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30,411 Article Results

A comparative study of CNN architectures for the detection of tomato leaf diseases

10.11591/ijeecs.v39.i3.pp1587-1594
Soumia Benkrama , Benyamina Ahmed , Nour El Houda Hemdani
Recent advancements in computer vision and machine learning (ML) have revolutionised various sectors, including precision agriculture (PA). In our study, we focused on detecting tomato leaf diseases (TLD) using deep learning (DL) techniques. Using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model, we developed an agricultural image index to accurately detect TLD. By utilizing available datasets from Kaggle, we trained our model to recognize various TLDs. To determine the most effective one, we compared multiple architectures, including VGG, ResNet, and EfficientNetB1. The obtained results demonstrated a classification accuracy of over 99% on the test set. This approach has allowed us to accelerate and enhance the disease detection process, positively impacting agricultural communities by reducing crop losses and enabling early intervention in case of disease outbreaks. Our study highlights the effectiveness of CNN models in the detection of TLD, paving the way for future applications in PA.
Volume: 39
Issue: 3
Page: 1587-1594
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Eco-friendly durable asphalt using maleic-modified rosin ester

10.11591/ijaas.v14.i3.pp793-803
Emma Savitri , Edy Purwanto , Restu Kartiko Wisi , Aloisiyus Yuli Widianto , Reyhan Sava Pratama , Yosafat Gary Tegar Harijono
Asphalt, a crucial component of transportation infrastructure, particularly in regions with high traffic loads and extreme climates, often lacks the necessary elasticity, strength, and durability. Various asphalt modifiers have been explored, but many struggle with cost, thermal stability, and environmental impact. This study, however, investigates maleic-modified rosin ester, a gum rosin derivative, as a sustainable and cost-effective asphalt modifier. The base asphalt was heated to 150-190 °C, sheared at 100 rpm, and combined with 4-20% maleic rosin ester and sulfur. The modified asphalt was subjected to tests, including penetration, softening point, ductility, density, kinematic viscosity, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests. The results are promising, showing that maleic rosin ester enhances penetration resistance and softening points while maintaining ductility and viscosity within acceptable limits. Chemical analysis confirmed improved adhesion, crosslinking, and thermal stability, making the modified asphalt more deformation-resistant. This suggests that maleic-modified rosin ester is a viable alternative to synthetic polymers, offering improved durability and sustainability. The enhanced durability of the modified asphalt provides confidence in its long-term performance, making it a reliable choice for transportation infrastructure.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 793-803
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Modern research of using alternative energy resources in Azerbaijan

10.11591/ijaas.v14.i3.pp907-915
Ramil Sadigov Ali , Mushkunaz Nazarova Kichmirza , Garayeva Irada Eyvaz , Gunay Mammadova Israphil , Turkan Hasanova Allahverdi , Muhammad Madnee
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of modern trends and prospects for the use of solar batteries in various sectors of the economy and the agricultural sector. The purpose of this article is to analyze the possibility of energy saving for a private residential building in Gobustan using solar energy storage in a greenhouse extension and a heat pump to transfer heat to the heating system. The calculation showed that in the coldest month, December, the potential of solar thermal energy is 15-38% of the required heat demand, depending on the material used in the extension design. In March and April, excess heat is generated, which can be used for hot water supply needs. Thus, for an individual residential building, the use of solar heat accumulated in a greenhouse extension is relevant as an additional source of heat for the heating system. Surface density of solar radiation flux, W/m2: surface density of direct solar radiation flux: 1,680 (November), 1,530 (December), 1,870 (January), 2,730 (February), 3,270 (March), 3,180 (April); Surface density of diffuse solar radiation flux: 650 (November), 450 (December), 480 (January), 680 (February), 1180 (March), 1,830 (April).
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 907-915
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Self-development moderates the impact of digital literacy and talent on human error

10.11591/ijaas.v14.i3.pp682-692
Achmad Mirza , Isnurhadi Isnurhadi , Muhammad Ichsan Hadjri
Effective public services are important for increasing community satisfaction and organizational credibility. This study aims to explore the influence of digital literacy, underutilized talent, and human error on the effectiveness of public services, with self-development as a moderating variable. This study was conducted with employees of the Trade Office of South Sumatra Province. The research method used was quantitative data analysis, which was performed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of this study show that digital literacy and self-development play an important role in reducing human error and increasing the effectiveness of public services. These findings have practical implications for human resource management in the public sector, focusing on improving digital literacy and employee self-development. 
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 682-692
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Sensitivity-based approach for evaluation and enhancement of available transfer capability using FACTS devices

10.11591/ijeecs.v39.i3.pp1431-1440
Manjula S. Sureban , Shekappa G. Ankaliki
Available transfer capability (ATC) plays an important role in the reliable and secure power system operation. It measures the transfer capability available in the transmission system for further trading over and above existing commitments without violating the system limits. The increased demand for electric power in recent years due to increasing population, automation in industries, and use of electricity in transportation, and also the deregulation of power systems results in an overload of the transmission network and hence congestion in the system. Therefore, quick and accurate calculation of ATC and its enhancement is needed for secured and reliable operation. It is possible to enhance ATC by placing the flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices of appropriate size and at optimal locations in the system. In this paper, a computationally efficient sensitivity-based approach for evaluation and enhancement of available transfer capability in the presence of of FACTS devices is presented. The developed approach is implemented on the IEEE 14 bus system.
Volume: 39
Issue: 3
Page: 1431-1440
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Performance evaluation of multicarrier quadrature phase shift keying-based system under noisy channel conditions

10.11591/ijaas.v14.i3.pp693-701
Deepa Narayana Reddy , Aishwarya Nagaraju , Deepti Hosakere Prabhakara , Deekshitha Beeraganahalli Srinivas , Gandlaparthi Navyatha
A comprehensive analysis of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation in both single input single output (SISO) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems is conducted using MATLAB. The investigation focuses on evaluating QPSK performance with metrics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) across diverse channel conditions. Furthermore, the study extends to encompass the integration of QPSK with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), with a particular emphasis on assessing spectral efficiency and error rate implications. To validate the accuracy of the simulations, QPSK and QPSK-OFDM configurations are implemented on the WiComm-T hardware platform, enabling a direct comparison of real-world performance metrics against simulation results. By offering practical insights and recommendations for the deployment of robust communication systems, this research underscores the inherent advantages of integrating OFDM with QPSK across both SISO and MIMO configurations.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 693-701
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Sulphur corrosion in transformer insulating oils: its effects, detection methods, and mitigation strategies

10.11591/ijaas.v14.i3.pp784-792
Nur Izyan Husnina Zulkefli , Sharin Ab Ghani , Mohd Shahril Ahmad Khiar , Imran Sutan Chairul , Nor Hidayah Rahim , Nur Farhana Mohd Azlan
Oil-immersed transformers are subjected to electrical, thermal, and mechanical stresses over time, which inevitably affect the insulating oil and paper insulation. The presence of sulphur corrosion also degrades the insulating oil and paper insulation. Sulphur corrosion in insulating oils has been a prevalent problem for many years, as it culminates in the failure of oil-immersed transformers. The longevity of oil-immersed transformers is dependent on the integrity of the insulating oil and paper insulation, which can deteriorate owing to sulphur corrosion. The occurrence and accumulation of copper sulphide (Cu2S) can result in transformer malfunctions, which is a significant issue for transformer manufacturers and operators. This paper provides a concise overview of the effects of sulphur corrosion, its detection methods, as well as its mitigation strategies. It is believed that this paper will enhance the understanding of sulphur corrosion in insulating oils, provide the best practices for sulphur corrosion management, and serve as guidance on enhancing transformer reliability and performance.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 784-792
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Analysis of mobile banking adoption in Ghana: do education levels differ?

10.11591/ijaas.v14.i3.pp828-837
Isaac Asampana , Lawrence Kwami Aziale , Henry Matey Akwetey , Hannah Ayaba Tanye
This study investigates the role of educational attainment in mobile banking (m-banking) adoption in Ghana, leveraging data from 598 respondents through a multi-group analysis. By integrating the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) into a structural equation modelling framework, the research examines key factors such as subjective norms, perceived usefulness, ease of use, trust, and self-efficacy. Results reveal significant differences in adoption behaviors between lower- and higher-educated users. Subjective norms strongly influence higher-educated individuals, while perceived ease of use drives adoption among lower-educated users. Perceived usefulness positively affects higher-educated users but has a negative impact on lower-educated respondents. The findings highlight the moderating effect of education level on the adoption process, offering theoretical and practical insights into targeted strategies for enhancing financial inclusion in developing economies. These results underscore the importance of user segmentation in fostering broader acceptance and utilization of m-banking technologies.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 828-837
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Optimizing timing closure and enhancing efficiency in RTL design: a focus on physical design tasks for I2C design blocks

10.11591/ijeecs.v39.i3.pp1525-1540
Madhura Ramegowda , Krutthika Hirebasur Krishnappa , Divyashree Yamadur Venkatesh , Kokila Sreenivasa
Achieving precise timing closure in integrated circuit (IC) design is a significant challenge, especially with today's rapid technology advancements and intricate design specifications. Even with intense post-synthesis optimization, timing violations persist particularly in multi-corner, multi-mode designs. This research work emphasizes the necessity for power-efficient methods and streamlined approaches to boost timing closure and physical verification. Modern IC design thrives on effective physical design optimization strategies, usually tackled top-down. Clock tree synthesis (CTS) is transformative which effectively addresses clock deviation, latency, transition time, and insertion delay. This investigation mainly focuses on improving timing closure for inter integrated circuit (I2C) design blocks using custom-designed ccopt_spec and mmmc.tcl files to support multi-corner, multi-mode settings and significantly reduces register-to-register path violations from 80 to. 0. Additionally, the development and the usage of mmmc.tcl and global files are highlighted as critical components in the design process.
Volume: 39
Issue: 3
Page: 1525-1540
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Redesign the layout of the raw material warehouse from randomized storage to class-based storage

10.11591/ijaas.v14.i3.pp773-783
Nur Iftitah , Qurtubi Qurtubi , Danang Setiawan , Vembri Noor Helia
The company has a problem of ineffectiveness in the layout of the raw material warehouse due to the use of storage methods that ignore factors such as the type, dimensions, and condition of the goods. This reduces the optimal function of the warehouse and increases the time to retrieve goods. This research aims to redesign the suitable and practical layout of the raw material warehouse by considering its form and function, as well as filling methodological gaps from previous research. The method used is class-based storage. Based on ABC analysis, the category with the highest value is class C goods, with 73 units. Meanwhile, from the fast, slow, non-moving (FSN) analysis, class F (fast-moving) goods have the highest frequency of movement, with a movement percentage of 63% for 10 units of goods. The warehouse slotting analysis shows an increase in the number of shelves from nine to 15 shelves with five different shelf models and layout changes in raw material warehouses 1 and 2. The class-based storage method results in a more organized layout, efficient movement of goods, and faster picking time to optimize warehouse functions.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 773-783
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Five-Tier BI architecture with tuned decision trees for e-commerce prediction

10.11591/ijeecs.v39.i3.pp1633-1641
Thiruneelakandan Arjunan , Umamageswari A.
In recent times, remarkable performance has been shown by large language models (LLMs) in a range of natural language processing (NLP) such as questioning, responding, document production, and translating languages. In today's competitive business landscape, understanding consumer behaviour in online buying is crucial for the success of e-commerce platforms. The work proposes a novel Five-Tier service-oriented BI architecture (FSOBIA) that leverages advanced tuned decision tree (ATDT) techniques for predicting online buying behaviour. The proposed FSOBIA offers e-commerce platforms a scalable and adaptable solution for gaining insights into consumer preferences and making informed business decisions. The goal of FSOBIA's design and implementation is to meet the needs of evolving users and quicker service. Experimental evaluations on real-world datasets in FSOBIA achieved over 95% prediction accuracy, outperforming traditional models: Decision trees (82%), and XGBoost (91%), while offering better scalability and computational efficiency.
Volume: 39
Issue: 3
Page: 1633-1641
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Searchable encryption based on a chaotic system and AES algorithm

10.11591/ijaas.v14.i3.pp975-984
Fairouz Sherali , Falah Sarhan
Cloud computing provides on-demand access to computing resources, such as storage and processing power. This technology allows businesses to scale efficiently while reducing infrastructure costs. However, protecting the security and privacy of data has grown to be a top priority. This is where enhancing cloud security with searchable encryption (SE) is crucial. SE effectively secures users’ sensitive data while preserving searchability on the cloud server side. It enables the cloud server to search via encrypted data without disclosing information in plaintext data. SE uses different encryption methods to encrypt data before uploading it to servers. The advanced encryption standard (AES) is a common algorithm for encrypting this data. In this paper, a novel SE method has been presented. The technique exploits the properties of the chaotic map to generate an AES key, which makes the AES algorithm more secure for encrypting the searchable index and uploaded files. We implement and test our method with real data from files. The experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly satisfy a higher level of security as compared to other schemes.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 975-984
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Effective vocabulary learning through augmented and virtual reality technologies

10.11591/ijeecs.v39.i3.pp1855-1864
Arifin Arifin , Nofvia De Vega , Syarifa Rafiqa
This study investigates the role of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies in enhancing vocabulary learning achievement among students. It addresses the need for innovative instructional methods that improve engagement and retention compared to traditional approaches. Utilizing a survey-based quantitative design supplemented by qualitative interviews, the research involved 220 participants from diverse educational backgrounds, providing a robust dataset for analyzing the impact of these immersive technologies on vocabulary acquisition. Structured questionnaires assessed engagement levels, learning outcomes, and user experiences with AR and VR applications designed explicitly for vocabulary enhancement. The findings reveal that 75% of participants reported improved vocabulary retention, highlighting the interactive nature of AR and VR as a significant factor influencing student attitudes toward vocabulary learning. The study concludes contextualized learning scenarios with interactive features are more effective than passive learning environments. Additionally, it suggests future research directions, including developing personalized learning paths and integrating collaborative features to enhance group learning experiences. The implications for educators emphasize the potential of AR and VR technologies to transform vocabulary instruction and foster deeper engagement among learners.
Volume: 39
Issue: 3
Page: 1855-1864
Publish at: 2025-09-01

Comprehensive structured analysis of machine learning in safety models

10.11591/ijaas.v14.i3.pp627-638
Mohd Shukri Abdul Wahab , Syed Tarmizi Syed Shazali , Noor Hisyam Noor Mohamed , Abdul Rani Achmed Abdullah
Machine learning (ML) integration into various industries has revolutionized operations recently, enhancing efficiency and predictive capabilities. However, the rapid adoption of ML models also presents significant safety concerns that are highly demanded. To achieve this, scholarly articles from reputable databases such as Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) focus on studies published between 2022 and 2024, which were extensively searched. The study's flow is based on the PRISMA framework. The database found (n=40) that the final primary data was analyzed. The findings were divided into three themes: i) safety and risk management, ii) ML and artificial intelligence (AI) applications in safety, and iii) smart technology for safety. The conclusion highlights the need for continuous monitoring and updating of the safety protocols to keep in step with the growing ML landscape. This review contributes to the understanding of ML safety. It offers global lessons that can guide future research and policy-making efforts to ensure ML technologies' safe and ethical use.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 627-638
Publish at: 2025-09-01

A method classifying the domestic tourist destination base similarity measuring

10.11591/ijaas.v14.i3.pp740-750
Nguyen Thi Hoi , Tran Thi Nhung , Bui Quang Truong , Nguyen Quang Trung
The classification problem is crucial in business, providing an effective method for supporting search activities in areas such as e-commerce, education, and marketing. This has become especially important in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has increased the need to promote and stimulate domestic tourism. This research focuses on recommending tourist destinations based on historical search data related to domestic tourism. The study uses techniques like term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weight vector analysis and similarity measures to calculate recommendation scores. Data was collected from various tourism websites, covering destinations across all 63 provinces and cities in Vietnam. Experiments were conducted using three approaches: cosine similarity, the brute force algorithm, and long short-term memory (LSTM) for long-text processing. The results indicate that similarity-based methods produce recommendations that closely match user preferences. For full-sentence queries, the brute force algorithm delivers more accurate results, while LSTM provides faster processing times. These findings offer businesses multiple strategies for improving recommender systems in practical applications.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 740-750
Publish at: 2025-09-01
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