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30,376 Article Results

Backstepping control in speed loop combined with load torque observer-ESO for IPMSM in electric vehicle

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2271-2279
An Thi Hoai Thu Anh , Tran Hung Cuong , Nguyen Van Hoa
Electric vehicles are gaining popularity due to their environmental friendliness and the need to conserve dwindling fossil fuel resources. In this field, interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors are considered the top choice for propulsion systems due to their high efficiency, high torque-to-current ratio, durability, and low noise. To optimize the speed control performance of IPM motors in the presence of disturbances, a nonlinear speed control algorithm for IPM systems using the backstepping method is developed in this paper. Additionally, a load torque observer using the extended state observer (ESO) method is implemented to enable the system to respond quickly and accurately to load changes while minimizing the effects of disturbances, thereby enhancing the operation and reliability of electric vehicles. The simulation results, conducted in MATLAB/Simulink, demonstrate that the combination of backstepping control and ESO offers good stability for the motor system, while mitigating the impact of disturbances and load variations. This is an important step in optimizing the control system of electric vehicles, contributing to the improvement of performance and reliability in electric vehicle applications.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2271-2279
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Study of asymmetrical-multi level inverter using two switching angle techniques

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2570-2581
Dewan Ashikur Rahaman , Tapan Kumar Chakraborty
An inverter is a device that transforms DC power into AC power. Inverters can be categorized into single-level inverters and multilevel inverters. This paper discusses two controlled strategies-equal step angle and sinusoidal switching angle-for a multilevel inverter, highlighting their effectiveness in harmonic mitigation as the number of voltage levels increases. The simulation software used to generate 3-15 level voltage outputs is PSIM, which allows for the adjustment of switching angles based on both equal step and sinusoidal switching values. Various types of DC sources are connected to H-bridge units, with MOSFET driving signals applied via gating blocks. The study demonstrates a notable reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD) when the switching angles are altered in equal and sinusoidal steps. Initially, the output signal generates a square wave without a filter. However, after implementing an LC filter, the output voltage signal more closely resembles an AC signal, and THD values are further reduced. Additionally, the output voltage signal's fast Fourier transform (FFT) is presented.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2570-2581
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Effect on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on various vegetable oils on droplet combustion characteristic

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp980-987
Dony Perdana , Muhamad Nur Rohman , Mochamad Choifin
Vegetable oils have composed of triglycerides, which one consist of 3 fatty acids combined with glycerol. Each saturated and unsaturated fatty acid has a different effect on burning characteristics. This study aimed to investigated effect of fatty acids at ceiba pentandra and jatropha oils on the flame behavior of the droplet combustion process. The combustion characteristic was observed by an ignited droplet at the junction using a thermocouple and a high-speed camera (120 fps). Results showed that a higher saturated fatty acid content resulted in long-life and steady flames. This is because more oleic and linoleic acid carbon atoms leave the droplet area and react with air. Jatropha oil produces a higher temperature of 780 °C than ceiba pentandra oil. Temperature of a vegetable oils flame is influenced by number of carbon chains, double bond, and heating value. Ceiba pentandra oil has a higher burning rate of 0.185 mm/s than jatropha oil at 0.155 mm/s. The chain content of polyunsaturated fatty acids has significant effect on rate of combustion, which is due to the weak van der Waals dispersion forces, such that heat absorption is more active and energetic. The highest flame height for ceiba pentandra oil is 55.03 mm compared to for jatropha oil it is 46.82 mm. Long-chain unsaturated double bonds and glycerol cause micro-explosions. This micro-explosion caused the shape of the flame to split and expand so that evaporation occurred faster, thus increasing the size of the flame.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 980-987
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Implementation of a network intrusion detection system for man-in-the-middle attacks

10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp3913-3927
Kennedy Okokpujie , William A. Abdulateef-Adoga , Oghenetega C. Owivri , Adaora P. Ijeh , Imhade P. Okokpujie , Morayo E. Awomoy
Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are critical tools designed to detect and prevent unauthorized access and potential network threats. While IDS is well-established in traditional wired networks, deploying them in wireless environments presents distinct challenges, including limited computational resources and complex infrastructure configurations. Packet sniffing and man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks also pose significant threats, potentially compromising sensitive data and disrupting communication. Traditional security measures like firewalls may not be sufficient to detect these sophisticated attacks. This paper implements a network intrusion detection system that monitors a computer network to detect Address Resolution Protocol spoofing attacks in real-time. The system comprises three host machines forming the network. Using Kali Linux, a bash script is deployed to monitor the network for signs of address resolution protocol (ARP) poisoning. An email alert system is integrated into the bash script, running in the background as a service for the network administrator. Various ARP spoofing attack scenarios are performed on the network to evaluate the efficiency of the network IDS. Results indicate that deploying IDS as a background service ensures continuous protection against ARP spoofing and poisoning. This is crucial in dynamic network environments where threats may arise unexpectedly.
Volume: 15
Issue: 6
Page: 6027-6042
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Bidirectional AC/DC converter connecting AC and DC microgrids for smart grids

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2549-2561
Nguyen Van Dung , Nguyen The Vinh
This paper proposes a converter connecting two independent AC and DC microgrids in a flexible microgrid and smart grid system. With this converter, basic DC/DC converter types such as Flyback are used to develop the power circuit and controller for the converter that is capable of integrating the operating functions for the operation between microgrids. The converter uses bidirectional switching locking technology to simplify the control algorithm. The energy is converted in two directions, AC/DC and DC/AC, with different working principles of increasing and decreasing voltage according to the standards of the distribution grid and DC microgrid. The TDH value is significantly limited when using the recovery circuit solution. The converter is designed, simulated based on OrCAD software, and tested with a capacity in the range of 2-10 kW. The DC microgrid output voltage is 400 VDC, voltage is 220 VAC.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2549-2561
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Assessment of the efficiency and performance of different PV system configurations under various fault conditions

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2744-2756
Raghad Adeeb Othman , Omar Sharaf Al-Deen Yehya Al-Yozbaky
Partial shadowing, bypass-diode issues, photovoltaic (PV) module deterioration, and wiring issues are examples of PV failures that have a substantial effect on power production and cause distinct peaks in a PV system's P-V curves. Various PV fault types have been used in the solar cell system in this work. Four types were used: open circuit, line to ground, cross-line to line, and intra-line to line. The impact of various PV system failure types on the system's performance was emphasized in this study. MATLAB is used to display the simulation results for the four approaches (series parallel (SP), total cross tied (TCT), honeycomb (HC), and bridge link (BL)) under various fault scenarios. The current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) curves are used to compare the results for each fault scenario. The open circuit fault between PV (7.8) in the first string and PV (18.19) in the fourth string resulted in a 40% decrease in the short-circuit current of the photovoltaic system compared to its normal value in the SP topology, while in the HC and BL topologies, the current value exceeded the allowable limit. This, in turn, had an impact on the (I-V) characteristics of this topology. The fault's impact was minimal and within the typical bounds of its (I-V) characteristics in the TCT topology.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2744-2756
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Eco-friendly innovation: green energy empowered by IoT

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp903-911
Nikita Amoli , Jitendra Singh , Rahul Mahala , Rajesh Singh , Anita Gehlot , Mahim Raj Gupta
Energy demand is high globally, impacting daily life and promoting sustainable modernization. Goal 9 aims to build an elastic framework for economies, while Goal 15 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasizes the preservation of terrestrial environment, sustainable woodland management, and biodiversity conservation. The International Energy Agency predicts a significant increase in global renewable capacity, with solar PV being two-third of this growth. Green technology is crucial to combat global warming and Industry 4.0, a digital transformation that aims to create a strong framework for sustainable modernization. The growth of the smart grid is vital, involving energy sources, control techniques, computation, generation, transmission, distribution, and more. Supercapacitors store and deliver energy at high capacity, while green energy transforms fossil fuels into eco-friendly sources using natural resources like hydro, solar, wind, thermal, and biomass. This study explores the efficient use of microprocessors in solar and wind energy, as well as the application of actuators in the green energy sector. Green energy is a sustainable solution to increasing energy needs, reducing dependence on fossil fuels. IoT technologies, including sensors, actuators, microprocessors, and microcontrollers, are used in energy generation, transmission, distribution, and composition.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 903-911
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Enhanced integration of renewable energy and smart grid efficiency with data-driven solar forecasting employing PCA and machine learning

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2645-2654
Jayashree Kathirvel , Pushpa Sreenivasan , M. Vanitha , Soni Mohammed , T. Sathish Kumar , I. Arul Doss Adaikalam
A significant obstacle to preserving grid stability and incorporating renewable energy into smart grids is variations in solar irradiation. To improve solar power management's dependability, this research proposes a short-term solar forecasting framework powered by AI. Multiple machine learning models, such as long short-term memory (LSTM), random forest (RF), gradient boosting (GB), AdaBoost, neural networks (NN), K-Nearest neighbor (KNN), and linear regression (LR), are integrated into the suggested system, which also uses principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction. The Abiod Sid Cheikh station in Algeria (2019-2021) provided real-world data for the model's validation. With a two-hour-ahead RMSE of 0.557 kW/m², AdaBoost had the most accuracy, whereas LR had the lowest, at 0.510 kW/m². In addition to increasing computing efficiency, PCA preserved 99.3% of the data volatility. In addition to increasing computing efficiency, PCA preserved 99.3% of the data volatility. These findings highlight the efficiency of hybrid AI models based on PCA for accurate forecasting, which is crucial for smart grid stability.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2645-2654
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Optimize the position of the distributed generator and capacitor bank in the distributed grid to minimize the generation cost

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp970-979
Ngoc An Luu , Dinh Chung Phan
In this paper, we focus on determining the optimal position and size of multi-distributed generators and capacitor banks to minimize the generation cost of a distributed grid. The optimal position and size of distributed generators and capacitor banks are determined using a hybrid of conventional loss sensitivity factor and an improved one. The proposed algorithm has two stages. For each distributed generator, we prioritize its position and size. After that, we find the optimal position and size of the capacitor banks corresponding to this distributed generator installation to minimize the power loss. After considering all distributed generators, the optimal number, position, and size of the distributed generators and capacitor banks are determined based on the minimum generation cost value. This idea is developed in MATLAB and verified via sample distributed grids, including the IEEE-69 bus and IEEE-85 bus. The verifying results are evaluated and analyzed. By comparing those results to those of other methods, the performance of the newly introduced method is proven.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 970-979
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Performance enhancement using sensor and sensorless control techniques for a modified bridgeless Ćuk converter-based BLDC motor in EV applications

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp769-782
W. Margaret Amutha , S. Premalatha , M. Karthikeyan
This work proposes a solar photovoltaic (PV)-powered, modified bridgeless Ćuk converter tailored for electric vehicle applications. It overcomes limitations such as high ripple, reduced power density, significant switching losses, and complex circuit structures in traditional designs. The system integrates a boost converter with a bridgeless Ćuk topology to ensure a reliable and efficient direct current (DC) power output. Performance evaluation includes sensor-based and sensorless speed control techniques-pulse width modulation (PWM), proportional integral derivative (PID), back electromotive force (EMF), and spider controllers-under both no-load and full-load scenarios. Key parameters such as rise time, overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error are analyzed. MATLAB/Simulink simulations indicate that the spider controller delivers superior dynamic behavior and stability. A 48 W, 1500 rpm hardware prototype confirms the simulation outcomes, demonstrating the practical viability and effectiveness of the proposed converter.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 769-782
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Frequency control of hybrid power system with fractional order secondary controller using improved biogeography-based krill herd algorithm

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp816-825
Kukkamalla Kiran Kumar , Gobinathan Balaji , Kanta Rao Pedakota , Majahar Hussain Mahammad , Syed Suraya
To meet the demand of electrical power, structural changes of the power system from the generation side are necessary by integrating the renewable sources into the existing system. In the presence of renewables, the active power imbalances caused by both generation and demand are reduced with the classical units (like thermal) since the wind speed and irradiance (inputs of wind and solar plants) are volatile and nonlinear in nature. The frequency deviations triggered by such active power imbalances of the hybrid power system integrated with both conventional and renewable energy plants are minimized with better secondary control schemes. Therefore, this article suggests fractional order secondary controller (FOSC) for conventional units of the interconnected power system to strengthen the frequency stability of the system during the demand perturbations. The optimal gains of the FOSC are identified with an improved biogeography-based krill herd optimizer with the help of the performance indicator integral square error. To elevate the improvements of FOSC, comparisons are provided with classical controllers during the simple, random load perturbations with and without generation changes. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis on system parameters is performed to show the robustness of the FOSC over classical control strategies.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 816-825
Publish at: 2025-12-01

A hybrid one step voltage-adjustable transformerless inverter for a one-phase grid incorporation of wind and solar power

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp951-959
Bonigala Ramesh , Madhubabu Thiruveedula , Rahul Inumula , C. Poojitha Reddy , Mohammad Abdul Khadar , K. Sri Sai Hareesh
This paper presents a hybrid one-step voltage-adjustable transformerless inverter designed to efficiently integrate both solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy sources into a single-phase grid. The primary objective is to enhance power conversion efficiency while minimizing system complexity and cost. The proposed architecture combines a buck-boost DC-DC converter with a full-bridge inverter in a compact and modular design, enabling voltage regulation across a wide input range typical of hybrid renewable systems. By grounding the PV negative terminal, the system effectively eliminates leakage currents and ensures compliance with IEEE harmonic standards. The inverter operates with reduced switching losses and supports multiple operational modes tailored for variable solar and wind conditions. Simulation of a 300 W prototype demonstrates reliable performance, achieving a total harmonic distortion (THD) below 1%, validating its compatibility with grid requirements. Key contributions include the development of a unified topology for hybrid energy sources, in-depth analysis of energy storage components, and implementation of efficient modulation strategies. This work addresses significant challenges in renewable energy integration and provides a scalable solution for next-generation grid-connected hybrid power systems.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 951-959
Publish at: 2025-12-01

PD characteristics of polymer insulation for inverted-fed drives under sine and square waveforms

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp893-902
S. Narasimha Rao , Elanseralathan Kasinathan , Ramanujam Sarathi
In recent years, adjustable speed drives power by power electronic converters have caused insulation failure in the electrical motors with stator windings. The repeating impulse voltages produced by IGBTs created insulation reliability problems in the stator winding. Overvoltage can cause partial discharge (PD), which can rapidly result in insulation system failure. To address this issue, IEC standards and technical specifications (TS) necessitate that a PD test on the motor insulation system is done at sinusoidal and square voltages. The PD characteristics obtained are used to evaluate insulation performance, enhancing insulation design. This work focuses on the PD characterization of twisted pair samples using high frequency sine and square waveforms at room temperature. The PD characteristics were investigated at 50 Hz, 1 kHz, 2.4 kHz, and 5 kHz. The result shows that there are fewer PD events with lower PD magnitudes and shorter delay times at higher frequencies. Further, at different temperatures of 30 °C, 60 °C, and 90 °C, the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) of twisted pair insulation was investigated using high-frequency sine and square waveforms. The results show that the corona inception voltage (CIV) (kV) decreases as ambient temperature increases. Furthermore, the conditions for PD occurrence in the insulation system were analyzed at higher switching frequencies. The electric field distribution of twisted pairs with a 0 mm air gap was modeled from 50 Hz to 5 kHz switching frequency using COMSOL software.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 893-902
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Power smoothing in electrical distribution system using covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy of aquila optimization

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp842-858
Smrutirekha Mahanta , Manoj Kumar Maharana
This study introduces a novel hybrid optimization approach covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy of aquila optimization (CMAESAO) to enhance power smoothing and minimize power losses in electrical distribution systems through the optimal allocation of D-STATCOMs. The method is tested on standard 33-bus and 69-bus systems. The CMAESAO algorithm efficiently identifies optimal locations and sizes of D-STATCOMs to achieve system performance improvements under constant power (CP), constant current (CC), and constant impedance (CI) load models. The results show that, for the 69-bus system, installing two D-STATCOMs yields optimal performance, reducing real power loss from the base value to 149.6368 kW, while three D-STATCOMs yield a slightly better voltage profile and VSI but only marginal additional power loss reduction (147.8951 kW), making two units more cost-effective. For the 33-bus system, three D-STATCOMs provide the best improvement in power quality and loss minimization. Voltage and current profiles confirmed improvement in voltage stability and reduced branch currents with optimized placements. Compared to other optimization techniques, CMAESAO demonstrates faster convergence and superior accuracy in minimizing losses, establishing its effectiveness for such multi-objective optimization problems. The study's novelty lies in integrating CMA-ES with aquila optimization to combine strong global search with adaptive exploration, resulting in robust and efficient power system enhancement. The proposed methodology contributes to smarter, more reliable distribution systems, supporting grid resilience and energy efficiency.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 842-858
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Asymmetrical nine-level hybrid multilevel inverter design and analysis for electric vehicle applications

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp1023-1034
Gerri Ratnaiah , Ramya Ganesan
A novel type of single-phase hybrid multilevel inverter (HMLI) is proposed in this paper. A hybrid system is made up of a multilevel inverter coupled to an H-bridge unit and which can generate nine-level output. To synthesize an output voltage waveform with nine steps, this setup uses merely seven power switches, two diodes, and two DC supplies. A greater number of steps were achieved in output voltage through suggested circuit with a smaller number of components than other existing multilevel inverter (MLI) topologies. A finer output waveform that is closer to a sinusoidal shape is produced with less total harmonic distortion (THD) because of the greater number of steps in the output voltage. Furthermore, it prolongs the switches' lifetime and lowers the voltage stress across them, increasing reliability. In addition, the system produces fewer switches than necessary, resulting in lower power losses and increased efficiency. This guarantees the suggested system's small size and inexpensive cost. A comparison between the suggested topology and the most current MLI topologies has been conducted to highlight the key components of the proposed topology. The suggested topology has been controlled using three distinct controlling schemes are phase disposition-pulse width modulation (PD-PWM), phase opposition disposition-PWM (POD-PWM), and alternative phase opposition disposition-PWM (APOD-PWM).
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 1023-1034
Publish at: 2025-12-01
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