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Massively scalable density based clustering (DBSCAN) on the HPCC systems big data platform

10.11591/ijai.v10.i1.pp207-214
Yatish H. R. , Shubham Milind Phal , Tanmay Sanjay Hukkeri , Lili Xu , Shobha G , Jyoti Shetty , Arjuna Chala
Dealing with large samples of unlabeled data is a key challenge in today’s world, especially in applications such as traffic pattern analysis and disaster management. DBSCAN, or density based spatial clustering of applications with noise, is a well-known density-based clustering algorithm. Its key strengths lie in its capability to detect outliers and handle arbitrarily shaped clusters. However, the algorithm, being fundamentally sequential in nature, proves expensive and time consuming when operated on extensively large data chunks. This paper thus presents a novel implementation of a parallel and distributed DBSCAN algorithm on the HPCC Systems platform. The algorithm seeks to fully parallelize the algorithm implementation by making use of HPCC Systems optimal distributed architecture and performing a tree-based union to merge local clusters. The proposed approach* was tested both on synthetic as well as standard datasets (MFCCs Data Set) and found to be completely accurate. Additionally, when compared against a single node setup, a significant decrease in computation time was observed with no impact to accuracy. The parallelized algorithm performed eight times better for higher number of data points and takes exponentially lesser time as the number of data points increases.
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Page: 207-214
Publish at: 2021-03-01

What network simulator questions do users ask? a large-scale study of stack overflow posts

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1622-1633
Syful Islam , Yusuf Sulistyo Nugroho , Md. Javed Hoss
The use of network simulator as a modern tool in analyzing and predicting the behaviour of computer networks has grown to reduce the complexity of its accuracy measurement. This growth of network simulator implementation have attracted the researchers and practitioners to share problems and discuss to improve the features. To communicate the issues relates to network simulators, users move to an online discussion platform, such as Stack Overflow. Although recent studies have shown the popularity and benefits of adopting network simulation tools, however, the challenges of using network simulator that users face remain mostly unknown. Therefore, in this paper, we examine 2,322 network-simulator-related Stack Overflow posts to provide insights on the topics that users are interested and the challenges they face. We apply the Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modeling to understand the topics that are being discussed in Stack Overflow. Then, we investigate the popularity and difficulty of each topic. The results of this study show that users use Stack Overflow as an implementation guideline for network simulation model. We determine 8 discussion topics that are merged into 5 major categories. Most of the posts discuss simulation model configuration. We also observe that target network protocol modification and network simulator installation are the most popular topics among the users compared to other topics. Users are specially facing challenges on network simulator installation and target network protocol modification issues.
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Page: 1622-1633
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Secure image hiding in speech signal by steganography-mining and encryption

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1692-1703
Amal Hameed Khaleel , Iman Qays Abduljaleel
Information hiding techniques are constantly evolving due to the increased need for security and confidentiality. This paper proposes a working mechanism in three phases. The first phase includes scrambling the values of the gray image depending on a series of keys that are generated using a quantum chaotic map. The second phase generates hybrid keys by mixing a Zaslavsky and a 3D Hanon map that are used to encrypt the gray image values produced after the scramble. Finally, in the third phase, a new algorithm is suggested to hide the encrypted gray image at random locations within a speech file.  This algorithm includes the LSB algorithm to determine the hidden bits and the zero-crossing K-means algorithm in selecting locations mining in a scattered manner so that hackers cannot easily retrieve the hidden data of any hacked person. Also used a fractional fourier transform to choose magnitude value as specific data to hide encoded image data. The measures MSE, PSNR, NSCR, and UACI are using to measure the work efficiency in the encryption algorithm, and in measuring the efficiency of the hidden algorithm, use the measures SNR, PSNR, and MSE. The results of the paper are encouraging and efficient compared to other algorithms that performed the same work. Hence our results show the larger the image dimensions used, the better the values.
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Page: 1692-1703
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Reliability-based routing metric for UAVs networks

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1771-1783
Musaab Mohammed Jasim , Hayder Khaleel AL-Qaysi , Yousif Allbadi
As a result of technological advances in robotic systems, electronic sensors, and communication techniques, the production of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems has become possible. Their easy installation and flexibility led these UAV systems to be used widely in both military and civilian applications. Note that the capability of one UAV is however limited. Nowadays, a multi-UAV system is of special interest due to the ability of its associate UAV members either to coordinate simultaneous coverage of large areas or to cooperate to achieve common goals/targets. This kind of cooperation/coordination requires a reliable communication network with a proper network model to ensure the exchange of both control and data packets among UAVs. Such network models should provide all-time connectivity to avoid dangerous failures or unintended consequences. Thus, the multi-UAV system relies on communication to operate. Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is moreover considered as a sophisticated type of wireless ad hoc network among UAVs which solved the communication problems into other network models. Along with the FANET’s unique features, challenges and open issues are also discussed especially in the routing protocols approach. We will try to present the expected transmission account metric with a new algorithm for reliability. In addition to this new algorithm mechanism, the metric takes into account the relative speed between UAVs, and thus the increase of the fluctuations in links between UAVs has been detected. Accordingly, the results show that the function of the AODV routing protocol with this metric becomes effective in high mobility environments.
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Page: 1771-1783
Publish at: 2021-03-01

The impact of problem-based learning with argument mapping and online laboratory on scientific argumentation skill

10.11591/ijere.v10i1.20593
Jumadi Jumadi , Riki Perdana , Riwayani Riwayani , Dadan Rosana
Students in Indonesia still have the low level of scientific argumentation skills. This studypurposed to examine the impact ofProblem-based Learning (PBL) with Argument Mapping and Online Laboratory in improving the scientific argumentation skill. It describes the significance of the differences between participants who learn through PBL, PBL with Online Laboratory (PBL-OL), Problem-based Learning with Argument Mapping and Online Laboratory (PBL-AMOL) model. The population of this study were students from Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) Yogyakarta, Indonesia with a random sampling technique. This was quasi-experiment with pre and post test designs. In this study, there were 97 students at MAN 1 as respondent. Paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test and ANOVA mixed design was used to analysis data. The PBL-AMOL group has a significant difference based on pre-test and post-test (sig. 0000). The PBL-AMOL was most effective to improve the skill with gain score 0.43 (medium). Learning with the PBL-AMOL model can be an alternative to solve the problems of creative thinking skill.
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Page: 16-23
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Deployment of internet of things-based cloudlet-cloud for surveillance operations

10.11591/ijai.v10.i1.pp24-34
Edje E. Abel , Abd Latiff Muhammad Shafie , Weng Howe Chan
This research proposes the design of internet of things (IoT) camera/toxic gas sensors for the surveillance of a nation’s borders. Also, a wearable radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with built-in body-temperature/heartbeat sensors, for monitoring the health status and locations of military personnel while on border patrol duty or in battlefield combats. Mobile micro-controllers are deployed to gather sensed data retrieved from the sensors/RFID tags and transmitted to a cloudlet situated at the command control center, located 200 meters away from the sensor devices. Consequently, sensed data are dispatch to the cloud data center when there is a need for offline data mining or analysis. The distinguishing feature of our proposed system from previous researches is that the health status and locations of troops (soldiers) are monitored while they are in border patrol duty or in battlefield combats. Also, the introduction of cloudlet services closer to the IoT sensor devices for collection of sensed data. This way, the sensed data or information gathered at the cloudlet will aid timely information retrieval that will speed up intelligence gathering for strategic military operations, especially in critical situations. This is an innovative attempt to apply IoT-enabled cloudlet-based cloud computing to support military operations.
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Page: 24-34
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Successful online learning factors in COVID-19 era: Study of Islamic higher education in West Papua, Indonesia

10.11591/ijere.v10i1.21036
Agus Yudiawan , Budi Sunarso , Suharmoko Suharmoko , Fatma Sari , Ahmadi Ahmadi
This study aimed to map and tests the factors that influence online learning success in the COVID-19 era in Islamic Religious Higher Education in the West Papua region. Factors to be analyzed are student characteristics, internal motivation, instructor characteristics, quality of institutions and services, infrastructure and system quality, quality of courses and information, online learning environment. The sample size obtained from the Slovin formula was 302 students. Data collected through surveys by distributing questionnaires. Analysis of the regression model used to carry out data analysis. The results showed that the seven factors tested influenced online learning success in the COVID-19 era, with varying significance. Infrastructure and system quality are the most dominant influences (94.2%), while institutions' variety and services have no significant impact (6.3%). The conclusion is that the seven factors can be used to determine the success of online learning in the COVID-19 era in Islamic Religious Higher Education in the West Papua region.
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Page: 193-201
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Optimized and efficient deblurring through constraint conditional modelling

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1503-1512
Ravikumar H C , P Karthik
Image deburring technique refers to restoring an image from the degraded version named blurred. Blurring can be caused due to various phenomena such as optical system, motion blur and other phenomena. Moreover, to deblur the image it is essential to know the blurring process characteristics and it is one of the difficult task. In past several deblurring algorithm have been proposed to approximate the kernel blur, however they lack the efficiency and expensive to be applied for the real world scenario. In this paper, we have proposed a CCM (constraint conditional model) to deblur the image; it learns the direct mapping from the degraded to the absolute clean image. Moreover, the main aim of CCM is to restore the image in its original form, the best advantage of CCM is that it provides handsome tradeoff between the image quality and efficiency. Moreover CCM is evaluated on the three different standard datasets by considering the different performance metrics and through the comparison analysis observation has made that CCM approach outperforms the other techniques.
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Page: 1503-1512
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Telemedicine-equipped android interface-based heart rate monitoring

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1332-1340
Hanifah Rahmi Fajrin , Bayu Satrio Adi , Heri Purwoko , Irma Permata Sari
This research aimed to design a device that can monitor heart rate and help nurses or doctors when they need to monitor and retrieve data of patients. By utilizing Android as a displayer makes it easier for nurses to minimize data retrieval time. The principle of the tool is to record the heart rate data received by the ear clip sensor to be processed by the Atmega328 microcontroller, then displayed on the oled LCD and sent to Android phones via HC-05 Bluetooth for display. If the heart rate data is beyond the normal range, the Android application will post a notification in the form of an SMS to the recipient's cellphone. In testing the tool, it uses a comparison device (pulse oximetry) to determine its accuracy. Based on the testing, the heart rate monitoring device had a small error value of 0.32% and had the most substantial error value of 0.81%. The application of the monitoring system in android data can be sent well at a maximum distance of 13 meters, as well as the implementation of telemedicine in the form of a warning (SMS) can work properly.
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Page: 1332-1340
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Expert role in image classification using CNN for hard to identify object: distinguishing batik and its imitation

10.11591/ijai.v10.i1.pp93-100
Zohanto Widyantoko , Titik Purwati Widowati , Isnaini Isnaini , Paras Trapsiladi
In this research we try to solve the recognition problem in differentiating between batik and its imitation. Batik is an Indonesian heritage of process in making traditional textile product that is now endangered by the existence of imitation products. We try to compare two popular CNN model to classify batik products into five classes. The classes are tulis, cap, print warna, print malam, cabut warna. Tulis and cap are genuine batik, and the other three are an imitation. We realize that this problem is go beyond the recognition of fine grained image problem, it is a hard to identify image problem because even the batik experts is having a hard time identifying batik and its imitation if only based on its picture. The two CNN models, inceptionV3 and mobilenetV2 were trained on three types of image. One type is a freely taken image, the other two were taken based on the experts suggestion. The accuracy score shows that the model trained with the suggestion based picture perform better than the one trained with the random picture.
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Page: 93-100
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Teachers’ views on challenges affecting learners’ performance in natural science

10.11591/ijere.v10i1.20732
M.N.N. Ndjangala , J. Abah , P. Mashebe
In Namibia, natural science (NS) is one of the priority subjects in upper primary phases (Grades 4 to 7). However, in the Omusati Region of Namibia, there are increasing public concerns that many learners are not performing well in NS. Thus, this study surveyed the views of NS teachers on the challenges affecting upper primary learners’ performance in NS at three selected combined schools in the Omusati Region. Qualitative research design using face-to-face interview was used to gather the views of upper primary NS teachers in the schools. Seven teachers who are currently teaching NS at the selected schools were selected using the purposive sampling method to participate in the study. The results obtained revealed that the following challenges affect upper primary learners’ performance in NS in the selected schools: medium of instruction, lack of adequate teaching and learning resources, lack of laboratories, sensitive topics, overcrowded classroom, indiscipline among learners, absenteeism, unfavorable teaching environment, hunger, and lack of proper guidance from subject advisory teachers. The study recommended that the government should provide schools with feeding programs, build laboratories, renovate classes and provide teaching materials. The schools should evolve disciplinary measures to check the learners’ indiscipline.
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Page: 48-56
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Coplanar waveguide-fed ultra-wideband antenna with WLAN band

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1523-1529
Chaiyong Soemphol , Niwat Angkawisittpan
A coplanar waveguidefed ultra-wideband antenna with extended transmission band to WLAN frequency is investigated. The proposed antenna consists of a modified semi-circular patch and staircase of ground plane. The prototype is fabricated on a low cost FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 with thicknes of 0.8 mm. The overall dimensions of proposed UWB antenna are 34 mm x 40 mm. The simulation and experimental results have been shown that the proposed antenna archives low VSWR over transmission bandwidth from 2.10 - 12.7 GHz to cover both WLAN and UWB bands.  The average gain is 3.87 dBi. It depicts nearly omni-directional radiation pattern like dipole antenna. Moreover, the fabricated prototype antenna shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Page: 1523-1529
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Effect of thiourea on structure, morphology, and optical properties of spray deposited CZTS thin films for solar cell applications

10.11591/ijaas.v10.i1.pp39-46
Ramesh B. Mahewar , Ravikumar R. Vidule , Limbraj S. Ravangave
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) films of different Thiourea (SC (NH2)2) molarity were deposited by using a simple chemical spray technique at substrate temperature 275 °C. Analytical reagent Grade Copper chloride (CuCl2), Zinc chloride (ZnCl2), and Tin chloride (SnCl4.5H2O) were used as Cu+, Zn+, and Sn+ ion sources respectively and thiourea (SC(NH2)2) (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 M) was used as an S- ion source. A set of five CZTS films was deposited using five different molarity of thiourea. The structure, morphology, elemental analysis, and optical properties of these films were studied using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques respectively. The XRD spectra showed that all films are polycrystalline tetragonal structures with preferential orientation along 112 planes. The calculated crystallite size was increased with an increase in thiourea concentration. Variations of optical band gap with thiourea molarity have been investigated using Tauc plots. SEM micrographs exhibit CZTS spherical granules regularly arranged with some void spaces. The purity of deposited films was investigated using EDX analysis. All the CZTS films exhibit a higher absorption coefficient (α>104) cm-1 and a band gap in the reported range (1.2 to 1.53 eV) can be used as an absorber layer in solar cells.
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Page: 39-46
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Validating the teaching, learning, and assessment quality of Malaysian ECCE instrument

10.11591/ijere.v10i1.20857
Hishamuddin Ahmad , Nordin Mamat , Mazlina Che Mustafa , Syahida Iryani Mohd Yusoff
Several instruments that measure the teaching, learning, and assessment quality have been developed and published. However, a psychometrically sound instrument to measure teaching, learning, and assessment quality in early childhood care and education that suitable for the Malaysian context needs to be validated. Therefore, this study aimed to validate on teaching, learning, and assessment quality in early childhood care and education instrument, which contains 68 items. The sample comprised 3,498, selected by stratified random sampling from a population of all Malaysian kindergarten teachers. Data were analyzed based on the Polytomous Item Response Theory (IRT) using the Xcalibre software. Samejima's Graded Rating Model (SRGM) was found to be the fit model with the data. Unidimensionality assumption and local independence were tested using the exploratory factor analysis and were fulfilled. The instrument’s reliability was overall very good (α=0.966) and the construct validity was also fairly fulfilled with the value of 58.17% total variance explained. Therefore, this instrument is suggested to be used as fairly to measure the quality of Malaysian early childhood care and education among teachers so that appropriate follow-up actions can be implemented towards the betterment of early childhood education quality.
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Page: 135-141
Publish at: 2021-03-01

Chaotic systems with pseudorandom number generate to protect the transmitted data of wireless network

10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1602-1610
Heyam A. Marzog , Marwa Jaleel Mohsin , Mohammed Azher Therib
Communication techniques have witnessed rapid development in recent years, especially the internet and the mobile network, which led to rapid data transmission. The latest developments, in turn, have come out with advanced decisions to secure information from eavesdropping. Myriad in-depth studies in cryptography. It was implemented with the intention of proposing a revolutionary solution to protect data by encryption techniques, tend maps, and logistics.  This work had proposed a new design to the generator of pseudo-random numbers (GPRN) which had utilized multi chaotic systems. Synchronization of Multi-parameters chaotic arises in many applications, in natural or industrial systems. Many methods have been introduced for using a chaotic system in the encryption of data. Analysis of security of chaotic system had been executed on key sensitivity and keyspace.
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Page: 1602-1610
Publish at: 2021-03-01
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