I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
a
l
of
I
n
f
o
r
m
at
ics
an
d
Com
m
u
n
icat
ion
T
e
c
h
n
ol
ogy
(
I
J
-
I
CT
)
Vo
l
.
1
5
,
N
o
.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
20
2
6
,
pp.
1736~1745
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
ji
c
t
.
v
1
5
i
4
.
pp
17
36
-
1745
1736
Jou
r
n
al
h
o
m
e
page
:
ht
tp:
//
ij
ict
.
iaes
c
or
e
.
c
om
E
n
e
r
gy
a
w
a
r
e
c
lu
st
e
r
in
g an
d
r
ou
t
in
g f
or
w
ir
e
l
e
ss s
e
n
sor
n
e
t
w
or
k
s u
si
n
g
m
e
t
ah
e
u
r
is
t
ic
s op
t
i
m
i
z
at
io
n
al
gor
ith
m
s
S
agar
M
e
k
a
l
a
1
,
Nagar
aj
u
K
ar
in
agap
p
a
2
,
M
oh
a
n
Dhol
van
3
1
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
C
o
mpu
te
r
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
nd E
ngi
n
e
e
r
in
g, C
V
R
C
o
ll
e
ge
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, I
br
a
hi
mpa
tn
a
m,
H
y
d
e
r
a
ba
d, I
ndi
a
2
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
C
o
mpu
te
r
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
nd E
ngi
n
e
e
r
in
g,
I
ndi
a
n I
ns
ti
tu
te
of
I
n
f
o
r
ma
ti
o
n
T
e
c
hn
ol
o
g
y
D
e
s
ig
n a
nd M
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
in
g,
K
ur
n
oo
l,
I
ndi
a
3
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
l
e
c
tr
o
ni
c
s
a
nd C
o
mm
uni
c
a
ti
o
n E
ng
in
e
e
r
in
g, S
r
e
e
ni
dhi
I
ns
ti
tu
t
e
of
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
nd
T
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
,
H
y
de
r
a
ba
d, I
ndi
a
Ar
t
ic
l
e
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
ve
d
J
u
l
24,
2025
R
e
vi
s
e
d
J
u
n
1,
2026
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
J
u
l
5,
2026
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s
(W
SN
s
)
an
d
t
h
ei
r
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
r
e
d
u
ce
en
e
rg
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
t
i
me
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
rk
.
W
S
N
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
re
q
u
i
r
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
ff
i
c
i
en
t
co
mm
u
n
i
c
at
i
o
n
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
rk
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
o
n
s
t
rai
n
t
t
i
n
y
s
e
n
s
o
rs
a
c
ro
s
s
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
ar
e
a.
D
at
a
p
ro
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
a
g
g
r
eg
at
i
o
n
,
an
d
cl
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
ar
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
,
a
n
d
d
e
p
l
o
y
men
t
an
d
d
i
s
co
v
e
r
y
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
are
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
o
v
e
r
co
me
ce
rt
ai
n
i
s
s
u
e
s
i
n
W
SN
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
,
o
p
t
i
m
al
s
e
l
ec
t
i
o
n
o
f
fi
n
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
s
(FCH
s
)
an
d
cl
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
ad
s
(CH
s
)
an
d
o
p
t
i
m
al
r
o
u
t
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
b
as
e
s
t
at
i
o
n
(BS)
ar
e
p
ro
p
o
s
ed
,
s
t
i
l
l
l
o
t
o
f
o
p
t
i
mi
zat
i
o
n
s
are
e
s
s
en
t
i
al
t
o
e
n
h
an
ce
l
i
f
e
t
i
me
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
rk
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
p
ap
e
r
em
p
l
o
y
s
b
ac
t
e
ri
a
l
f
o
rag
i
n
g
an
d
a
n
t
c
o
l
o
n
y
o
p
t
i
mi
zat
i
o
n
(
BF
A
CO
)
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
o
p
t
i
m
al
g
at
ew
a
y
s
(FC
H
s
),
CH
s
,
an
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
ff
i
c
i
en
t
p
at
h
s
fro
m
s
e
n
s
o
r
mo
d
e
s
t
o
BS
w
h
i
l
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
al
g
o
ri
t
h
m
d
y
n
a
mi
c
al
l
y
c
r
e
at
e
s
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
at
h
s
w
i
t
h
l
o
w
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
v
e
rh
e
a
d
,
en
ab
l
i
n
g
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
n
e
t
w
o
rk
u
t
i
l
i
zat
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ced
l
i
f
e
t
i
me
.
P
e
rf
o
r
m
an
ce
i
s
ev
al
u
at
ed
a
g
ai
n
s
t
p
aral
l
el
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
u
s
i
n
g
me
t
ri
c
s
s
u
c
h
as
e
n
e
rg
y
-
u
s
ag
e,
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
i
f
e
s
p
an
,
a
n
d
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
rat
i
o
(PD
R).
A
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
u
s
ag
e
(5
2
.
8
%
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
ed
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
b
e
s
t
c
as
e
),
p
ack
e
t
d
el
i
v
e
r
y
rat
i
o
(8
.
7
%
o
f
e
n
h
an
cemen
t
o
v
e
r
b
e
s
t
c
as
e
),
an
d
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
i
f
e
t
i
me
(4
.
3
%
o
f
ro
u
n
d
s
o
v
e
r
b
e
s
t
c
as
e
)
ar
e
W
S
N
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
ce
o
u
t
c
o
me
s
f
o
r
3
0
0
s
e
n
s
o
rs
.
T
h
e
B
FA
CO
u
s
i
n
g
a
c
l
u
s
t
e
ri
n
g
an
d
ro
u
t
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
o
u
t
p
e
rf
o
r
m
s
o
v
e
r
p
aral
l
e
l
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
An
t
c
o
l
o
ny
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
B
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
l
f
o
r
a
g
i
n
g
o
pt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
F
i
ne
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
cen
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
S
a
ga
r
M
e
ka
l
a
De
pa
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
o
m
put
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
i
n
g
,
C
VR
C
o
l
l
e
ge
o
f
E
n
g
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
I
b
r
a
him
pa
t
na
m
,
H
y
de
r
a
b
a
d,
I
n
d
i
a
E
m
a
i
l
:
m
s
a
g
a
r
ph
d
@
c
v
r
.
a
c
.
i
n
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
ks
(
W
S
Ns
)
a
r
e
i
nf
r
a
s
t
r
uc
tur
e
-
l
e
s
s
n
e
t
wor
ks
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
i
n
g
o
f
l
im
i
t
e
d
-
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
m
a
l
l
de
vi
c
e
s
de
p
l
o
y
e
d
o
v
e
r
a
t
a
r
ge
t
e
d
a
r
e
a
to
m
o
ni
t
o
r
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
c
h
a
n
ge
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
.
I
n
m
a
ny
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
,
s
uc
h
a
s
s
m
a
r
t
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
i
e
s
,
b
a
t
t
l
e
f
i
e
l
d
s
ur
v
e
il
l
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
w
i
l
d
li
f
e
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g,
t
h
e
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
W
S
Ns
a
r
e
ut
i
li
z
e
d.
Due
to
t
h
e
l
im
i
t
e
d
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
o
f
n
o
de
s
,
i
t
i
s
c
r
uc
ia
l
t
o
us
e
t
h
e
m
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
[
1]
-
[
3]
.
W
S
Ns
f
a
c
e
m
a
ny
d
if
f
i
c
u
l
t
i
e
s
due
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
l
im
i
t
e
d
c
a
pa
bil
i
t
i
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
l
o
w
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
po
we
r
,
l
im
i
t
e
d
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
a
n
ge
,
a
n
d
l
o
w
s
to
r
a
ge
o
f
n
o
de
s
;
t
h
e
s
e
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
li
mi
t
t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
li
f
e
s
p
a
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
wo
r
k
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
l
im
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
s
e
ns
o
r
n
o
de
s
i
s
l
im
i
t
e
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
po
we
r
i
n
W
S
N
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
;
r
e
p
l
a
c
i
ng
a
nd
r
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
de
vi
c
e
ba
tt
e
r
i
e
s
i
s
a
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
t
a
s
k
i
n
h
o
s
t
i
l
e
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
a
r
e
a
s
l
i
ke
b
a
t
t
l
e
f
i
e
l
d
s
a
nd
de
e
p
f
o
r
e
s
t
z
o
n
e
s
[
4]
,
[
5]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
E
ne
r
gy
a
w
a
r
e
c
lus
ter
ing
and
r
outi
ng
f
or
w
i
r
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
us
ing
me
taheur
i
s
ti
c
s
…
(
Saga
r
M
e
k
ala
)
1737
C
o
n
s
e
que
n
t
l
y
,
de
s
i
g
ni
ng
a
m
o
de
l
t
h
a
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
ut
i
li
z
e
s
s
e
ns
o
r
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
i
n
W
S
Ns
i
s
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
t
i
n
m
a
ny
a
pp
li
c
a
t
i
o
ns
t
h
a
t
e
nh
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
li
f
e
s
p
a
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
wo
r
k
.
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
i
s
a
b
a
s
i
c
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
ge
n
e
r
a
ll
y
a
pp
l
i
e
d
i
n
W
S
N
s
to
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
ut
i
li
z
e
s
e
ns
o
r
b
a
tt
e
r
y
po
we
r
.
B
a
s
i
c
a
ll
y
,
i
n
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g,
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
t
a
r
ge
t
e
d
a
r
e
a
’
s
de
p
l
o
y
e
d
s
e
ns
o
r
s
a
r
e
di
vi
de
d
i
n
t
o
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
gr
o
u
ps
;
e
a
c
h
gr
o
up
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
e
d
a
s
a
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
.
I
n
e
a
c
h
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
,
o
n
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
n
o
de
i
s
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
(
C
H)
,
a
n
d
a
l
l
o
t
h
e
r
n
o
de
s
i
n
t
h
e
gr
o
up
a
r
e
tr
e
a
t
e
d
a
s
c
l
us
t
e
r
m
e
m
be
r
s
(
C
M
)
.
T
h
e
C
M
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
uo
us
l
y
m
o
ni
t
o
r
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
c
h
a
n
ge
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
ur
r
o
un
d
i
n
g
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
wa
r
d
t
h
e
m
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
c
or
r
e
s
po
n
d
i
n
g
C
H.
I
n
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
-
b
a
s
e
d
W
S
N
s
,
C
Hs
c
a
n
r
o
u
t
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
da
t
a
di
r
e
c
t
l
y
to
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
(
B
S
)
o
r
t
h
r
o
ugh
i
n
t
e
r
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
C
Hs
.
A
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
W
S
Ns
i
s
a
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
-
r
i
c
h
de
vi
c
e
t
h
a
t
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
s
da
t
a
f
r
o
m
C
Hs
a
n
d
r
e
l
a
y
s
i
t
to
a
w
o
r
ks
t
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
ng
a
n
d
pu
bl
i
c
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
bil
i
t
y
[
6]
-
[
8]
.
W
S
N
w
i
t
h
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
-
b
a
s
e
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
de
s
i
g
n
a
t
e
C
Hs
to
a
ggr
e
ga
t
e
a
n
d
f
o
r
wa
r
d
c
h
a
n
ge
s
i
n
t
h
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
ns
to
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
b
ut
t
h
e
s
e
C
Hs
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
d
i
s
pr
o
por
t
i
o
n
a
t
e
l
y
m
o
r
e
ba
tt
e
r
y
po
we
r
t
h
a
n
ot
h
e
r
n
o
de
s
.
M
u
l
t
i
-
h
o
p
m
i
n
im
i
z
e
s
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
b
ut
ge
n
e
r
a
t
e
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
o
l
e
s
due
to
un
e
v
e
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
ut
i
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
l
e
a
d
i
ng
to
p
r
e
m
a
t
ur
e
n
o
de
de
a
t
h
a
n
d
m
i
n
im
i
z
e
d
ne
t
wor
k
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
.
E
n
s
ur
i
ng
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
wa
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
ut
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
n
o
de
s
i
s
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
i
n
a
d
dr
e
s
s
i
ng
i
s
s
ue
s
s
uc
h
a
s
i
m
pr
o
pe
r
a
n
d
de
l
a
y
e
d
n
e
i
g
hb
o
ur
d
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
y
,
C
H
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
pr
e
m
a
t
ur
e
n
o
de
de
a
t
h
.
T
hi
s
,
i
n
t
ur
n
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
ge
l
if
e
s
pa
n
of
s
e
n
s
o
r
de
vi
c
e
s
a
n
d
m
a
xim
i
z
e
s
n
e
t
wo
r
k
t
h
r
o
ugh
put
[
9
]
-
[
11]
.
F
uz
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
w
i
t
h
m
u
l
t
i
d
im
e
ns
i
o
n
a
l
r
o
ut
i
n
g
m
o
de
l
s
i
s
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
h
a
n
c
l
a
s
s
i
c
a
l
L
E
AC
H
by
c
o
nf
i
gur
i
n
g
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
r
o
u
t
e
s
b
e
t
we
e
n
C
Hs
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
n
o
de
,
e
n
a
bli
ng
C
Hs
t
o
dy
n
a
mi
c
a
l
ly
s
e
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
s
ho
r
t
e
s
t
r
o
u
t
e
wi
t
h
l
e
s
s
h
o
p
c
o
un
t
.
W
hil
e
t
h
e
s
e
a
p
pr
o
a
c
h
e
s
e
nh
a
nc
e
n
o
de
l
i
f
e
s
pa
n
,
t
h
e
y
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
un
e
ve
n
p
o
we
r
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
pa
t
t
e
r
n
s
a
c
c
r
o
s
s
n
o
de
s
dur
i
ng
da
t
a
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
C
Hs
t
o
B
S
[
12]
.
R
e
c
e
n
t
W
S
N
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
i
n
c
o
r
por
a
t
e
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
ur
i
s
t
i
c
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
e
s
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
PSO
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
o
de
l
s
,
gr
a
y
wo
l
f
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
r
s
(
G
W
O
)
,
a
n
d
un
e
qua
l
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
n
o
de
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
po
we
r
,
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
de
ns
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
ne
i
g
hb
o
r
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
l
li
ge
n
t
C
H
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
a
wa
r
e
pa
t
h
i
de
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
e
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
-
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
m
o
de
l
s
a
c
hi
e
v
e
n
e
t
wor
k
l
o
a
d
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
ng
a
n
d
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
ly
e
nh
a
nc
e
n
e
t
wo
r
k
l
i
f
e
s
pa
n
by
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
p
o
we
r
u
t
i
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
whil
e
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
ng
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
vi
t
y
t
o
t
h
e
B
S
[
13]
-
[
17
]
.
S
um
m
a
r
i
z
e
d
a
s
i
n
T
a
bl
e
1
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
n
a
t
ur
e
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
he
ur
i
s
t
i
c
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
ha
s
b
e
e
n
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
to
W
S
N
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
n
g.
E
a
c
h
s
t
ud
y
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
e
v
a
l
ua
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
l
f
o
r
a
g
i
ng
a
n
d
a
n
t
c
o
l
o
ny
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
B
F
A
C
O
)
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
s
uc
h
a
s
qua
l
i
t
y
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
ur
e
,
pa
c
ke
t
de
l
i
ve
r
y
r
a
t
i
o
,
a
n
d
n
e
t
wo
r
k
l
i
f
e
s
pa
n
e
nh
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
.
T
a
bl
e
1.
S
um
m
a
r
y
o
f
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
na
t
ur
e
-
i
ns
p
i
r
e
d
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
ur
i
s
t
i
c
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
A
ut
ho
r
s
a
nd Y
e
a
r
M
e
th
o
d
ol
o
g
y
K
e
y
m
e
tr
i
c
s
C
o
r
e
c
o
nt
r
ib
ut
i
o
n
R
a
mba
bu
e
t
al
.
a
nd 202
2
[
18]
EEM
-
L
E
A
C
H
A
B
C
w
it
h
a
r
e
a
-
ba
s
e
d
e
ne
r
g
y
-
a
w
a
r
e
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g, a
nd mul
ti
-
h
o
p
A
B
C
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
ti
o
n.
L
i
f
e
s
pa
n, E
ne
r
g
y
,
a
nd pa
c
ke
t
d
e
li
ve
r
y
r
e
li
a
bi
li
t
y
(
P
D
R
)
A
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
a
t
hr
e
e
-
me
c
ha
ni
s
m pr
o
t
oc
o
l
c
o
mbi
ni
ng
ne
tw
o
r
k d
e
v
is
i
o
ni
ng, hi
e
r
a
r
c
hi
c
a
l
tr
e
e
da
ta
a
ggr
e
ga
ti
o
n, a
nd A
B
C
-
dr
i
v
e
n C
H
e
l
e
c
ti
o
n
t
o
r
e
duc
e
e
n
e
g
y
e
x
p
e
ndi
tu
r
e
i
n d
e
ns
e
W
S
N
de
pl
oy
m
e
nt
s
Z
ha
ng
e
t
al
.
a
nd
202
5
[
19]
C
H
H
F
O
L
i
f
e
s
pa
n, E
ne
r
g
y
,
a
nd P
D
R
S
im
ul
a
te
s
t
ha
t
f
us
in
g s
w
a
r
m i
nt
e
l
li
ge
n
c
e
w
it
h
f
u
z
z
y
me
mb
e
r
s
hi
p pr
oc
e
dur
e
s
f
o
r
C
H
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n s
ig
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
l
y
e
nha
nc
e
s
ne
tw
or
k l
i
f
e
ti
m
e
w
hi
l
e
pr
e
s
e
r
v
in
g
d
e
li
v
e
r
y
r
a
ti
o
a
c
r
o
s
s
he
t
e
r
o
g
e
o
us
t
o
p
o
l
o
gi
e
s
H
u
e
t
al
.
a
nd
202
4
[
20]
M
A
C
O
A
L
i
f
e
s
pa
n, E
ne
r
g
y
,
a
nd P
D
R
I
nt
r
o
du
c
e
s
a
he
u
r
is
ti
c
f
unc
ti
o
n t
ha
t
s
im
ul
ta
ne
o
us
l
y
ta
r
ge
ts
ba
tt
e
r
y
p
o
w
e
r
mi
ni
mi
z
a
ti
o
n, l
o
a
d di
s
tr
ib
ut
i
o
n,
a
nd r
o
ut
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
o
ut
p
e
r
f
or
mi
ng t
r
a
di
ti
o
na
l
A
C
O
v
a
r
ia
nt
s
i
n l
i
f
e
ti
m
e
a
nd t
hr
o
ughput s
ta
nda
r
ds
T
a
w
f
e
e
k
e
t
al
.
a
nd 202
5
[
21]
M
O
E
A
C
R
-
LM
L
i
f
e
s
pa
n, E
ne
r
g
y
,
a
nd P
D
R
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
t
he
ga
p b
e
tw
e
e
n s
in
gl
e
-
o
bj
e
c
ti
ve
a
nd mul
ti
-
o
bj
e
c
ti
ve
W
S
N
o
p
ti
mi
z
a
ti
o
n ba
s
e
d
o
n d
e
s
ig
ni
ng a
two
-
pha
s
e
li
f
e
s
pa
n ma
x
im
i
z
a
ti
o
n
f
r
a
me
w
o
r
k
th
a
t
ba
la
nc
e
s
r
e
ma
in
in
g ba
tt
e
r
y
p
o
w
e
r
a
nd i
nt
r
a
-
c
lu
s
t
e
r
di
s
ta
nc
e
K
ur
a
ngi
e
t
al
.
a
nd
202
4
[
22]
R
S
A
–
e
nha
nc
e
d I
T
2F
L
S
L
i
f
e
s
pa
n, E
ne
r
g
y
,
a
nd P
D
R
J
o
in
tl
y
i
mpl
e
m
e
nt
s
ba
tt
e
r
y
p
o
w
e
r
e
x
p
e
ndi
tu
r
e
a
nd
r
o
ut
in
g s
e
c
ur
it
y
t
h
r
o
ugh int
e
r
v
a
l
t
y
p
e
-
2
f
u
z
z
y
r
ul
e
s
,
a
c
hi
e
v
in
g a
25
%
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd l
a
t
e
nc
y
r
e
du
c
ti
o
n w
hi
l
e
ma
in
ta
in
in
g r
e
s
is
ta
nc
e
t
o
c
o
mpr
o
mi
s
e
d
-
n
o
d
e
a
tt
a
c
ks
A
mba
r
e
e
s
h
e
t
al
.
a
nd 202
5
[
23]
E
nha
nc
e
d A
C
O
w
it
h
a
da
ti
ti
ve
phe
r
o
m
o
n
e
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
pr
o
ba
bi
l
it
y
a
nd
I
oT
-
s
pe
c
i
f
ic
c
o
ns
tr
a
in
ts
.
L
i
f
e
s
pa
n, E
ne
r
g
y
,
a
nd P
D
R
E
xt
e
nds
tr
a
di
ti
o
na
l
A
C
O
t
o
I
oT
e
na
bl
e
d W
S
N
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
ns
b
y
a
da
pt
in
g ph
e
r
o
m
o
n
e
c
o
nc
e
nt
r
a
ti
o
n
upda
te
s
t
o
p
r
o
je
c
t
n
o
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
l
e
ve
ls
a
nd t
r
a
f
f
i
c
l
o
a
d,
im
pr
ov
in
g c
o
n
ve
r
g
e
n
c
e
m
ove
me
n
t
a
nd r
o
ut
e
qua
li
t
y
A
n
a
t
ur
e
-
i
ns
p
i
r
e
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
ur
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
t
h
a
t
i
m
pr
o
v
e
s
W
S
N
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
by
o
pt
i
mi
z
i
ng
C
H
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
n
o
de
l
i
f
e
s
pa
n
a
n
d
e
x
t
e
nd
da
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
ggr
e
ga
t
i
o
n
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
b
e
y
o
n
d
t
r
a
di
t
i
o
na
l
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
[
24]
.
T
hi
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
o
ut
l
i
ne
s
t
he
m
a
j
o
r
o
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
f
t
hi
s
wo
r
k,
whi
c
h
a
im
t
o
e
nha
n
c
e
t
h
e
l
i
f
e
s
pa
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
wor
k
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
s
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8776
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
1
5
,
N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
2
6
:
1736
-
1745
1738
B
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
l
F
o
r
a
g
i
n
g
Opt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
do
pt
e
d
f
o
r
f
i
n
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
(
F
C
H)
a
n
d
C
H
c
o
n
s
t
r
uc
t
i
o
n
.
An
t
C
o
l
o
ny
Opt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
us
e
d
to
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
ne
r
g
y
-
a
w
a
r
e
r
o
u
t
e
s
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
a
n
d
f
i
ne
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
s
,
a
n
d
b
e
t
we
e
n
F
C
Hs
.
T
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
hy
b
r
i
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
ur
i
s
t
i
c
m
o
de
l
i
s
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
t
e
c
hni
que
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
bs
e
que
n
t
s
e
c
t
i
o
ns
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
a
r
e
s
t
r
uc
tur
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
ws
:
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
2,
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
B
F
A
C
O
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
W
S
N
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g,
v
a
l
i
d
a
tes
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
t
h
r
o
ugh
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
in
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
3,
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
l
ud
e
s
w
i
t
h
f
i
nd
i
n
g
s
i
n
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
4.
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
I
n
t
h
e
hi
e
r
a
r
c
hi
c
a
l
n
e
t
wor
k
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
,
i
t
i
s
d
i
vi
d
e
d
i
n
t
o
c
l
us
t
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
s
,
t
h
e
n
e
t
wo
r
k
i
s
f
ur
t
h
e
r
d
i
vi
de
d
i
n
t
o
f
i
ne
c
l
us
t
e
r
s
.
E
a
c
h
f
i
ne
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
c
o
m
pr
i
s
e
s
a
f
i
ne
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
e
a
d,
a
bl
e
to
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
da
t
a
f
r
o
m
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
e
a
ds
a
n
d
f
o
r
wa
r
d
i
t
to
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
F
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
c
l
us
t
e
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
c
a
n
b
e
a
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
r
e
s
po
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
da
t
a
f
r
o
m
c
l
us
t
e
r
m
e
m
be
r
s
,
a
ggr
e
ga
t
i
n
g
da
t
a
w
i
t
hi
n
t
h
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
wa
r
d
i
ng
i
t
to
t
h
e
F
C
H.
T
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
Hs
,
F
C
Hs
,
a
n
d
C
M
s
i
n
W
S
Ns
i
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
i
gur
e
1.
T
h
e
W
S
N
s
y
s
t
e
m
ha
s
a
s
i
ng
l
e
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
(
B
S
)
a
n
d
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
i
mi
l
a
r
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
-
t
i
ny
de
vi
c
e
s
(
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
)
i
n
a
n
e
t
wo
r
k
a
r
e
a
.
W
S
N
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
s
a
n
d
c
r
e
a
t
e
s
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
s
to
s
a
v
e
n
o
de
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
po
we
r
.
T
h
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
m
e
m
be
r
/devi
c
e
s
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
a
l
da
t
a
a
n
d
f
o
r
wa
r
d
i
t
to
th
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d.
T
h
e
C
M
n
o
de
un
a
nim
o
u
s
ly
c
h
o
o
s
e
s
a
C
H
de
vi
c
e
.
Da
t
a
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
M
i
s
c
o
n
s
o
l
i
da
t
e
d
a
n
d
s
e
n
t
to
t
h
e
F
i
ne
C
l
us
t
e
r
He
a
d
(
F
C
H
o
r
Ga
t
e
wa
y
n
o
de
)
,
t
h
e
s
e
F
C
H
n
o
de
s
a
r
e
r
e
s
po
n
s
i
bl
e
f
o
r
f
o
r
wa
r
d
i
n
g
de
t
e
c
ted
da
t
a
to
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
(
B
S
)
.
T
h
e
pr
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
i
s
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2.
F
o
r
c
o
n
t
i
n
uo
us
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
o
f
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
a
l
a
tt
r
i
b
ut
e
s
,
‘
n
’
n
o
de
s
a
r
e
r
a
n
do
m
ly
de
p
l
o
y
e
d
w
i
t
hi
n
a
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
.
E
v
e
r
y
n
o
de
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
wo
r
k
a
r
e
a
i
s
r
e
s
po
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
n
g
m
o
ni
t
o
r
e
d
da
t
a
to
t
h
e
C
H,
e
a
c
h
t
i
ny
d
e
vi
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
wo
r
k
h
a
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
a
pa
bi
li
t
i
e
s
.
A
s
pe
r
t
h
e
n
o
de
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
t
e
nn
a
,
t
h
e
n
o
de
'
s
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
ng
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
t
h
e
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
b
e
t
we
e
n
F
C
H
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
b
e
t
we
e
n
C
Hs
.
T
h
e
pr
i
m
a
r
y
o
bj
e
c
t
i
ve
w
i
ll
b
e
to
a
do
p
t
p
r
o
b
a
bi
li
s
t
i
c
m
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
s
to
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
a
c
o
m
put
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
ng
pr
i
m
i
t
i
ve
s
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
m
e
t
a
h
e
ur
i
s
t
i
c
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
de
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
t
e
r
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
F
C
H
a
t
e
v
e
r
y
s
t
e
p
o
f
r
o
u
t
e
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
B
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
l
F
o
r
a
gi
n
g
Opt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
vi
t
a
l
n
a
t
ur
e
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
ur
i
s
t
i
c
m
o
de
l
t
h
a
t
r
e
pl
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
f
o
r
a
g
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
vi
o
r
o
f
E
s
c
h
e
r
i
c
hi
a
c
o
l
i
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
i
n
s
ide
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
c
o
l
o
n
.
As
pe
r
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
,
B
F
O
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
us
e
d
i
n
m
a
ny
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
e
s
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
e
a
ds
i
n
W
S
Ns
.
E
s
c
h
e
r
i
c
hi
a
.
c
o
l
i
n
a
vi
ga
t
e
s
i
t
s
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
to
f
in
d
n
ut
r
i
e
n
t
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
um
bl
i
ng
(
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
)
,
s
w
i
mm
i
ng
(
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
)
,
a
n
d
c
h
e
m
o
t
a
xi
s
,
a
n
d
B
F
O
m
a
n
a
ge
s
m
a
ny
c
o
m
pe
t
i
n
g
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
e
ne
r
g
y
,
c
o
n
ne
c
t
i
vi
t
y
,
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
a
nc
e
.
B
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
go
to
wa
r
ds
n
ut
r
i
e
n
t
-
de
ns
e
a
r
e
a
s
,
l
i
ke
a
n
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
.
T
u
m
bl
e
a
nd
s
w
i
m
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
e
s
a
v
o
i
d
ge
tt
i
n
g
bl
o
c
ke
d
a
n
d
a
d
j
u
s
t
to
c
h
a
n
g
i
ng
n
e
t
wo
r
k
c
i
r
c
u
m
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
.
B
F
O
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
im
po
r
t
a
n
t
s
t
a
ge
s
:
c
h
e
m
o
t
a
xi
s
a
l
l
o
w
s
t
um
bl
e
a
n
d
s
w
i
m
b
e
ha
vi
o
r
f
o
r
l
o
c
a
l
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
r
o
un
d
t
h
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
;
r
e
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
wh
e
r
e
ba
c
t
e
r
i
a
w
i
t
h
l
e
s
s
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
d
i
e
a
n
d
be
s
t
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
d
i
v
i
de
i
n
t
o
t
w
o
c
e
l
l
s
,
a
n
d
r
a
n
do
m
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
w
i
ll
b
e
e
li
mi
na
t
e
d.
F
i
gur
e
1
.
Or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
M
s
,
cl
u
s
t
e
r
s
wi
t
h
C
H
s
,
a
n
d
f
i
ne
c
l
us
t
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
F
C
H
s
i
n
W
S
Ns
T
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
o
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
W
S
N
i
s
c
l
us
t
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
:
i
de
n
t
i
f
yi
ng
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
de
s
f
r
o
m
r
a
n
do
m
ly
de
p
l
o
y
e
d
n
o
de
s
to
a
c
t
a
s
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
ds
.
E
a
c
h
n
o
de
c
a
n
be
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
a
t
m
o
s
t
o
n
c
e
a
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
E
ne
r
gy
a
w
a
r
e
c
lus
ter
ing
and
r
outi
ng
f
or
w
i
r
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
us
ing
me
taheur
i
s
ti
c
s
…
(
Saga
r
M
e
k
ala
)
1739
a
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
;
t
hi
s
m
us
t
b
e
pr
o
vi
de
ne
t
wor
k
c
ov
e
r
a
g
e
,
m
i
n
im
i
z
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
l
o
a
d
a
c
r
o
s
s
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
e
que
n
t
l
y
e
nha
n
c
i
ng
t
h
e
l
if
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
wo
r
k
.
E
a
c
h
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
u
m
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
s
a
n
o
de
C
H
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
;
t
h
e
di
m
e
ns
i
o
n
s
pe
c
i
f
i
e
s
a
n
o
de
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
.
T
h
e
n
ut
r
i
e
n
t
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
a
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
t
h
e
f
i
t
ne
s
s
o
f
t
h
a
t
C
H
c
o
nf
i
gur
a
t
i
o
n
,
wh
e
r
e
hi
g
h
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
a
v
a
l
i
d
C
H
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
o
we
r
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
s
h
o
ws
a
n
i
nva
li
d
C
H
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
de
t
a
i
l
e
d
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
f
o
r
B
F
O
-
b
a
s
e
d
C
H
a
n
d
F
C
H
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
Al
go
r
i
t
hm
1.
T
h
e
f
i
t
ne
s
s
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
m
o
du
l
e
o
f
C
H
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
us
i
n
g
B
F
O.
(
)
=
1
∗
(
)
+
2
∗
(
)
+
3
∗
(
)
+
4
∗
(
)
(
1)
W
h
e
r
e
,
w1
to
w4
a
r
e
n
o
r
m
a
li
z
e
d
we
i
g
h
t
s
.
(
)
M
a
xi
mi
z
i
ng
t
h
e
r
e
s
i
dua
l
e
ne
r
g
y
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
C
Hs
i
n
W
S
N
s
c
a
n
b
e
de
f
i
ne
d
a
s
(
2)
.
(
)
=
1
∗
∑
[
∈
]
(
(
)
/
)
(
2)
(
)
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
n
e
t
wo
r
k
c
o
v
e
r
a
ge
a
n
d
c
o
nn
e
c
t
i
vi
t
y
c
a
n
be
de
f
i
ne
d
w
i
t
h
in
(
3)
.
(
)
(
)
=
|
ℎ
|
(
)
=
1
∗
∑
[
∈
]
(
)
(
)
(
3)
(
)
to
m
a
nim
i
z
e
t
h
e
C
H
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
by
s
pe
c
i
f
yi
ng
i
n
(
4)
.
(
)
=
1
−
[
1
∗
∑
[
,
]
/
_
)
]
(
4)
(
)
to
m
a
ke
s
ur
e
t
h
a
t
a
l
l
d
e
p
l
o
y
e
d
n
o
de
s
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
c
o
v
e
r
un
de
r
o
n
e
C
H
de
f
i
ne
d
a
s
(
5)
.
=
|
{
:
∃
∈
,
(
,
)
≤
(
)
=
/
(
5)
T
h
e
B
F
O
b
a
s
e
d
C
H
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
pr
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
us
l
e
v
e
l
s
i
n
t
wo
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
ph
a
s
e
s
(
C
H
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
F
C
H
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
)
,
s
uc
h
a
s
i
ni
t
i
a
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
h
e
m
o
t
a
xi
s
l
e
v
e
l
,
a
n
d
s
wa
r
m
i
ng
l
e
v
e
l
.
I
n
ph
a
s
e
1
(
C
H
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
)
b
a
s
i
c
a
l
ly
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
s
n
o
d
e
r
e
m
a
i
ni
ng
b
a
tt
e
r
y
p
o
we
r
l
e
v
e
l
s
,
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
to
t
h
e
B
S
,
a
n
d
n
e
i
g
hb
o
ur
n
o
de
de
n
s
i
t
y
.
Du
r
i
n
g
i
ni
t
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
p
o
pul
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
r
a
n
do
m
l
y
ge
n
e
r
a
ted,
e
a
c
h
r
e
pl
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
n
ode
C
H
c
o
n
f
i
gur
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
r
e
de
f
i
n
e
d,
s
uc
h
a
s
c
h
e
m
o
t
a
c
t
i
c
s
t
e
p
s
i
z
e
,
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
h
e
m
ot
a
xi
s
s
t
e
ps
,
r
e
pr
oduc
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
s
,
a
n
d
e
l
i
m
i
na
t
i
o
n
pr
o
b
a
bi
l
i
t
y
.
Dur
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
e
m
ot
a
xi
s
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
uc
t
s
b
a
s
i
c
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
E
a
c
h
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
um
w
i
l
l
t
a
ke
a
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
a
r
a
n
do
m
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
gur
e
t
h
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
.
I
f
t
h
e
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
i
s
hi
g
h
(
s
pe
c
i
f
i
e
s
g
ood
C
H
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
)
,
t
h
e
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
u
m
c
o
n
t
i
n
ue
s
s
w
i
m
mi
n
g
i
n
t
h
a
t
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
l
y
.
Ot
h
e
r
wi
s
e
,
i
t
f
a
l
l
i
n
to
a
n
e
w
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
I
n
s
wa
r
m
i
n
g,
b
a
c
ter
i
a
gui
de
s
e
a
c
h
ot
h
e
r
m
ov
e
m
e
n
t
.
I
n
ph
a
s
e
2
(
F
C
H
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
)
a
pp
l
i
e
s
f
ut
h
e
r
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
to
e
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
f
i
ne
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
ds
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
e
p
l
o
y
e
d
n
o
de
s
t
h
a
t
a
l
s
o
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
s
n
o
de
r
e
m
a
i
n
in
g
po
we
r
l
e
v
e
l
s
,
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
to
t
h
e
B
S
,
a
n
d
n
e
i
g
hbo
ur
C
H
de
ns
i
t
y
.
Dur
i
n
g
i
ni
t
i
a
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
p
o
pul
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
r
a
n
do
m
ly
ge
n
e
r
a
t
e
d,
e
a
c
h
r
e
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
n
o
de
F
C
H
c
o
nf
i
gur
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
r
e
de
f
i
ne
d,
s
uc
h
a
s
c
h
e
m
o
t
a
c
t
i
c
s
t
e
p
s
i
z
e
,
n
u
m
be
r
o
f
c
h
e
m
o
t
a
xi
s
s
t
e
ps
,
r
e
pr
o
duc
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
s
,
a
n
d
e
l
im
i
na
t
i
o
n
pr
o
b
a
bi
li
t
y.
Dur
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
e
m
o
t
a
xi
s
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
ns
t
r
uc
t
s
b
a
s
i
c
f
i
nd
i
ng
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
E
a
c
h
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
u
m
w
i
ll
t
a
ke
a
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
a
r
a
n
do
m
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
nf
i
gur
e
t
h
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
t
h
a
t
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
li
z
e
d
s
u
m
o
f
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
ng
e
n
e
r
gy
a
m
o
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
C
Hs
,
r
e
duc
e
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
f
f
o
r
t
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
he
l
p
o
f
i
n
t
r
a
-
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
a
n
d
C
H
-
B
S
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
m
i
n
im
i
z
e
s
l
o
a
d
ba
l
a
n
c
i
ng
by
e
n
s
ur
i
ng
t
h
e
s
i
mi
l
a
r
s
i
z
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
s
.
I
f
t
h
e
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
i
s
h
i
g
h
(
s
pe
c
i
f
i
e
s
goo
d
F
C
H
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
)
,
t
h
e
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
u
m
c
o
n
t
i
n
ue
s
s
w
i
mm
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
a
t
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
nl
y
.
Ot
h
e
r
w
i
s
e
,
i
t
f
a
ll
i
n
t
o
a
n
e
w
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
I
n
s
wa
r
m
i
ng,
ba
c
t
e
r
i
a
gu
i
de
s
e
a
c
h
ot
h
e
r
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
.
An
t
c
o
l
o
ny
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
A
C
O)
c
o
n
s
t
r
uc
t
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
ns
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
r
o
u
t
e
f
o
r
da
t
a
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
we
e
n
F
C
H
a
n
d
B
S
.
T
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
l
a
y
e
r
e
d
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
m
i
nim
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
c
h
a
l
l
e
na
ge
s
c
om
p
l
e
xi
t
y
s
i
g
nif
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
.
AC
O
ga
i
ns
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
h
o
w
r
e
a
l
a
n
t
c
o
l
o
ni
e
s
de
t
e
c
t
s
h
o
r
t
e
s
t
r
o
u
t
e
to
f
o
o
d
s
o
ur
c
e
s
.
An
t
s
pr
o
vi
de
s
phe
r
o
m
o
n
e
s
whil
e
m
o
vi
ng,
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
e
que
n
t
a
n
t
s
pr
o
b
a
bil
i
s
t
i
c
a
ll
y
f
o
ll
o
w
r
o
u
t
e
wi
t
h
hi
g
h
e
r
ph
e
r
o
m
o
n
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
ns
.
T
h
e
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
t
f
i
n
d
in
gs
f
r
o
m
t
h
a
t
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
i
n
c
l
ude
p
h
e
r
o
m
o
n
e
de
po
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
e
v
a
po
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
pr
o
b
a
bi
li
s
t
i
c
r
o
u
t
e
i
de
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
C
l
us
t
e
r
m
e
m
be
r
s
(
n
o
de
s
)
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
h
e
i
r
f
i
n
d
i
n
gs
to
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
C
H
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
a
n
d
o
r
m
u
l
t
i
-
h
o
p
c
omm
u
ni
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
A
C
O
o
b
t
a
i
n
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
pa
t
h
to
B
S
t
h
r
ough
F
C
H
(
i
de
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
to
f
a
c
i
li
a
t
e
i
n
t
e
r
-
C
H
r
o
u
t
i
n
g)
,
t
hi
s
i
s
wh
e
r
e
s
o
phi
s
t
i
c
a
t
e
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
c
c
ur
s
.
C
Hs
c
a
n
f
o
r
wa
r
d
da
t
a
di
r
e
c
t
l
y
t
o
t
h
e
B
S
i
f
w
i
t
hi
n
r
a
n
ge
,
o
r
f
o
r
wa
r
d
t
h
r
o
ugh
ot
h
e
r
F
C
Hs
us
i
ng
m
u
l
t
i
-
ho
p
r
o
u
t
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
uc
t
e
d
by
A
C
O.
T
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
A
C
O
-
b
a
s
e
d
r
out
i
n
g
f
o
r
W
S
Ns
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
Al
go
r
i
t
hm
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8776
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
1
5
,
N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
2
6
:
1736
-
1745
1740
F
i
gur
e
2.
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
f
r
o
m
i
n
i
t
i
a
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
n
o
de
s
to
s
e
n
d
i
ng
da
t
a
to
B
a
s
e
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
(
B
S
)
us
i
n
g
C
Hs
,
a
n
d
F
C
Hs
Al
go
r
i
t
hm
1
.
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
a
n
d
f
i
ne
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
us
i
ng
B
F
O
Input: N: number of deployed nodes, K: required number of cluster heads, E[]:
remaining energy of each node, loc[]:locat
ion (x,y) of each node, and BS:
Base Station. Parameters: B: number of bacteria (B=N/10), Cs: Chemotaxis
steps (Cs=5), and S: step size (S=4).
Output: CH[]: elected cluster head (CH) list, and FCH[]: selected fine cluster head
(FCH) list.
1.
Intialize B bacte
ria at random node locations:
for i in B then
B[i].location=random(0, N
-
1)
B[i].fitness= Eval_Fitness(B[i].location)
2.
for i in Cs then
for each B in i then
new_loc=B[i].location; new_fitness=B[i].location
direction = random(0,2*Pi)
next = S *
cos(direction); new_loc1= (new_loc + int(next)) mod N
if new_loc1 < 0 then new_loc1=new_loc1+N
new_fitness1 =Eval_Fitness(new_loc1) #To obtain new location
if new_fitness1 >new_fitness then #movement decision
B[i].location=new_loc1; B[i].fitness =new
_fitness1
for swim to swim_len then
new_loc1 =(B[i].location +int(next)) mod N
if new_loc1 < 0 then new_loc1 + =1
swim_fitness = Eval_fitness(new_loc1)
if swim_fitness > B[i].fitness then
B[i].location=new_loc1;
B[i].fitness=swim_fitness
3.
Construction fitness for all nodes #CH Election
for i in n
-
1 then
n_fitness[i]=Eval_fitness(i)
4.
Arrange node by fitness: n_sorted=Sort_fitness(n_fitness)
5.
Elect first K nodes as CH and append them to CH[]
for i in n
-
1 then
if n_sorted[i].fitness >
Energy(Threshold) and count<K then
CH.add(n_sorted[i])
6.
Elect first J nodes as FCH and append them to FCH[]
for i in n
-
1 then
if n_sorted[i].fitness > Energy(Threshold) and count<J then
FCH.add(n_sorted[i])
7.
Return CH and FCH
Al
go
r
i
t
hm
2
.
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
be
t
we
e
n
i
n
t
e
r
-
F
C
H
a
n
d
C
H
a
n
d
F
C
H
us
i
ng
AC
O
Input: CH[]: Set of cluster heads, and FCH[]: list of fine cluster heads
Output: Routing table for each FCH to BS
1.
Intialize pheromone matrix L with L_0, construct heuristic list k using energy and
distanc
e, m number of ants
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
E
ne
r
gy
a
w
a
r
e
c
lus
ter
ing
and
r
outi
ng
f
or
w
i
r
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
us
ing
me
taheur
i
s
ti
c
s
…
(
Saga
r
M
e
k
ala
)
1741
2.
for i=0 to max_rounds then
for each ant at=1 to m:
new_route=Intitial_CH; route_a=[new_route]; visit_done={new_route}
repeat if new_route!=BS
node_new=neighbors(new_route)
-
visit_done
if node_new is empty then
ingnore failed ant
break
for each x in node_new then
prob[x] = (L[new_route][x]) ** α *
(n[new_route][x])**β
next_route=route_selection(prob)
route_a.add(next_route)
visit_done.append(next_route)
new_route=next_route
if ant not ignored
cost=find_route_cost(route_a)
node_energy=find_energy_consumption(route_a)
fitness=eval_fitness(cost,node_energy)
3.
for all (i,j) then
r[i][j] = (1
-
r) * r[i][j]
4.
for each ant in top k ants then
for each edge(i,j) in ant route then
r[i][j] = r[i][j]+
(Q / cost_ant) * wieght
if fintness_best_node > fitness_global_best then
global_best_route =best_ant_route
fitness_global = fitness_ant
for each CH i then
route_table[CH_i] = construct_next_hop(global_best_route,CH_i)
return route_table
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
i
nv
e
s
t
i
ga
t
e
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
a
hy
b
r
id
B
F
A
C
O
pr
o
c
e
dur
e
f
o
r
W
S
N
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
(
C
H)
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
W
hil
e
e
a
r
l
i
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
s
h
a
v
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
m
e
t
a
h
e
ur
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
s
uc
h
a
s
bi
o
-
i
ns
p
i
r
e
d
f
u
z
z
y
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
b
e
e
c
o
l
o
ny
(
E
E
C
A
B
C
O)
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
oo
pe
r
a
t
i
ve
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
E
C
E
E
C
)
,
a
n
d
c
hi
c
ke
n
s
w
a
r
m
o
pt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
B
C
OC
O
A
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
ha
v
e
n
o
t
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
ly
r
e
n
d
e
r
e
d
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
t
a
n
e
o
us
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
qua
l
i
t
y
C
H
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
-
pa
t
h
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
r
e
l
i
a
bil
i
t
y
u
n
de
r
d
y
n
a
mi
c
n
e
t
wo
r
k
de
ns
i
t
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
i
s
e
v
a
l
ua
t
e
d
us
in
g
NS2
s
im
u
l
a
t
or
to
m
e
a
s
ur
e
po
we
r
u
t
i
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
r
o
ugh
put,
pa
c
ke
t
de
l
i
ve
r
y
r
a
t
i
o
,
a
n
d
n
e
t
wo
r
k
l
o
n
gvi
t
y
,
w
i
t
h
r
a
n
do
m
ly
de
p
l
o
y
e
d
n
o
de
s
a
n
d
pa
r
a
m
e
t
r
s
l
i
ke
ba
tt
e
r
y
po
we
r
,
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
r
a
n
ge
,
de
n
s
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
pa
c
ke
t
s
i
z
e
s
pe
c
if
ied
i
n
T
a
bl
e
2.
T
a
bl
e
2.
Ne
t
w
or
k
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
N
a
m
e
V
a
lu
e
M
o
ni
t
o
r
in
g a
r
e
a
200 *
200
D
e
pl
oy
m
e
nt
t
y
p
e
R
a
ndo
m
N
umbe
r
of
n
o
d
e
s
100, 200, 300
N
o
d
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
10j
P
a
c
k
e
t
s
iz
e
512b
y
t
e
s
C
o
mm
uni
c
a
ti
o
n r
a
ng
e
40m (
100)
, 30m (
200
)
, 20m (
300)
S
im
ul
a
ti
o
n R
o
unds
10000
R
o
und dur
a
ti
o
n
5S
e
c
3.
1
.
P
ac
k
e
t
d
e
l
ive
r
y
r
at
io
(
P
DR
)
T
h
e
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
B
F
A
C
O
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
s
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
w
i
t
h
e
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
da
t
a
de
l
i
ve
r
y
a
c
r
o
s
s
a
l
l
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
de
n
s
i
t
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
l
o
gi
r
t
hm
c
o
ns
i
s
t
e
n
t
l
y
de
m
o
ns
t
r
a
t
e
d
a
hi
g
h
e
r
pr
o
p
or
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
ly
de
li
ve
r
e
d
pa
c
ke
t
s
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
pe
c
t
to
t
h
e
s
t
a
n
da
r
d
b
e
n
c
hm
a
r
k
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
s
uc
h
a
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
n
g
us
i
ng
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
b
e
e
c
o
l
o
ny
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
E
E
C
A
B
C
O)
[2
5
]
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
oo
pe
r
a
t
i
v
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
(
E
C
E
E
C
)
[2
6
]
,
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
e
nh
a
n
c
e
d
c
hi
c
ke
n
s
wa
r
m
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
w
i
t
h
a
da
pt
i
v
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
pr
oto
c
o
l
(
B
C
OC
O
A
)
[2
7
]
.
T
h
e
B
F
A
C
O
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
pr
o
vi
d
e
s
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
ge
e
nh
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
a
ppr
o
xi
m
a
t
e
l
y
6.
7
%
i
n
P
DR
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
-
c
o
m
pe
t
i
ng
m
o
de
l
.
T
hi
s
e
nh
a
nc
e
m
e
n
t
b
e
c
a
us
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
F
C
H
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
pr
o
c
e
s
s
pr
o
vi
d
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
C
H
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
r
e
l
i
a
bl
e
da
t
a
a
ggr
e
ga
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
A
C
O
b
a
s
e
d
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
i
de
n
t
i
f
yi
ng
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
r
o
ut
e
s
to
i
m
pr
o
v
e
de
l
i
ve
r
y
r
e
l
i
a
bil
i
t
y
.
A
s
de
f
i
ne
d
i
n
T
a
bl
e
3
a
n
d
i
ll
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3,
t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
pa
c
ke
t
de
l
i
ve
r
y
r
a
t
i
o
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
de
p
l
o
y
e
d
n
o
de
c
o
nf
i
gur
a
t
i
o
ns
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8776
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
1
5
,
N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
2
6
:
1736
-
1745
1742
T
a
bl
e
3.
P
DR
wi
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
de
pl
o
y
e
d
n
o
de
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
N
umbe
r
of
n
o
d
e
s
E
E
C
A
B
C
O
E
C
E
E
C
B
C
O
C
O
A
B
F
A
C
O
E
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
%
ove
r
b
e
s
t
c
a
s
e
100
77.2
81.7
85.7
91.3
5.6
200
84.4
84.2
91.6
97.5
5.9
300
75.7
78.8
81.4
90.1
8.7
3.
2
.
E
n
e
r
gy
c
on
s
u
m
p
t
ion
T
h
e
n
o
de
l
e
v
e
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
s
i
nve
r
s
e
l
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
de
gr
e
e
o
f
i
n
t
e
ll
i
ge
n
t
C
H
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
p
t
h
a
t
i
s
ge
ne
r
a
l
ly
pr
o
n
o
un
c
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
pr
o
po
s
e
d
B
F
A
C
O
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
.
T
h
e
pr
o
po
s
e
d
B
F
AC
O
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
i
n
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
l
y
s
h
o
wc
a
s
e
d
s
ub
s
t
a
n
t
i
a
l
ly
l
o
w
e
r
a
v
e
r
a
ge
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
x
pe
n
d
i
t
ur
e
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
pe
c
t
to
a
l
l
t
h
r
e
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
e
s
,
r
e
a
d
i
ng
a
v
e
r
a
ge
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
62.
3%
,
73.
7%
,
a
n
d
52.
8%
f
o
r
100,
200,
a
n
d
300
n
o
de
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
,
a
s
s
u
mm
e
r
i
z
e
d
i
n
T
a
bl
e
4
a
n
d
F
i
gur
e
4.
A
c
r
o
s
s
a
l
l
d
ym
a
ni
c
n
o
de
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
a
n
a
v
e
r
ge
e
n
e
r
g
y
mi
n
im
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
ppr
o
xi
m
a
t
e
l
y
62.
5%
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
to
t
h
e
a
dj
a
c
e
n
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
us
i
ng
m
e
t
a
h
u
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
n
a
t
ur
e
i
ns
p
i
r
e
d
m
o
de
l
s
.
Our
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
ugge
s
t
s
t
h
a
t
hi
g
h
e
r
n
o
de
de
n
s
i
t
y
i
s
n
o
t
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
wi
t
h
pr
o
p
or
t
i
o
n
a
ll
y
hi
g
he
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
x
pe
n
d
i
t
ur
e
i
n
B
F
AC
O
de
p
l
o
y
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
m
u
l
t
i
-
o
bj
e
c
t
i
v
e
B
F
O
l
a
y
e
r
s
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
s
r
e
m
a
i
ni
n
g
po
we
r
a
c
r
o
s
s
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
n
o
de
s
,
whil
e
t
h
e
F
C
H
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
s
uppr
e
s
s
e
s
l
o
n
g
-
r
a
n
g
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
tr
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
o
ns
a
kn
o
wn
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
f
a
c
t
or
i
n
W
S
N
po
we
r
us
a
ge
.
T
h
e
A
C
O
r
o
ut
i
n
g
l
a
y
e
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
hi
s
by
c
o
nf
i
gur
i
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
e
r
,
l
e
s
s
-
c
o
s
t
f
o
r
wa
r
d
i
n
g
r
o
u
t
e
s
.
T
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
de
l
m
a
y
be
n
e
f
i
t
f
r
o
m
f
ur
t
h
e
r
t
uni
n
g
o
f
ph
e
r
o
m
o
n
e
e
v
a
po
r
a
t
i
o
n
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
to
a
c
h
e
i
ve
t
h
e
s
e
i
m
pr
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
e
x
t
e
n
de
d
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
s
w
i
t
h
o
ut
a
dv
e
r
s
e
ly
im
pa
c
t
i
n
g
c
o
nv
e
r
ge
n
c
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
.
F
i
gur
e
3.
C
o
m
pa
r
i
s
o
n
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
o
f
P
D
R
us
i
ng
B
F
A
C
O
w
i
t
h
ot
h
e
r
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
T
a
bl
e
4.
E
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
pt
i
o
n
n
o
de
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
ng
a
r
e
a
N
umbe
r
of
n
o
d
e
s
E
E
C
A
B
C
O
E
C
E
E
C
B
C
O
C
O
A
B
F
A
C
O
E
ne
r
g
y
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n (
%
)
ov
e
r
be
s
t
c
a
s
e
100
47.12
54.17
65.70
17.76
62.3
200
36.23
43.80
56.76
9.53
73.7
300
39.86
45.87
65.67
18.80
52.8
3.
3
.
Ne
t
wor
k
l
i
f
e
t
im
e
T
hi
s
s
t
udy
f
o
un
d
t
h
a
t
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
li
f
e
t
i
me
e
v
a
l
ua
t
e
d
i
n
a
c
t
i
v
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
o
un
ds
c
or
r
e
l
a
t
e
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
a
wa
r
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
i
n
B
F
AC
O.
T
h
e
pr
o
po
s
e
d
B
F
A
C
O
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
e
nh
a
nc
e
d
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
ge
n
e
t
wor
k
l
i
f
e
s
pa
n
e
nh
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
ppr
o
xi
m
a
t
e
l
y
16.
9%
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g
t
r
a
di
t
i
o
na
l
m
e
t
a
h
u
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
n
a
t
ur
e
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
m
o
de
l
s
.
T
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
de
l
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
f
r
o
m
B
F
O
w
i
t
h
200
-
s
e
ns
o
r
n
o
de
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
de
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
e
x
c
e
pt
i
o
n
a
l
e
nh
a
nc
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
33.
3%
,
s
h
o
ws
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
t
m
e
d
i
u
m
ne
t
wor
k
de
n
s
i
t
i
e
s
.
T
a
bl
e
5
a
n
d
F
i
gur
e
5
de
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
l
if
e
t
i
m
e
(
n
o
o
f
r
o
un
ds
)
ba
s
e
d
o
n
a
ll
t
h
r
e
e
de
p
l
o
y
e
d
n
o
de
c
o
nf
i
gur
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
a
s
e
a
c
h
s
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
ugge
t
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
upe
r
i
o
r
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
B
F
A
C
O
i
s
n
o
t
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
wi
t
h
a
n
i
nhe
r
e
n
t
t
r
a
de
-
o
f
f
o
v
e
r
de
l
i
ve
r
y
r
e
l
i
a
bil
i
t
y
o
r
t
h
r
o
ugh
put
.
R
a
t
h
e
r
,
by
pr
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
g
pr
e
m
a
t
ur
e
de
vi
c
e
de
l
e
pt
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
ugh
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
wo
r
kl
o
a
d
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
s
c
o
nn
e
c
t
i
vi
t
y
l
o
n
ge
r
,
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
i
n
ue
d
pa
c
ke
t
de
l
i
ve
r
y
.
T
h
e
pr
o
p
os
e
d
B
F
AC
O
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
m
a
y
be
n
e
f
i
t
f
r
o
m
a
da
pt
i
v
e
r
o
un
d
dur
a
t
i
o
n
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
to
f
ur
t
h
e
r
e
x
t
e
n
d
n
e
t
wo
r
k
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
l
o
t
s
,
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
a
ll
y
i
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
w
h
e
r
e
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
de
m
a
n
d
s
f
l
uc
t
ua
t
e
o
v
e
r
t
i
m
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
E
ne
r
gy
a
w
a
r
e
c
lus
ter
ing
and
r
outi
ng
f
or
w
i
r
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
us
ing
me
taheur
i
s
ti
c
s
…
(
Saga
r
M
e
k
ala
)
1743
F
i
gur
e
4
.
C
o
m
pa
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
ns
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
n
o
de
s
us
i
ng
B
F
AC
O
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
T
a
bl
e
5.
L
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
(
n
o
.
o
f
r
o
un
ds
)
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
de
p
l
o
y
e
d
n
o
de
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
N
umbe
r
of
n
o
d
e
s
E
E
C
A
B
C
O
E
C
E
E
C
B
C
O
C
O
A
B
F
A
C
O
E
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
%
of
r
o
unds
ove
r
b
e
s
t
c
a
s
e
100
6910
6100
5710
7970
15.3
200
7440
6990
6310
9920
33.3
300
6900
6300
5980
7300
4.3
F
i
gur
e
5.
C
o
m
pa
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
o
f
L
if
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
wo
r
k
us
i
n
g
B
F
AC
O
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
h
e
B
F
O
A
C
O
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
w
i
t
h
F
C
H
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
ica
t
e
s
a
s
po
hi
s
t
i
c
a
t
e
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
W
S
N
s
.
B
y
c
o
m
bi
n
i
ng
b
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
l
f
o
r
a
g
i
ng
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
wi
t
h
a
n
t
c
o
l
o
ny
r
o
ut
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
a
ppe
n
d
i
ng
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
C
H,
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
a
c
hi
e
v
e
s
s
igni
f
i
c
a
n
t
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
m
pr
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
P
DR
,
po
we
r
u
t
i
li
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
n
e
t
wo
r
k
l
if
e
s
pa
n
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
t
o
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
t
r
a
de
n
t
i
o
na
l
a
ppr
o
a
c
he
s
.
T
h
e
hi
e
r
a
r
c
hi
c
a
l
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
s
c
a
l
e
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ly
a
c
r
o
s
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
s
,
m
a
k
i
ng
i
t
s
u
i
t
a
bl
e
f
o
r
m
a
ny
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
W
S
N
a
pp
li
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
B
F
AC
O
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
pe
c
if
i
e
s
s
upe
r
i
o
r
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
v
e
r
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
f
o
r
s
t
a
t
i
c
F
C
H/C
H
a
n
d
m
o
bi
le
s
e
n
s
o
r
c
o
nf
i
gur
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
w
i
t
h
f
ut
ur
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
c
us
i
n
g
on
d
y
na
m
i
c
m
o
bil
i
t
y
o
f
C
H
n
o
de
s
i
n
W
S
Ns
.
F
UN
DI
NG
I
N
F
ORM
AT
I
ON
T
h
e
a
ut
h
o
r
s
de
c
l
a
r
e
n
o
f
i
na
n
c
i
a
l
c
o
m
pe
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
s
.
AU
T
HO
R
CONT
RI
B
UT
I
ONS
S
T
AT
E
M
E
NT
T
hi
s
j
o
ur
n
a
l
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
or
R
o
l
e
s
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
e
d
i
T
)
to
r
e
c
o
gni
z
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
a
ut
h
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
ns
,
r
e
duc
e
a
ut
h
or
s
hi
p
d
i
s
put
e
s
,
a
n
d
f
a
c
il
i
t
a
t
e
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
Nam
e
of
Aut
h
or
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
S
a
ga
r
M
e
ka
l
a
Na
ga
r
a
j
u
K
a
r
i
na
ga
ppa
M
o
h
a
n
Dh
o
vl
a
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8776
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
1
5
,
N
o.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
be
r
20
2
6
:
1736
-
1745
1744
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
pt
ua
li
z
a
ti
o
n
M
:
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
twa
r
e
Va
:
Va
li
da
ti
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
ma
l
a
na
l
y
s
is
I
:
I
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
o
n
R
:
R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
ta
C
ur
a
ti
o
n
O
:
W
r
it
in
g
-
O
r
ig
in
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
it
in
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
di
ti
ng
Vi
:
Vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
o
n
Su
:
Su
pe
r
v
is
io
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
dmi
ni
s
tr
a
ti
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
ndi
ng a
c
qui
s
it
i
o
n
CONF
L
I
CT
OF
I
NT
E
RE
S
T
S
T
AT
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
a
ut
h
o
r
s
s
t
a
t
e
n
o
c
o
nf
li
c
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
wa
s
c
o
n
duc
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
bs
e
n
c
e
o
f
a
n
y
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
o
r
f
i
na
nc
i
a
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
p
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
ul
d
b
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
ue
d
a
s
a
p
ot
e
n
t
i
a
l
c
o
nf
li
c
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
.
DA
T
A
AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
da
t
a
t
h
a
t
s
upp
o
r
t
t
h
e
f
i
nd
i
ng
s
o
f
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
a
r
e
a
v
a
il
a
bl
e
o
n
r
e
que
s
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
n
d
i
n
g
a
ut
h
o
r
,
S
a
ga
r
M
e
ka
l
a
.
De
r
i
v
e
d
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
da
t
a
s
upp
o
r
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
i
nd
i
ngs
o
f
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
a
r
e
a
v
a
il
a
bl
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
a
ut
h
o
r
,
S
a
ga
r
M
e
ka
l
a
,
o
n
r
e
que
s
t
.
Ot
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
s
im
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
da
t
a
,
a
v
a
il
a
bil
i
t
y
do
e
s
n
ot
a
pp
l
y
t
o
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
a
s
n
o
n
e
w
da
t
a
we
r
e
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
o
r
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1]
M
.
T
r
ig
ka
a
nd
E
.
D
r
it
s
a
s
,
“
W
ir
e
le
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
ne
tw
o
r
ks
:
f
r
o
m
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
ls
a
nd
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
ns
to
in
n
ov
a
ti
o
ns
a
nd
f
ut
ur
e
tr
e
n
ds
,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, v
ol
. 13, pp. 96365
–
96399, 2025, d
o
i:
10.1109/A
C
C
E
S
S
.2025.3572328.
[
2]
F
.
T
o
s
s
a
,
Y
.
F
a
ga
,
W
.
A
bdo
u,
E
.
C
.
E
z
in
,
a
nd
P
.
G
o
ut
o
n,
“
W
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
n
e
tw
o
r
k
de
pl
oy
m
e
nt
:
a
r
c
h
it
e
c
tu
r
e
,
o
bj
e
c
ti
ve
s
,
a
nd me
th
o
d
o
l
o
gi
e
s
,”
Se
ns
or
s
, v
ol
. 25, n
o
. 11,
p. 3442, M
a
y
202
5, do
i:
10.3390/s
25113442.
[
3]
R
.
P
r
i
y
a
d
a
r
s
hi
, R
.
R
.
K
um
a
r
, R
.
R
a
nj
a
n,
a
nd
P
. V
.
K
um
a
r
, “
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d r
o
ut
i
ng
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
i
m
pr
o
ve
e
ne
r
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
,
l
a
te
nc
y
,
a
nd
d
a
ta
r
e
l
ia
bi
li
ty
i
n
w
ir
e
le
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
”
S
c
i
e
nt
i
fi
c
R
e
po
r
ts
, v
o
l.
15
,
no
.
1
,
p.
2
22
92
,
J
u
l.
2
02
5,
do
i
:
10
.1
03
8/
s
4
15
98
-
0
25
-
08
67
7
-
w.
[
4]
R
. K
. Y
a
da
v a
nd R
. P
. M
a
ha
pa
tr
a
, “
H
y
br
id
m
e
ta
he
u
r
is
ti
c
a
lg
or
i
th
m
f
o
r
o
pt
im
a
l
c
lu
s
te
r
he
a
d s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n i
n w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or
n
e
tw
o
r
k,”
P
e
r
v
as
iv
e
and M
obi
le
C
om
put
in
g
, vo
l.
79, p. 101504, J
a
n. 2022, do
i:
10.1016/j
.p
mc
j.
2021.101504.
[
5]
W
.
R
.
H
e
in
z
e
lm
a
n,
A
.
C
ha
ndr
a
ka
s
a
n,
a
nd
H
.
B
a
la
kr
is
hna
n,
“
E
ne
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
c
o
mm
un
ic
a
ti
o
n
pr
o
t
oc
o
l
f
or
w
ir
e
le
s
s
mi
c
r
o
s
e
ns
o
r
ne
tw
o
r
ks
,”
in
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
th
e
33
r
d
annual
H
aw
ai
i
in
te
r
nat
io
nal
c
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
s
y
s
te
m
s
c
ie
nc
e
s
,
I
E
E
E
C
o
mpu
t.
S
oc
,
2
000,
p. 223. do
i:
10.1109/hi
c
s
s
.2000.926982.
[
6]
W
.
S
.
K
ir
a
n,
S
.
S
m
y
s
,
a
nd
V
.
B
in
dhu,
“
E
nha
n
c
e
m
e
nt
of
n
e
tw
o
r
k
li
f
e
ti
m
e
us
in
g
f
uz
z
y
c
lu
s
t
e
r
in
g
a
nd
mu
lt
id
ir
e
c
ti
o
na
l
r
o
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
n
e
tw
o
r
ks
,”
Sof
t
C
om
put
in
g
, vo
l.
24, n
o
. 15, pp.
11
805
–
11818, Aug. 2020, d
o
i:
10.1007/s
00500
-
020
-
04900
-
0.
[
7]
S
.
G
oe
l
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
ne
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
ol
in
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
n
e
tw
o
r
ks
us
in
g
a
n
a
da
pt
iv
e
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
ti
mi
z
a
ti
o
n
a
lg
or
it
h
m,”
Sc
ie
nt
if
ic
R
e
por
t
s
, v
o
l.
16, n
o
. 1, p. 6300, J
a
n. 2026, d
o
i:
10.1
0
38/
s
41598
-
026
-
36957
-
6.
[
8]
D
.
A
gr
a
w
a
l
a
nd
S
.
P
a
nde
y
,
“
F
U
C
A
:
F
u
z
z
y
-
ba
s
e
d
un
e
qua
l
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
t
o
pr
o
l
o
ng
th
e
li
f
e
ti
m
e
of
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
ne
tw
o
r
ks
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n Sy
s
te
m
s
, v
o
l.
31, n
o
. 2, J
a
n. 2018, doi:
10.1002/dac
.3448.
[
9]
G
.
K
p
o
nhi
nt
o
,
S
.
K
h
e
mi
r
i
-
K
a
ll
e
l,
A
.
A
.
A
bba
A
r
i,
A
.
M
.
G
ue
r
o
ui
,
O
.
T
hi
a
r
e
,
a
nd
J
.
H
w
a
ng,
“
A
hy
b
r
id
bi
o
l
o
gi
c
a
ll
y
-
in
s
p
ir
e
d
o
pt
im
i
z
a
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
r
i
th
m
f
o
r
da
ta
ga
th
e
r
in
g
in
I
oT
s
e
ns
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
ks
,”
J
our
nal
o
f
N
e
tw
or
k
and
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
v
o
l.
33,
n
o.
2,
p. 23
, A
pr
. 2025, do
i:
10.1007
/s
10922
-
025
-
09899
-
z.
[
10]
P
.
R
a
w
a
t,
P
.
K
u
ma
r
,
a
nd
S
.
C
ha
uha
n,
“
F
u
z
z
y
l
o
gi
c
a
nd
pa
r
ti
c
l
e
s
w
a
r
m
o
pt
im
i
z
a
ti
o
n
-
ba
s
e
d
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g
pr
o
t
oc
o
l
in
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
ne
tw
o
r
k,”
Sof
t
C
om
put
in
g
, vo
l.
27, n
o
. 9, pp. 5177
–
5193, M
a
y
2023, do
i:
10.1007
/s
00500
-
023
-
07833
-
6.
[
11]
S
.
H
a
r
ih
a
r
a
G
o
pa
la
n,
M
.
M
uz
a
mm
il
P
a
r
ve
z
,
A
.
M
a
ni
ka
nda
n,
a
nd
S
.
R
a
ma
li
nga
m,
“
C
o
gn
it
i
ve
r
a
di
o
s
p
e
c
tr
um
a
ll
oc
a
ti
o
n
u
s
in
g
N
a
s
h
e
qui
li
br
iu
m
w
it
h
mul
ti
pl
e
s
c
he
dul
in
g
r
e
s
o
ur
c
e
s
e
l
e
c
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m,”
A
in
Shams
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
J
our
nal
,
v
o
l.
15,
n
o
.
5,
p. 102688, M
a
y
2024, d
o
i
:
10.1016/j
.a
s
e
j.
2024.102688.
[
12]
B
.
R
.
P
a
r
v
a
th
a
la
,
A
.
M
a
ni
ka
nda
n,
P
.
V
ij
a
y
a
la
ks
hmi
,
M
.
M
uz
a
mm
il
P
a
r
ve
z
,
S
.
H
a
r
ih
a
r
a
G
o
pa
la
n,
a
nd
S
.
R
a
ma
li
ng
a
m,
“
B
i
o
-
in
s
pi
r
e
d
me
ta
he
ur
is
ti
c
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
f
or
ne
tw
or
k
in
tr
us
i
o
n
de
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
of
a
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
,”
in
B
io
-
I
ns
pi
r
e
d
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nc
e
f
o
r
Sm
ar
t
D
e
c
i
s
io
n
-
M
ak
in
g
,
R
.
J
a
ga
na
th
a
n,
S
.
M
e
ht
a
,
a
nd R
.
K
r
is
ha
n,
E
ds
.,
in
A
dv
a
nc
e
s
in
C
o
mput
a
ti
o
na
l
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
a
nd
R
o
b
o
t
ic
s
.
, I
G
I
G
l
o
ba
l,
2024, pp. 62
–
84. doi:
10.4018/979
-
8
-
3693
-
5276
-
2
.c
h004.
[
13]
G
.
M
a
ha
la
ks
hmi
,
S
.
R
a
ma
li
nga
m,
a
nd
A
.
M
a
ni
ka
nda
n,
“
A
n
e
ne
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
da
ta
f
a
ul
t
pr
e
di
c
ti
o
n
ba
s
e
d
c
lu
s
t
e
r
in
g
a
nd
r
o
ut
in
g
pr
o
t
oc
o
l
us
in
g
h
y
br
id
A
S
S
O
w
it
h
M
E
R
N
N
in
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
ne
tw
o
r
k,”
T
e
le
c
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n
Sy
s
te
m
s
,
v
o
l.
86,
n
o
.
1,
pp.
61
–
82,
M
a
y
2024, d
o
i
:
10
.1007/s
11235
-
024
-
01109
-
6.
[
14]
V
.
N
iv
e
dhi
th
a
,
P
.
T
hi
r
umur
uga
n,
A
.
G
o
pi
S
a
mi
na
th
a
n,
a
nd
V
.
E
s
w
a
r
a
moor
th
y
,
“
C
ombi
na
ti
o
n
of
im
pr
ove
d
H
a
r
r
is
’
s
ha
w
k
o
pt
im
i
z
a
ti
o
n
w
it
h
f
u
z
z
y
t
o
im
pr
ove
c
lu
s
t
e
r
in
g
in
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
tw
o
r
k,”
J
our
nal
of
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nt
and
F
uz
z
y
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
vo
l.
41,
no
. 6, pp. 5969
–
5984, D
e
c
. 2021, d
oi
:
10.3233/J
I
F
S
-
202098.
[
15]
Y
.
X
iu
w
u,
Z
.
Z
i
x
ia
ng,
P
.
W
e
i,
a
nd
L
.
Y
o
ng,
“
A
n
ov
e
l
mul
ti
-
h
o
p
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g
r
o
ut
in
g
a
lg
o
r
i
th
m
ba
s
e
d
o
n
pa
r
ti
c
l
e
s
w
a
r
m
o
pt
im
i
z
a
ti
o
n
f
or
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
s
ne
tw
or
ks
,”
W
ir
e
le
s
s
P
e
r
s
o
nal
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
ns
,
v
o
l.
130,
no
.
2,
pp.
935
–
956,
M
a
y
2
023,
do
i:
10.1007/s
11277
-
023
-
10314
-
6.
[
16]
J
.
S
in
gh
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
ne
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g
a
nd
r
o
ut
in
g
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
us
in
g
hy
b
r
id
f
uz
z
y
w
it
h
gr
e
y
w
o
l
f
o
pt
im
iz
a
ti
o
n
in
w
ir
e
le
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
n
e
tw
o
r
ks
,”
Se
c
ur
it
y
and C
o
m
m
uni
c
at
io
n N
e
tw
or
k
s
, v
o
l.
2022, pp. 1
–
12, M
a
y
2022, d
o
i
:
10.1155/2022/
9846601.
[
17]
R
.
B
a
ndi
,
V
.
R
.
A
na
nt
hul
a
,
a
nd
S
.
J
a
na
ki
r
a
ma
n,
“
S
e
l
f
a
da
pt
in
g
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ia
l
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
tr
a
t
e
gi
e
s
im
pr
ove
d
a
r
ti
f
i
c
ia
l
be
e
c
o
l
o
n
y
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
-
ba
s
e
d
c
lu
s
te
r
h
e
a
d
s
e
l
e
c
ti
o
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
W
S
N
s
,”
W
i
r
e
le
s
s
P
e
r
s
onal
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
ns
,
v
ol
.
121,
no
.
3,
pp.
2251
–
22
72,
D
e
c
. 2021, d
oi
:
10.1007/s
11277
-
021
-
08821
-
5.
[
18]
B
.
R
a
mba
bu,
A
.
V
e
nug
o
pa
l
R
e
dd
y
,
a
nd
S
.
J
a
na
ki
r
a
ma
n,
“
H
y
br
id
a
r
ti
f
i
c
ia
l
b
e
e
c
o
l
o
n
y
a
nd
m
o
na
r
c
h
y
but
te
r
f
l
y
o
pt
i
mi
z
a
t
io
n
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
(
H
A
BC
-
M
B
O
A
)
-
ba
s
e
d
c
lu
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d s
e
l
e
c
ti
o
n
f
or
W
S
N
s
,”
J
our
nal
o
f
K
in
g Saud Univ
e
r
s
it
y
-
C
om
put
e
r
and I
nf
or
m
at
io
n
Sc
ie
nc
e
s
, v
o
l.
34, n
o
. 5, pp. 1895
–
1905, M
a
y
2022, d
o
i:
10.101
6/
j.
jk
s
uc
i.
2019.12.006.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
E
ne
r
gy
a
w
a
r
e
c
lus
ter
ing
and
r
outi
ng
f
or
w
i
r
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
o
r
k
s
us
ing
me
taheur
i
s
ti
c
s
…
(
Saga
r
M
e
k
ala
)
1745
[
19]
S
.
Z
ha
ng,
X
.
L
iu
,
a
nd
M
.
T
r
ik
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
mul
ti
h
o
p
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g
us
in
g
a
r
ti
f
i
c
ia
l
B
e
e
C
o
l
o
n
y
m
e
ta
h
e
ur
is
ti
c
in
W
S
N
,”
Sc
ie
nt
if
ic
R
e
por
t
s
, v
o
l.
15, n
o
. 1, p. 26803, J
ul
. 2025, d
o
i:
10.10
38/
s
41598
-
025
-
12321
-
y.
[
20]
H
.
H
u,
X
.
F
a
n,
a
nd C
.
W
a
ng, “
E
f
f
ic
ie
nt
c
lu
s
te
r
-
ba
s
e
d
r
o
ut
in
g
pr
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
w
ir
e
le
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
ne
two
r
ks
by
us
in
g
c
o
ll
a
bo
r
a
ti
ve
-
in
s
pi
r
e
d
H
a
r
r
is
H
a
w
k
o
pt
im
iz
a
ti
o
n a
n
d f
uz
z
y
l
o
gi
c
,”
P
L
oS O
N
E
, v
o
l.
19, no
. 4, p
. e
0301
470,
A
pr
.
202
4, do
i:
1
0.13
71/
jo
ur
na
l
.po
ne
.03014
70.
[
21]
M
.
A
.
T
a
w
f
e
e
k,
I
.
A
lr
a
s
hdi
,
M
.
A
lr
uw
a
il
i,
L
.
J
a
me
l,
G
.
F
.
E
l
ha
d
y
,
a
nd
H
.
E
lwa
hs
h,
“
I
mpr
ov
in
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
a
nd
r
o
u
ti
ng
r
e
li
a
bi
li
t
y
in
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
ne
tw
or
ks
us
in
g
mo
di
f
i
e
d
a
nt
c
o
l
o
n
y
o
pt
im
i
z
a
ti
o
n,”
E
ur
as
ip
J
our
nal
on
W
ir
e
le
s
s
C
om
m
uni
c
at
i
ons
and N
e
tw
o
r
k
in
g
, vo
l.
2025, n
o
. 1, p. 22, Apr
. 2025, d
o
i:
10.118
6/
s
13638
-
025
-
02449
-
w.
[
22]
C
.
K
ur
a
ngi
,
K
.
K
.
P
a
id
ip
a
ti
,
A
.
S
.
K
.
R
e
dd
y
,
J
.
U
th
a
y
a
kuma
r
,
G
.
K
a
di
r
a
v
a
n,
a
nd
S
.
P
a
r
ve
e
n,
“
M
e
ta
he
u
r
is
ti
c
o
pt
im
iz
a
ti
o
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g
w
it
h
r
o
ut
in
g
pr
o
t
oc
o
l
in
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
ne
tw
o
r
ks
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
o
f
C
o
m
m
uni
c
at
io
n
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l.
37,
no
.
16,
N
ov
. 2024, d
o
i:
10.1002/da
c
.5914.
[
23]
S
.
A
mba
r
e
e
s
h,
P
.
C
ha
v
a
n,
S
.
S
upr
e
e
th
,
R
.
N
a
nda
li
ke
,
P
.
D
a
y
a
na
nda
,
a
nd
S
.
R
o
hi
th
,
“
A
s
e
c
ur
e
a
nd
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
r
o
u
ti
ng
us
in
g
c
o
upl
e
d
e
ns
e
m
bl
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
a
nd
o
pt
im
a
l
t
y
p
e
-
2
f
u
z
z
y
lo
gi
c
in
W
S
N
,”
Sc
ie
nt
if
ic
R
e
por
t
s
,
v
o
l.
15,
n
o
.
1,
p.
38,
J
a
n.
2025,
do
i:
10.1038/s
41598
-
024
-
82635
-
w.
[
24]
H
.
H
a
n,
J
.
T
a
ng,
a
nd
Z
.
J
in
g,
“
W
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
n
e
tw
o
r
k
r
o
u
t
in
g
o
pt
im
i
z
a
ti
o
n
ba
s
e
d
o
n
im
p
r
ov
e
d
a
nt
c
o
l
o
n
y
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
in
th
e
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
T
hi
ngs
,”
H
e
li
y
on
, vo
l.
10, n
o
. 1, p.
e
23577, J
a
n. 2024, do
i:
10.1016/j
.h
e
li
y
on.2023.
e
23577.
[
25]
Z
.
W
a
ng,
H
.
D
I
ng,
B
.
L
i,
L
.
B
a
o
,
a
nd
Z
.
Y
a
ng,
“
A
n
e
ne
r
g
y
e
f
f
ic
i
e
nt
r
o
ut
in
g
pr
ot
o
c
o
l
ba
s
e
d
o
n
im
p
r
ov
e
d
a
r
ti
f
i
c
ia
l
b
e
e
c
o
l
o
n
y
al
go
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
n
e
tw
or
ks
,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, v
o
l.
8, p
p. 133577
–
133596, 2020, do
i:
10.1109/AC
C
E
S
S
.2020.301031
3.
[
26]
L.
-
L
.
H
ung,
F
.
-
Y
.
L
e
u,
K
.
-
L
.
T
s
a
i,
a
nd
C
.
-
Y
.
K
o
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
c
oo
p
e
r
a
ti
ve
r
o
ut
in
g
s
c
h
e
me
f
or
he
t
e
r
o
g
e
n
e
o
us
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
o
r
ne
tw
o
r
ks
,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, vo
l.
8, pp. 56321
–
56332, 2020, d
o
i:
1
0.1109/AC
C
E
S
S
.2020.2980877.
[
27]
R
.
R
e
ka
,
A
.
M
a
ni
ka
nd
a
n,
C
.
V
e
nka
ta
r
a
ma
na
n,
a
nd
R
.
M
a
da
na
c
hi
tr
a
n,
“
A
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g
w
it
h
e
nha
n
c
e
d
c
hi
c
k
e
n
s
w
a
r
m
o
pt
im
i
z
a
ti
o
n
a
lg
or
it
hm
w
it
h
a
da
pt
i
v
e
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
r
o
ut
in
g
pr
o
t
oc
o
l
in
m
o
bi
l
e
a
dh
oc
ne
tw
or
k,”
T
e
le
c
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n
Sy
s
te
m
s
,
vo
l.
84, n
o
. 2, pp. 183
–
202, O
c
t.
2023, d
o
i:
10.1007/s
11235
-
02
3
-
01041
-
1.
B
I
OG
RA
P
HI
E
S
OF
AU
T
HO
RS
Sa
g
a
r
M
ek
a
l
a
re
cei
v
ed
h
i
s
fi
rs
t
d
e
g
r
ee
fro
m
J
N
T
U
H
,
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
en
ce
an
d
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
H
y
d
e
rab
ad
,
i
n
2
0
0
7
.
H
e
h
as
al
s
o
Mas
t
e
r
d
e
g
r
ee
fr
o
m
J
N
T
U
H
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
,
Co
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
ci
e
n
ce
,
H
y
d
e
rab
ad
,
i
n
2
0
1
0
.
T
h
e
Ph
.
D
.
d
eg
ree
fr
o
m
t
h
e
D
e
p
art
men
t
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
Sci
en
ce
at
J
N
T
U
H
,
In
d
i
a
,
i
n
2
0
2
2
.
H
e
h
as
b
ee
n
w
o
rk
i
n
g
as
a
n
A
s
s
o
ci
at
e
Pr
o
f
e
s
s
o
r
i
n
C
V
R
Co
l
l
eg
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
H
y
d
e
rab
ad
s
i
n
ce
2
0
2
2
.
H
e
h
as
1
4
y
e
ars
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
e
x
p
e
ri
en
ce
at
v
ari
o
u
s
r
e
p
u
t
ed
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
H
y
d
e
rab
ad
.
H
i
s
m
a
i
n
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
s
fo
cu
s
o
n
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s
,
b
i
o
-
i
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
art
i
fi
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
el
l
i
g
en
ce
a
n
d
me
t
ah
e
u
r
i
s
t
i
c
mo
d
e
l
i
n
g
an
d
o
p
t
i
mi
zat
i
o
n
i
n
i
o
t
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
,
reco
mm
en
d
at
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
o
p
t
i
m
i
zat
i
o
n
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
,
c
r
y
p
t
o
g
rap
h
y
an
d
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s
ecu
ri
t
y
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
co
n
t
a
c
t
ed
at
em
ai
l
:
m
s
ag
arp
h
d
@
g
m
a
i
l
.
c
o
m
.
N
a
g
a
r
a
ju
Ka
ri
n
a
g
a
ppa
rece
i
v
e
d
t
h
e
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
r
ee
f
ro
m
t
h
e
N
at
i
o
n
al
In
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
T
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
Cal
i
c
u
t
.
H
e
i
s
c
u
rr
en
t
l
y
an
A
s
s
i
s
t
an
t
Pro
fe
s
s
o
r
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
D
e
p
art
men
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
t
e
r
Sci
en
ce
an
d
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
I
n
d
i
a
n
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
at
i
o
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
Man
u
fa
c
t
u
ri
n
g
,
K
u
r
n
o
o
l
.
H
i
s
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
art
i
f
i
ci
al
i
n
t
el
l
i
g
en
ce
,
m
a
ch
i
n
e
l
e
ar
n
i
n
g
,
d
ee
p
l
e
ar
n
i
n
g
,
n
at
u
ra
l
l
a
n
g
u
ag
e
p
ro
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
t
h
eo
r
y
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
s
c
i
e
n
ce,
an
d
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
rl
d
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
e
ar
e
as
.
H
e
i
s
o
n
t
h
e
ed
i
t
o
r
i
al
b
o
ard
s
o
f
s
e
v
e
ral
j
o
u
rn
al
s
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
ac
t
e
d
at
em
ai
l
:
k
n
ag
ara
j
u
@
i
i
i
t
k
.
ac
.
i
n
.
D
r.
M
o
h
a
n
D
h
o
l
v
a
n
i
s
a
Pro
f
e
s
s
o
r
at
Sr
een
i
d
h
i
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
S
c
i
en
ce
&
T
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
(SN
I
ST
)
i
n
H
y
d
e
rab
ad
,
I
n
d
i
a.
H
e
h
as
2
3
y
ears
o
f
t
e
ac
h
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
ri
en
ce
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
9
y
e
ars
i
n
re
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
E
l
ec
t
ro
n
i
c
s
an
d
Co
mmu
n
i
c
at
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
.
H
i
s
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
p
eech
s
i
g
n
al
p
ro
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
n
eu
ral
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s
,
i
m
ag
e
p
ro
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
d
ee
p
l
e
ar
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
arn
i
n
g
.
D
r.
M
o
h
a
n
h
as
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
m
an
y
p
ap
e
rs
i
n
n
at
i
o
n
al
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
rn
at
i
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
al
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
.
H
e
h
as
p
ap
e
rs
i
n
SC
I
,
SCO
PU
S,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
p
u
b
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
.
H
e
al
s
o
h
o
l
d
s
s
ev
en
p
at
en
t
s
,
w
i
t
h
s
i
x
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
ed
an
d
o
n
e
g
ran
t
e
d
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
h
e
h
as
au
t
h
o
r
e
d
v
ari
o
u
s
b
o
o
k
s
o
n
s
i
g
n
al
p
ro
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
i
m
ag
e
p
ro
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
an
d
ap
p
l
i
ed
e
l
ec
t
ro
n
i
c
s
.
H
e
c
an
b
e
c
o
n
t
ac
t
e
d
at
em
a
i
l
:
mo
h
an
.
ar
y
a
n
1
9
@
g
m
ai
l
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.