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Life balloon: a paradigm shift in earthquake safety-intelligent IoT detection and protection system for optimal resilience

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp987-997
Tawfiq Alrawashdeh , Sumaya Abusaleh , Malek Z. Alksasbeh , Khalid Alemerien
Internet of things (IoT) applications for environmental monitoring have greatly improved due to advances in hardware and software technologies. Given the significant economic and societal impacts of earthquakes, there is an increasing need to develop effective earthquake early warning systems (EEWS). However, designing such intelligent systems remains challenging because of inefficient classification methods and limitations in high-fidelity sensing capabilities. To reduce the devastating effects of earthquakes, this paper proposes an earthquake detection and protection system. The system’s primary function is to detect seismic signals and activate a specially designed airbag (life balloon) unit that protects occupants in apartment buildings. In addition, the unit helps maintain necessary oxygen levels, thereby improving occupant safety during seismic events. The proposed system also includes a communication method that transmits critical information about the affected area to relevant parties. Early data transmission enables rapid response and guides the efficient deployment of required resources, making aftershock management more effective. By combining advanced sensor technologies with efficient communication methods, the proposed system aims to enhance safety and emergency management while providing comprehensive protection and support during seismic events. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves approximately 95% sensitivity and 94.2% accuracy.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 987-997
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Pneumonia classification from chest X-rays using significant feature selection and machine learning

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp592-603
Yugandhar Chodagam , Manjunatha Hiremath
The chest X-ray images of normal lungs differ only subtly from those of lungs with pneumonia, making image-based diagnosis highly challenging. To address this issue, we developed a machine learning (ML)-based, lightweight, end-to-end Python package that processes chest X-ray images, implements robust feature selection methods, and classifies the images using various algorithms. While many studies have focused on improving classification accuracy using newer methods, few have addressed the interpretability of the extracted features or the growing computational demands of complex models. We used four publicly available datasets and extracted first-order, textural, and transform-based radiomic features to test our package. Features were selected using the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) combined with recursive feature elimination (RFE) and stability selection algorithms. Our final solution contains a method that extracts a finite set of features identified by stability selection and feeds them as inputs into classical ML algorithms. Our model achieved 98% accuracy on the primary dataset, and 97%±1, 96%±2, and 94%±2% accuracy on the other three datasets. Our approach is fast, self-contained, and requires only an ideal set of features, making it suitable for resource-constrained clinical environments.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 592-603
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Enhancing vehicular ad hoc network security through a trust based vehicular model for attack mitigation

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp247-256
Shilpa Shilpa , Thiruvenkadam Prasanth
In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), ensuring secure and reliable communication is essential due to the growing threat of cyber-attacks. As attacks can disrupt data transmission and compromise user privacy and network integrity, it is vital to develop robust security solutions. Hence, this work introduces a trust-based vehicular security (TVS) model, which leverages trust metrics to enhance VANET security. The main objective was to establish secure connections between vehicles and infrastructure nodes, effectively mitigating attacks while maintaining higher throughput. The methodology integrated a dynamic trust evaluation model to prevent malicious activities and ensure secure data transmission. The TVS model’s performance was compared to an existing VANET model, showing improved results in terms of detection rate, misclassification rate, and throughput. The findings demonstrate an average misclassification rate of 22.75%, a detection rate of 14.77%, and a throughput of 11.45%, highlighting the superior effectiveness of the TVS model in attack-prone environments when compared with existing VANET models. The TVS model provides a promising security solution for VANETs, offering enhanced protection against denial-of-service (DoS) attacks and spoofing (cyber-attacks) with better accuracy and network performance. The novelty lies in the dynamic, multi-trust-based approach for secure communication in vehicular networks.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 247-256
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Detection and forecasting of mental health disorders using machine learning models on social media data

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp672-680
Chaithra Indavara Venkateshagowda , Roopashree Hejjajji Ranganathasharma , Yogeesh Ambalagere Chandrashekaraiah , Narve Lakshminarayan Taranath
The detection and classification of depression and other mental disorders have become crucial in the modern era, particularly with the growing reliance on social media for self-expression. Existing systems often face challenges like limited prediction accuracy, difficulty forecasting future mental illnesses, and handling both clinical and non-clinical data. This study proposes a novel analytical model that not only screens individuals' current mental health status from social media content but also predicts the likelihood of future mental health issues. The proposed methodology integrates classical machine learning (ML) models, ensemble learning approaches, and pretrained models for enhanced detection and forecasting accuracy. The outcome shows that pre-trained language models accomplished maximized F1-score and overall performance significantly better than conventional ML and ensemble models. The system outperforms existing methods with a significant accuracy improvement, achieving 90.9% overall accuracy, a 7.2% improvement over traditional ML classifiers, 5.8% over ensemble models, and 11.3% over language models.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 672-680
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Human activity recognition using selective kernel network-2D convolutional neural network with ArcFace loss

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp350-360
Banushri Srinivasaiah , Jagadeesha Ramegowda
Human activity recognition (HAR) is a widely adopted technique in applications requiring accurate identification of human actions. However, HAR approaches often face challenges in generalizing across complex datasets with multi-view variations, resulting in reduced classification accuracy. Existing classifiers face shortcomings in predicting human activities due to the presence of irrelevant video frames, leading to frequent misclassifications. This research proposes a selective kernel network-2D convolutional neural network with additive angular margin loss for deep face recognition (SKN-2D-CNN with ArcFace loss) to recognize human activity effectively. SKN dynamically adapts the receptive field for learning multi scale spatial features, enhancing the recognition of intricate human activities with varying motion scales. In the embedding space, ArcFace loss introduces an angular margin penalty that improves inter-class separability and intra class compactness for recognition. Together, the proposed method minimizes misclassification in human activity by improving the robustness of feature representation. Feature extraction using visual geometry group 19 (VGG19) captures spatial features like edges, textures and shapes from video frames, enhancing the model’s ability to differentiate between complex human activities. The proposed method achieves high accuracy of 99.16 and 98.75% on the UCF101 and HMDB-51 datasets, respectively, when compared with existing methods such as CNN and bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU).
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 350-360
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Optimization of maximum power point tracking in wind energy systems: a comparative study of ant colony and genetic algorithms

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp399-411
Najoua Mrabet , Chirine Benzazah , Mohssine Chakib , Adil Ziraoui , Ahmed El Akkary , Najma Laaroussi
This research focuses on optimizing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in wind energy conversion systems (WECS) using ant colony optimization (ACO) and genetic algorithm (GA). The study evaluates these two metaheuristic techniques to optimize the parameters of a proportional integral-derivative (PID) controller in order to maximize power output in a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based system. Simulations conducted in MATLAB/Simulink show that both ACO and GA effectively enhance MPPT performance by improving power output, DC bus voltage regulation, and torque stability. The results demonstrate the potential of metaheuristic algorithms to optimize wind energy conversion efficiency and support sustainable energy development.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 399-411
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Development of generalized principal component analysis using multiple imputation genetic algorithm

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp454-468
Fahrezal Zubedi , I Made Sumertajaya , Khairil Anwar Notodiputro , Utami Dyah Syafitri
In this study, we propose an innovative method called the integrated GPCA MIGA, which integrates the multiple imputation genetic algorithm (MIGA) and generalized principal component analysis (GPCA) to perform missing value imputation and data dimensionality reduction simultaneously. The approximated original data produced by GPCA serves as the basis for MIGA to update missing values in the next iteration. At the same time, GPCA refines the low-dimensional representation using the latest imputation results from MIGA, thereby balancing the accuracy of missing value imputation and the stability of dimensionality reduction. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the integrated GPCA-MIGA and analyze trends in human development at the district/city level in Indonesia. The findings of this study show that the integrated GPCA-MIGA effectively reduces the dimensionality of data containing missing values compared to other methods. The integrated GPCA-MIGA method was applied to human development data. The results were then visualized using a biplot, which revealed that human development trends in Jayawijaya from 2019 to 2022 indicate progress in school enrollment rates for ages 16–18 years.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 454-468
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Bridging hybrid deep learning detection and lightweight handcrafted features for robust single sample face recognition

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp888-900
Faulinda Ely Nastiti , Sopingi Sopingi , Dedy Hariyadi , Sri Sumarlinda
Single sample face recognition (SSFR) remains a challenging task due to the limitation of having only one reference image per identity, which reduces embedding diversity and decreases robustness under variations of pose, expression, and illumination. This study proposed a hybrid framework that integrates deep learning-based detection through anchor box optimization and non-maximum suppression (NMS) with lightweight handcrafted feature extraction using local binary pattern (LBP). The detection stage leverages deep learning to ensure robust face localisation, while LBP maintains computational efficiency under limited-sample conditions. The training process showed accuracy improvement from 47.5% at the initial epoch to 98.0% at epoch 72, while testing accuracy stabilized at 85-88% with the best value of 87.9%. Evaluation on 48 new facial images achieved 89.6% accuracy, 95.3% precision, 91.1% recall, 93.1% F1-score, and 0.94 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC ROC). Real-world implementation on Android and iOS-based attendance applications further validated the model, reaching 88.46% accuracy across 52 tests under 50-400 lux illumination. The findings proved that the proposed hybrid design provides improved accuracy and stability compared with previous approaches.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 888-900
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Explainable rice yield from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite data for food security

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp615-627
Dhimas Tribuana , Usman Sattar , Baharuddin Mide , Dayanti Dayanti
Reliable, explainable crop-yield estimates are essential for food-security planning in data-sparse regions. We present a transparent pipeline for district-level (regency) rice yield prediction in Indonesia that fuses Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR), Sentinel-2 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and weather/reanalysis features. The system standardizes inputs per province, fixes a 16-day temporal key, and uses a small, auditable ensemble of tree models (gradient boosting+light gradient-boosting machine (LightGBM)). Trained on ≤2023 data and evaluated on a 2024 temporal hold-out, a joint West Java ∪ South Sulawesi model achieves root mean square error (RMSE)≈0.80 t/ha, mean absolute error (MAE)≈0.48 t/ha, and R-squared (R²)≈0.33 at regency scale. Feature importances and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) confirm that phenology (NDVI peak, integral, green-up/senescence), SAR backscatter (vertical transmit-vertical receive/vertical transmit-horizontal receive (VV/VH)), and wind/pressure are consistent drivers under monsoon conditions. The workflow supports routine, one-click provincial updates and produces parity maps and error bars for actionable diagnostics. These results demonstrate that combining Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and basic meteorology delivers accurate, interpretable, and operational yield signals suited to Indonesia’s food security needs, while providing a clear recipe for scaling to additional provinces.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 615-627
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Explainable hybrid models for cardiovascular disease detection and mortality prediction

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp191-212
Ali Al-Ataby , Hussain Attia
The impact of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is devastating, with 20.5 million deaths annually. Early detection and prediction tools exist, but current approaches struggle to balance predictive performance with clinical interpretability. In this work, a two-stage machine learning (ML) framework is proposed for heart disease detection and mortality prediction in heart failure patients. Logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting (GB) models were trained using the publicly available heart failure datasets, and their performance was compared, then a stacked ensemble approach was employed to enhance prediction accuracy. Model interpretability was achieved through Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), which provide global feature rankings and specific patient attributes, supporting explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in clinical practice. The GB model achieved the highest performance in the first stage with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC AUC) of 96% and an accuracy of 89% on internal testing, while external validation confirmed strong generalization (ROC AUC of 94%). In the second stage, stacked ensemble model was employed and achieved marginal improvements. Two interactive web applications were developed to enable real-time predictions with SHAP visualizations. The results demonstrate that combining high-performance ML models with interpretable outputs can significantly improve trust in real-world healthcare environments.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 191-212
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Comparison between ensemble and linear methods for website phishing detection

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp681-694
Saba Hussein Rashid , Saba Alaa Abdulwahhab , Farah Amer Abdulaziz
In the current digitalized world, the notion of cybersecurity has become crucial in everyday life, and the issue of privacy takes the leading role in the technological agenda of the global community. One such social engineering attack that is currently prevalent is phishing, which is a common technique used by cybercriminals to intercept sensitive data. Despite the presence of certain limitations which can restrict its usefulness, machine learning (ML) has evolved into an interesting approach to identify phishing attacks. Cloud ML is an effective solution that uses cloud computing solutions to create, train, and deploy models that provide a faster and more accurate result as well as support large datasets. This paper compares the ensemble method of Amazon SageMaker’s AutoML tool, AutoGluon, with the linear method of SageMaker’s linear learner algorithm for website phishing detection. Key factors examined include training techniques, training time, batch transform time, endpoint prediction time, and model accuracy. The results demonstrate that while AutoGluon outperforms linear learner in terms of accuracy and prediction speed, linear learner is faster in training and batch transform processes.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 681-694
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Serious game intelligent transportation system based on internet of things

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp177-190
Fresy Nugroho , I Gusti Putu Asto Buditjahjanto , Dwi Pebrianti , Jehad A. H. Hammad , Moch Fachri , Tri Mukti Lestari , Dian Maharani , Alfina Nurrahma’N
This research examines the implementation of the preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation (PROMETHEE) approach for multi-criteria decision-making in a character recommendation system for serious games. The method calculates character skill values across multiple criteria and generates rankings of the best characters according to game environment conditions derived from closed-circuit television (CCTV) based traffic detection. Image processing algorithms were applied to classify congestion levels into quiet, moderate, and busy categories, which directly influence gameplay modes. Experimental results show that PROMETHEE rankings vary across maps (e.g., A6 ranked highest in quiet mode, while B2 dominated in busy mode), demonstrating the system’s contextual adaptability. Usability testing with 50 participants yielded an average system usability scale (SUS) score of 78.9, while expert evaluation using game design factor questionnaire (GDFQ) produced a mean of 4.19/5, both indicating high acceptance and positive user experience. These findings confirm that PROMETHEE is effective in generating context-aware recommendations, providing both strategic depth and engagement. The study concludes that integrating traffic data into serious game design can enrich intelligent transportation systems (ITS) education and awareness, with future improvements possible through real-time player feedback adaptation and machine learning–based traffic prediction.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 177-190
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Air quality prediction using boosting-based machine learning models for sustainable environment

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp515-523
Ahmad Fauzi , Maharina Maharina , Jamaludin Indra , Ayu Ratna Juwita , Agustia Hananto , Euis Nurlaelasari
High levels of air pollution are extremely harmful to humans and the environment. They increase the risk of respiratory infections and lung cancer, especially among vulnerable populations. Therefore, developing effective pollution control measures is crucial for mitigating these negative impacts. We need to implement effective methods to predict and manage air quality for the sake of public health and a healthier environment. In recent years, machine learning (ML) methods have been increasingly utilized in air quality prediction due to their ability to analyze datasets and identify complex patterns. However, the reliability and accuracy of air quality prediction models remain a challenge. This study proposes a boosting-based ML model for predicting air quality. We implemented three stages in the proposed method. In the first stage, we conducted data preprocessing and analysis to eliminate noise, remove redundant data, and encode categorical features. In the second stage, we predicted air quality categories by leveraging 25 ML models, dividing them into three distinct categories. The results show that the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LGBM), and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) models outperform the others in air quality prediction, achieving an accuracy of 99%. Finally, we compared these three models using 10-fold cross validation to ensure they generalize well in last stage.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 515-523
Publish at: 2026-02-01

A review of modern techniques for plant disease identification and weed detection in precision agriculture

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp998-1008
Mohammad Naseera , Arpita Gupta
Plant disease identification and weed detection are critical components of precision agriculture, aimed at ensuring high crop yields and sustainable farming practices. These processes involve the use of advanced machine learning and deep learning techniques to automatically identify and classify plant diseases and distinguish between crops and weeds in agricultural fields. Traditional methods for managing these challenges are often labor intensive, prone to errors, and environmentally unsustainable, necessitating the development of automated, accurate, and scalable solutions. This survey provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art approaches, including pixel-based, region-based, and spectral-based methods, and evaluates their effectiveness in various agricultural contexts. Additionally, it identifies significant challenges such as data scarcity, model generalization, and computational constraints, while proposing potential research directions to address these gaps. The findings aim to guide future research in developing more robust and interpretable models that can be deployed in real-world agricultural environments, ultimately contributing to more efficient, precise, and sustainable farming practices.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 998-1008
Publish at: 2026-02-01

Dynamic attack pattern-aware intelligent cyber-physical intrusion detection system for internet of things-edge networks

10.11591/ijai.v15.i1.pp580-591
Vishala Ibasapura Lakshminarayanappa , Kempahanumaiah M. Ravikumar
The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, coupled with the convergence of edge computing infrastructures, has revolutionized modern cyber-physical systems (CPS). However, the inherently distributed architecture of these systems increases their vulnerability to advanced network-level cyber threats, posing significant challenges to data integrity and system reliability. Traditional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) often fall short in identifying evolving attack vectors due to their limited adaptability. To address these limitations, this paper introduces a novel Dynamic Attack Pattern-Aware Improvised Weighted Gradient Boosting (DAPA-IWGB) model designed to enhance real-time threat detection and adaptive response within IoT-edge-enabled CPS environments. The DAPA-IWGB framework synergizes gradient tree boosting with an enhanced loss function handling covariate shift, while incorporating statistical monitoring mechanisms for dynamic covariate shift recognition and continuous learning. Comprehensive experimental validation using two prominent benchmark datasets ToN-IoT and UNSW-NB15 demonstrates the proposed model’s robustness and superior performance, achieving detection accuracies of 99.921% and 99.93%, respectively. Comparative evaluations highlight substantial improvements in detection accuracy, adaptability, and reliability over existing IDS solutions. The results affirm the effectiveness of the DAPA-IWGB model in fortifying the security posture of distributed IoT-based CPS against sophisticated and evolving cyber threats.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page: 580-591
Publish at: 2026-02-01
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