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Performance evaluation of two models in the reactive routing protocol in manets

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp391-397
Muthanna Jaafar Abbas , Haider Mohammed Turki Alhilfi , Tole Sutikno
Due to the need for the multicast connection required by multimedia applications such as video conferencing and natural disaster management, it was necessary to use a set of portable and connected wireless peripheral devices without the need for infrastructure and without a central router, by use wireless network as "a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) " Despite the difficulties facing this technology in the process of effective guidance and the expansion of the use of such networks, in this type of network because of its applications in the fields of civil and military systems that do not need an infrastructure for the network to provide communication, the researchers specialized in this field have improved the current routing protocols and design new protocols that are appropriate to the challenges that Routing protocols face due to continuous change In network topology over time. In this paper we improved the current routing protocols and design new protocols that are appropriate to the challenges that Routing protocols face due to continuous change In network topology over time. The NS2 simulation environment was used for the purpose of a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the TORA and AODV routing protocols By using properties of packet delivery fraction and end-to-end delay was calculated.
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 391-397
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Performance comparison of fixed and single axis tracker photovoltaic system in large scale solar power plants in Malaysia

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp10-17
Baraa Mahmoud Dawoud , Siow Chun Lim
Malaysia is rapidly expanding the generation capacity of solar power through large scale solar (LSS) projects with the aim to achieve 20% renewable energy mix by 2025. This has motivated many solar industry players to explore the usage of solar PV with single axis tracker (SAT) system. However, many are still hesitant due to the lack of understanding on the comparative performance between fixed mounted solar PV with solar PV with SAT system. This paper aims to provide a comparative analysis on the performance of both systems. Simulation using PVSyst 6.83 was performed in five potential LSS sites spread across Peninsular Malaysia in Perlis, Kelantan, Pahang, Selangor and Johor with the same installed capacity of 10.32MWp. The energy yield and capacity factor for 21 years were simulated. On the average, it was found that SAT outperforms fixed mounted solar PV system by 15.08% based on their performance on their first year operation. 
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 10-17
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Fuzzy encoding with hybrid pooling for visual dictionary in food recognition

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp179-195
Mohd Norhisham Razali , Noridayu Manshor , Alfian Abdul Halin , Norwati Mustapha , Razali Yaakob
Tremendous number of f food images in the social media services can be exploited by using food recognition for healthcare benefits and food industry marketing. The main challenges in food recognition are the large variability of food appearance that often generates a highly diverse and ambiguous descriptions of local feature. Ironically, the ambiguous descriptions of local feature have triggered information loss in visual dictionary constructions from the hard assignment practices. The current method based on hard assignment and Fisher vector approach to construct visual dictionary have unexpectedly cause errors from the uncertainty problem during visual word assignation. This research proposes a method of combination in soft assignment technique by using fuzzy encoding approach and maximum pooling technique to aggregate the features to produce a highly discriminative and robust visual dictionary across various local features and machine learning classifiers. The local features by using MSER detector with SURF descriptor was encoded by using fuzzy encoding approach. Support vector machine (SVM) with linear kernel was employed to evaluate the effect of fuzzy encoding. The results of the experiments have demonstrated a noteworthy classification performance of fuzzy encoding approach compared to the traditional approach based on hard assignment and Fisher vector technique. The effects of uncertainty and plausibility were minimized along with more discriminative and compact visual dictionary representation.
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 179-195
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Arabic handwritten digits recognition based on convolutional neural networks with resnet-34 model

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp174-178
Rasool Hasan Finjan , Ali Salim Rasheed , Ahmed Abdulsahib Hashim , Mustafa Murtdha
Handwritten digits recognition has attracted the attention of researchers in pattern recognition fields, due to its importance in many applications in public real life, such as read bank checks and formal documents which is a continuous challenge in the last years. For this motivation, the researchers created several algorithms in recognition of different human languages, but the problem of the Arabic language is still widespread. Concerning its importance in many Arab and Islamic countries, because the people of these countries speak this language, However, there is still a little work to recognize patterns of letters and digits. In this paper, a new method is proposed that used pre-trained convolutional neural networks with resnet-34 model what is known as transfer learning for recognizing digits in the arabic language that provides us a high accuracy when this type of network is applied. This work uses a famous arabic handwritten digits dataset that called MADBase that contains 60000 training and 1000 testing samples that in later steps was converted to grayscale samples for convenient handling during the training process. This proposed method recorded the highest accuracy compared to previous methods, which is 99.6%.
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 174-178
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Most severe risk factors in software development projects in Kuwait

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp591-600
Abdullah J. Al-Shehab , Thalaya Alfozan , Hesham Gadelrab
Software development projects are famous of high rate failure, this made an encouragement for researcher to investigate reasons of failure. However, literature covering under developed countries is uncommon. This research investigates the most severe risk factors in software development project in the country of Kuwait. A face-to-face questionnaire with 109 IT practitioners in Kuwait from government and private organizations was conducted. The findings reveal and identify risk factors that have a high impact on the budget, quality, and schedule. The aim of this study is to validate risk factor taxonomy through quantitative methods by experts in the field of IT. Another purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive and updated review of risk factors from Kuwait to be presented for IT practitioners and researchers.
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 591-600
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Perspectives on the adherance to scrum rules in software project management

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp360-366
Leanah Alsaber , Ebtesam Al Elsheikh , Sarah Aljumah , Nor Shahida Mohd Jamail
Adapting users need to fulfill their requirements and delivering products to be on time within the planned cost, is critical matter that all software project managers (SPM) put the highest priority for it while considering the users satisfaction at the same time. Agile methodology is one of the solutions provided by software engineers (SE), to get the customers involved in the system development life cycle (SDLC) to avoid the risk nonconformance cost. Yet SPM’s still facing the nonconformance costs and the dynamic changes, and the root cause of the issue is not pointed on to find a solution for it. This undertaking research aimed at determining whether software developers understand scrum rules. In addition, how does this knowledge gab affect the software projects success from the project management perspective. Furthermore, the engagement studied the impact of lack of enough knowledge on the topic to project delivery. The collected data from the qualitative and quantitative methods, which was conducted with scrum teams who worked in the health information system (HIS), Educational solutions, and Governmental solutions has showed deviations in organizational practices and team conflicting, competition, and pressure as well as declined product quality.
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 360-366
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Hybrid CPFSK/OQPSK modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency with RZ line coding–based fiber systems in passive optical networks

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp263-270
Aadel M. Alatwi , Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed
This study shows hybrid continuous-phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK)/optical quadrature-phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency with return-to-zero (RZ) line coding scheme–based fiber systems in passive optical networks. Max. Q factor/min. bit error rate variations versus modulation frequency and fiber length are studied in detail for various bits/symbol, based on hybrid proposed modulation transmission techniques. Also, optical power and received electrical power variations are simulated with fiber-length variations at a specified modulation frequency of 300 GHz. Max. Q Factor, min. BER, max. signal power, and min. noise power variations are based on hybrid modulation techniques for CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol and a modulation frequency of 500 GHz through a fiber length of 30 km.
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 263-270
Publish at: 2021-01-01

A sustainable procedural method of software design process improvements

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp440-449
Khalid T. Al-Sarayreh , Kenza Meridji , Mamdouh Alenezi , Mohammed Zarour , Mohammed D. Al-Majali
In practice, the software process is an intermediate phase for enhancement and improvements the design for different types of software products and help developers to converts the specified requirements into prototypes that implement the design into reality. The objective of this paper is to provide software developers, designers and software engineers who work in small companies with a standards-based process improvement using a procedural method technique including detailed steps for designing the small software systems into their companies. The method used in this paper includes 1) analysis four different types of commonly design processes used by industry such as CMMI, conventional or software process in ISO 19759, generic and engineering design processes. 2)  mapping between those four design processes. 3) collect the dispersed design concepts proposed by those four processes. 4) proposed a sustainable procedural method of software design process improvements 5) Illustration of the applicability of the proposed approach using A template-based implementation. The primary result of this study is a guideline procedure with detailed steps for software design process improvements to help and guide developers in small companies to analyze and design a small software scales with limited cost and duration. In conclusion, this paper proposed a method to improve the design process for different kinds of the software systems using a template-based implementation to reduce the cost, effort and time needed in the implementation phase in small companies. The scientific implication behind a template-based implementation helps the system and software engineering to use this template easily in their small companies; because most of the time those engineering developers are responsible for analyzing, designing, implementing and testing their software systems during the whole software life cycle.
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 440-449
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Analysis of machine learning algorithms for character recognition: a case study on handwritten digit recognition

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp574-581
Owais Mujtaba Khandy , Samad Dadvandipour
This paper covers the work done in handwritten digit recognition and the various classifiers that have been developed. Methods like MLP, SVM, Bayesian networks, and random forests were discussed with their accuracy and are empirically evaluated. Boosted LetNet 4, an ensemble of various classifiers, has shown maximum efficiency among these methods. 
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 574-581
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Spatial optical transmitter based on on/off keying line coding modulation scheme for optimum performance of telecommunication systems

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp305-312
Hazem M. El-Hageen , Aadel M. Alatwi , Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed
This study has presented a spatial optical transmitter based on on off keying line coding modulation scheme for the optimum performance of telecommunication systems. The encircled flux versus fiber core radius, the 3D graph for fiber mode versus core radius, and the signal power level in dBm versus wavelength through coarse wavelength division multiplexing with a fiber length of 20 km are presented and discussed in detail. The total power measured in W and dBm as well as the signal power amplitude level obtained through the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter based on both Z domain and pole/zero coefficient filter types are illustrated clearly. Signal gain, noise figure, maximum Q factor, and received power are also clarified against bit rates for various modulation line coding schemes.
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 305-312
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Optimal PID controller design using artificial bee colony algorithm for robot arm

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp84-91
Ghassan A. Sultan , Muhammed K. Jarjes
Proportional integral derivation (PID) controller is used in this paper for optimal design, and tuning by zeigler and nichol (ZN) with artificial bee colony algorithm. The best parameter were found using these algorithms for best performance of a robot arm. The advantage of using ABC were highlighted. The controller using the new algorithm was tested for valid control process. Different colony size has been performed for tuning process, settling time, from time domain performance, rise time, overshot, and steady state error with ABC tuning give better dynamic performance than controller using the (ZN).
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 84-91
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Real time model of a lock gate system upon fingerprint with microcontroller

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp37-43
Maath Jasem Mahammad , Yousif Al Mashhadany , Abdulkader Mohammad Eyada
Safety is one of the most important things that we are keen to provide all aspects of our lives. Keyless lock gate with fingerprint access has many advantages over traditional systems such as passwords. Therefore, fingerprint identification represents the main part, which require that system is cheap, practical, easy to use and allows fast and securely. This paper discusses the design and implementation with real time model of a practical lock gate system for the achievement of high security by using fingerprint purification to control the mechanism of opening doors in banks, warehouses, laboratories and places of interest. In this paper, the microcontroller technology in the Ardonio board was used with an optical sensor to take the fingerprint, convert it into digital data, and insert it into a definition window to unify all input data and store it for use when compared to the system experience. After obtaining the result of the comparison, the appropriate commands are prepared for operating the servo of the lock mechanism for the doors used. In the testing of the system, the results are very accurate. The system also has other advantages such as small size and low power required for operation and ease of use. 
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 37-43
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Smart hand gestures recognition using K-NN based algorithm for video annotation purposes

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp242-252
Malek Zakarya Alksasbeh , Ahmad H AL-Omari , Bassam A. Y. Alqaralleh , Tamer Abukhalil , Anas Abukarki , Ibrahim Alkore Alshalabi , Amal Alkaseasbeh
Sign languages are the most basic and natural form of languages which were used even before the evolution of spoken languages. These sign languages were developed using various sign "gestures" that are made using hand palm. Such gestures are called "hand gestures". Hand gestures are being widely used as an international assistive communication method for deaf people and many life aspects such as sports, traffic control and religious acts. However, the meanings of hand gestures vary among different civilization cultures. Therefore, because of the importance of understanding the meanings of hand gestures, this study presents a procedure whichcan translate such gestures into an annotated explanation. The proposed system implements image and video processing which are recently conceived as one of the most important technologies. The system initially, analyzes a classroom video as an input, and then extracts the vocabulary of twenty gestures. Various methods have been applied sequentially, namely: motion detection, RGB to HSV conversion, and noise removing using labeling algorithms. The extraction of hand parameters is determined by a K-NN algorithm to eventually determine the hand gesture and, hence showing their meanings. To estimate the performance of the proposed method, an experiment using a hand gesture database is performed. The results showed that the suggested method has an average recognition rate of 97%. 
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 242-252
Publish at: 2021-01-01

Network size variation of geographical aided routing protocols in MANET

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp420-428
Radhwan B. Al-Bayram , Radhwan M. Abdullah
In position-based or geo-casting ad hoc networking applications, the data packets flooded in a limited area of the expected region toward the destination node. In such networks, a multi-hop routing is to followed when the position of the destination node is residing off-range the wireless transmission of the source node. Scientific literature references in this concept have been conducted depended on the diversity of quantitative metrics-tests regarding the size of the assigned networks so that this space is intended to be the variation in the density of the moving nodes (the number of nodes per unit of measurement). In this work, we studied the impact of the change in the size (area) of the ad hoc network with the concept of variation in the network's area while remaining the total number of nodes as a constant volume. In this paper, three of the position-based routing protocols have evaluated in terms of a network size variation. These routing protocols are: locations aided routing LAR, the distance routing effect algorithm for mobility DREAM, and the greedy perimeter stateless routing GPSR. With each simulation test, a quantitative metrics evaluation determined the most efficient protocol and the most efficient accessibility with the network environment changes in terms of actual workspace. 
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 420-428
Publish at: 2021-01-01

A novel branch current flow-based construction of microgrids

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp28-36
Kavitha Sivakumar , Jayashree R , Karthikeyan Danasagaran
An efficient procedure for defining the boundaries of microgrids in smart distribution systems during distributed generation expansion planning becomes an important consideration in constructing smart grids. A novel approach named "Modified Reverse Current Flow Method" is proposed in this paper to split a large radial distribution system into a required number of self-adequate microgrids. This cluster of microgrids will be capable of utilizing maximum power output of the distributed renewable energy generators and will act as highly reliable zones, during both islanded and grid-connected modes. This method is based on the trend reversal of the flow of current in the various parts of the circuit. This paper uses the practical machine operating curves of the distributed generators to calculate their reactive power output. For the considered distribution system, the proposed method is applied to find the optimal point of operation and the boundaries of microgrids. To bring out the superiority of this novel method, the improvement in reliability indices and economic savings of this method are compared with the results obtained using a similar method available in the literature. This method has several notable merits, namely, increased accuracy in the calculation of annual energy losses and the voltage profile. 
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Page: 28-36
Publish at: 2021-01-01
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