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26,833 Article Results

Prediction and classification of diabetic retinopathy using machine learning techniques

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp516-528
Makhlouf Chaouki , Mohamed Ridda Laouar , Abbas Cheddad , Bourougaa Salima , Sean Eom
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive and sight-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina. Early detection of DR is vital for timely intervention and effective management to prevent irreversible vision loss. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in integrating machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques for diagnosing DR, aiming to assist ophthalmologists in their manual diagnostic process. The paper presents a comprehensive definition of DR, elucidating the underlying pathological processes, clinical signs, and the various stages of DR classification, ranging from mild non-proliferative to severe proliferative DR. Integrating ML and DL in DR diagnosis has developed the field by offering automated and efficient methods and techniques to analyze retinal images. With high sensitivity and specificity, these techniques demonstrate their efficacy in accurately identifying DR-related lesions, such as microaneurysms, exudates, and hemorrhages. Furthermore, the paper examines diverse datasets employed in training and evaluating ML and DL models for DR diagnosis. These datasets range from publicly available repositories to specialized datasets curated by medical institutions. The role of large-scale and diverse datasets in enhancing model robustness and generalizability is emphasized.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 516-528
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Cloud application design for financial reporting in Indonesia’s small and medium enterprises

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp457-466
Erin Erin , Anderes Gui
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia are increasingly developing, but the application of information technology (IT) in small medium businesses is still lacking because for small medium business owners, doing their own bookkeeping without a system will maximize profits. However, this makes bookkeeping ineffective and inefficient because it requires manual data input and reconciliation. Utilizing a cloud-based accounting information system (CAIS) can integrate data, increase productivity, and minimize infrastructure costs because there is no need to provide costs for physical infrastructure. In this research, CAIS was designed to produce financial reports that focus on small medium businesses in Indonesia. The method used is a qualitative method by conducting observations through literature study for data collection and the rational unified process (RUP) which is limited to the elaboration stage to produce a prototype design. So, the result of this paper is a system design that can be used as a guide to continue with system development. This system aims to simplify transaction records so that they can be more efficient and effective in producing financial reports. The use of CAIS is also expected to increase profits and maximize the use of internet and technology in small medium businesses.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 457-466
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Advanced predictive models for thyroid disease comorbidities using machine learning and deep learning: a comprehensive review

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp673-683
Mohammed Yacoob B. A. , Jayashree J.
With advances in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), the future of thyroid disease diagnosis and prognosis looks very bright. The integration of various data such as imaging and medical record data has increased the accuracy of the model. Advanced DL models such as convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) further improved disease detection in precision medicine. However, some of the major disadvantages of effective clinical integration include unbalanced samples, unclear sampling, having to communicate in different populations, decreased physician confidence due to the vagueness of current models therefore, and few studies available to identify thyroid comorbidities such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and thyroid eye disease (TED) in a variety of different populations to develop the line. It is important to focus future research activities on model definition and validation an improving and thus the diagnosis and prognosis of thyroid comorbidities is of utmost importance. What this will bring is ML and DL, an opportunity to make very significant improvements in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of thyroid diseases, thereby improving patient outcomes and health care by seeking crystals as a group they work interdisciplinary to collaborate in developing flexible solutions, sharing knowledge, and responding to these stated deficiencies.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 673-683
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Automatic identification of native trees using MobileNetV2 model

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp416-426
Melidiossa V. Pagudpud , Reynold A. Rustia , Wilyn S. Marzo , Joel G. Carig
In protecting our biodiversity, knowledge of tree species is vital. However, not all people are familiar with the trees present in the community which can affect their ability to fully protect the trees. In this premise that the researchers decided to conduct this study to support the sustainable forest management project in the Province of Quirino through the creation of a model of automatic identification of native trees, using the leaves of the trees, found within the Quirino Forest landscape. The model aims to help residents with accessible tools for tree identification which can be used in the conservation efforts within the province. Transfer learning for deep learning, one of the latest advancements in image processing, shows potential for tree identification because the method dodges the labor intensive feature engineering. Using the Quirino Province native trees leaf/leaflet images dataset, which was annotated by foresters, the MobileNetV2 convolutional neural network was evaluated systemically in this paper. The result shows that the best model version to classify the native trees based on their leaves or leaflets is the one produced using 800 training steps which yields an overall accuracy of 89.61%. The result attained for the tree identification indicates that the proposed technique might be an appropriate tool to assist humans in the identification of native trees found within the landscape of Quirino and can provide reliable technical support for sustainable forest management.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 416-426
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Advancing semiconductor integration: 3D ICs and Perylene-N as superior liner material for minimizing TSV clamour coupling

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp605-613
Pradyumna Kumar Dhal , Murkur Rajesh , Shaik Hussain Vali , Sadhu Radha Krishna , Malagonda Siva Kumar , Vempalle Rafi
The semiconductor industry faces substantial challenges with planar integration (2D ICs), prompting a significant shift towards vertical IC integration, known as three-dimensional IC (3D ICs). This deliberate slant not only amplifies bandwidth and boosts system action but also effectively reduces power consumption through scaling. 3D ICs intricately coordinate IC chips by vertically stacking them and establishing electrical connections using through silicon vias (TSVs). TSV clamour coupling emerges as a critical factor influencing system performance, particularly between signalcarrying TSVs (ETSV) and victim TSVs. This study showcases significant advancements in electrical integrity by effectively minimizing clamour coupling from TSVs to the silicon substrate. This is achieved through the application of CMOS-compatible dielectric materials as liner structures. Various proposed structures have been meticulously analyzed across an assortment of parameters, encompassing electrical signals and high frequencies. Moreover, the study rigorously investigates clamour coupling across different types of TSVs, including ETSV, thermal TSV (TTSV), and heat sources. Perylene-N emerges as a standout performer among the tested liner materials, demonstrating superior clamour coupling performance across all proposed models, even at higher frequencies such as THz. In this study a novel dielectric material Perylene-N compared with the conventional SiO2 (silicon dioxide). Notably, Perylene-N exhibited a remarkable 33 dB improvement in noise coupling performance at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The results were thoroughly verified and validated in the research work.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 605-613
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Bolstering image encryption techniques with blockchain technology - a systematic review

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp594-604
Narmadha Annadurai , Agusthiyar Ramu
Multimedia data plays a momentous role in present world. With the advancements in various fields of research like internet of things (IoT), industrial IoT (IIoT), cloud computing, medical image processing, and many more technologies, the digital images have already encroached the multimedia eon. The major challenge lies in providing a tamper proof image with higher level of security and confidentiality while being transmitted through a public network. Image encryption techniques are considered to be the predominant method to anticipate security from any unauthorized user access. This has indeed provoked the researchers to create new diverse and hybrid algorithms for encrypting the images. At present blockchain has been the most prevalently discussed method for security and the next level of security can be foreseen using the blockchain encryption techniques. This paper identifies the literature which mainly focuses on assorted image encryption techniques with blockchain technology applied on digital images from heterogeneous sources. An overview has been proposed to discuss on these techniques.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 594-604
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Smart hybrid power management system in electric vehicle for efficient resource utilization with ANN

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp488-496
Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy , Gunapriya Devarajan , Gomathi Easwaram , Geetha Murugesan , Rathinam Marimuthu Sekar , R. Delshi Howsalya Devi
The novel hybrid power system integrating energy storage, electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure and renewable energy sources improve sustainability and resilience. This work proposes a power management system controlled by artificial intelligence for EV charging infrastructure. The battery’s state of charge (SoC) is continuously monitored by artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm improves the health of the battery and efficient operation of the system. The buck boost DC-DC converter performs dynamic switching mechanism, which adjusts to changing solar conditions and energy demands, guarantees a steady power supply. Depending on the situation, the ANN algorithm used in the battery’s SoC control mechanism decides whether to priorities the EV charging or the inverter to supply the grid. The work is evaluated with the MATLAB simulation for different conditions and results are compared with different controllers such as PI, PID, and ANN. The experiment performed uses internet of things (IoT) for transferring the data from the EV motor, acts as an input for the controller to perform the novel hybrid power management operation with cloud technology. The experimental prototype evaluates the results connected to the photovoltaic (PV) system and battery management system (BMS) which lowers reliance on non-renewable resources, increases overall energy efficiency, and ensures a steady supply of power under a various condition.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 488-496
Publish at: 2025-08-01

An IoT-based approach for microclimate surveillance in greenhouse environments

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp717-727
Irfan Ardiansah , Sophia Dwiratna Nur Perwitasari , Roni Kastaman , Totok Pujianto
As the demand for efficient and cost-effective greenhouse microclimate surveillance has increased, we developed a microclimate surveillance system using microcontroller technology that automatically collects temperature and relative humidity data and transmits it to a cloud server for remote surveillance and data analysis. 1971 microclimate data points were acquired over a 20-day evaluation period, providing insights into greenhouse environmental conditions with a negative linear regression between air temperature and relative humidity within the greenhouse and an R-squared of 0.73. This illustrates the system’s ability to record and quantify environmental conditions data. Additionally, we derived a predictive model to manage microclimate conditions using the regression formula y = -6.12X + 238.33, where X represents the air temperature and y represents the relative humidity. All the results show that the acquired data can be used to make decisions to optimize plant growth. The prototype we developed can be an alternative option for small and medium-sized farms that need a greenhouse surveillance system to improve operational efficiency and reduce surveillance costs. The system can be further developed by implementing additional sensors to monitor light intensity, wind speed, or soil moisture and further data analysis models to optimize greenhouse management.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 717-727
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Machine learning in detecting and interpreting business incubator success data and datasets

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp446-456
Mochammad Haldi Widianto , Puji Prabowo
This research contributes to creating a proposed architectural model by utilizing several machine learning (ML) algorithms, heatmap correlation, and ML interpretation. Several algorithms are used, such as K-nearest neighbors (KNN) to the adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm, and heatmap correlation is used to see the relationship between variables. Finally, select K-best is used in the results, showing that several proposed model ML algorithms such as AdaBoost, CatBoost, and XGBoost have accuracy, precision, and recall of 94% and an F1-score of 93%. However, the computing time the best ML is AdaBoost with 0.081s. Then, finally, the proposed model results of the interpretation of AdaBoost using select K-best are the best features “last revenue” and “first revenue” with k feature values of 0.58 and 0.196, these features influence the success of the business. The results show that the proposed model successfully utilized model classification, correlation, and interpretation. The proposed model still has weaknesses, such as the ML model being outdated and not having too many interpretation features. The future research might maximize with ML models and the latest interpretations. These improvements could be in the form of ML algorithms that are more immune to data uncertainty, and interpretation of results with wider data.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 446-456
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Incremental prioritization using an iterative model for smallscale systems

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp565-574
Ameen Shaheen , Wael Alzyadat , Aysh Alhroob , A. Nasser Asfour
To improve customer satisfaction during the requirement engineering process and create higher consistency in the developed software, there is a growing trend toward the development and delivery of software in an incremental manner. This paper introduces a novel approach to prioritizing the initial development of core subsystems. This prioritization ensures that the most critical subsystems, which contribute significantly to the project’s overall success, are addressed first. Our method involves employing an incremental model with iterative modeling, where each subsystem is assigned a profitability score ranging from 1 to 10. The iterative model is then utilized to identify the most suitable subsystem for the next development stage. The results of our study indicate that utilizing the total profit weight in conjunction with the iterative model effectively identifies the central subsystem of the entire project. This approach proves to be the optimal starting point for development, helping streamline the process and contribute to a more efficient software delivery strategy.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 565-574
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Load forecasting of electrical parameters: an effective approach towards optimization of electric load

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp708-716
Debani Prasad Mishra , Rudranarayan Pradhan , Ananya Priyadarshini , Subha Ranjan Das , Surender Reddy Salkuti
The increasing need for energy and the increasing cost of electricity have prompted the development of smart energy optimization systems that can help consumers reduce their electricity consumption and minimize costs. These systems are developed on the concept of a “smart grid” which is a digitalized and intelligent energy network that provides help in the efficient distribution of energy. Load forecasting plays a crucial role in the precise prediction of uncontrollable electrical load. Long-term load analysis predicts a load of more than one year and helps in the planning of power systems whereas short-term and medium-term load forecasting helps in the supply and distribution of load, maintenance of load system, ensuring safety, continuous electricity generation, and cost management. Machine learning (ML) focuses on the development of smart energy optimization systems by enabling intuitive decision-making and reciprocation to sudden variations in consumer energy demands. This study focuses on the consumption of consumer electricity and provides a solution regarding the optimized methods that will predict future consumption based on previous data and help in reducing costs and preserving renewable energy. This research promotes sustainable energy usage. The use of ML models enables intelligent decision-making and accurate predictions, making the system an effective tool for managing electricity consumption.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 708-716
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Human detection in CCTV screenshot using fine-tuning VGG-19

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp645-652
Firdaus Angga Dewangga , Abba Suganda Girsang
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems have generated a vast amount of visual data crucial for security and surveillance purposes. Effectively categorizing security level types is vital for maintaining asset security effectively. This study proposes a practical approach for classifying CCTV screenshot images using visual geometry group (VGG-19) transfer learning, a convolutional neural network (CNN) classification model that works really well in image classification. The task in classification compromise of categorizing screenshots into two classes: “humans present” and “no humans present.” Fine-tuning VGG-19 model attained 98% training accuracy, 98% validation accuracy, and 85% test accuracy for this classification. To evaluate its performance, we compared fine-tuning VGG-19 model with another method. The VGG-19-based fine-tuning model demonstrates effectiveness in handling image screenshots, presenting a valuable tool for CCTV image classification and contributing to the enhancement of asset security strategies.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 645-652
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Interoperability in healthcare: a critical review of ontology approaches and tools for building prescription frameworks

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp366-381
Eunice Chinatu Okon , Tshiamo Sigwele , Malatsi Galani , Tshepiso Mokgetse , Hlomani Hlomani
Efficient healthcare interoperability is pivotal for delivering high-quality patient care. This research article presents a critical review of ontology based approaches and tools in the development of ontology-based electronic prescriptions (e-prescription), with a focus on enhancing healthcare interoperability. The investigation encompasses two major domains: ontology overview and healthcare interoperability using semantic e-prescription. In the ontology overview, we scrutinize various aspects of ontology development, including the methodologies, languages, tools, and evaluation metrics adopted from literature. Notable comparisons between ontologies and databases are explored. Additionally, we delve into the challenges associated with ontology development and provide a comprehensive summary of methodologies, languages, tools, and evaluation approaches. Healthcare interoperability using semantic e-prescription undertakes a detailed review of e-prescription systems, emphasizing their critical role in healthcare interoperability. A thorough examination of frameworks facilitating semantic e-prescription is presented, offering a nuanced perspective on their contributions and limitations. The section concludes with a concise summary of the key findings from the e-prescription framework review. The article further addresses challenges in healthcare interoperability, including data standardization and system integration issues. To direct continuing research efforts that integrate cutting-edge technologies and interdisciplinary collaborations, future directions and emerging trends are outlined.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 366-381
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Creating a smart bedroom for children by connecting PIR and LDR sensors to a microcontroller Arduino UNO ATmega328P

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp540-554
Ragmi M. Mustafa , Kujtim R. Mustafa , Refik Ramadani
Intelligent electronic systems are increasingly prevalent in modern society. The development of smart bedrooms for young children, especially those with developmental disabilities, it is based on the responses of passive infrared (PIR) and light dependent resistor (LDR) sensors. The PIR sensor detects children’s movement during the night, triggering the microcontroller to send a bit of 1 to the microcontroller pin connected to an electromagnetic relay, which then switches on a 220 VAC light to illuminate the bedroom. This only occurs if the LDR sensor has high resistance, indicating that the environment is completely dark. The functionality of this intelligent system mainly depends on the program code (sketch) uploaded to the Arduino UNO microcontroller module. The microcontroller is programmed to perform specific functions based on the sensors data. It is based on the responses of PIR and LDR sensors. The PIR sensor detects children’s movement during the night, triggering the microcontroller to send a bit of 1 to the microcontroller pin connected to an electromagnetic relay, which then switches on a 220 VAC light to illuminate the bedroom. This only occurs if the LDR sensor has high resistance, indicating that the environment is completely dark.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 540-554
Publish at: 2025-08-01

Deep learning for grape leaf disease detection

10.11591/ijict.v14i2.pp653-662
Pragati Patil , Priyanka Jadhav , Nandini Chaudhari , Nitesh Sureja , Umesh Pawar
Agriculture is crucial to India's economy. Agriculture supports almost 75% of the world's population and much of its gross domestic product (GDP). Climate and environmental changes pose a threat to agriculture. India is recognized for its grapes, a commercially important fruit. Diseases reduce grape yields by 10-30%. If not recognized and treated early, grape diseases can cost farmers a lot. The main grape diseases include downy and powdery mildew, leaf blight, esca, and black rot. This work creates an Android grape disease detection app which uses machine learning. When a farmer submits a snapshot of a diseased grape leaf, the smartphone app identifies the ailment and offers grape plant disease prevention tips. In this research, an android app that detects grape plant illnesses use convolutional neural network (CNN) and AlexNet machine learning architectures. We investigated and compared CNN and AlexNet architecture's efficacy for grape disease detection using accuracy and other metrics. The dataset used comes from Kaggle. CNN and AlexNet architectures yielded 98.04% and 99.03% accuracy. AlexNet was more accurate than CNN in the final result.
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Page: 653-662
Publish at: 2025-08-01
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