o
f
h
o
w
AI
in
ters
e
c
ts
with
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s,
a
u
th
o
rs
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ip
,
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c
a
d
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ic
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p
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c
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d
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we
ll
b
e
in
g
,
a
n
d
d
o
c
to
ra
l
su
p
p
o
rt
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Aca
d
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
Ad
ap
tatio
n
Do
cto
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Do
cto
r
al
jo
u
r
n
ey
Gen
er
ativ
e
AI
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
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nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
C
h
u
n
g
Xu
an
L
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
B
u
s
in
ess
an
d
Ma
n
ag
em
en
t,
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u
th
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n
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aiwa
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Un
iv
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ity
o
f
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d
T
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ain
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,
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aiwa
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E
m
ail:
d
b
3
1
g
2
1
4
@
s
tu
s
t.e
d
u
.
tw
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
ap
id
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t o
f
g
en
er
ativ
e
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
Gen
AI
)
is
r
esh
ap
in
g
h
ig
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r
ed
u
ca
tio
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b
y
ch
an
g
in
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o
w
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task
s
ar
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p
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f
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r
m
ed
,
s
u
p
p
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te
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,
an
d
ev
alu
ated
.
AI
is
m
o
v
in
g
b
ey
o
n
d
p
er
ip
h
e
r
al
tech
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
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n
d
b
ec
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m
in
g
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b
e
d
d
ed
in
co
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ac
a
d
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ic
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
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n
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wled
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d
is
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v
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liter
atu
r
e
s
u
m
m
ar
izatio
n
,
wr
iti
n
g
ass
is
tan
ce
,
ar
g
u
m
en
t
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
in
g
,
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
1
]
–
[
4
]
.
R
ec
en
t
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
f
u
r
th
er
in
d
icate
th
at
AI
af
f
ec
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
task
-
lev
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ac
tiv
ities
b
u
t
also
h
o
w
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
r
g
an
ize
lear
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ass
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o
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tco
m
es,
d
ef
in
e
ac
ad
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ic
co
m
p
eten
cies,
an
d
m
ain
tain
ac
ad
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
W
ith
in
th
is
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
d
o
c
to
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
i
s
tin
ct
an
aly
s
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
o
cc
u
p
y
a
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
p
o
s
itio
n
b
etwe
e
n
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
lear
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er
s
a
n
d
em
e
r
g
in
g
s
ch
o
la
r
s
.
T
h
e
Ph
D
jo
u
r
n
ey
is
n
o
t
m
er
ely
th
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co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
a
d
v
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ce
d
tr
ai
n
in
g
b
u
t
also
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
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d
ep
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n
d
en
t
r
esear
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c
ap
ab
ilit
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,
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
s
c
h
o
lar
ly
id
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n
tity
,
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
a
h
ig
h
ly
u
n
ce
r
tain
ac
a
d
em
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
m
an
y
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ate
o
r
m
aster
’
s
-
l
ev
el
u
s
es
o
f
AI
,
d
o
cto
r
al
u
s
e
o
f
ten
ex
ten
d
s
in
to
h
ig
h
er
-
s
tak
es
r
esear
ch
ac
tiv
iti
es
s
u
ch
as
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
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liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
d
ev
el
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p
m
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p
r
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m
eth
o
d
o
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g
ical
d
esig
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,
d
ata
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n
ter
p
r
etatio
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,
d
is
s
er
tatio
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wr
i
tin
g
,
m
a
n
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s
cr
ip
t
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
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,
ac
ad
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ic
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
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in
em
en
t,
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es to
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
o
r
r
e
v
iewe
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
9
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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2252
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2
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R
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A
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3705
Do
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o
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f
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ac
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an
d
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p
etitio
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m
ak
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AI
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
alien
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r
eso
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r
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i
n
d
o
cto
r
al
lear
n
in
g
an
d
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
Fo
r
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
d
o
cto
r
al
wr
iter
s
wo
r
k
in
g
in
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
AI
ca
n
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
ar
g
u
m
en
t
o
r
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a
n
izatio
n
,
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
eq
u
itab
le
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
i
n
a
ca
d
em
ic
wr
itin
g
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
d
o
ct
o
r
al
c
a
n
d
i
d
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s
e
AI
i
n
a
cti
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it
ies
c
l
o
s
el
y
ti
e
d
to
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
,
t
h
e
y
also
f
a
ce
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
l
ex
a
ca
d
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c
an
d
et
h
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ca
l
ch
all
en
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es.
T
h
ese
c
h
a
lle
n
g
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i
n
cl
u
d
e
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
b
etw
ee
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
tit
u
ti
o
n
,
d
is
s
e
r
ta
ti
o
n
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
lit
y
,
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
h
i
p
,
p
la
g
i
a
r
is
m
,
c
ita
ti
o
n
p
r
a
cti
ce
s
,
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
n
AI
,
d
i
m
i
n
is
h
e
d
c
r
it
ic
al
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
l
o
s
s
o
f
s
ch
o
l
a
r
l
y
v
o
i
ce
,
a
n
d
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
o
v
e
r
w
h
e
th
er
f
i
n
al
o
u
t
p
u
ts
c
an
b
e
f
u
l
ly
att
r
i
b
u
te
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
an
d
i
d
ate
’
s
o
wn
i
n
t
ell
ec
t
u
al
co
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
A
I
m
a
y
als
o
r
es
h
ap
e
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
o
r
-
c
an
d
i
d
a
te
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
,
f
e
e
d
b
ac
k
p
r
ac
tic
es,
s
ch
o
l
ar
ly
i
d
e
n
ti
ty
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
al
ex
p
er
ie
n
c
es
s
u
c
h
as
l
o
n
eli
n
ess
,
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
p
r
o
c
r
as
ti
n
at
io
n
,
b
u
r
n
o
u
t,
a
n
d
r
esea
r
c
h
m
o
t
iv
ati
o
n
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
o
ct
o
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
v
iewe
d
m
er
ely
as
a
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
“stu
d
en
ts
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
”.
T
h
ey
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
d
is
tin
ct
ac
ad
em
ic
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
wh
ich
AI
u
s
e
is
d
ir
ec
tly
tied
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
esear
ch
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
,
s
ch
o
lar
ly
id
en
tity
,
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
s
ch
o
lar
ly
v
o
ice,
ac
a
d
em
ic
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
d
is
tin
ctio
n
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
d
o
cto
r
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
n
o
t o
n
l
y
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ac
q
u
i
r
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
u
t a
ls
o
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
a
s
ch
o
la
r
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
AI
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
r
ap
id
ly
ex
p
an
d
in
g
,
r
esear
ch
s
p
ec
if
ically
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
em
ain
s
f
r
ag
m
en
ted
.
On
e
s
tr
ea
m
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
to
war
d
AI
to
o
ls
[
9
]
–
[
1
2
]
,
wh
ile
an
o
th
er
ex
a
m
in
es
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
,
d
is
s
er
tatio
n
p
r
ac
tices,
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
a
d
d
r
ess
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
t
ad
ap
tatio
n
an
d
well
b
ein
g
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
2
]
,
et
h
ics,
p
la
g
iar
is
m
,
o
r
ig
i
n
ality
,
attr
ib
u
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
m
is
co
n
d
u
ct
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
7
]
,
an
d
d
o
cto
r
al
wo
r
k
-
life
b
alan
ce
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
2
8
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
ese
s
tr
ea
m
s
lar
g
ely
o
p
er
ate
as sep
ar
ate
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
r
ath
er
th
an
as p
a
r
ts
o
f
a
u
n
if
i
ed
ac
co
u
n
t o
f
d
o
cto
r
al
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
in
th
e
AI
er
a.
A
k
ey
g
ap
is
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
an
in
teg
r
ated
s
y
n
th
esis
ex
p
lain
in
g
h
o
w
th
e
Ph
D
jo
u
r
n
ey
is
b
ein
g
r
esh
ap
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
ad
em
ic,
et
h
ical,
em
o
tio
n
al,
ad
a
p
tiv
e,
an
d
id
en
tity
-
f
o
r
m
in
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
W
h
at
is
m
is
s
in
g
i
s
n
o
t
m
er
ely
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
esear
c
h
o
n
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
u
t
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
h
at
tr
ea
ts
th
e
d
o
cto
r
al
jo
u
r
n
ey
as
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
wh
ich
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
r
ac
tices,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
ar
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
in
ter
twin
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
ar
ticle
ask
s
:
h
o
w
is
th
e
d
o
ct
o
r
al
jo
u
r
n
ey
b
ein
g
r
esh
ap
ed
in
t
h
e
AI
er
a
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
ad
em
ic,
eth
ical,
em
o
tio
n
al,
a
d
ap
tiv
e,
an
d
id
en
tity
-
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
?
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
u
r
s
u
es
th
r
ee
o
b
je
ctiv
es.
I
t
f
ir
s
t
m
ap
s
th
e
m
ajo
r
th
em
atic
s
tr
ea
m
s
in
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
o
n
AI
an
d
d
o
ct
o
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
th
en
s
y
n
th
esizes
h
o
w
AI
r
esh
ap
es
co
r
e
d
o
cto
r
al
p
r
ac
tices,
in
clu
d
in
g
wr
itin
g
,
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
io
n
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
a
n
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
ev
el
o
p
s
a
n
in
teg
r
ated
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
Ph
D
jo
u
r
n
e
y
as a
s
o
cio
-
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
ch
o
la
r
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew
lies
in
its
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates
as
em
er
g
i
n
g
s
ch
o
lar
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
as
a
g
en
er
al
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Fro
m
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
AI
u
s
e
is
ex
am
in
ed
n
o
t
o
n
ly
as
a
m
atter
o
f
to
o
l
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
r
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
b
u
t
also
as
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
s
ch
o
lar
ly
v
o
ice,
ac
ad
em
ic
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
e
th
ical
ju
d
g
m
en
t,
wellb
ein
g
,
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t,
th
e
r
ev
iew
in
teg
r
ates
s
o
cio
-
tec
h
n
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
th
eo
r
y
with
d
o
cto
r
al
id
en
tity
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
1
]
an
d
co
m
b
in
es
a
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
s
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es (
PR
I
S
MA
)
-
in
f
o
r
m
ed
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew,
VOSv
iewe
r
-
b
ased
b
ib
lio
m
etr
i
c
m
ap
p
in
g
,
an
d
f
u
ll
-
tex
t t
h
em
atic
s
y
n
th
esis
[
3
2
]
–
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
an
in
teg
r
ated
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
AI
-
m
e
d
iated
d
o
cto
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
AI
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
em
b
e
d
d
ed
i
n
d
o
c
to
r
al
r
esear
ch
p
r
ac
tices
wh
ile
also
r
aisi
n
g
d
ee
p
e
r
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
i
n
tellectu
al
ag
en
cy
,
ac
a
d
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
,
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
em
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
n
d
er
wh
ich
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates
b
ec
o
m
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
.
B
y
ce
n
t
er
in
g
th
e
d
o
ct
o
r
al
jo
u
r
n
ey
r
ath
e
r
th
a
n
g
en
er
al
AI
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
th
e
r
ev
iew
cla
r
if
ies
wh
y
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
id
at
es
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
is
tin
ct
an
aly
tical
atten
tio
n
in
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
AI
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
2.
CO
NCEPT
UAL
F
R
AM
I
NG
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
a
s
o
cio
-
tech
n
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
wh
ich
tr
ea
ts
AI
n
o
t
s
im
p
ly
as
a
tech
n
ical
to
o
l b
u
t
as
p
a
r
t
o
f
a
wid
er
d
o
ct
o
r
al
tr
ain
in
g
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
in
wh
ich
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
r
ac
tices,
eth
ical
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
in
ter
ac
t
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Fr
o
m
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
AI
u
s
e
in
d
o
cto
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
wh
et
h
er
a
to
o
l
is
u
s
ef
u
l.
I
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
ex
am
in
ed
with
in
a
b
r
o
ad
er
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
o
f
d
o
c
to
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates,
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
,
p
ee
r
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
jo
u
r
n
al
p
o
licies,
ac
ad
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t sy
s
tem
s
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Do
cto
r
al
id
en
tity
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
len
s
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew
an
d
co
m
p
le
m
en
ts
th
e
s
o
cio
-
tech
n
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
d
o
cto
r
al
jo
u
r
n
e
y
in
v
o
lv
es
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
co
m
p
leti
n
g
a
d
is
s
er
tatio
n
o
r
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
ar
ticles;
it
also
e
n
tails
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
ch
o
l
ar
ly
id
e
n
tity
,
ac
a
d
em
ic
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
,
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
3
7
0
4
-
3715
3706
a
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
s
ch
o
lar
ly
v
o
ice
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Do
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates
g
r
ad
u
ally
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
ec
ip
ien
ts
to
k
n
o
wled
g
e
cr
ea
t
o
r
s
wh
o
ca
n
i
d
en
tify
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
,
s
elec
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
cr
itiq
u
e
liter
atu
r
e,
p
u
b
lis
h
,
an
d
p
ar
ti
cip
ate
in
s
ch
o
lar
ly
co
m
m
u
n
i
ties
[
2
9
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
AI
u
s
e
in
d
o
cto
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ev
alu
ated
n
o
t o
n
l
y
b
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
u
t a
ls
o
b
y
its
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
s
ch
o
lar
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
AI
,
th
is
id
en
tity
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
.
On
o
n
e
h
a
n
d
,
AI
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
es,
id
ea
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
ar
g
u
m
en
t
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
ac
a
d
em
ic
e
d
itin
g
,
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
g
lo
b
al
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
[
1
3
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
AI
r
aises
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
in
tellectu
al
ag
en
cy
,
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
e
r
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
claim
s
,
an
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
s
ch
o
la
r
ly
v
o
ice
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
o
c
to
r
al
jo
u
r
n
ey
in
th
e
AI
er
a
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
n
o
t
m
e
r
ely
as
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
u
t a
s
s
ch
o
lar
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
u
n
d
er
n
ew
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ed
iatio
n
h
elp
s
e
x
p
lain
h
o
w
AI
m
e
d
iates
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
r
ea
d
in
g
,
wr
itin
g
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
[
3
6
]
.
Self
-
r
eg
u
lated
lear
n
in
g
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
p
lain
s
wh
y
d
o
ct
o
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates
n
ee
d
to
s
et
g
o
als
,
v
er
if
y
AI
o
u
t
p
u
ts
,
id
e
n
tify
b
ias,
r
ef
lect
cr
itically
,
a
n
d
r
etain
co
n
t
r
o
l
o
v
er
ac
ad
em
ic
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
[
3
7
]
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
s
elec
tiv
ely
f
o
r
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
/ad
o
p
tio
n
th
em
e
b
ec
au
s
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
l
n
ess
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
a
n
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
ca
n
n
o
t f
u
lly
ex
p
lain
th
e
wid
er
id
en
tity
-
f
o
r
m
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
o
cto
r
al
jo
u
r
n
e
y
[
3
8
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
d
esig
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
t
h
r
ee
m
ain
s
tep
s
:
PR
I
SMA
-
in
f
o
r
m
ed
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
VOSv
iewe
r
-
b
ased
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
m
ap
p
in
g
,
a
n
d
in
-
d
e
p
th
t
h
em
at
ic
s
y
n
th
esis
[
3
2
]
–
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
was
s
elec
ted
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
allo
ws
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
co
m
b
in
e
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
s
elec
tio
n
,
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
p
atter
n
s
,
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iewe
d
liter
atu
r
e.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
C
o
r
e
C
o
llectio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
i
o
d
1
9
9
8
–
2
0
2
6
an
d
wer
e
lim
ited
to
E
n
g
lis
h
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
was
s
elec
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
it
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
cu
r
ated
s
ch
o
lar
ly
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
m
etad
at
a,
an
d
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
VO
Sv
iewe
r
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
tr
in
g
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
th
r
ee
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
/Ph
D
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
d
o
cto
r
al
jo
u
r
n
e
y
/aca
d
em
i
c
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
an
d
AI
/
Gen
AI
/C
h
atGPT
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
was
u
s
ed
to
r
etr
iev
e
r
elev
an
t
r
ec
o
r
d
s
f
r
o
m
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
.
I
t
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
lin
k
in
g
d
o
ct
o
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
o
cto
r
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
an
d
AI
-
r
elate
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
ter
m
s
wer
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
ally
b
r
o
ad
en
o
u
g
h
to
i
n
c
lu
d
e
d
o
cto
r
al
wr
itin
g
,
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
ad
a
p
tatio
n
,
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
,
an
d
AI
-
m
ed
iated
ac
ad
em
ic
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
ex
ac
t
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
is
p
r
esen
te
d
:
(
d
o
cto
r
a
l
s
tu
d
en
t*
OR
P
h
D
s
tu
d
en
t*
OR
P
h
D
g
r
a
d
u
a
te*
OR
in
tern
a
tio
n
a
l
d
o
cto
r
a
l
s
tu
d
en
t*
OR
in
tern
a
tio
n
a
l
P
h
D
s
tu
d
en
t*
)
A
N
D
(
d
o
cto
r
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
ey
OR
P
h
D
j
o
u
r
n
ey
OR
ex
p
erien
ce
*
OR
ch
a
llen
g
e*
OR
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
*
OR
a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
OR
co
p
in
g
OR
a
ca
d
emic
life
OR
d
o
cto
r
a
l
w
r
itin
g
OR
s
u
p
ervi
s
i
o
n
OR
p
ers
is
ten
ce
)
A
N
D
(
a
r
t
ificia
l
in
tellig
en
ce
OR
A
I
OR
g
en
era
tive
A
I
OR
C
h
a
tGP
T OR
A
I
to
o
l*
OR
A
I
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
OR
A
I
in
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
ca
tio
n
)
.
T
h
e
d
o
cu
m
en
t
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
is
i
llu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fro
m
an
in
itial
1
8
5
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
2
8
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
r
etain
ed
af
te
r
d
e
d
u
p
lic
atio
n
,
titl
e/ab
s
tr
ac
t/k
ey
wo
r
d
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
r
ele
v
an
ce
ass
ess
m
en
t,
an
d
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
r
ev
iew.
T
h
e
m
ain
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
lack
o
f
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
o
cto
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
AI
,
o
v
er
ly
tech
n
ical
co
n
ten
t,
wea
k
t
h
em
atic
r
elev
an
ce
,
an
d
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
o
r
lim
it
ed
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
llo
wed
PR
I
SMA
2
0
2
0
g
u
id
elin
es
to
en
h
an
ce
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
in
id
en
tify
in
g
,
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
an
d
s
elec
tin
g
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
[
3
2
]
.
Af
ter
f
in
alizin
g
th
e
co
r
p
u
s
o
f
2
8
s
tu
d
ies,
VOSv
iewe
r
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
two
s
u
p
p
l
em
en
tar
y
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
es:
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
m
a
p
p
in
g
an
d
co
-
citat
io
n
m
ap
p
i
n
g
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
C
o
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
h
elp
ed
id
e
n
tify
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
c
lu
s
ter
s
th
at
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
ap
p
ea
r
ed
to
g
eth
e
r
,
wh
ile
co
-
citatio
n
an
aly
s
is
h
elp
ed
id
en
tify
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
clu
s
ter
s
th
at
wer
e
o
f
ten
cited
to
g
eth
er
.
T
h
ese
m
ap
s
wer
e
n
o
t
tr
ea
ted
as
au
to
m
ated
th
em
e
-
g
en
er
atio
n
o
u
tp
u
ts
b
u
t
as
in
itial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
th
em
atic
co
d
in
g
an
d
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
alig
n
m
en
t
b
etw
ee
n
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
m
ap
p
in
g
r
e
s
u
lts
an
d
th
e
f
iv
e
th
em
atic
ar
ea
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
th
em
atic
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
.
First,
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
co
-
citatio
n
clu
s
ter
s
f
r
o
m
VOSv
iewe
r
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
i
d
en
tify
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
th
em
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ib
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e
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iew
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ally
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co
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te
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t
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cr
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-
r
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r
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ic
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atter
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co
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t
r
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a
n
f
r
o
m
s
o
f
t
war
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
alo
n
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
E
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&
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2252
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ter
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t
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ip
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atic
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icatio
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alu
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ased
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cr
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p
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esen
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ch
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8
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al
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ac
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m
u
ltip
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tex
ts
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
C
h
in
a,
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
,
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
Au
s
tr
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J
ap
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Ma
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th
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Ph
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r
ain
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All
r
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s
tu
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ies
m
et
th
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r
ev
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s
q
u
ality
th
r
esh
o
ld
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Ho
wev
er
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th
e
co
r
p
u
s
v
ar
ie
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
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2
2
I
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t
J
E
v
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&
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d
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l
.
15
,
No
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5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
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3
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-
3715
3708
in
m
eth
o
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o
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ests
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at
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ies
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u
f
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icien
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also
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ef
lectin
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h
e
u
n
ev
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atu
r
ity
o
f
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u
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tio
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co
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p
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ates
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ical
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ily
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ated
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ase
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Ge
n
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ir
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2
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atic
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icati
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ter
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ality
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aisal
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)
To
t
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l
sco
r
e
Q
u
a
l
i
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y
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e
v
e
l
1
[
6
]
A
I
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
h
D
st
u
d
e
n
t
N
e
w
s/
c
o
mm
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t
a
r
y
G
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r
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l
s
c
i
e
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t
i
f
i
c
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
T1
T4
,
T
5
9
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
2
[
5
]
P
h
D
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
i
n
a
n
A
I
w
o
r
l
d
Ed
i
t
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a
l
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p
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r
s
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G
l
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t
o
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a
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t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
T1
T2
,
T
4
9
/
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H
i
g
h
3
[
36
]
F
r
o
m t
o
o
l
t
o
p
a
r
t
n
e
r
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
y
C
h
i
n
a
T1
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,
T
3
1
0
/
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H
i
g
h
4
[
37
]
G
e
n
A
I
a
n
d
r
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s
e
a
r
c
h
o
u
t
p
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t
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u
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n
a
T1
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,
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3
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/
1
0
H
i
g
h
5
[
38
]
A
I
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
i
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o
v
a
t
i
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M
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me
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s s
t
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C
h
i
n
a
T1
T3
,
T
5
1
0
/
1
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H
i
g
h
6
[
39
]
AI
-
su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
a
l
d
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v
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D
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g
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/
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k
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o
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u
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Jap
a
n
T2
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,
T
3
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H
i
g
h
7
[
1
3
]
G
e
n
A
I
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n
w
r
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t
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n
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f
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r
p
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b
l
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c
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t
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n
S
u
r
v
e
y
/
i
n
t
e
r
v
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e
w
st
u
d
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H
o
n
g
K
o
n
g
T2
T3
,
T
4
1
0
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0
H
i
g
h
8
[
1
4
]
G
e
n
A
I
i
n
d
i
ssert
a
t
i
o
n
w
r
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t
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n
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d
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S
A
T2
T4
,
T
5
1
0
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
9
[
40
]
G
e
n
A
I
c
h
a
t
b
o
t
-
a
ssi
s
t
e
d
L
2
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t
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n
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e
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e
x
t
T2
T3
,
T
5
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0
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
10
[
1
5
]
D
i
sci
p
l
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n
a
r
y
v
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i
c
e
Q
u
a
l
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t
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e
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n
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l
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s
S
w
e
d
e
n
T2
T3
,
T
4
1
0
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
11
[
41
]
G
e
n
A
I
i
n
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
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Q
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l
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t
a
t
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v
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e
f
l
e
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t
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n
st
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d
y
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S
A
T2
T1
,
T
4
1
0
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
12
[
9
]
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
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f
C
h
a
t
G
P
T
i
n
w
r
i
t
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a
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t
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v
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M
-
b
a
s
e
d
su
r
v
e
y
C
h
i
n
a
T3
T2
,
T
4
1
0
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
13
[
1
0
]
A
I
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
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c
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t
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o
n
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h
y
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S
A
T3
T1
,
T
2
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0
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
14
[
1
1
]
A
I
t
o
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l
s
b
y
d
o
c
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o
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a
l
st
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s
M
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me
t
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s s
t
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y
UK
T3
T2
,
T
4
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0
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1
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H
i
g
h
15
[
42
]
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
P
h
D
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
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t
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P
T
Emp
i
r
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c
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l
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r
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e
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t
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o
n
st
u
d
y
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
T3
T2
,
T
5
1
0
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
16
[
43
]
G
e
n
A
I
u
se
a
n
d
r
e
sea
r
c
h
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
y
Ta
n
z
a
n
i
a
T3
T1
,
T
5
9
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
17
[
2
3
]
A
I
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
p
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e
p
t
i
o
n
s
C
r
o
ss
-
se
c
t
i
o
n
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l
c
o
m
p
a
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v
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s
u
r
v
e
y
C
h
i
n
a
T4
T3
,
T
5
9
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
18
[
2
4
]
Et
h
i
c
a
l
p
u
b
l
i
sh
i
n
g
st
a
n
d
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r
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d
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f
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ss
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o
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st
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N
u
r
si
n
g
/
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o
c
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o
r
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
T4
T2
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T
3
9
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
19
[
2
5
]
A
c
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mi
c
m
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sc
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d
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c
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a
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d
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se
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T4
T3
,
T
5
9
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0
H
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g
h
20
[
2
6
]
A
I
,
su
p
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v
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s
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o
n
,
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t
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r
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M
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me
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p
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a
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st
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y
UK
T4
T2
,
T
5
1
0
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1
0
H
i
g
h
21
[
2
7
]
A
I
,
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
i
t
y
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a
t
t
r
i
b
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Q
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a
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t
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n
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v
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w
st
u
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y
C
h
i
n
a
T4
T2
,
T
3
9
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
22
[
44
]
AI
-
a
ssi
st
e
d
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
c
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
Ex
p
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a
t
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q
u
a
l
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t
i
v
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st
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V
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e
t
n
a
m
T4
T3
,
T
5
9
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1
0
H
i
g
h
23
[
2
8
]
W
o
r
k
-
l
i
f
e
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
P
h
e
n
o
m
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o
l
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g
i
c
a
l
st
u
d
y
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s
T5
T1
,
T
3
9
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
24
[
45
]
A
I
a
n
d
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
p
e
r
si
s
t
e
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a
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t
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v
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M
st
u
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n
d
o
n
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si
a
T5
T1
,
T
3
1
0
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1
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i
g
h
25
[
1
7
]
C
h
a
t
G
P
T,
l
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n
e
l
i
n
e
ss,
w
e
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l
b
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M
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x
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me
t
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s s
t
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d
y
M
a
l
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y
si
a
T5
T3
,
T
4
1
0
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1
0
H
i
g
h
26
[
1
8
]
G
e
n
A
I
a
n
d
c
r
o
ss
-
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
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o
n
Q
u
a
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t
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S
-
O
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I
n
t
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r
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a
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n
a
l
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d
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n
t
c
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n
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e
x
t
T5
T3
,
T
1
9
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
27
[
1
9
]
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
h
D
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
A
I
su
p
p
o
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t
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
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t
o
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t
h
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
T5
T1
,
T
2
1
0
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
28
[
46
]
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
so
r
y
a
n
d
p
e
e
r
d
y
n
a
mi
c
s
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
/
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
t
h
e
o
r
y
s
t
u
d
y
H
o
n
g
K
o
n
g
-
l
i
n
k
e
d
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
T5
T2
,
T
4
9
/
1
0
H
i
g
h
N
o
t
e
:
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
p
p
r
a
i
s
a
l
w
a
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
f
i
v
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
:
C
1
=
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
;
C
2
=
A
I
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
;
C
3
=
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
/
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
c
l
a
r
i
t
y
;
C
4
=
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
;
a
n
d
C
5
=
t
h
e
mat
i
c
u
s
e
f
u
l
n
e
ss.
E
a
c
h
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
w
a
s
s
c
o
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
t
o
2
,
w
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r
e
0
=
w
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/
n
o
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a
d
d
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sse
d
,
1
=
p
a
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a
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d
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sse
d
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a
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d
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=
c
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a
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a
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.
To
t
a
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c
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h
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q
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,
6
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7
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q
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,
a
n
d
b
e
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6
l
o
w
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I
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2252
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3709
4.
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4
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AI a
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a
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demic inf
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in do
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th
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itio
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ac
a
d
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m
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in
f
r
astru
ctu
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in
d
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tio
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ap
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ch
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t
[
5
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,
[
6
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,
[
3
6
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–
[
3
8
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,
[
4
7
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,
[
4
8
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.
T
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is
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ay
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s
o
f
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
.
Gen
AI
i
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
l
y
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
a
s
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
a
r
t
n
e
r
t
h
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
m
u
l
t
i
p
le
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
c
ti
v
i
t
i
es
[
36
]
.
E
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
a
ls
o
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
a
n
a
s
s
o
c
ia
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
we
e
n
Gen
AI
u
s
e
a
n
d
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
s
’
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
o
u
t
p
u
t
[
37
]
.
A
I
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
h
as
l
i
k
e
w
is
e
b
e
e
n
l
i
n
k
e
d
t
o
i
n
n
o
v
at
i
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
a
m
o
n
g
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
es
[
38
]
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
s
A
I
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
i
za
t
i
o
n
wi
t
h
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
it
y
,
w
h
i
l
e
ea
r
l
i
e
r
w
o
r
k
o
n
d
i
g
i
t
al
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
t
es
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
o
o
l
s
h
a
d
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
b
e
g
u
n
r
e
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
w
o
r
k
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
G
en
AI
w
a
v
e
[
47
]
,
[
48
].
A
n
o
tab
le
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
is
th
em
e
is
th
e
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
ask
in
g
wh
eth
er
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates
u
s
e
AI
to
ask
in
g
h
o
w
AI
is
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
tr
ain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
esear
ch
p
r
a
ctice
s
,
an
d
id
en
tity
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
itio
n
is
also
tied
to
s
ch
o
lar
ly
id
en
tity
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates
m
u
s
t
lear
n
h
o
w
to
e
v
alu
ate
,
co
o
r
d
in
ate,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
w
h
ile
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
in
tellectu
al
ag
en
c
y
.
As
AI
b
ec
o
m
es
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
es,
ar
g
u
m
en
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
,
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
r
esear
c
h
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
n
o
l
o
n
g
e
r
d
ef
in
ed
s
im
p
ly
b
y
wo
r
k
in
g
with
o
u
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
u
t
b
y
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
cr
itically
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
[
2
9
]
,
[
38
]
,
[
49
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
AI
liter
ac
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
as
an
in
teg
r
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
d
o
cto
r
al
ac
ad
em
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
r
ath
er
th
an
m
er
ely
a
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ill.
4
.
2
.
T
he
AI
-
m
edia
t
ed
re
s
t
ruct
uring
o
f
co
re
do
ct
o
ra
l pra
c
t
ic
es
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
th
em
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
AI
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
co
r
e
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
cto
r
al
jo
u
r
n
ey
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
p
u
s
f
o
c
u
s
es
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
o
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
d
i
s
s
er
tatio
n
wr
itin
g
,
p
u
b
licatio
n
w
r
itin
g
,
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
v
o
ice,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
-
s
ee
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
6
]
,
[
39
]
–
[
41
]
.
Gen
AI
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
39
]
,
an
d
it
ca
n
also
f
u
n
ctio
n
as a
to
o
l f
o
r
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
an
d
id
ea
tio
n
in
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
wo
r
k
[
41
].
Aca
d
em
ic
wr
itin
g
em
er
g
es
as
a
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
f
o
cu
s
with
in
th
is
th
em
e.
Ph
D
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
Gen
AI
in
p
u
b
licatio
n
wr
itin
g
t
o
o
r
g
an
i
ze
id
ea
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
d
r
af
tin
g
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
d
is
s
er
tatio
n
wr
itin
g
,
esp
ec
ially
am
o
n
g
d
o
c
to
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e,
A
I
o
f
f
e
r
s
ass
is
tan
ce
b
u
t
also
r
aises
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
p
lag
iar
is
m
,
AI
d
etec
tio
n
,
an
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
n
ee
d
s
[
1
4
]
.
Gen
AI
c
h
atb
o
t
-
ass
is
ted
s
ec
o
n
d
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
wr
itin
g
in
v
o
lv
es
o
n
g
o
in
g
n
eg
o
tiatio
n
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
wr
iter
,
th
e
to
o
l,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
[
40
]
.
Feed
b
ac
k
-
s
ee
k
in
g
is
also
ce
n
t
r
al
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
v
o
ice
in
A
I
-
ass
is
ted
d
o
cto
r
al
wr
itin
g
[
1
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
d
is
s
er
tatio
n
wr
itin
g
,
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
wr
itin
g
,
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
as
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
la
n
g
u
ag
e
(
E
AL
)
wr
itin
g
f
u
r
th
er
s
h
o
ws
th
at
AI
-
m
e
d
iated
wr
itin
g
is
clo
s
ely
tied
t
o
lin
g
u
is
tic
in
eq
u
ities
,
p
u
b
licati
o
n
p
r
ess
u
r
es,
an
d
s
ch
o
lar
ly
v
o
ice
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t [
50
]
–
[
55
].
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
t
h
is
th
em
e
is
t
h
at
AI
af
f
ec
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
f
in
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
b
u
t
also
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
d
o
ct
o
r
al
wr
itin
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
ar
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
.
I
n
d
o
ct
o
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wr
itin
g
is
a
s
p
ac
e
in
wh
ich
ca
n
d
id
ates
lear
n
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
,
p
o
s
itio
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
cr
itiq
u
e
liter
atu
r
e,
a
n
d
d
ev
el
o
p
a
s
ch
o
la
r
ly
v
o
ice
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
wh
en
AI
p
ar
ticip
ates
in
id
ea
g
en
er
atio
n
,
ar
g
u
m
en
t
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
i
n
g
,
o
r
s
ty
le
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
,
th
e
is
s
u
e
ex
ten
d
s
b
ey
o
n
d
tex
t
u
al
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
an
d
a
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
ac
ad
em
ic
v
o
ice
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
At
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
lev
el,
AI
ac
ts
as
an
in
ter
m
ed
ia
r
y
in
h
o
w
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates
r
ea
d
,
wr
ite
,
ed
it,
an
d
s
ee
k
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
56
]
.
T
h
is
in
te
r
m
ed
iar
y
r
o
le
h
as
a
d
u
al
n
atu
r
e.
AI
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
wr
iter
s
,
b
u
t
with
o
u
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
g
u
id
an
ce
it
m
ay
also
f
o
s
ter
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
cy
,
h
o
m
o
g
en
ized
wr
itin
g
,
o
r
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
la
r
ly
v
o
ice
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
,
[
56
]
.
B
ey
o
n
d
wr
itin
g
,
AI
u
s
e
in
ass
ess
m
en
t
d
esig
n
,
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
wr
itin
g
ac
tiv
ities
also
in
d
icate
s
th
at
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
b
ein
g
r
e
o
r
g
a
n
ized
ar
o
u
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
ter
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
lea
r
n
er
s
,
to
o
ls
,
an
d
ev
alu
ativ
e
c
o
n
tex
ts
[
57
]
–
[
60
].
4
.
3
.
F
r
o
m
a
cc
ept
a
nce
t
o
neg
o
t
ia
t
io
n:
do
ct
o
ra
l e
ng
a
g
em
e
nt
wit
h
AI
T
h
e
th
ir
d
th
e
m
e
r
e
f
lects
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
a
d
o
p
tio
n
,
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
,
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
ex
p
lai
n
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
C
h
atGPT
in
wr
itin
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
9
]
,
[
61
]
.
R
elate
d
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
u
r
th
er
ex
am
in
e
d
AI
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
26
:
3
7
0
4
-
3715
3710
ad
o
p
tio
n
a
n
d
d
o
ct
o
r
al
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
u
s
e
o
f
AI
to
o
ls
in
d
o
cto
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
v
alu
ab
le
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ex
p
lain
wh
y
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
i
d
ates
p
er
ce
iv
e
AI
as
u
s
ef
u
l,
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e,
o
r
r
eliab
le
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tex
ts
[
9
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
an
in
-
d
ep
th
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
co
r
p
u
s
s
h
o
ws th
at
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
in
th
e
d
o
ct
o
r
al
jo
u
r
n
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
a
s
im
p
le
o
r
s
tatic
s
tate.
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Ph
D
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
ien
ce
C
h
atGPT
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
n
eg
o
tiatio
n
am
o
n
g
r
esear
ch
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
a
ca
d
em
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
[
42
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
Gen
AI
o
n
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
g
r
ess
is
al
s
o
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
h
ed
o
n
ic
g
r
atif
icatio
n
an
d
o
th
er
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
l
f
ac
to
r
s
[
43
]
.
Gen
AI
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
is
s
h
ap
ed
n
o
t
o
n
ly
b
y
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
b
u
t
also
b
y
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
r
is
k
[
1
2
]
.
Fo
r
in
te
r
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
AI
u
s
e
is
f
u
r
th
e
r
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ac
a
d
em
ic
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
b
elo
n
g
in
g
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
co
m
m
u
n
ities
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
d
o
ct
o
r
al
A
I
u
s
e
i
s
n
o
t
m
er
el
y
a
m
at
te
r
o
f
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
ac
c
e
p
ta
n
c
e
b
u
t
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
n
e
g
o
ti
ati
n
g
c
o
n
t
r
o
l,
r
es
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
lit
y
,
a
n
d
a
ca
d
e
m
ic
n
o
r
m
s
.
Do
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
id
at
es
m
u
s
t
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
as
k
w
h
e
th
e
r
AI
e
f
f
e
cti
v
e
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
r
esea
r
ch
,
w
h
a
t
le
v
el
o
f
u
s
e
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
at
e,
w
h
i
c
h
p
a
r
ts
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
r
e
m
a
in
th
ei
r
o
w
n
co
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
,
w
h
et
h
er
A
I
u
s
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
is
cl
o
s
e
d
,
an
d
wh
at
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
o
r
s
o
r
jo
u
r
n
als
e
x
p
e
ct
[
9
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
61
]
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ex
te
n
d
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
lo
g
i
c
o
f
p
er
ce
i
v
e
d
u
s
e
f
u
l
n
ess
o
r
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
at
A
I
liter
ac
y
in
d
o
cto
r
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
tied
to
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
Do
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates
n
ee
d
n
o
t
o
n
ly
t
o
u
s
e
AI
to
o
ls
b
u
t
also
t
o
ass
ess
o
u
tp
u
t
q
u
ality
,
id
en
tif
y
b
ias,
c
r
o
s
s
-
ch
ec
k
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
r
ef
lect
o
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
y
,
an
d
m
ain
tain
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
r
esear
ch
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
[
38
]
,
[
49
]
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
wo
r
d
s
,
AI
co
m
p
eten
ce
at
th
e
d
o
cto
r
al
lev
el
m
u
s
t in
clu
d
e
tech
n
ical
s
k
ill,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
ac
a
d
em
i
c
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
4
.
4
.
E
t
hica
l
bo
un
da
ry
wo
rk,
a
utho
rsh
ip,
a
nd
a
ca
dem
ic
inte
g
rit
y
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
th
em
e
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
eth
ics,
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
o
r
ig
in
a
lity
,
attr
ib
u
tio
n
,
p
lag
ia
r
is
m
,
ac
ad
em
ic
m
is
co
n
d
u
ct,
an
d
th
e
leg
itima
cy
o
f
s
ch
o
la
r
ly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
E
th
ical
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
cr
itical
in
ev
alu
atin
g
an
d
u
s
in
g
AI
in
r
esear
ch
co
n
tex
ts
[
2
3
]
.
E
t
h
ical
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
as
AI
p
ar
ticip
ates
in
s
ch
o
lar
ly
wr
it
in
g
[
2
4
]
.
AI
h
as
also
b
ec
o
m
e
p
ar
t
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
m
is
co
n
d
u
ct
d
eb
ates
am
o
n
g
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
in
ter
n
s
,
an
d
Ph
D
ca
n
d
id
ates [
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
d
o
cto
r
al
co
n
te
x
t,
th
ese
is
s
u
es
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
en
s
itiv
e
b
ec
au
s
e
d
is
s
er
tatio
n
s
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
s
er
v
e
as
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
G
en
AI
is
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
in
g
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
an
d
d
o
cto
r
al
r
esear
ch
,
m
ak
in
g
AI
r
elev
a
n
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
lear
n
e
r
s
b
u
t
a
ls
o
to
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
[
2
6
]
.
Or
ig
in
ality
a
n
d
attr
ib
u
tio
n
h
a
v
e
b
ec
o
m
e
ce
n
tr
al
co
n
ce
r
n
s
in
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
h
u
m
a
n
an
d
AI
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
b
etwe
en
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
m
is
co
n
d
u
ct
h
as a
ls
o
b
ec
o
m
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
b
l
u
r
r
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
44
].
T
h
e
co
r
e
o
f
th
is
th
em
e
is
t
h
at
AI
r
e
q
u
ir
es
th
e
r
en
e
g
o
ti
atio
n
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
tr
ea
ted
as
r
elativ
ely
s
tab
le
in
ac
ad
em
ia.
W
h
en
AI
ca
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
id
ea
s
,
r
ewr
ite
s
en
ten
ce
s
,
o
r
g
an
ize
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
,
o
r
cr
ea
te
d
r
af
ts
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
is
n
o
l
o
n
g
er
s
im
p
ly
wh
eth
er
AI
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
.
Mo
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
e
is
s
u
e
is
wh
ich
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
AI
h
as p
ar
ticip
ated
in
,
wh
eth
er
th
is
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t c
h
an
g
es a
u
th
o
r
s
h
i
p
,
wh
eth
er
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates r
etain
co
n
tr
o
l o
v
er
th
eir
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
,
an
d
h
o
w
AI
u
s
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
is
clo
s
ed
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
44
].
Aca
d
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
s
h
o
u
l
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
n
o
t
b
e
c
o
n
f
i
n
ed
t
o
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
eth
ics
o
f
d
o
ct
o
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates.
I
t
en
co
m
p
ass
es
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
,
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
o
r
g
u
id
a
n
ce
,
jo
u
r
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
ass
es
s
m
en
t
d
esig
n
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
cu
ltu
r
e
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
57
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
d
o
ct
o
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
n
ee
d
s
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
g
u
id
elin
es
o
n
AI
d
is
clo
s
u
r
e,
attr
ib
u
tio
n
,
ac
ce
p
tab
le
u
s
e,
a
n
d
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Su
c
h
g
u
id
elin
es
wo
u
ld
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
b
o
th
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tp
u
ts
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
am
o
n
g
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates.
4
.
5
.
Wellbeing
,
a
da
pta
t
io
n,
a
nd
hy
brid s
up
po
rt
in A
I
-
m
edia
t
ed
do
ct
o
ra
l e
du
ca
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
if
th
th
em
e
b
r
in
g
s
th
e
d
o
cto
r
al
jo
u
r
n
ey
b
ac
k
to
th
e
h
u
m
an
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
ess
u
r
e
,
ac
ad
em
ic
lo
n
elin
ess
,
wo
r
k
-
life
b
ala
n
ce
,
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
c
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
a
d
ap
tatio
n
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
is
lin
k
ed
to
wo
r
k
-
life
b
alan
ce
in
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
2
8
]
.
AI
ca
n
b
o
th
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
h
in
d
er
d
o
cto
r
a
l
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
[
45
]
.
T
h
is
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
AI
h
as
a
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
im
p
ac
t:
it
ca
n
h
elp
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
i
d
ates
m
an
ag
e
th
eir
wo
r
k
wh
ile
also
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
r
es
p
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
tan
t e
f
f
i
cien
cy
[
2
8
]
,
[
45
].
Fo
r
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
d
o
cto
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
is
is
s
u
e
b
ec
o
m
es
ev
e
n
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
.
C
h
atGPT
h
as
b
ee
n
lin
k
ed
to
lo
n
elin
ess
an
d
wellb
ein
g
am
o
n
g
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
Ph
D
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
[
1
7
]
.
Ge
n
AI
also
a
p
p
ea
r
s
as
a
f
ac
to
r
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
lt
u
r
al
ad
ap
tatio
n
[
1
8
]
.
AI
m
ay
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
Ph
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tu
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p
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m
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an
d
s
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p
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s
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s
tem
s
[
1
9
]
.
R
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s
tu
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ies
f
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h
er
s
u
g
g
est
th
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ch
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s
u
p
p
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r
t
ar
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in
s
u
f
f
icien
t [
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
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W
ellb
ein
g
an
d
ad
ap
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n
s
h
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[
1
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[
1
9
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[
2
8
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,
[
2
9
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.
R
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A
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t
a
i
n
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
A
I
c
a
n
n
o
t
r
e
p
l
a
c
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r
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o
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,
p
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r
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o
m
m
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s
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r
e
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
46
]
,
[
6
4
]
,
[
6
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
o
cto
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
th
e
AI
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s
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ld
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r
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W
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th
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tem
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AI
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h
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s
to
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ee
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ac
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a
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ile
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u
m
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s
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em
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tr
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in
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r
o
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ir
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tio
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ef
lectio
n
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alid
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o
f
ac
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e,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
ca
r
e
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
46
]
,
[
6
4
]
,
[
6
5
]
.
T
h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
cr
itical
f
o
r
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
d
o
cto
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tu
d
en
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ltil
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o
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al
ac
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m
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t [
1
7
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
4
.
6
.
I
nte
rc
o
nn
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t
io
ns
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pli
ca
t
io
ns
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o
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do
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a
l e
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ca
t
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T
h
e
f
i
v
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m
es
d
o
n
o
t
o
p
e
r
ate
as
is
o
lated
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u
tco
m
es
b
u
t
as
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
s
o
cio
-
tech
n
ical
an
d
id
en
tity
-
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
1
]
.
As
AI
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
b
ec
o
m
es
p
ar
t
o
f
th
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ac
ad
em
ic
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
p
r
ac
t
ices
s
u
ch
as
liter
atu
r
e
r
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iew,
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is
s
er
tatio
n
wr
itin
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,
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u
b
lica
tio
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r
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tin
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d
f
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b
ac
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-
s
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k
in
g
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
r
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
6
]
,
[
3
6
]
–
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
an
g
es
at
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
lev
el
co
m
p
el
d
o
ct
o
r
al
ca
n
d
id
ates
to
n
eg
o
tiate
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
u
tili
ty
,
r
is
k
,
tr
u
s
t,
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
9
]
–
[
1
2
]
,
[
42
]
,
[
43
].
T
h
is
n
eg
o
tiatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
lead
s
to
eth
ical
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
ch
allen
g
es,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
as
AI
b
ec
o
m
es
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
wr
itin
g
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
ar
g
u
m
en
t
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
,
an
d
tex
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
7
]
,
[
44
]
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
th
ese
c
h
an
g
e
s
in
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
p
r
ac
tices,
a
n
d
n
o
r
m
s
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
liv
es
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
i
d
ates,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
lo
n
elin
ess
,
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
,
b
elo
n
g
in
g
,
an
d
wellb
ein
g
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
62
]
–
[
6
5
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
AI
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
d
o
cto
r
al
jo
u
r
n
ey
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
er
ies
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
:
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
al
em
b
e
d
d
in
g
,
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
ac
tice
r
estru
ct
u
r
in
g
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
n
eg
o
tiatio
n
,
et
h
ical
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
wo
r
k
,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
-
ad
a
p
tiv
e
r
ec
alib
r
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
t
th
at
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
ten
d
b
ey
o
n
d
m
an
ag
in
g
AI
to
o
ls
to
r
e
d
esig
n
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
d
o
cto
r
al
ca
n
d
i
d
ates.
T
ab
le
3
tr
an
s
lates
th
e
f
iv
e
th
em
es
in
to
ac
tio
n
ab
le
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
k
ey
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
d
o
cto
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
p
r
o
g
r
am
lead
er
s
,
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
,
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
jo
u
r
n
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an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
em
p
h
asize
th
at
d
o
cto
r
al
AI
g
o
v
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ce
s
h
o
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l
d
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u
p
p
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t
s
ch
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f
o
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m
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r
ath
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r
th
an
f
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cu
s
o
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ly
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to
o
l
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
o
r
p
r
o
h
i
b
itio
n
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Actio
n
a
b
le
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
d
o
cto
r
al
e
d
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ca
tio
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Th
e
m
e
M
a
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k
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T1
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CO
NCLU
SI
O
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en
to
g
eth
er
,
t
h
is
r
ev
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s
h
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ws
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at
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r
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th
e
d
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jo
u
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t
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f
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s
:
in
f
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m
b
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o
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ical
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k
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d
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m
o
tio
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a
l
-
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alib
r
atio
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h
es
e
m
ec
h
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m
s
m
atter
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s
e
d
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o
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ly
a
tr
ain
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p
r
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s
s
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u
t
also
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
ch
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lar
f
o
r
m
atio
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.
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h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
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th
er
ef
o
r
e
its
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
g
en
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ad
o
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in
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s
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tech
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ical
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d
id
en
tity
-
f
o
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m
in
g
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r
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ce
s
s
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y
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s
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o
cto
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ca
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d
id
ates
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er
g
in
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s
ch
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lar
s
,
th
e
r
ev
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ex
p
lain
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h
o
w
AI
u
s
e
in
ter
s
ec
ts
with
au
t
h
o
r
s
h
ip
,
s
ch
o
lar
ly
v
o
ice,
ac
ad
em
ic
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
eth
ical
ju
d
g
m
en
t,
wellb
ein
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,
an
d
s
u
p
p
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r
t.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
also
ac
k
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wled
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itatio
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th
at
s
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ap
e
th
e
in
te
r
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
its
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
First,
th
e
co
r
p
u
s
was
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
C
o
r
e
C
o
llectio
n
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
-
lan
g
u
ag
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p
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licatio
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ay
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iv
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ex
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R
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io
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al
d
atab
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,
o
r
n
o
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-
E
n
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lis
h
ac
ad
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co
n
t
ex
ts
.
Seco
n
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f
in
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co
r
p
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co
m
p
r
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es
2
8
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r
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ased
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th
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r
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v
iew
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ests
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15
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Octo
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20
26
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tr
ain
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y
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allo
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d
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ev
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itin
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wr
itin
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s
u
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attr
ib
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d
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AI
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b
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h
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ld
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p
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th
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co
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ities
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m
en
to
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r
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s
h
ip
s
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an
d
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s
titu
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u
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th
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r
ev
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f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
lim
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s
,
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u
t
u
r
e
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e
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ea
r
ch
s
h
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ld
p
r
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itize
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o
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r
d
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tio
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lo
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tity
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ly
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d
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to
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m
y
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ab
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p
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y
ex
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o
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tr
u
s
t,
r
esp
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t
h
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s
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ip
n
e
g
o
tiatio
n
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o
tio
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s
u
p
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o
r
t.
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u
r
th
,
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esear
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s
h
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p
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d
to
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ester
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Asi
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AI
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alities
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tes n
ew
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m
s
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d
ex
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.
ACK
NO
WL
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DG
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S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
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th
e
p
ar
tial
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lf
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o
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e
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q
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ir
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ts
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d
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g
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Do
ct
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f
Ph
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T
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s
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DATA AV
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