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co
m
p
eten
ce
(
T
PC
)
to
en
h
an
ce
L
I
an
d
L
O
in
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
er
s
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
els
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
f
r
o
m
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
[
2
]
to
b
i
g
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
[
3
]
,
en
ab
lin
g
AI
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
d
iv
id
u
alize
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
4
]
.
R
ec
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
ed
u
ca
tio
n
em
p
h
asize
in
tellig
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
ch
as
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
NL
P
)
-
b
ased
au
t
o
m
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
o
ls
an
d
A
I
-
d
r
iv
e
n
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
wh
ich
a
n
aly
ze
lear
n
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
AI
ca
n
an
al
y
z
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
i
n
g
p
atter
n
s
an
d
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
le
v
el
o
f
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asizes
ac
tiv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
co
n
ten
t,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
b
o
th
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
af
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
wh
er
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
l
co
n
ten
t
is
o
f
ten
h
is
to
r
ical
an
d
co
n
tex
t
u
al
[
6
]
,
AI
th
at
ca
n
o
f
f
er
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
ca
n
h
elp
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
g
ain
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
an
d
a
p
p
r
ec
iatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
m
ater
ial
[
7
]
,
wh
ile
also
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
t
h
eir
LI
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
AI
also
e
n
ab
les
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
a
“su
p
er
teac
h
er
”
,
wh
er
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ex
ten
d
s
teac
h
er
s
’
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
ee
d
s
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
R
ath
er
th
an
r
ep
lacin
g
teac
h
er
s
,
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
d
ec
is
io
n
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t to
o
ls
th
at
ass
is
t
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
in
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
al
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
.
W
ith
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
AI
,
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
u
s
e
to
o
ls
lik
e
v
i
r
tu
al
r
ea
lity
(
VR
)
an
d
au
g
m
e
n
ted
r
ea
lity
(
AR
)
to
c
r
ea
te
e
x
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
9
]
,
allo
win
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
to
im
m
er
s
e
th
e
m
s
elv
es
in
s
ettin
g
s
r
e
f
lectiv
e
o
f
th
e
l
ess
o
n
co
n
ten
t,
s
u
ch
as
h
is
to
r
ical
co
n
tex
ts
o
r
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
in
I
s
lam
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
VR
in
I
s
lam
ic
s
tu
d
ie
s
ca
n
tak
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
a
“
v
is
it
”
to
Me
cc
a
o
r
Me
d
in
a
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ea
r
ly
ce
n
tu
r
ies
o
f
I
s
lam
,
en
r
ich
in
g
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
izin
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
1
0
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
lik
e
VR
,
A
R
,
an
d
o
th
er
AI
to
o
ls
ar
e
o
f
ten
c
o
s
tly
an
d
n
o
t
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
ev
er
y
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
is
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
m
o
r
e
eq
u
itab
le
AI
ap
p
l
icatio
n
in
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
AI
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ue
r
z
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
th
at
th
is
co
m
p
eten
ce
en
co
m
p
ass
es
teac
h
er
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
lev
er
ag
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
cr
ea
tin
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
as
well
as
th
ei
r
ca
p
ac
ity
to
d
eliv
er
co
n
ten
t
t
h
at
m
ee
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
ee
d
s
.
W
ith
in
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
co
m
p
eten
ce
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
AI
-
g
en
er
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
in
t
er
p
r
eted
,
c
o
n
tex
tu
alize
d
,
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
I
n
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
wh
e
r
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
ar
e
f
o
ca
l
p
o
i
n
ts
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
ar
e
cr
u
cial
to
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
AI
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
1
3
]
.
Var
iati
o
n
s
in
T
PC
lev
els
am
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
teac
h
er
s
l
ea
d
to
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
AI
ap
p
licatio
n
,
u
ltima
tely
af
f
ec
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
LO
an
d
i
n
ter
est ac
r
o
s
s
r
eg
io
n
s
an
d
I
s
lam
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
AI
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
,
teac
h
er
s
’
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
co
n
tin
u
es
to
f
ac
e
s
ev
e
r
al
ch
allen
g
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
e
to
lim
ited
tr
ain
in
g
[
1
3
]
,
d
ig
it
al
s
k
ills
[
1
0
]
,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
1
5
]
.
I
s
m
ail
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
in
d
icate
s
th
at
with
o
u
t
ad
eq
u
ate
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
tea
ch
er
s
o
f
ten
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
tili
ze
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Nah
u
m
u
r
y
an
d
An
to
n
y
[
1
7
]
in
d
icate
th
at
in
ce
r
tain
r
eg
io
n
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
I
n
d
o
n
esia’
s
f
r
o
n
tier
,
o
u
ter
m
o
s
t,
an
d
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
ed
o
r
terd
ep
a
n
,
terl
u
a
r
,
an
d
tert
in
g
g
a
l
(
3
T
)
ar
ea
s
th
e
lim
ited
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
ess
en
tial
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
e
v
ices
an
d
r
eliab
le
i
n
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
r
em
ain
s
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
b
ar
r
ier
.
T
h
ese
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
in
tellig
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
n
o
t
d
eter
m
in
ed
s
o
lely
b
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
b
u
t
i
s
also
h
ig
h
ly
c
o
n
tin
g
e
n
t
u
p
o
n
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
s
,
esp
ec
ially
teac
h
er
s
’
p
e
d
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
en
g
a
g
e
with
AI
-
m
e
d
iated
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
I
s
m
ail
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
it
ess
en
tial
to
im
p
lem
en
t
s
p
ec
ialized
tr
ain
in
g
d
esig
n
e
d
to
en
h
a
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
tech
n
ical
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
in
u
til
izin
g
AI
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
s
o
t
h
at
t
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
o
p
tim
ally
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
LO
an
d
i
n
ter
est.
T
h
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
AI
an
d
T
P
C
i
s
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
ex
am
in
in
g
h
o
w
th
eir
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
h
ap
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
LI
an
d
LO
in
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
ex
am
in
e
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
g
en
er
al
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
t
ex
ts
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
p
ec
if
ically
a
d
d
r
ess
es
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
wh
er
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
tr
ad
itio
n
s
r
o
o
ted
in
v
alu
e
-
b
a
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
,
u
s
tad
z
-
s
tu
d
en
t
r
elatio
n
al
d
y
n
am
ics,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
cr
ea
te
a
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
f
u
n
d
am
en
tally
s
h
ap
es
h
o
w
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
ad
o
p
ted
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
d
.
T
h
is
co
n
tex
tu
al
d
is
tin
ctiv
en
ess
co
n
s
titu
te
s
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
n
o
p
r
i
o
r
em
p
ir
ical
wo
r
k
h
as
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ex
am
in
ed
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
in
t
ellig
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
as
co
-
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
o
f
b
o
th
LI
an
d
LO
with
in
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
al
an
d
cu
ltu
r
a
l
s
ettin
g
.
AI
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
as
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ically
m
ed
iated
s
y
s
tem
wh
o
s
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
lea
r
n
in
g
is
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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tell
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SS
N:
2252
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8
9
3
8
Leve
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a
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4003
teac
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co
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ith
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iv
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esian
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s
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ic
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ed
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n
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h
is
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tu
d
y
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f
f
er
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co
n
c
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ete
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o
m
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en
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n
s
f
o
r
p
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licy
m
ak
er
s
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u
ca
to
r
s
,
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d
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
ato
r
s
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
s
ee
k
in
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
AI
-
b
as
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
ar
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ically
r
elev
an
t
an
d
lo
ca
lly
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e.
T
h
ese
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
e
n
co
m
p
ass
s
u
s
tain
ed
AI
liter
a
cy
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
with
in
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
eq
u
ita
b
le
i
n
v
estme
n
t
in
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
ac
r
o
s
s
I
s
lam
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
to
n
atio
n
al
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
AI
ad
o
p
ti
o
n
is
s
y
s
tem
ic
r
ath
er
th
an
a
d
h
o
c.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
in
tellig
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
im
p
le
m
en
ted
with
in
v
alu
e
-
b
ased
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
p
o
licy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
em
p
ir
ically
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
T
PC
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
L
I
an
d
L
O
with
i
n
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
Sp
ec
if
ic
ally
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
s
AI
as
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
in
tellig
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
ch
as
NL
P
-
b
ased
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
er
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
in
v
esti
g
ates
h
o
w
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
m
ed
iated
b
y
teac
h
er
s
’
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
L
I
in
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
th
e
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
les
(
AI
an
d
T
PC
)
an
d
th
e
en
d
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
le
(
L
O)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
p
ec
if
ically
test
s
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
:
−
H1
:
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
AI
p
o
s
it
iv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
L
I
i
n
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
−
H2
:
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
AI
p
o
s
it
iv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
L
O
in
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
−
H3
: T
PC
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
L
I
.
−
H4
: T
PC
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
L
O.
−
H5
:
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
L
I
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
eir
L
O.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
d
esig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
d
esig
n
to
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
f
o
u
r
k
ey
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
t
h
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
:
AI
,
T
PC
,
L
I
,
an
d
L
O.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
al
d
e
s
ig
n
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
an
al
y
ze
n
atu
r
ally
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
with
o
u
t
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
m
an
i
p
u
l
atio
n
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
an
e
x
am
in
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
ete
n
c
e
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
LI
an
d
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
AI
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
as
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
in
tellig
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
NL
P
-
b
ased
au
to
m
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
o
ls
an
d
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
er
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
d
a
p
tiv
e
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
AI
is
tr
ea
ted
as
a
co
n
te
x
tu
al
i
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
r
ath
e
r
t
h
an
a
s
ta
n
d
alo
n
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
m
o
d
el,
w
h
ile
T
PC
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
m
ed
iatin
g
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
th
at
s
h
ap
es
h
o
w
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
in
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
LI
an
d
LO
a
r
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
as
e
n
d
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
ar
ia
b
les
r
ef
lectin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
af
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
illu
s
tr
atin
g
th
ese
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hy
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
v
ar
ia
b
les
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
test
s
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
(
AI
→
L
I
;
AI
→
L
O;
T
PC
→
L
I
;
T
PC
→
L
O;
an
d
L
I
→
L
O)
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
L
I
in
ex
p
lain
in
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
AI
an
d
T
PC
o
n
LO
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
s
r
ef
lect
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
T
PC
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
LI
an
d
LO
,
wh
ile
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
LI
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
Dir
ec
t P
a
th
:
I
n
d
i
r
ec
t Pa
th
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
6
:
4
0
0
1
-
4
0
1
4
4004
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
h
y
p
o
th
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
f
o
r
m
a
th
eo
r
etica
lly
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
p
o
s
itio
n
s
h
u
m
a
n
-
AI
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
,
m
ed
iated
b
y
lear
n
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
e
x
p
la
n
ato
r
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
m
p
r
is
ed
3
6
6
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
at
th
e
As
-
Sy
if
a
I
n
s
titu
te
,
Su
b
an
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
2
0
2
3
-
2
0
2
4
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
o
d
d
s
em
ester
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
1
1
4
f
ir
s
t
-
s
em
ester
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
1
2
0
t
h
ir
d
-
s
e
m
ester
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
1
3
2
f
if
th
-
s
em
ester
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
co
m
p
lete
ac
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
a
cr
o
s
s
th
o
s
e
s
em
ester
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
s
a
ce
n
s
u
s
-
b
ased
s
am
p
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
,
in
wh
ich
all
m
em
b
e
r
s
o
f
th
e
d
ef
in
ed
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
w
er
e
in
clu
d
ed
r
ath
er
th
an
a
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
r
awn
s
u
b
s
et,
th
er
eb
y
elim
in
atin
g
s
am
p
li
n
g
er
r
o
r
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
m
p
l
ete
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
al
co
v
er
ag
e
with
in
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t.
W
h
ile
s
in
g
le
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
am
p
lin
g
in
h
er
en
t
ly
lim
its
ex
ter
n
al
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
,
th
is
d
esig
n
e
n
ab
les
co
n
tex
tu
al
d
e
p
th
an
d
m
in
im
izes
in
ter
-
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
s
th
at
m
ay
o
b
s
cu
r
e
with
in
-
co
n
tex
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
a
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
as
a
lim
itatio
n
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
u
s
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
d
u
r
in
g
r
eg
u
lar
class
s
ess
io
n
s
to
m
ax
im
ize
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ates.
Prio
r
to
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
ass
u
r
ed
o
f
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
a
n
d
g
u
a
r
an
teed
c
o
n
f
id
en
tiality
an
d
an
o
n
y
m
it
y
o
f
th
ei
r
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t,
a
n
d
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
ad
h
e
r
ed
to
eth
ical
r
esear
ch
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
with
n
o
p
er
s
o
n
ally
i
d
en
tifia
b
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
i
ns
t
rum
ent
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
elf
-
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
r
esear
ch
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el,
n
a
m
ely
AI
,
T
PC
,
L
I
,
an
d
L
O,
w
ith
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
r
elev
a
n
t
liter
atu
r
e
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
r
esear
ch
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
alig
n
m
en
t
with
estab
lis
h
ed
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
r
ath
er
th
an
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
ew
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
All
item
s
wer
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
v
alid
ated
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
an
d
m
o
d
if
ie
d
to
r
ef
lect
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
tex
tu
al
r
elev
an
ce
with
o
u
t sacr
if
icin
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
f
id
elity
.
T
h
e
AI
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
d
as
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
i
n
tellig
en
t
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
f
o
u
r
in
d
icato
r
s
co
m
p
r
is
i
n
g
a
to
tal
o
f
f
o
u
r
tee
n
item
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lect
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
with
au
to
m
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
a
d
ap
ti
v
e
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
,
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
lear
n
in
g
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
em
p
h
asize
AI
as
a
h
u
m
an
-
in
-
th
e
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
is
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
s
e
r
ath
er
th
an
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
T
PC
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
s
ev
en
in
d
icato
r
s
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
twen
ty
-
o
n
e
item
s
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
T
PAC
K
)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
2
0
]
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
em
p
ir
ical
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
lectu
r
er
s
’
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ab
ilit
ies
in
m
an
ag
in
g
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
s
,
ap
p
ly
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies,
in
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
teac
h
i
n
g
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
L
I
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
f
o
u
r
in
d
icat
o
r
s
with
s
ix
teen
item
s
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
p
h
ase
in
ter
est
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
m
o
d
el,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
en
th
u
s
iasm,
atten
tio
n
,
cu
r
io
s
ity
,
an
d
ac
tiv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
2
1
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
L
O
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
i
n
d
icat
o
r
s
[
2
2
]
,
r
ef
lectin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t,
m
aster
y
o
f
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
ap
p
ly
ac
q
u
ir
e
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
.
All
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
ev
en
-
p
o
in
t L
i
k
er
t scale
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
t
o
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
)
.
Prio
r
to
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
ex
p
e
r
t
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
th
r
ee
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
ex
p
er
ts
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
I
s
lam
i
c
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
w
h
o
ev
al
u
ated
ea
ch
item
f
o
r
cla
r
ity
,
r
elev
an
ce
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
.
Feed
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
t
r
ev
iew
was
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
to
r
e
f
in
e
item
wo
r
d
in
g
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
alig
n
m
e
n
t
b
etwe
en
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
co
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
s
tatis
tical
v
alid
ity
ass
es
s
m
en
t
co
n
d
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
e
lin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
PLS
-
SEM
o
v
er
c
o
v
ar
ian
ce
-
b
ased
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
el
in
g
(
C
B
-
SEM
)
an
d
its
ass
o
ciate
d
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
ju
s
tifie
d
o
n
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
an
d
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
in
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
in
v
o
lv
es
a
r
elativ
ely
co
m
p
le
x
m
o
d
el
with
m
u
ltip
le
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
-
r
ef
lectiv
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
an
d
o
p
er
ates
with
in
an
em
er
g
in
g
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
tex
t
wh
er
e
th
eo
r
y
is
s
til
l
b
ein
g
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
r
e
f
in
ed
.
As
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
Hair
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
,
PLS
-
SEM
is
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
a
n
aly
tical
ch
o
ice
wh
e
n
r
esear
c
h
o
b
jectiv
es
em
p
h
asize
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
th
eo
r
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
r
ath
er
th
an
s
tr
ict
m
o
d
el
f
it
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
,
an
d
wh
en
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
-
b
ased
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
in
g
o
u
ter
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
,
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
te
d
(
AVE
)
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
al
p
h
a,
an
d
h
eter
o
tr
ait
-
m
o
n
o
tr
ait
r
atio
(
HT
MT
)
ar
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
l
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Leve
r
a
g
in
g
A
I
a
n
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ic
a
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
to
en
h
a
n
ce
lea
r
n
in
g
in
teres
t a
n
d
…
(
C
ec
ep
Wa
h
yu
Ho
eru
d
in
)
4005
ev
alu
ated
as su
b
s
titu
tes f
o
r
C
FA
-
b
ased
f
it in
d
ices
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t m
o
d
el
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t,
as r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
ec
tio
n
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
wer
e
in
itially
s
cr
ee
n
ed
an
d
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
d
u
s
in
g
I
B
M
SP
SS
s
tatis
tics
to
g
en
er
ate
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ea
n
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
les.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
PLS
-
SEM
with
Sm
ar
tPLS
4
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
AI
,
T
PC
,
L
I
,
an
d
L
O.
PLS
-
SEM
was
s
e
lecte
d
d
u
e
to
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
-
o
r
i
en
ted
m
o
d
els
with
m
u
ltip
le
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
a
n
d
its
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
to
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
ata.
I
n
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
PLS
-
SEM
s
er
v
ed
s
o
lely
as
a
s
tatis
tical
m
o
d
elin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
wh
ile
AI
was
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
as
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
in
tellig
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
em
b
ed
d
e
d
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
c
o
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
in
v
o
lv
e
d
two
m
ain
s
tag
es:
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el.
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
clu
d
e
d
test
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
it
y
(
o
u
ter
l
o
ad
in
g
s
an
d
AVE
)
,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
(
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
ck
er
cr
iter
io
n
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
lo
ad
in
g
s
)
,
a
n
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
el
iab
ilit
y
)
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
ev
alu
atio
n
in
v
o
lv
ed
e
x
am
in
in
g
p
at
h
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
o
f
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
(
R
2
)
,
an
d
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
to
ass
es
s
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
.
I
n
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
L
I
wer
e
te
s
ted
to
ex
am
in
e
its
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
in
th
e
m
o
d
el,
wh
ile
T
PC
was
tr
ea
ted
as
an
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
p
r
e
d
icto
r
r
ath
er
th
an
a
m
ed
iato
r
.
All
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
aly
s
es we
r
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
Sm
ar
tPLS 4
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SC
U
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Str
uct
ura
l
m
o
del v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics,
in
d
icato
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
an
d
co
llin
ea
r
ity
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
m
ea
n
,
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iatio
n
,
s
k
ewn
ess
,
ex
ce
s
s
k
u
r
to
s
is
,
o
u
ter
lo
a
d
in
g
v
alu
es,
an
d
v
ar
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F)
,
wh
ich
t
o
g
eth
er
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
in
itial
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
in
d
icato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
it
y
is
s
u
es
in
th
e
m
o
d
el.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
,
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
a
cr
o
s
s
all
in
d
icato
r
s
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
2
.
7
8
1
(
L
I
3
)
to
5
.
9
8
4
(
AI
4
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
g
en
e
r
ally
h
o
l
d
m
o
d
er
ate
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
l
ea
r
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
T
PC
,
LI
,
an
d
LO
.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
LO
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
(
L
O1
–
L
O3
)
a
n
d
T
PC
in
d
icato
r
s
(
T
PC
1
–
T
PC
2
)
y
ield
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
s
,
r
ef
lectin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
with
item
s
r
elate
d
to
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
q
u
ality
.
Stan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
v
alu
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
.
3
7
to
2
.
0
3
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
item
s
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
r
an
g
e
r
estrictio
n
in
th
e
d
ata.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
s
k
ewn
ess
v
alu
es
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
in
d
icato
r
s
f
all
with
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
±
1
.
0
,
an
d
e
x
ce
s
s
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es
r
e
m
ain
with
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
b
o
u
n
d
s
,
with
th
e
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
AI
4
(
e
x
ce
s
s
k
u
r
to
s
is
=
1
.
5
4
3
)
an
d
L
I
3
(
s
k
ewn
ess
=
0
.
9
1
7
)
,
wh
ich
ex
h
ib
it
s
lig
h
t
d
ep
ar
tu
r
e
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
ality
.
Ho
wev
er
,
g
i
v
en
t
h
at
PLS
-
SEM
is
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
-
f
r
ee
esti
m
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
ata,
t
h
ese
m
in
o
r
d
ev
iatio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
ar
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
ac
ce
p
tab
le
th
r
esh
o
l
d
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
v
ar
ia
n
ce
-
b
ased
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
el
in
g
lite
r
atu
r
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
I
t
e
m
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
Ex
c
e
ss
k
u
r
t
o
si
s
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
O
u
t
e
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s
V
I
F
A
I
1
3
.
6
4
2
1
.
4
8
2
−
0
.
5
6
2
0
.
1
2
1
0
.
7
0
3
1
.
5
1
2
A
I
2
4
.
9
1
8
1
.
3
9
6
−
0
.
7
0
4
−
0
.
2
7
8
0
.
8
2
8
1
.
6
8
8
A
I
3
4
.
3
8
7
1
.
7
1
4
−
0
.
8
6
1
−
0
.
3
1
2
0
.
7
4
7
1
.
6
3
4
A
I
4
5
.
9
8
4
1
.
3
6
7
1
.
5
4
3
−
1
.
4
3
2
0
.
7
6
3
1
.
2
4
4
TPC1
5
.
1
6
7
1
.
5
2
1
−
0
.
4
2
8
−
0
.
6
0
3
0
.
9
3
4
1
.
4
0
2
TPC2
5
.
2
9
8
1
.
4
8
6
−
0
.
3
6
1
−
0
.
7
8
1
0
.
9
3
4
1
.
4
3
3
TPC3
4
.
6
8
2
1
.
6
9
2
−
0
.
7
4
1
−
0
.
4
4
8
0
.
6
8
3
1
.
7
1
2
TPC4
4
.
3
9
2
1
.
5
0
7
−
0
.
5
8
1
−
0
.
2
6
7
0
.
8
4
9
1
.
3
5
4
TPC5
4
.
2
7
1
1
.
8
2
4
−
0
.
9
1
4
−
0
.
3
7
9
0
.
8
7
2
1
.
6
1
8
TPC6
4
.
3
4
6
1
.
5
8
4
−
0
.
7
3
2
−
0
.
3
4
1
0
.
8
1
8
1
.
5
0
8
TPC7
4
.
9
2
7
1
.
5
3
6
−
0
.
2
4
1
−
0
.
6
5
7
0
.
4
4
9
1
.
4
9
3
LI
1
3
.
4
1
8
1
.
9
1
2
−
1
.
2
0
4
0
.
2
9
8
0
.
7
0
7
2
.
3
8
4
LI
2
4
.
6
1
2
2
.
0
3
1
−
1
.
0
8
6
−
0
.
3
3
4
0
.
8
2
8
2
.
0
1
2
LI
3
2
.
7
8
1
1
.
7
2
3
−
0
.
2
5
6
0
.
9
1
7
0
.
8
8
3
1
.
9
4
6
LI
4
4
.
8
5
3
1
.
7
8
1
−
0
.
8
9
2
−
0
.
4
2
1
0
.
8
7
5
2
.
1
7
6
LO
1
4
.
3
1
7
1
.
9
0
5
−
1
.
0
4
3
−
0
.
2
3
7
0
.
9
6
6
2
.
1
1
8
LO
2
4
.
6
8
9
1
.
7
4
2
−
0
.
8
1
6
−
0
.
3
5
6
0
.
9
6
6
2
.
0
8
4
LO
3
4
.
1
0
4
1
.
9
6
3
−
1
.
1
2
1
−
0
.
1
8
4
0
.
7
0
1
2
.
0
4
1
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
in
d
icato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
o
u
te
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
ex
ce
ed
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
7
0
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
ass
o
c
iatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
d
i
ca
to
r
s
an
d
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
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8
9
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n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
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Vo
l.
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5
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No
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5
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Octo
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er
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s
tr
o
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g
est
lo
ad
in
g
s
ar
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o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
LO
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
w
h
er
e
L
O1
an
d
L
O2
b
o
th
ac
h
ie
v
e
lo
ad
in
g
s
o
f
0
.
9
6
6
,
in
d
icatin
g
h
ig
h
ly
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
a
ca
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
T
wo
in
d
icato
r
s
war
r
an
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
atten
tio
n
:
T
PC
7
(
lo
ad
in
g
=
0
.
4
4
9
)
an
d
T
PC
3
(
l
o
ad
i
n
g
=
0
.
6
8
3
)
f
all
b
elo
w
o
r
n
ea
r
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
0
.
7
0
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
T
PC
7
was r
eta
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
its
th
eo
r
etica
l r
elev
an
ce
to
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
b
y
Hair
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
th
at
in
d
icato
r
s
with
lo
ad
in
g
s
b
etwe
en
0
.
4
0
a
n
d
0
.
7
0
m
ay
b
e
r
etain
ed
if
t
h
eir
r
em
o
v
al
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
r
o
v
e
AVE
.
All
VI
F
v
alu
es
r
em
ain
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
c
r
itical
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
3
.
3
,
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
.
2
4
4
t
o
2
.
3
8
4
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
a
m
o
n
g
in
d
icato
r
s
.
Ov
er
all,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
T
ab
le
1
co
n
f
ir
m
th
a
t
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
ac
ce
p
tab
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
i
n
d
icato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
co
lli
n
ea
r
ity
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
th
er
eb
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
its
ad
eq
u
ac
y
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
-
lev
el
v
alid
ity
ass
ess
m
en
t.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
in
d
icato
r
-
lev
el
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
-
lev
el
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
in
ter
n
a
l
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
all
f
o
u
r
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
,
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
r
h
o
_
a
a
n
d
r
h
o
_
c
)
,
a
n
d
AVE
.
T
h
ese
in
d
ices
co
llectiv
ely
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
with
s
u
f
f
icien
t p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
wh
eth
er
its
in
d
icato
r
s
co
n
v
e
r
g
e
ad
e
q
u
ately
o
n
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
th
eo
r
etica
l d
im
en
s
io
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
s
tatis
tic
s
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
C
o
m
p
o
si
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
r
h
o
_
a
)
C
o
m
p
o
si
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
r
h
o
_
c
)
AVE
AI
0
.
7
5
8
0
.
7
3
9
0
.
8
4
6
0
.
5
8
0
TPC
0
.
9
0
4
0
.
8
5
0
0
.
9
2
6
0
.
6
5
2
LI
0
.
8
4
4
0
.
7
8
1
0
.
8
9
5
0
.
6
8
3
LO
0
.
8
5
4
0
.
8
0
3
0
.
9
1
5
0
.
7
8
6
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
2
,
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
in
te
r
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
5
8
(
AI
)
to
0
.
9
0
4
(
T
PC
)
,
all
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
7
0
,
wh
ic
h
co
n
f
ir
m
s
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
elia
b
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
No
tab
ly
,
t
h
e
r
elativ
ely
lo
we
r
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
AI
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
(
0
.
7
5
8
)
is
ex
p
ec
ted
g
iv
en
its
b
r
o
ad
er
o
p
e
r
atio
n
ali
za
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
s
y
s
tem
f
ea
tu
r
es,
wh
ich
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
g
r
ea
ter
in
ter
-
i
tem
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
o
r
e
n
ar
r
o
wly
d
ef
in
ed
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts.
C
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
es
(
r
h
o
_
c)
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
4
6
(
AI
)
to
0
.
9
2
6
(
T
PC
)
,
all
well
ab
o
v
e
th
e
0
.
7
0
th
r
esh
o
l
d
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
e
r
h
o
_
a
v
alu
es,
wh
ich
ap
p
ly
a
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
er
v
ativ
e
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
in
d
icato
r
weig
h
ts
,
also
m
ee
t
ac
ce
p
tab
le
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
3
9
to
0
.
8
5
0
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
esti
m
ates.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
,
all
AVE
v
alu
es
ex
ce
ed
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
cu
to
f
f
o
f
0
.
5
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
e
x
p
lain
s
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
i
n
its
in
d
icato
r
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
LO
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ac
h
iev
es
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
AVE
(
0
.
7
8
6
)
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
its
th
r
ee
in
d
icato
r
s
ar
o
u
n
d
a
s
in
g
le
co
h
er
en
t
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
h
ig
h
o
u
ter
lo
ad
in
g
s
o
f
L
O
1
an
d
L
O
2
(
0
.
9
6
6
)
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
AI
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
y
ie
ld
s
th
e
lo
west
AVE
(
0
.
5
8
0
)
,
wh
ich
,
wh
ile
ab
o
v
e
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
its
f
o
u
r
in
d
icato
r
d
im
en
s
i
o
n
s
ca
p
tu
r
e
a
s
o
m
ewh
at
b
r
o
ad
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
p
a
ce
,
a
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
in
h
er
e
n
t
to
m
u
lti
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
o
p
e
r
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
s
o
f
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
T
ab
le
2
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
s
atis
f
y
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
en
t d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t v
alid
ity
ass
ess
m
en
t a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
aly
s
i
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
,
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
v
alid
ity
was
ass
es
s
ed
to
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
wh
ich
ea
ch
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
em
p
ir
ically
d
is
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
th
e
r
s
.
T
wo
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
w
er
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
:
t
h
e
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
ck
er
cr
iter
io
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
HT
MT
,
as
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
PLS
-
SEM
g
u
id
elin
es.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
ck
er
m
atr
i
x
,
in
wh
ich
d
iag
o
n
al
v
alu
e
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
e
ac
h
co
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
’
s
A
V
E
,
a
n
d
o
f
f
-
d
i
a
g
o
n
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
r
e
p
r
es
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
-
c
o
n
s
tr
u
c
t
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
ck
e
r
cr
iter
ia
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
AI
TPC
LI
LO
AI
0
.
8
6
1
TPC
0
.
6
4
2
0
.
9
0
3
LI
0
.
5
0
8
0
.
4
7
1
0
.
8
1
2
LO
0
.
5
5
7
0
.
6
8
3
0
.
5
9
6
0
.
8
3
5
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
,
d
is
cr
i
m
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
f
o
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
AVE
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
ex
c
ee
d
s
its
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
al
l
o
th
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts:
AI
(
√
AV
E
=
0
.
8
6
1
)
,
T
PC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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tif
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8
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)
4007
(
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9
0
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,
L
I
(
√
AVE
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.
8
1
2
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,
an
d
L
O
(
√
AVE
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8
3
5
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.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
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ter
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c
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tr
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ct
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r
r
elatio
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o
b
s
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PC
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d
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O
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r
=
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,
wh
ich
is
n
o
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et
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eless
s
u
b
s
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tial
ly
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wer
th
an
th
e
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iag
o
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al
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e
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Path
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o
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ip
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9
6
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ig
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if
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ld
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AI
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p
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ted
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o
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ate
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s
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ig
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t
p
o
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ec
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o
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H
1
:
β
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5
5
0
,
t
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9
.
5
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ir
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ir
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n
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ir
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ed
iatin
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er
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h
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g
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ir
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t
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ctio
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o
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4
4
1
,
t
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.
6
4
0
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H4
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β
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6
6
5
,
t
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.
4
6
7
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,
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th
e
T
PC
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O
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ath
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ep
r
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est co
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em
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n
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ates
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o
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H5
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β
=
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6
4
6
,
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8
6
0
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,
with
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t
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alu
e
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ar
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ally
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n
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er
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esh
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lt
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ts
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tio
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ter
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b
s
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ath
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icien
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icate
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th
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ain
s
a
p
r
ac
tically
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n
g
f
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l
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r
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d
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n
t,
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n
s
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t
with
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o
tiv
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al
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r
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lear
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g
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o
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th
e
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o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
r
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lts
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n
f
ir
m
th
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d
LI
s
er
v
e
as th
e
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r
im
ar
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ctu
r
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m
ec
h
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is
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s
th
r
o
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g
h
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s
u
p
p
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r
te
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tem
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p
r
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f
o
r
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e
ar
g
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m
en
t
th
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tiv
e
AI
in
teg
r
atio
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in
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s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
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r
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ca
tio
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r
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ir
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o
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o
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ical
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o
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n
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atio
n
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r
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tech
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ical
d
ep
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T
ab
le
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.
Hip
o
tesi
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test
in
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I
n
f
l
u
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n
c
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v
a
r
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a
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O
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n
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M
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|
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A
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0
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2
2
1
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2
2
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1
5
7
1
.
9
1
3
A
I
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.
5
5
0
0
.
5
5
8
0
.
0
5
8
9
.
5
7
0
TPC
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0
.
6
6
5
0
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6
8
6
0
.
1
0
3
6
.
4
6
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TPC
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0
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4
4
1
0
.
4
3
4
0
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0
5
8
7
.
6
4
0
LI
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0
.
6
4
6
0
.
0
6
7
0
.
2
0
4
1
.
8
6
0
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d
AI
t
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h
a
n
c
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L
I
[
2
4
]
a
n
d
L
O
[
2
5
]
,
y
et
li
m
it
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s
t
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x
p
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o
t
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s
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t
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m
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lly
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tili
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s
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s
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lly
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eso
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ate
with
s
tu
d
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ts
’
a
g
e
a
n
d
co
n
tex
t
[
2
6
]
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
ali
g
n
with
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
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lar
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co
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r
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tr
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o
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ter
in
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s
wif
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s
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tiv
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f
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co
n
f
ir
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h
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ce
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L
I
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y
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u
p
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tu
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in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
[
2
7
]
.
Fro
m
a
s
y
s
tem
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
lear
n
i
n
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
as
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
-
en
h
a
n
cin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
wh
en
th
eir
ad
a
p
tiv
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
co
n
ten
t
d
eliv
er
y
an
d
a
u
to
m
at
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
s
ar
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ically
alig
n
ed
.
R
ath
er
th
a
n
m
er
ely
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
AI
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
o
p
er
ate
as
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
th
at
d
y
n
a
m
ically
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
lear
n
e
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
,
t
h
er
eb
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
i
n
g
LI
as a
n
in
ter
m
e
d
iate
s
y
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
t.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
AI
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
elate
d
to
L
O,
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ci
n
g
th
at
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
AI
u
tili
za
tio
n
in
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
am
p
lifie
s
L
O
o
u
tco
m
es
[
2
8
]
.
AI
’
s
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
a
r
r
ier
s
o
f
tim
e
a
n
d
p
lace
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
m
o
r
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t,
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
t
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
th
at,
i
n
tu
r
n
,
elev
ate
L
O
[
2
9
]
.
C
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
,
o
u
r
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
to
o
ls
lik
e
AI
f
ac
ilit
ate
m
e
an
in
g
f
u
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
s
tu
d
i
es
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
H
2
,
af
f
ir
m
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
AI
u
s
e
an
d
L
O
in
lear
n
in
g
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
atter
n
o
f
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
AI
’
s
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
o
LO
is
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
w
h
en
m
ed
ia
ted
b
y
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
LI
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
AI
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
alo
n
e
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
with
o
u
t
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
a
h
u
m
a
n
-
in
-
t
h
e
-
lo
o
p
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
in
wh
ich
AI
o
p
er
ates
as
en
ab
lin
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
wh
o
s
e
im
p
ac
t o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
alig
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
T
PC
an
d
L
I
is
ev
id
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
icien
t
t
ea
ch
er
s
ar
e
with
AI
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
L
I
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
ted
[
3
3
]
.
Sin
ce
AI
r
elies
o
n
u
s
er
s
’
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
teac
h
er
s
’
in
ab
ilit
y
to
s
k
illfu
lly
u
s
e
AI
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
L
I
,
d
esp
ite
AI
’
s
p
o
ten
tial
b
en
e
f
its
.
T
h
is
r
esear
c
h
alig
n
s
with
p
r
i
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
T
PC
o
n
L
I
[
1
8
]
.
E
f
f
e
ctiv
e
T
PC
r
eq
u
ir
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
AI
a
p
p
licatio
n
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
b
u
t
also
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
,
r
elev
an
t
co
n
ten
t,
an
d
tim
ely
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
v
alid
ates
th
ese
p
o
in
ts
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
H3
.
W
ith
in
in
tellig
en
t
lear
n
in
g
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
th
at
tr
an
s
lates
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
o
u
tp
u
ts
in
to
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies.
W
ith
o
u
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
m
ed
iatio
n
,
AI
-
g
en
e
r
ated
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
an
d
au
to
m
ated
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
r
is
k
r
em
ain
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
u
tili
ze
d
,
lim
itin
g
th
eir
s
y
s
tem
ic
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
C
h
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
ce
with
AI
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
,
wh
er
e
AI
is
o
f
ten
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
as
an
u
n
f
am
iliar
t
o
o
l
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
Pr
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
cit
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
en
n
ess
to
c
h
an
g
e
as
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
s
in
AI
a
d
o
p
tio
n
with
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
7
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
a
t
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
b
ar
r
ier
is
n
o
t
m
er
ely
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
b
u
t
r
ath
er
tea
ch
er
s
’
o
p
e
n
n
ess
to
n
ew
teac
h
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
t
o
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
T
PC
in
AI
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
o
p
tim
ally
en
h
an
ce
LO
.
L
im
ited
T
PC
in
AI
u
tili
za
tio
n
also
d
im
in
is
h
e
s
th
e
ap
p
ea
l
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
to
tech
-
s
av
v
y
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
,
th
er
e
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
an
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
eq
u
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
ac
r
o
s
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
in
ten
s
iv
e
tr
a
in
in
g
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
m
aster
th
ese
s
k
ills
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
C
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
H4
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
d
ata
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
ab
il
ity
to
u
tili
ze
AI
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
L
I
an
d
L
O.
Fro
m
an
in
tellig
en
t
s
y
s
tem
d
esi
g
n
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
im
p
ly
th
at
AI
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
in
teg
r
ate
tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
with
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ca
p
ac
i
ty
b
u
ild
in
g
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
a
d
ap
tiv
e
s
y
s
tem
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
p
e
r
at
e
with
in
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ally
co
h
er
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
R
esear
ch
in
g
en
er
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
also
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
lar
g
ely
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
ad
ap
t
to
n
ew
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
0
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
i
n
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
th
is
c
h
allen
g
e
is
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
d
u
e
to
c
u
ltu
r
a
l
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
v
alu
es
th
at
s
o
m
etim
es
r
estrict
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
2
5
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9
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1
5
,
No
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5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
6
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4
0
0
1
-
4
0
1
4
4010
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
[
4
1
]
.
Ne
v
er
th
eless
,
th
er
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
te
n
tial
to
en
h
an
ce
L
I
an
d
L
O
th
r
o
u
g
h
AI
if
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
tr
ain
i
n
g
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
ies
is
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
O
u
r
s
tu
d
y
alig
n
s
with
th
is
v
iew,
o
f
f
er
in
g
ev
id
e
n
c
e
th
at
in
v
estme
n
ts
in
T
PC
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
A
I
,
ca
n
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
g
ap
i
n
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
s
tr
ateg
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
AI
tr
ain
in
g
in
teg
r
atin
g
I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es
in
to
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
en
r
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
c
o
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
in
th
e
d
ig
ital e
r
a.
H5
is
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
,
r
e
v
ea
l
in
g
th
at
L
I
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
L
O.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
n
ess
o
f
L
I
an
d
L
O,
s
u
g
g
est
in
g
th
at
h
eig
h
ten
ed
in
ter
est
i
n
lear
n
i
n
g
n
atu
r
ally
lead
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
u
tco
m
es
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
L
I
→
L
O
p
ath
y
ield
s
a
m
ar
g
in
ally
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
t
-
v
alu
e
(
1
.
8
6
0
)
,
wh
ich
w
h
ile
b
elo
w
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
,
r
ef
l
ec
ts
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
esid
u
al
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
alr
ea
d
y
ca
p
tu
r
ed
b
y
T
PC
an
d
AI
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
r
ath
er
th
a
n
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
wea
k
n
ess
o
f
th
e
L
I
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
L
I
,
o
f
te
n
s
p
ar
k
e
d
b
y
cu
r
io
s
ity
an
d
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
f
o
s
ter
s
co
g
n
itiv
e
f
o
cu
s
an
d
atten
tiv
en
ess
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
en
h
an
ce
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eten
t
io
n
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
k
ills
,
u
ltima
tely
b
o
o
s
tin
g
L
O
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
W
h
en
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
cu
r
io
s
ity
is
en
g
ag
ed
a
n
d
th
e
ir
in
ter
est
s
u
s
tain
ed
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
s
u
ch
as
m
em
o
r
y
co
n
s
o
lid
atio
n
an
d
an
aly
tical
th
in
k
in
g
ar
e
ac
tiv
ated
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
h
i
g
h
er
L
O
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
h
as
b
ee
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
liter
atu
r
e,
wh
e
r
e
L
I
is
o
f
ten
id
en
tifie
d
as
a
cr
u
cial
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ac
tiv
e
an
d
in
ter
est
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
.
W
ith
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el,
LI
o
p
e
r
ates
n
o
t
m
er
ely
as
a
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
b
u
t
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ch
an
n
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
tr
a
n
s
late
in
to
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
LO
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
its
r
o
l
e
as a
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
m
ed
iato
r
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
i
ch
p
o
s
its
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
ith
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
L
I
ar
e
m
o
r
e
in
clin
e
d
t
o
s
et
ac
ad
em
ic
g
o
als,
m
ain
tain
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
,
an
d
e
n
g
ag
e
in
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
f
u
r
th
er
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
L
O
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
c
o
n
tex
t
with
in
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
ad
d
s
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
as
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
ten
em
p
h
asize
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
v
alu
es
-
b
ased
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
am
p
lify
L
I
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
s
tr
en
g
th
en
L
O.
Ho
we
v
er
,
w
h
ile
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
h
o
ws
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
L
I
an
d
L
O,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
in
ter
est
with
o
u
t
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
ed
g
u
id
a
n
ce
m
a
y
o
cc
asio
n
ally
lead
to
s
u
p
er
f
ic
ial
lear
n
in
g
[
4
6
]
,
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ig
h
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
m
o
r
e
en
g
a
g
in
g
co
n
ten
t
at
th
e
ex
p
en
s
e
o
f
b
r
o
a
d
er
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
p
o
ten
ti
al
lim
itatio
n
,
h
o
wev
er
,
d
id
n
o
t
em
er
g
e
in
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
L
I
,
wh
en
s
tr
ateg
ically
cu
ltiv
ated
with
in
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
co
n
tin
u
es
to
b
e
a
cr
itical
d
et
er
m
in
an
t
o
f
L
O.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
i
es
co
u
ld
ex
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
n
u
an
ce
d
d
y
n
am
ics
b
etwe
en
L
I
an
d
L
O
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
ex
am
i
n
in
g
h
o
w
v
ar
io
u
s
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
m
ay
f
u
r
t
h
er
en
h
an
ce
o
r
m
o
d
er
ate
th
is
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
b
o
th
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
to
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
T
PC
,
an
d
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
it
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
m
o
d
e
r
n
AI
,
r
ich
in
f
ea
t
u
r
e
s
,
n
ec
ess
itates
T
P
C
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
b
o
t
h
L
I
an
d
L
O.
T
h
e
u
n
iq
u
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
th
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
o
f
AI
an
d
T
PC
ca
n
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
elev
ate
L
I
an
d
L
O,
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
u
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
I
s
lam
ic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
r
esear
ch
.
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
ir
ically
v
alid
at
es
a
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ically
m
e
d
iated
in
tellig
en
t
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el,
wh
er
e
AI
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
co
n
tin
g
e
n
t
u
p
o
n
h
u
m
a
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
l
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
B
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
AI
im
p
ac
t
is
am
p
lifie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
alig
n
m
en
t
an
d
m
ed
iated
b
y
LI
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ex
ten
d
b
e
y
o
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
cc
ep
tan
ce
m
o
d
els
an
d
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
tu
to
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
t
o
r
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
to
p
r
io
r
itize
co
m
p
eten
ce
-
b
u
ild
in
g
o
v
er
m
er
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
ad
v
o
ca
tes
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
ac
r
o
s
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
e
x
p
an
d
i
n
g
AI
t
r
ain
in
g
ch
an
n
e
ls
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
r
an
s
f
er
a
n
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
AI
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
L
I
an
d
L
O
in
I
s
lam
ic
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
wh
en
s
tr
ateg
ically
alig
n
ed
with
s
tr
o
n
g
T
PC
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
in
d
icate
s
th
at
AI
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
p
e
r
ate
as
an
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
al
s
u
b
s
titu
te;
r
ath
er
,
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
lear
n
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
wi
th
LI
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
as
t
h
e
p
r
in
cip
al
m
e
d
iatin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ic
h
AI
s
y
s
tem
f
ea
tu
r
es
tr
a
n
s
late
in
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
PC
s
er
v
es
as
a
cr
itical
en
ab
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
t
h
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
AI
f
u
n
cti
o
n
alities
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
a
h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
in
tellig
en
t
lear
n
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
e
x
ten
d
s
AI
-
in
-
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
r
esear
ch
b
ey
o
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
p
er
s
p
ec
t
iv
es
to
war
d
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
AI
-
en
h
an
ce
d
le
ar
n
in
g
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
f
er
co
n
cr
et
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
I
s
lam
ic
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
:
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
estab
lis
h
s
u
s
tain
ed
AI
liter
a
cy
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
with
in
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
icu
la,
p
r
io
r
itize
eq
u
itab
le
in
v
estme
n
t
in
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
ad
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
n
atio
n
al
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
th
at
em
b
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.